1. “Visitó” (Preterite tense):
​ •​ Meaning: It refers to an action that happened once or in the past, and the exact time is
often specified or implied.
​ •​ Example:
“Ella nos visitó en Acción de Gracias.”
(She visited us at Thanksgiving.)
This indicates a one-time visit or a specific event in the past.
2. “Visitaban” (Imperfect tense):
​ •​ Meaning: This tense is used for habitual actions in the past, something that happened
repeatedly or was happening over a period of time without a specified end point.
​ •​ Example:
“Ellos nos visitaban cada año en Acción de Gracias.”
(They used to visit us every year at Thanksgiving.)
This suggests a repeated action or habit (visiting us every year).
3. “Solía visitarnos” (Imperfect with “soler”):
​ •​ Meaning: “Solía” is used to express a past habitual action or something that used to
happen regularly, similar to “used to” in English.
​ •​ Example:
“Ella solía visitarnos en Acción de Gracias.”
(She used to visit us at Thanksgiving.)
This also indicates a habit in the past, emphasizing that it was something she regularly did before
(but may not anymore).
En esta foto, estoy muy triste porque recibí la peor nota en el examen.
Esta foto es de mi viaje a México. ¡Yo tuve momentos fantásticos ahí!
Esta es mi compañera de cuarto, Alba a quien le dije: ‘Quiero viajar contigo’
→ This is my roommate, Alba, to whom I said “I want to travel with you.”
Sí, esa es una foto de mi hija Sara. Ella recibió su diploma el año pasado
→ Recibió: This is the correct form of the verb “recibir” (to receive) in the preterite tense, which
indicates that the action (receiving the diploma) happened in the past.
“Yes, that is a photo of my daughter Sara. She received her diploma last year.”
Ellos no llevaron muchas ropas al campamento.
[They didn’t bring much clothes to camp]
Cuantos compañeros de clase recuerdas, Pedro?
[How many classmates do you remember, Pedro?]
The sentence “Why did you tell me something different?” in Spanish is:
”¿Por qué me dijiste algo diferente?”
Explanation:
​ •​ ¿Por qué? = Why?
​ •​ Me = Me (indirect object pronoun)
​ •​ Dijiste = Did you tell (past tense of the verb “decir”)
​ •​ Algo diferente = Something different
The sentence “I have good memories of my cousin Ana” in Spanish is:
“Tengo buenos recuerdos de mi prima Ana.”
Explanation:
​ •​ Tengo = I have (present tense of the verb “tener”)
​ •​ Buenos recuerdos = Good memories
​ •​ De mi prima Ana = Of my cousin Ana (prima is used for a female cousin)
The sentence “Las luces de la cocina están encendidas.” in English is:
“The lights in the kitchen are on.”
Explanation:
​ •​ Las luces = The lights
​ •​ De la cocina = In the kitchen
​ •​ Están encendidas = Are on (from the verb “estar” and the adjective “encendidas” which
means “on” or “lit up”)
The sentence “No puedes dormir bien en tu cama? Creo que deberías comprar una más
grande.” in English is:
“Can’t you sleep well in your bed? I think you should buy a bigger one.”
Explanation:
​ •​ No puedes dormir bien = Can’t you sleep well
​ •​ En tu cama = In your bed
​ •​ Creo que = I think that
​ •​ Deberías = You should (from the verb “deber,” meaning “should”)
​ •​ Comprar una más grande = Buy a bigger one (referring to a bigger bed)
The sentence “La luz está apagada. ¿La puedes ____ , por favor?” is asking to turn the light on,
so the correct word to fill in the blank is “encender”.
The complete sentence is:
“La luz está apagada. ¿La puedes encender, por favor?”
Explanation:
​ •​ La luz = The light
​ •​ Está apagada = Is off (from the verb “apagar,” meaning to turn off)
​ •​ La puedes encender = Can you turn it on (from the verb “encender,” meaning to turn on)
The sentence “I think we are lost” in Spanish is:
“Creo que estamos perdidos.”
Explanation:
​ •​ Creo que = I think that
​ •​ Estamos = We are (from the verb “estar”)
​ •​ Perdidos = Lost (plural, because you’re referring to “we”)
“La estufa está apagada.”
Explanation:
​ •​ Estufa = Stove
​ •​ Está apagada = Is off (from the verb “apagar,” meaning to turn off)
“Apadada” is a typo or misspelling, and the correct word is “apagada”, which means “turned off” or
“off.”
The sentence “The washing machines are really expensive” in Spanish is:
“Las lavadoras son realmente caras.”
Explanation:
​ •​ Las lavadoras = The washing machines
​ •​ Son = Are (from the verb “ser”)
​ •​ Realmente = Really
​ •​ Caras = Expensive (plural, because you’re talking about “lavadoras”)
“Tú apagaste la cafetera.”
Explanation:
​ •​ Tú = You (informal subject pronoun)
​ •​ Apagaste = You turned off (from the verb “apagar,” meaning “to turn off”)
​ •​ La cafetera = The coffee maker
So, “Tú apagaste la cafetera” means:
“You turned off the coffee maker.”
The sentence “My dad turned on the radio” in Spanish is:
“Mi papá encendió la radio.”
Explanation:
​ •​ Mi papá = My dad
​ •​ Encendió = Turned on (from the verb “encender”)
​ •​ La radio = The radio
Correr es un buen ejercicio para el cuerpo.
The sentence “You shouldn’t smoke cigarettes” in Spanish is:
“No deberías fumar cigarrillos.”
