TEMPERAMENT SORTER II • also known as the Keirsey Temperament Theory, is a psychological assessment tool and personality theory created by the American psychologist and author, David Keirsey. • It is a psychological assessment tool designed to help individuals with having a better understanding of their personality and how they would relate to others. IT IS BASED ON THE MYERSBRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR (MBTI) PERSONALITY THEORY BUT SIMPLIFIES IT INTO FOUR PRIMARY TEMPERAMENT CATEGORIES: • Guardian (SJ): Guardians are typically practical, dependable, and focused on maintaining order and stability. They value tradition and are often seen as responsible and reliable individuals. • Artisan (SP): Artisans are spontaneous and actionoriented. They are known for their creativity, adaptability, and willingness to take risks. They enjoy living in the present moment and are often skilled in hands-on activities. • Idealist (NF): Idealists are characterized by their empathy, compassion, and focus on personal growth and human potential. They are often driven by a desire to make the world a better place and value deep emotional connections. • Rational (NT): Rationals are logical and analytical thinkers. They are problem-solvers who excel in areas that require critical thinking and strategic planning. They value knowledge and innovation. TEMPERAMENT Temperament is a configuration of observable personality traits, such as habits of communication, patterns of action, and sets of characteristic attitudes, values, and talents. It also encompasses personal needs, the kinds of contributions that individuals make in the workplace, and the roles they play in society. TEMPERAMENT MATRIX COMMUNICATION • CONCRETE - talk primarily about the external, concrete world of everyday reality: facts and figures, work and play, home and family, news, sports and weather – all the who-what-whenwhere-and how much's of life. Artisans and Guardians are concrete in their communication. • ABSTRACT - primarily about the internal, abstract world of ideas: theories and conjectures, dreams and philosophies, beliefs and fantasies –all the why's, if's, and what-might-be's of life. Idealists and Rationals are abstract in their communication. TEMPERAMENT MATRIX ACTION • COOPERATIVE - Other people act primarily in a cooperative or socially acceptable manner, that is, they try to do the right thing, in keeping with agreed upon social rules, conventions, and codes of conduct, and only later do they concern themselves with the effectiveness of their actions. Guardians and Idealists are cooperative in their action. • UTILITARIAN - Some people act primarily in a utilitarian or pragmatic manner, that is, they do what gets results, what achieves their objectives as effectively or efficiently as possible, and only afterwards do they check to see if they are observing the rules or going through proper channels. Artisans and Rationals are utilitarian in their action. SELF-IMAGE OF THE FOUR TEMPERAMENTS TEMPERAMENT AND INTELLIGENCE TACTICAL INTELLECT (ARTISANS) LOGISTICAL INTELLECT (GUARDIANS) • Tactics is the art of making moves • Logistics is the procurement, to better one's position in the here distribution, service, and and now. replacement of material goods. • Artisans can handle their • Logistics is vital to the success of equipment in an expediting or an any institution — a business, a improvising way — or both — but household, a school, an army — they are interested first, last, and and Guardians can be always in working with equipment. enormously creative in seeing to it that the right personnel have the right supplies in the right place at the right time to get the job done. TEMPERAMENT AND INTELLIGENCE DIPLOMATIC INTELLECT (IDEALISTS) • Diplomacy is the ability to deal with people in a tactful and considerate manner, only here 'tact' is a metaphor for the interpersonal touch or sensitivity in which Idealists seem to be both interested and particularly intelligent. • Idealists are given to diplomacy because they are so deeply disturbed by division and discrimination. STRATEGIC INTELLECT (RATIONALS) • Strategy has to do with identifying the ways and means necessary and sufficient to achieve a well-defined goal. Not just any goal is of interest to Rationals; the goal that Rationals set for themselves is increasing the efficiency of systems. • The way Rationals reach their objective of maximizing efficiency in systems is by analyzing systems in search of inefficiency, which is to say, they look for error in the order or in the organization of systems. THE SIXTEEN TYPES PORTRAIT OF AN ARTISAN Artisans make up 30% of the world’s population ARTISAN keywords: • OPTIMISTIC • EXCITED • PLAYFUL • DARING • IMPULSIVE • TACTICAL • ADAPTABLE • ENTICING • PERSUASIVE TEND TO BE... PRIDE THEMSELVES ON ... fun-loving, optimistic, realistic, and on