356 36 PROPERTY OF: 28. REPRODUCTION SYSTEM IN VERTEBRATES 28.1 PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: 1. Identify the various parts of male and female reproductive systems. 2. Describe the structures and functions of the male and female reproductive organs of vertebrates. 3. Draw and label diagrams of male and female reproductive systems in mammals. 4. 5. Draw, label and describe the structure of male and female gametes (sperm and ovum). Distinguish between male and female reproductive organs in mammals. 6. Distinguish between eggs of vertebrates. Compare reproduction in fish, bird, toad, reptile and mammals. Table 28.1: Types of asexual reproduction animals Types (Binary fussion (2) Budding (3) Sporulation (4) Pathenogenesis 5 Schizogony Fragmentation Examples Amoeba, paramecom Hydra/Obelia Amoeba Aphids, Honey b Plasmodium/ Merozoides Planaria/Sponges/ Hydroid Coelenterate. Sexual reproduction: Sexual reproduction is def as the fussion or joining of the male and female or m from different individuals to form a zygote which la 28.2 DEFINITION AND TYPES OF develops into an embryo or organism. REPRODUCTION Reproduction is the ability of living organisms to give rise to new individuals of the same species. Reproduction is one of the characteristics of all living organisms. The purpose of reproduction is to ensure the continuity of life. In other words, reproduction ensures the existence of species of organisms from generation to generation. Types of Reproduction There are two main types of reproduction. These are asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction: Asexual reproduction is the production of new individual from a parent or organism, without fertilisation or gametes or changes in chromosome number of genetic constitution. It involves a single parent. The offspring called the clones are the same in all respects to each other and to the parent organisms that produced them. In mammals, reproduction involves the fussion of male gametes (sperm cell) and the female gametes ova or egg cell) to form a zygote which later develo to a young offspring. Examples of sexual reproduc are found in mammals and flowering plants. Table 28.2: Differences between asexual and sexual reproduction Asexual Reproduction 1. One parent involved 2 No gametes formed 3. Meiosis not involved 4 No fertilisation/fusion of gametes/ sex cell/ no zygote formed 5 Offspring identical/ No genetic variation 6 Rapid/faster mode of reproduction 7. More individuals are produced Sexual Reproduction Two parents involved Gametes/sex cell formed Meiosis involved Fertilisation/fusion of gametes / sex cells occur/zygote formed Offspring vary genetically Slower mode of reproduction Fewer individuals are produced