Explanation:
​ •​ No deberías = You shouldn’t (from the verb “deber,” meaning “should not”)
​ •​ Fumar = Smoke (verb)
​ •​ Cigarrillos = Cigarettes
“Tengo un dolor de cabeza horrible, doctora. Me siento mal.” is correct!
Explanation:
​ •​ Tengo un dolor de cabeza horrible = “I have a horrible headache.”
​ •​ Me siento mal = “I feel bad/ill.”
”¿Me va a doler el cuello después de la operación?” is correct!
Translation:
“Will my neck hurt after the surgery?”
​ •​ ¿Me va a doler = Will it hurt me (from the verb “doler,” meaning “to hurt” or “to ache”)
​ •​ El cuello = The neck
​ •​ Después de la operación = After the surgery
“Deberías comer más frutas” means:
“You should eat more fruits.”
Explanation:
​ •​ Deberías = You should (from the verb “deber,” meaning “should”)
​ •​ Comer = Eat (verb)
​ •​ Más frutas = More fruits
The sentence “Sometimes my legs hurt” in Spanish is:
“A veces me duelen las piernas.”
Explanation:
​ •​ A veces = Sometimes
​ •​ Me duelen = Hurt me (from the verb “doler,” which is used when something causes pain)
​ •​ Las piernas = The legs
The sentence “Hay que dormir ocho horas” means:
“You have to sleep eight hours.” or “It is necessary to sleep eight hours.”
Explanation:
​ •​ Hay que = It is necessary to / One must
​ •​ Dormir = To sleep
​ •​ Ocho horas = Eight hours
The sentence “Where are the nurses and Dr. Lopez?” in Spanish is:
”¿Dónde están las enfermeras y el Dr. López?”
Explanation:
​ •​ ¿Dónde están? = Where are they? (used for asking the location of people or things)
​ •​ Las enfermeras = The nurses (female plural)
​ •​ El Dr. López = Dr. López (note: Dr. is short for “Doctor,” and el is used for a male doctor)
The sentence “The engineer needs the file” in Spanish is:
“El ingeniero necesita el archivo.”
Explanation:
​ •​ El ingeniero = The engineer (masculine; for a female engineer, it would be la ingeniera)
​ •​ Necesita = Needs (from the verb “necesitar”)
​ •​ El archivo = The file
The sentence “Did you hear the news yesterday?” in Spanish is:
”¿Escuchaste las noticias ayer?”
Explanation:
​ •​ ¿Escuchaste? = Did you hear? (from the verb “escuchar,” in the past tense)
​ •​ Las noticias = The news
​ •​ Ayer = Yesterday
The sentence “I asked you that yesterday” in Spanish is:
“Te pregunté eso ayer.”
Explanation:
​ •​ Te pregunté = I asked you (from the verb “preguntar,” in the past tense)
​ •​ Eso = That
​ •​ Ayer = Yesterday
Los gatos son unos animales muy inteligentes y hermosos. Ellos son mamíferos
[Cats are very intelligent and beautiful animals. They are mammals.]
“Chess is a game for two people” in Spanish is:
“El ajedrez es un juego para dos personas.”
Explanation:
​ •​ El ajedrez = Chess
​ •​ Es un juego = Is a game
​ •​ Para dos personas = For two people
“Dogs can generally live fifteen years” in Spanish is:
“Los perros generalmente pueden vivir quince años.”
Explanation:
​ •​ Los perros = Dogs
​ •​ Generalmente = Generally
​ •​ Pueden vivir = Can live
​ •​ Quince años = Fifteen years
“She likes cycling” in Spanish is:
“A ella le gusta andar en bicicleta.”
Explanation:
​ •​ A ella le gusta = She likes
​ •​ Andar en bicicleta = Cycling (literally “riding a bicycle”)
The sentence “Horses are strong, beautiful animals” in Spanish is:
“Los caballos son animales fuertes y hermosos.”
Explanation:
​ •​ Los caballos = Horses
​ •​ Son = Are
​ •​ Animales = Animals
​ •​ Fuertes = Strong
​ •​ Y hermosos = And beautiful
“Tamika leyó varios libros en la semana pasada, ¿verdad?”
Explanation:
​ •​ Leyó = (She) read. This is the correct past tense (preterite) form of the verb “leer” for
third-person singular.
​ •​ La semana pasada = Last week.
“Ese corredor siempre gana, pero tuvo un accidente ayer y no ganó.”
Explanation of the sentence:
​ •​ “Ese corredor” = That runner
​ •​ “Siempre gana” = Always wins (present tense, used to talk about something that happens
regularly or is a general truth)
​ •​ “Pero” = But (used to introduce a contrast)
​ •​ “Tuvo un accidente” = Had an accident (preterite tense of “tener”, used because it refers to
a specific event in the past)
​ •​ “Ayer” = Yesterday (indicating the specific time of the accident)
​ •​ “Y no ganó” = And did not win (preterite tense of “ganar”, because we are talking about a
specific event that happened in the past, i.e., the race yesterday after the accident).
Camilla, ¿compraste los libros de texto para tu clase?
“Camilla, did you buy the textbooks for your class?”
Explanation:
​ •​ Camilla = Name (addressing the person directly)
​ •​ Compraste = You bought (past tense, second person singular, from the verb “comprar”)
​ •​ Los libros de texto = The textbooks
​ •​ Para tu clase = For your class
Ayer no entendí la clase. Hoy tengo que hablar con mi profesor porque tengo varias
preguntas.
El domingo pasado dormimos demasiado.
[Last Sunday we slept too much]
Vas a aprobar porque estudiaste mucho.