being unconventional, bold, and focused spontaneous THEY MAKE... THEY ARE... playful mates, creative parents, and troubleshooting leaders. excitable, trust their impulses, want to make a splash, seek stimulation, prize freedom, and dream of mastering action skills PORTRAIT OF AN ARTISAN ARTISAN PROMOTER (ESTP) ARTISAN PERFORMER (ESFP) Promoters have a theatrical flair and enjoy Performers are special among Artisans for their ability making even routine events exciting. They thrive to bring joy and laughter to those around them with on new challenges in both work and play, and their warmth, humor, and exceptional talents in music, are bold and daring in their approach. They take comedy, and drama. They have a natural ability to great risks to achieve their goals, and find create a fun and relaxed atmosphere, and their social exhilaration in pushing the limits. interest lies in encouraging others to take a break from ARTISAN CRAFTER (ISTP) Crafters are masters of tool work and have an innate ability to command tools. They are drawn to tools from a young age and have a natural affinity for them. It can be challenging to get to know Crafters as they tend to keep to themselves and focus on their craft. work and enjoy life. ARTISAN COMPOSER (ISFP) Composers have a keen sense of what makes a work of art unique and are skilled in working with various elements such as color, tone, texture, aroma, and flavor. They often spend long hours alone perfecting their craft, but can be just as impulsive as other Artisans. PORTRAIT OF A GUARDIAN Guardians make up 45% of the entire population Guardian keywords • FACTUAL • DEPENDABLE • STEADY • CAUTIOUS • LAW-ABIDING • LOGISTICAL • RESPECTABLE • CONCERNED • DETAILED TEND TO BE... PRIDE THEMSELVES ON ... dutiful, cautious, humble, and focused on credentials and traditions on being dependable, helpful, and hardworking THEY MAKE... THEY ARE... loyal mates, responsible parents, and stabilizing leaders concerned citizens who trust authority, join groups, seek security, prize gratitude, and dream of meting out justice PORTRAIT OF A GUARDIAN GUARDIAN SUPERVISOR (ESTJ) GUARDIAN INSPECTOR (ISTJ) Supervisors are highly social and community-minded, often rising to leadership positions in various organizations such as schools, churches, industries, and civic groups. They are generous with their time and energy, and often participate in service clubs and other groups. They enjoy taking charge and issuing orders, and are comfortable leading groups. Inspectors are very persistent and dutiful, making sure GUARDIAN PROVIDER (ESFJ) Providers take on the responsibility of ensuring the health and welfare of those in their care, and they are also very social and nurturing towards social institutions such as schools, churches, clubs, and civic groups. They are likely to make up more than ten percent of the population, and their friendly nature and willingness to give their time and energy makes them valuable members of society. They are always ready to help others and make sure that social events are successful. rules and laws are followed and standards are upheld. They are the guardians of institutions and keep a watchful eye on people and products. They are patient with their work, but may not always be patient with unauthorized behavior in the institution they are responsible for. GUARDIAN PROTECTOR (ISFJ) Protectors make up a significant portion of the population, around ten percent, because they are focused on the safety and security of those they care about, such as family, friends, students, patients, bosses, coworkers, or employees. They have a strong sense of loyalty and responsibility, and find fulfillment in protecting others from the harms of the world. PORTRAIT OF AN IDEALIST IDEALISTS make up 15% of the entire population IDEALIST keywords • IMAGINATIVE • INTUITIVE • RELATIONAL • ROMANTIC • KINDHEARTED • SENSITIVE • AUTHENTIC • EMPATHETIC • DIPLOMATIC TEND TO BE... PRIDE THEMSELVES ON ... giving, trusting, spiritual, and they are on being loving, kindhearted, and focused on personal journeys and human potentials. authentic. THEY MAKE... THEY ARE... intense mates, nurturing parents, and inspirational leaders. enthusiastic, they trust their intuition, yearn for romance, seek their true self, prize meaningful relationships, and dream of attaining wisdom. PORTRAIT OF AN IDEALIST IDEALIST CHAMPIONS (ENFP) IDEALIST HEALERS (INFP) Champions are a rare group, around three to four percent of the population, and they value intense emotional experiences in their lives. They have a wide range of emotions and are passionate for novelty, seeing life as an exciting drama with opportunities for both good and evil. They want to experience all the meaningful events and people in the world. Healers present a calm and serene demeanor to the IDEALIST TEACHERS (ENFJ) IDEALIST COUNSELORS (INFJ) Teachers are