[You are going to pass because you studied a lot]
Who played the piano in the show?” into Spanish would be:
”¿Quién tocó el piano en el show?”
Explanation:
​ •​ ¿Quién = Who
​ •​ Tocó = Played (past tense of tocar)
​ •​ El piano = The piano
​ •​ En el show = In the show
“Did you bring your notebook to class?” into Spanish would be:
”¿Trajiste tu cuaderno a clase?”
Explanation:
​ •​ ¿Trajiste = Did you bring? (past tense, second person singular of “traer”)
​ •​ Tu cuaderno = Your notebook
​ •​ A clase = To class
¿A ustedes les gustaban los refrescos?” translates to:
“Did you (all) like soft drinks?”
Explanation:
​ •​ ¿A ustedes = To you (all) / You (plural), addressing a group of people
​ •​ Les gustaban = Did they like? (imperfect tense of gustar, used here to describe something
that was liked regularly in the past)
​ •​ Los refrescos = The soft drinks
“De niño, yo siempre recibía muchos regalos en mi cumpleaños.”
Explanation:
​ •​ Recibía = I used to receive (imperfect tense of “recibir”; used here to talk about a repeated
or habitual action in the past)
​ •​ De niño = As a child
​ •​ Siempre = Always
​ •​ Muchos regalos = Many gifts
​ •​ En mi cumpleaños = On my birthday
Ella siempre ganaba premios importantes.
“She always used to win important prizes.”
Explanation:
​ •​ Ella = She
​ •​ Siempre = Always
​ •​ Ganaba = Used to win (imperfect tense of “ganar”, indicating a repeated or habitual action in
the past)
​ •​ Premios importantes = Important prizes
The use of “ganaba” (imperfect tense) emphasizes that winning important prizes was a regular
occurrence in the past.
“Los gatos dormían en mi dormitorio.”
Explanation:
​ •​ Los gatos = The cats
​ •​ Dormían = Used to sleep (imperfect tense of “dormir”; describing a habitual action in the
past)
​ •​ En mi dormitorio = In my bedroom
The imperfect tense (”dormían”) is used to describe something that happened regularly or habitually
in the past.
Yo comía los dulces de mi hermano.
[I ate my brother’s candy]
“Whose beautiful ring was that?”
Explanation:
​ •​ ¿De quién? = Whose?
​ •​ Era = Was (imperfect tense of “ser”, used here to describe something in the past)
​ •​ Esa = That (feminine form, referring to the ring, sortija, which is feminine)
​ •​ Sortija = Ring (a type of ring, often referring to a decorative ring like a wedding or
engagement ring)
​ •​ Bonita = Beautiful (adjective modifying the noun sortija)
The verb “manejar” in Spanish generally means “to drive” or “to manage”, depending on the
context.
Meaning and usage:
​
1.​
To drive:
​
•​
When referring to operating a vehicle, “manejar” means “to drive.”
​
•​
Example: “Ella sabe manejar un coche.” → “She knows how to drive a car.”
​
2.​
​
To manage:
•​
It can also mean “to manage” or “to handle” something (like a situation or task).
​
•​
Example: “Él sabe manejar un negocio.” → “He knows how to manage a
business.”
So, the meaning of “manejar” depends on the context, but in general, it refers to controlling or
operating something, whether it’s a vehicle or a situation.
Yes, “Nosotros ayudábamos a los enfermos.” is correct!
Explanation:
​ •​ Nosotros = We
​ •​ Ayudábamos = We were helping (imperfect tense of “ayudar”, indicating an ongoing or
habitual action in the past)
​ •​ A los enfermos = The sick (people, referring to “the sick ones”)
So, the sentence “Nosotros ayudábamos a los enfermos.” translates to “We were helping the
sick.”
The sentence “The sea and the mountains were beautiful” can be translated to Spanish as:
“El mar y las montañas eran hermosos.”
Explanation:
​ •​ El mar = The sea
​ •​ Y = And
​ •​ Las montañas = The mountains
​ •​ Eran = Were (imperfect tense of “ser”, used for descriptions in the past)
​ •​ Hermosos = Beautiful (plural form, matching both “sea” and “mountains”)
“Los campos eran verdes y bonitos” translates to:
“The fields were green and beautiful.”
Explanation:
​ •​ Los campos = The fields
​ •​ Eran = Were (imperfect tense of “ser”, used for descriptions in the past)
​ •​ Verdes = Green (plural form, matching “campos”)
​ •​ Y = And
​ •​ Bonitos = Beautiful (plural form, matching “campos”)
The sentence “One ballerina was eating with the queen” can be translated to Spanish as:
“Una bailarina estaba comiendo con la reina.”
Explanation:
​ •​ Una bailarina = One ballerina
​ •​ Estaba comiendo = Was eating (imperfect tense of “estar” + gerund form of “comer” to
indicate an ongoing action in the past)
​ •​ Con la reina = With the queen
La cama del hotel no es confortable.
[The hotel bed is not comfortable.]
The sentence “You have to return to your seat” can be translated to Spanish as:
“Tienes que regresar a tu asiento.”
Explanation:
​ •​ Tienes que = You have to (present tense of “tener”, meaning “to have” in this context,
expressing obligation)
​ •​ Regresar = Return (verb in its infinitive form)
​ •​ A tu asiento = To your seat
1. Pretérito Perfecto (Present Perfect)
Use: To express actions that started in the past and are still relevant in the present or actions that
have just occurred.
Formation: The verb haber (in the present tense) + past participle of the verb.
Conjugation of haber:
​ •​ Yo he
​ •​ Tú has
​ •​ Él/ella/usted ha
​ •​ Nosotros/as hemos
​ •​ Vosotros/as habéis
​ •​ Ellos/as/ustedes han
Past participle: Add -ado for -ar verbs, -ido for -er and -ir verbs.
Examples:
​ •​ Yo he comido (I have eaten).
​ •​ Ella ha vivido en España (She has lived in Spain).
​ •​ Yo he visitado Madrid varias veces. (I have visited Madrid several times.)
​ •​ Ellos han estudiado toda la noche. (They have studied all night.)
​ •​ Nosotros hemos visto esa película. (We have seen that movie.)
​ •​ ¿Tú has comido ya? (Have you eaten already?)
2. Pretérito Indefinido (Preterite)
Use: To describe actions that were completed in the past. It’s used for actions that happened at a
specific time or are seen as finished.
Conjugation:
​ •​ -ar verbs:
​
•​
Yo hablé
​
•​
Tú hablaste
​
•​
Él/ella/usted habló
​
•​
Nosotros/as hablamos
​
•​
Vosotros/as hablasteis
​
•​
Ellos/as/ustedes hablaron
​ •​ -er and -ir verbs:
​
•​
Yo comí, viví
​
•​
Tú comiste, viviste
​
•​
Él/ella/usted comió, vivió
​
•​
Nosotros/as comimos, vivimos
​
•​
Vosotros/as comisteis, vivisteis
​
•​
Examples:
Ellos/as/ustedes comieron, vivieron
​ •​ Ayer comí pizza (Yesterday I ate pizza).
​ •​ El año pasado viajaron a México (Last year they traveled to Mexico).
3. Pretérito Imperfecto (Imperfect)
Use: To describe habitual or ongoing actions in the past, or to set a scene. It can also describe
something that was happening when another action interrupted.
Conjugation:
​ •​ -ar verbs:
​
•​
Yo hablaba
​
•​
Tú hablabas
​
•​
Él/ella/usted hablaba
​
•​
Nosotros/as hablábamos
​
•​
Vosotros/as hablabais
​
•​
Ellos/as/ustedes hablaban
​ •​ -er and -ir verbs:
​
•​
Yo comía, vivía
​
•​
Tú comías, vivías
​
•​
Él/ella/usted comía, vivía
​
•​
Nosotros/as comíamos, vivíamos
​
•​
Vosotros/as comíais, vivíais
​
•​
Examples:
Ellos/as/ustedes comían, vivían
​ •​ Cuando era niño, jugaba todos los días (When I was a child, I used to play every day).
​ •​ Ella leía mientras yo cocinaba (She was reading while I was cooking).
4. Pretérito Pluscuamperfecto (Pluperfect)
Use: To describe an action that happened before another action in the past. It’s like the “past of the
past.”
Formation: The verb haber (in the imperfect tense) + past participle of the verb.
Conjugation of haber in imperfect:
​ •​ Yo había
​ •​ Tú habías
​ •​ Él/ella/usted había
​ •​ Nosotros/as habíamos
​ •​ Vosotros/as habíais
​ •​ Ellos/as/ustedes habían
Examples:
​ •​ Ya había comido cuando llegaste (I had already eaten when you arrived).
​ •​ Ellos habían terminado el trabajo antes de la reunión (They had finished the work before the
meeting).​
•​ Ya había comido cuando llegaste. (I had already eaten when you arrived.)
​ •​ Ellos habían terminado el trabajo antes de ir al cine. (They had finished the work before
going to the movies.)
​ •​ Nosotros habíamos estudiado mucho antes del examen. (We had studied a lot before the
exam.)
​ •​ Tú habías escuchado esa canción antes. (You had heard that song before.)
5. Pretérito Anterior (Past Anterior)
Use: This tense is very rarely used in everyday speech and is mostly found in literary or formal
contexts. It indicates an action completed right before another action in the past.
Formation: The verb haber (in the preterite tense) + past participle.
Conjugation of haber in preterite:
​ •​ Yo hube
​ •​ Tú hubiste
​ •​ Él/ella/usted hubo
​ •​ Nosotros/as hubimos
​ •​ Vosotros/as hubisteis
​ •​ Ellos/as/ustedes hubieron
Examples:
​ •​ Cuando hube terminado el libro, me fui a dormir (When I had finished the book, I went to
sleep).
​ •​ Cuando hube terminado el informe, me fui a casa. (When I had finished the report, I went
home.)
​ •​ Ellos hubieron hablado antes de tomar la decisión. (They had spoken before making the
decision.)
6. Condicional Perfecto (Conditional Perfect)
Use: To express an action that would have happened in the past, but did not due to some condition.
It’s similar to saying “I would have done this if…” in English.
Formation: The verb haber (in the conditional tense) + past participle.
Conjugation of haber in conditional:
​ •​ Yo habría
​ •​ Tú habrías
​ •​ Él/ella/usted habría
​ •​ Nosotros/as habríamos
​ •​ Vosotros/as habríais
​ •​ Ellos/as/ustedes habrían
Examples:
​ •​ Yo habría estudiado más si hubiera tenido tiempo (I would have studied more if I had had
time).
​ •​ Ellos habrían ido a la fiesta si no hubieran estado cansados (They would have gone to the
party if they hadn’t been tired).
​ •​ Yo habría ido al cine si no estuviera tan cansado. (I would have gone to the movies if I hadn’t
been so tired.)
​ •​ Ellos habrían terminado el proyecto si tuvieran más tiempo. (They would have finished the
project if they had more time.)