talented in leading students towards learning and helping them unlock their potential. They have a strong belief in their students and communicate this confidence, inspiring them to reach their full potential. Counselors have a strong desire to help others and find world, but they can be shy and distant around others. They care deeply for a few special people or a favorite cause and their passion is to heal conflicts and bring wholeness to themselves, their loved ones and their community. great personal fulfillment by interacting with people and nurturing their development. They can work well in solitude or with groups, as long as the interactions are meaningful and the counselor has time to recharge. They are happy doing jobs that require attention to detail, as long as they can have some private time to PORTRAIT OF A RATIONALIST RATIONALS make up 10% of the entire population RATIONAL keywords • INGENIOUS • LOGICAL • PRAGMATIC • CALM • CURIOUS • STRATEGIC • INNOVATIVE • INDEPENDENT • SYSTEMIC TEND TO BE... PRIDE THEMSELVES ON ... pragmatic, skeptical, self-contained, and on being ingenious, independent, and focused on problem-solving and systems analysis strong willed THEY MAKE... THEY ARE... reasonable mates, individualizing parents, and strategic leaders even-tempered, they trust logic, yearn for achievement, seek knowledge, prize technology, and dream of understanding how the world works PORTRAIT OF AN IDEALIST RATIONAL FIELDMARSHAL (ENTJ) RATIONAL MASTERMIND (INTJ) Fieldmarshals tend to rise to positions of responsibility and enjoy being executives. They are dedicated to their work and can easily prioritize it over other aspects of their lives. They are skilled administrators in various fields such as medicine, law, business, education, government, and the military. They are great at organizing their units and planning for both short-term and long-term objectives, ensuring smooth functioning systems. Masterminds are excellent at contingency planning. RATIONAL INVENTOR (ENTP) Inventors are a small group, about two percent of the population, but they have a big impact on our daily lives. They begin inventing as children and never stop, using their creativity and innovative spirit to come up with new ideas and ways of doing things. They are always looking for better ways and new projects, enterprises and processes. They are able to understand the sequence of steps in complex operations and prepare alternatives for potential difficulties that may arise. They always have a Plan A in mind but are ready to switch to other plans if necessary. RATIONAL ARCHITECT (INTP) Architects are not limited to designing physical structures such as buildings, roads or bridges. They are also master designers of theoretical systems such as school curricula, corporate strategies and new technologies. For Architects, the world is primarily about analyzing, understanding and explaining it, and then re-designing it to suit their vision. The external reality is just a means to an end, raw material to be organized into structural models. THE TEST IS ANCHORED ON THEORIES LIKE: CARL JUNG'S THEORY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES: ISABEL BRIGGS MYERS' MBTI: The MBTI is a widely known personality assessment tool that categorizes individuals introduced the idea of psychological into one of 16 personality types based on the types in his work. He proposed that individuals have innate preferences for four dichotomies (E/I, S/N, T/F, J/P) derived from Jung's theory. how they perceive and interact with the world. Jung identified pairs of opposites, such as Extraversion (E) vs. Introversion (I), Sensing (S) vs. Intuition (N), Thinking (T) vs. Feeling (F), and Judging (J) vs. Perceiving (P), which are central to the understanding of personality. DAVID KEIRSEY'S TEMPERAMENT THEORY: David Keirsey further expanded upon the work of Jung and Briggs Myers by proposing the concept of temperaments. Keirsey identified four broad temperament categories, each consisting of four specific personality types. These temperaments are Guardian (SJ), Artisan (SP), Idealist (NF), and Rational (NT). Keirsey's theory simplifies and extends the MBTI by categorizing personality types into these temperaments based on shared characteristics and behavioral tendencies. INTENDED FOR? PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT RELATIONSHIPS Many utilize the Keirsey Temperament Sorter for self- it aids in various relationships, like romantic, friendship, and family dynamics, offering insights into compatibility, communication, and conflict areas. It enhances relationship communication and empathy. discovery and personal growth, gaining insights into their strengths, weaknesses, communication styles, and preferences. This self-awareness informs their decisions in areas like career, relationships, and personal development. PERSONAL