​ •​ Nosotros habríamos comprado los boletos si hubiéramos sabido. (We would have bought
the tickets if we had known.)
​ •​ Tú habrías visto la película si no estuvieras enfermo. (You would have seen the movie if you
weren’t sick.)
7. Futuro Perfecto (Future Perfect)
Use: To express actions that will have been completed by a certain point in the future.
Formation: The verb haber (in the future tense) + past participle.
Conjugation of haber in future:
​ •​ Yo habré
​ •​ Tú habrás
​ •​ Él/ella/usted habrá
​ •​ Nosotros/as habremos
​ •​ Vosotros/as habréis
​ •​ Ellos/as/ustedes habrán
Examples:
​ •​ Para mañana, ya habré terminado el trabajo (By tomorrow, I will have finished the work).
​ •​ Ellos habrán llegado para las 8 (They will have arrived by 8).
​ •​ Para mañana, yo habré terminado el trabajo. (By tomorrow, I will have finished the work.)
​ •​ Ellos habrán llegado a las 8. (They will have arrived by 8.)
​ •​ Nosotros habremos comido cuando llegues. (We will have eaten when you arrive.)
​ •​ Tú habrás estudiado para el examen. (You will have studied for the exam.)
Exercise
Fill in the blanks with the correct conjugation of the verbs in parentheses.
​
1.​
Cuando era niño, yo siempre __comía______ (comer) pizza los domingos.
​
2.​
Ellos __terminaron______ (terminar) el proyecto antes de la reunión.
​
3.​
Cuando llegué, ella ya __había salido______ (salir).
​
4.​
Nosotros ___ vivíamos _____ (vivir) en Madrid cuando éramos pequeños.
​
5.​
Ellos no ________ (ir) al cine porque estaban cansados.
​
6.​
Tú ________ (hacer) la tarea antes de ir a la fiesta.
​
7.​
Para el año 2025, yo ________ (aprender) a hablar francés perfectamente.
Yo reparaba el motor cuando él trajo el almuerzo
[I was repairing the engine when he brought lunch.]
Cuando él salió de casa, nosotros disfrutamos un té.
[When he came home, we were enjoying the tea.]
Mi perro desayunaba cuando mis primos llegaron.
[My dog was having breakfast when my cousins arrived.]
Ellos pescaban cuando vieron un barco vacío.
[They were fishing when they saw an empty boat.]
●​
●​
●​
●​
pescar [to fish] → pescaban [ellos]
ver [to see] → vieron [ellos - preterite]
barco = boat
vacio
Esa foto es del fin de semana pasado. Fui a pescar con mi mama y mi hermano al lago.
[This photo is from last week. I went fishing with my mom and my brother at the lake]
Ellos manejaban cuando el empezo a cantar
[They were driving when he started singing.]
El olvido traer la limonada.
[He forgot to bring the lemonade.]
Yo iba al mercado cuando vi a Jose.
[I was going to the market when I saw Jose]
start to + V
= empiezar + a + V
Estas vacaciones fueron fantásticas. Disfrutaba del océano todos los días en el barco de mi
abuelo.
[These vacations are fantastic. I enjoyed the ocean everyday on my grandfather’s boat.]
Yo manejaba cuando ella dijo eso.
[I was driving when she said that.]
Yo pescaba cuando llamaste a mi celular / Yo pescaba cuando me llamaste al celular.
[I was fishing when you called my cell phone.]
Ellos desuyaban cuando encendí la tele.
[They were having breakfast when I turned on the TV]
“Miriam es increíble. Ella es la presidenta de esta compañía y hace un excelente trabajo.”
El jefe está oyendo las noticias.
[The boss is listening to the news.]
“Tiene que completar este proyecto para esta tarde. ¡Trabaje, no hay tiempo!”
“You have to complete this project by this afternoon. Work, there is no time!”
Los gerentes están pidiendo información.
[The managers are asking for information.]
El trabajador está diciendo la verdad.
[The worker is telling the truth]
●​ decir [to tell/to say] → decidiendo
¿Quieres pedir otro proyecto?
[Do you want to ask for another project?]
La empresaria está yendo a la oficina ahora.
-​ empresaria = businesswoman
-​ ir = to go → yendo = going
A mí me gustaban las plantas silvestres
La reina no te cree. [The queen doesn’t believe you]
-​ la reina = the queen
-​ no te cree = doesn’t believe you
Ella sabe que no estás diciendo.
[She knows that you are not telling the truth.]
“The queen wanted to make a cake for her daughter and needed more honey.”
Explanation:
​ •​ “La reina”: “The queen.”
​ •​ “Quería hacer”: “Wanted to make.”
​
•​
“Quería” is the imperfect form of “querer” (to want), used for ongoing or habitual
actions in the past.
​
•​
“Hacer” means “to make.”
​ •​ “Un pastel”: “A cake.”
​ •​ “Para su hija”: “For her daughter.”
​ •​ “Y necesitaba más”: “And needed more.”
​
•​
“Necesitaba” is the imperfect form of “necesitar” (to need), indicating an ongoing or
repeated need.
​ •​ “Miel”: “Honey.”
Both "abuelito" and "abuelo" mean "grandfather," but there is a subtle difference in tone and usage:
1.​ "Abuelito":
○​ A more affectionate, endearing, or informal term for "grandfather."
○​ Often used to show closeness, love, or respect, especially in a family context.
○​ Equivalent to saying "grandpa" or "granddad" in English.
2.​ Example: Mi abuelito siempre me cuenta historias.​
(My grandpa always tells me stories.)