REFLECTION Some individuals employ the Keirsey Temperament Sorter for personal introspection, gaining selfawareness, and exploring their values, beliefs, and behaviors. EDUCATION Educators and students employ the Keirsey Temperament Sorter to improve learning and teaching. Teachers can tailor their methods to students' learning styles, while students can enhance their study habits and academic performance. CAREER GUIDANCE TEAM BUILDING Knowing one's temperament and personality type can guide career choices based on strengths and preferences and improve workplace success and collaboration. In professional settings, the Keirsey Temperament Sorter aids in team building and conflict resolution. It helps leaders create well-rounded teams and manage conflicts stemming from personality differences. SELF-UNDERSTANDING The KTS offers individuals insights into their personality traits, helping them understand their strengths, weaknesses, communication styles, and decision-making approaches by identifying their temperament and associated personality type. CONFLICT RESOLUTION The KTS can serve as a resource for addressing conflicts and enhancing communication in teams or relationships. Recognizing the temperament disparities that contribute to conflicts can pave the way for more constructive conversations and cooperation. PERSONAL GROWTH Armed with self-awareness about their temperament and personality type, individuals can embark on a journey of personal growth and development. They can work on strengthening their weaker traits and leveraging their strengths COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES Individuals and professionals can use the KTS to adapt their communication strategies to the preferences of others. For instance, knowing that someone has an Idealist temperament may suggest using empathetic and emotionally expressive language. David Kiersey made several revisions and updates to his temperament theory and assessment tool over the years. These revisions primarily occurred in the development of his various books and materials. Some of the notable versions and revisions of the Keirsey Temperament Sorter include: PLEASE UNDERSTAND ME (1978): This was the first publication of Keirsey's temperament theory, and it introduced the four temperaments (Guardian, Artisan, Idealist, Rational) and their associated personality types. It provided a basic overview of his ideas. PLEASE UNDERSTAND ME II (1998): This revised and expanded version of Keirsey's work included additional insights, descriptions, and information about the temperaments and their subtypes. It also refined and elaborated on his concepts. PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF THE KIERSEY TEMPERAMENT SORTER LIMITED CROSS-CULTURAL VALIDITY may not have been extensively validated across diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds, which can limit its generalizability and relevance to individuals from different cultural contexts. SCIENTIFIC VALIDITY There are studies that provide some tentative evidence for the validity of the KTS, but it cannot be considered the same as the MBTI. The MBTI has been shown to be related to various career development concepts. RELIANCE ON SELF-REPORT The accuracy of the results is dependent on the honesty and selfawareness of the person taking the assessment, which can introduce bias and potential inaccuracies. TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY Some users have reported varying results when retaking the KTS, which raises concerns about its reliability and stability over time. However, there are studies that claim that KTS s a reliable and comparable substitute for the MBTI in measuring personality preferences. If the results can be generalized, it can be believed that the KTS is just as reliable as the MBTI in this regard. COMMERCIAL NATURE The KTS is a commercially available assessment tool, and some critics have raised concerns about the potential influence of profit motives on its presentation and marketing. SCORING & I N T E R P R ETA TI O N 01 ADD DOWN so that the total number of a answers is written in the box at the bottom of each column (see next page for illustration). Do the same for the b answers you have checked. Each of the 14 boxes should have a number in it. 02 TRANSFER THE in box No. 1 of the answer grid to box No. 1 below the answer grid. Do this for box No. 2 as well. Note, however, that you have two numbers for boxes 3 through 8. Bring down the first number for each box beneath the second, as indicated by the arrows. Now add all the pairs of numbers and enter the total in the boxes below the answer grid, so each box has only one number. NUMBER 03 Now you have four pairs of numbers. Circle the letter below the larger numbers of each pair. If the two numbers of any pair are equal, then circle neither, but put a large X below them and circle it .