3.​ "Abuelo":
○​ The standard, neutral term for "grandfather."
○​ Can be used in both formal and informal settings.
○​ Equivalent to saying "grandfather" in English.
4.​ Example: Mi abuelo vive en el campo.​
(My grandfather lives in the countryside.)
In casual or loving conversations, "abuelito" is preferred, while "abuelo" is more formal or neutral.
"Yo fui con mi abuelito a su país una vez hace años, pero nunca regresé."
"I went with my grandpa to his country once years ago, but I never went back."
Explanation:
1.​ "Nunca" (never):
○​ This word fits because it contrasts with the first part of the sentence, indicating that
after going once, the speaker did not return.
○​ "Nunca regresé" means "I never went back."
2.​ Contextual Fit:
○​ The sentence talks about a past experience (using fui, past tense of ir), so "nunca"
makes sense to show that there were no subsequent visits.
Other words like "siempre" (always) or "luego" (later) wouldn’t make sense in this context.
The sentence "He knew about his father's death" in Spanish is:
"Él supo de la muerte de su padre."
Explanation:
●​ "Él": "He" (subject pronoun).
●​ "supo": Past tense of "saber" (to know), indicating that he found out about the death
(implying a moment of realization or discovery).
●​ "de la muerte de su padre": "About his father's death" (the event he knew about).
The sentence "How many times can that happen?" in Spanish is:
"¿Cuántas veces puede eso pasar?"
Breakdown:
●​ "¿Cuántas veces": "How many times" (asking about the frequency or number of
occurrences).
●​ "puede": "Can" (from the verb poder, meaning ability or possibility).
●​ "eso": "That" (referring to the event or situation).
●​ "pasar": "Happen" (the verb indicating the event taking place).
The sentence "How did you know their age?" in Spanish is:
"¿Cómo supiste su edad?"
Breakdown:
●​ "¿Cómo": "How" (asking about the manner in which something was known).
●​ "supiste": "Did you know" (past tense of "saber", used to ask how someone came to know
something).
●​ "su edad": "Their age" (referring to the person's age in a general way).
Ustedes se acostaron a las once anoche?
The sentence "Ustedes se acostaron a las once anoche?" is already in Spanish and translates to:
"Did you all go to bed at eleven last night?"
Breakdown:
●​ "Ustedes": "You all" (plural form of "you" used in Latin America and formal contexts in Spain).
●​ "se acostaron": "Did you all go to bed" (past tense of "acostarse", which means to lie down
or go to bed).
●​ "a las once": "At eleven" (referring to the time).
●​ "anoche": "Last night."
The sentence "¿Qué bufanda vas a ponerte?" is already in Spanish and translates to:
"Which scarf are you going to put on?" or "Which scarf are you going to wear?"
Breakdown:
●​ "¿Qué": "Which" or "What" (asking for a specific item).
●​ "bufanda": "Scarf."
●​ "vas a ponerte": "Are you going to put on" (future tense of "ponerse", meaning to put on or
wear).
The sentence "Mi perro no se lavó las orejas" is almost correct, but there is a small mistake in the
reflexive verb conjugation.
Corrected sentence:
"Mi perro no se lavó las orejas."
Explanation:
●​ "lavó": The correct past tense (preterite) form of the verb "lavar" for third-person singular
(he/she/it). The reflexive pronoun "se" is used to indicate the dog is performing the action on
itself.
●​ "las orejas": "The ears."
Translation:
"My dog didn't wash its ears."
"¡La bebé no va a tener sueño en la noche! Ella durmió toda la tarde."
Explanation:
●​ "La bebé": "The baby" (feminine form).
●​ "no va a tener sueño": "Is not going to be sleepy" (referring to the baby's state of
sleepiness).
●​ "en la noche": "At night."
●​ "Ella durmió": "She slept" (past tense of "dormir", indicating that she slept in the afternoon).
●​ "toda la tarde": "The whole afternoon."
Translation:
"The baby is not going to be sleepy at night! She slept the whole afternoon."
The sentence "Este uniforme es muy suave" is already in Spanish and translates to:
"This uniform is very soft."
Breakdown:
●​
●​
●​
●​
●​
"Este": "This" (masculine singular form).
"uniforme": "Uniform."
"es": "Is" (present tense of "ser", meaning to be).
"muy": "Very."
"suave": "Soft."
The sentence "No sé dónde están mis calcetines. Ayer los lavé en la lavadora y ahora no
están." → "I don't know where my socks are. Yesterday I washed them in the washing
machine, and now they are not here."
Breakdown:
●​
●​
●​
●​
●​
"No sé": "I don't know" (present tense of "saber", used here to express uncertainty).
"dónde están": "Where they are" (indicating a search for the location).
"mis calcetines": "My socks."
"Ayer": "Yesterday."
"los lavé": "I washed them" (past tense of "lavar", indicating the action of washing the
socks).
●​ "en la lavadora": "In the washing machine."
●​ "y ahora no están": "And now they are not here."
The sentence "Last night we met at a coffee shop downtown" in Spanish is:
"Anoche nos encontramos en una cafetería en el centro."
"Anoche nosotros nos reunimos en un café del centro."
Breakdown:
●​ "Anoche": "Last night."
●​ "nos encontramos": "We met" (past tense of "encontrarse", used reflexively to indicate
meeting).
●​ "en una cafetería": "At a coffee shop."
●​ "en el centro": "Downtown" (literally, "in the center").
The sentence "Did you try on the black suit?" in Spanish is:
"¿Te probaste el traje negro?"
Breakdown:
●​ "¿Te probaste": "Did you try on?" (past tense of the reflexive verb "probarse", used when
talking about trying on clothes).
●​ "el traje negro": "The black suit."
The sentence "I stayed at her house during the weekend" in Spanish is:
"Me quedé en su casa durante el fin de semana."
Breakdown:
●​ "Me quedé": "I stayed" (past tense of the reflexive verb "quedarse", meaning to stay or
remain).
●​ "en su casa": "At her house."
●​ "durante el fin de semana": "During the weekend."
The sentence "She didn't worry about the exam" in Spanish is:
"Ella no se preocupó por el examen."
Breakdown:
●​ "Ella": "She."
●​ "no se preocupó": "Didn't worry" (past tense of the reflexive verb "preocuparse", meaning
to worry).
●​ "por el examen": "About the exam."
The sentence "She showered before going to work" in Spanish is:
"Ella se duchó antes de ir a trabajar."
Breakdown:
●​ "Ella": "She."
●​ "se duchó": "She showered" (past tense of the reflexive verb "ducharse", meaning to
shower).
●​ "antes de": "Before."
●​ "ir a trabajar": "Going to work."
The sentence "Tengo que darte las instrucciones" translates to:
"I have to give you the instructions."
Breakdown:
●​ "Tengo que": "I have to."
●​ "darte": "Give you" (from the verb "dar", meaning to give, with "te" as the indirect object
pronoun for "you").
●​ "las instrucciones": "The instructions."
"¿Puedes darme tu calendario? No sé dónde está el mío."
Explanation:
●​
●​
●​
●​
●​
●​
"¿Puedes darme": "Can you give me" (present tense of "poder").
"tu calendario": "Your calendar."
"No sé": "I don't know" (present tense of "saber").
"dónde": "Where" (used with a tilde to indicate location).
"está": "Is" (present tense of "estar").
"el mío": "Mine" (referring to "my calendar").
Translation:
"Can you give me your calendar? I don't know where mine is."
The sentence "No entiendo cuál es la diferencia entre estos dos ejercicios. Necesito leer las
instrucciones otra vez."translates to:
"I don't understand what the difference is between these two exercises. I need to read the
instructions again."
Breakdown:
●​
●​
●​
●​
●​
●​
●​
●​
"No entiendo": "I don't understand."
"cuál es": "What is" (used to ask about something specific).
"la diferencia": "The difference."
"entre estos dos ejercicios": "Between these two exercises."
"Necesito": "I need."
"leer": "To read."
"las instrucciones": "The instructions."
"otra vez": "Again."
The sentence "What advice are you going to give me?" in Spanish is:
"¿Qué consejo me vas a dar?"
Breakdown:
●​
●​
●​
●​
"¿Qué": "What."
"consejo": "Advice."
"me": "Me" (indirect object pronoun).
"vas a dar": "Are you going to give" (from the verb "dar", meaning to give).
The sentence "Tienes que les decir la verdad" contains a small mistake in the use of the indirect
object pronoun. The correct form is:
"Tienes que decirles la verdad."
Explanation:
●​ "Tienes que": "You have to" (present tense of "tener que").
●​ "decirles": "Tell them" (the correct form is "les", the indirect object pronoun for "them").
●​ "la verdad": "The truth."
Translation:
"You have to tell them the truth."
The sentence "Tienes que decirles la verdad" uses "decirles" because "les" is the correct indirect
object pronoun in Spanish for "them" (referring to people). In Spanish, when using a verb like "decir"
(to tell), you need to add the appropriate indirect object pronoun to indicate who is receiving the action
of the verb.
Why "les" and not "les decir"?
●​ "Les" is the indirect object pronoun that corresponds to "them."
●​ The verb "decir" (to tell) is used in its infinitive form, and when combined with "tener que"
(to have to), the structure is "tener que" + infinitive verb + indirect object pronoun.
In English, we wouldn't need a direct equivalent of "les" because it is implied by "them." But in
Spanish, we include "les" to clarify who is receiving the action of telling the truth.
Example:
●​ "Tienes que decirles la verdad." → "You have to tell them the truth."
Without "les", the sentence would be incomplete or incorrect in conveying to whom the action is
directed.
The sentence "Alguien ha robado en la casa de Pedro" is correct. It translates to:
"Someone has stolen in Pedro's house."
Breakdown:
●​ "Alguien": "Someone."
●​ "ha robado": "Has stolen" (present perfect tense of "robar", meaning to steal).
●​ "en la casa de Pedro": "In Pedro's house."
This sentence uses the present perfect tense, which is common in Spanish to describe an action that
has happened at an unspecified time before the present.
"Hemos ido a hablar con el policía dos veces hoy."
Breakdown:
●​ "Hemos ido": "We have gone" (present perfect tense of "ir", meaning to go).
●​ "a hablar": "To talk" (infinitive form of "hablar", meaning to speak).
●​ "con el policía": "With the police officer" (here "el policía" is used because "policía" can
refer to a person in this context).
●​ "dos veces": "Two times."
●​ "hoy": "Today."
Translation:
"We have gone to talk with the police officer two times today."
The sentence "Yo he estado muchas veces allí antes. ¡Conozco bien ese aeropuerto!" translates
to:
"I have been there many times before. I know that airport well!"
Breakdown:
●​
●​
●​
●​
●​
●​
●​
"Yo he estado": "I have been" (present perfect tense of "estar", meaning to be in a place).
"muchas veces": "Many times."
"allí": "There."
"antes": "Before."
"Conozco": "I know" (present tense of "conocer", meaning to know a place or person).
"bien": "Well."
"ese aeropuerto": "That airport."
"No, todavía no hemos llegado."
Breakdown:
●​ "No": "No."
●​ "todavía": "Yet" or "still" (indicating that something hasn't happened up to this point).
●​ "no hemos llegado": "We haven't arrived" (present perfect tense of "llegar", meaning to
arrive).
The sentence "Ese obrero no ha trabajado esta semana." translates to:
"That worker has not worked this week."
Breakdown:
●​ "Ese obrero": "That worker."
●​ "no ha trabajado": "Has not worked" (present perfect tense of "trabajar", meaning to work).
●​ "esta semana": "This week."
The sentence "The police officers have been there" in Spanish is:
"Los policías han estado allí."
Breakdown:
●​ "Los policías": "The police officers."
●​ "han estado": "Have been" (present perfect tense of "estar", meaning to be).
●​ "allí": "There."
The sentence "They steal in the stores" in Spanish is:
"Ellos roban en las tiendas."
Breakdown:
●​ "Ellos": "They."
●​ "roban": "Steal" (present tense of "robar", meaning to steal).
●​ "en las tiendas": "In the stores."
The sentence "We already copied all the photos yesterday" in Spanish is:
"Ya copiamos todas las fotos ayer."
Breakdown:
●​
●​
●​
●​
"Ya": "Already."
"copiamos": "We copied" (preterite tense of "copiar", meaning to copy).
"todas las fotos": "All the photos."
"ayer": "Yesterday."
The sentence "We downloaded a lot of photos yesterday" in Spanish is:
"Descargamos muchas fotos ayer."
Breakdown:
●​ "Descargamos": "We downloaded" (preterite tense of "descargar", meaning to download).
●​ "muchas fotos": "A lot of photos."
●​ "ayer": "Yesterday."
The sentence "I think that you should be an actor" in Spanish is:
"Creo que deberías ser actor."
Breakdown:
●​
●​
●​
●​
●​
"Creo": "I think" (from the verb "creer", meaning to think or believe).
"que": "That" (used to connect clauses).
"deberías": "You should" (conditional tense of "deber", meaning should or ought to).
"ser": "Be" (infinitive form of "ser", meaning to be).
"actor": "Actor."
The sentence "Nosotros nos vemos bien" translates to:
"We look good."
Breakdown:
●​ "Nosotros": "We."
●​ "nos vemos": "We look" (reflexive form of the verb "ver", meaning "to see," used here to
mean "to look" as in appearance).
●​ "bien": "Good" or "well."
The sentence "Yo nací el dos de enero del dos mil tres" translates to:
"I was born on January 2nd, 2003."
Breakdown:
●​ "Yo nací": "I was born" (preterite tense of "nacer", meaning to be born).
●​ "el dos de enero": "On January 2nd."
●​ "del dos mil tres": "Of 2003."
The sentence "Yo hago ejercicio y estoy en forma." translates to:
"I exercise and I am in shape."
Breakdown:
●​ "Yo hago ejercicio": "I exercise" (present tense of "hacer", meaning to do or to make).
●​ "y": "And."
●​ "estoy en forma": "I am in shape" (present tense of "estar", meaning to be, used here to
describe physical condition).
The sentence "You're going to laugh a lot at this" in Spanish is:
"Te vas a reír mucho de esto."
Breakdown:
●​ "Te vas a reír": "You're going to laugh" (future tense of "ir" + infinitive "reír").
●​ "mucho": "A lot."
●​ "de esto": "At this" (referring to something the person will find funny).
If the sentence "You're going to laugh a lot at this" starts with "con", a possible translation could
be:
"Con esto te vas a reír mucho."
Breakdown:
●​ "Con esto": "With this" (referring to something that causes laughter).
●​ "te vas a reír": "You're going to laugh."
●​ "mucho": "A lot."
"El Sr. Bigotes está un poco gordo porque quiere comer mucho todo el día."
Translation:
"Mr. Bigotes is a little fat because he wants to eat a lot all day."
Explanation:
●​ "gordo": "Fat" (referring to someone's body, in this case, used humorously or affectionately).
●​ The rest of the sentence describes Mr. Bigotes’ desire to eat a lot, which is why he is "a little
fat."
The sentence "They forgot to look after the baby" in Spanish is:
"Se olvidaron de cuidar al bebé."
Breakdown:
●​
●​
●​
●​
"Se olvidaron": "They forgot" (reflexive form of "olvidar" in the preterite tense).
"de": "To" (used after "olvidar" to indicate what was forgotten).
"cuidar": "To look after" (infinitive form of "cuidar").
"al bebé": "The baby" ("al" is the contraction of "a" + "el", meaning "to the").
The sentence "I can't do that very easily" in Spanish is:
"No puedo hacer eso muy fácilmente."
Breakdown:
●​ "No puedo": "I can't" (present tense of "poder", meaning to be able to).
●​ "hacer": "To do" (infinitive form of "hacer").
●​ "eso": "That."
●​ "muy fácilmente": "Very easily."
The phrase “Ella acaba de comer” translates to “She just finished eating” in English. Here’s the
explanation:
​ 1.​
“Acaba de”:
This is a fixed expression in Spanish that means “just finished” or “has just” when referring to an
action that was recently completed.
​
•​
Acabar = to finish
​
•​
De = of/from (used in this phrase as part of the construction)
​ 2.​
“Comer”:
This is the verb meaning “to eat.”
​ 3.​
“Ella”:
The subject pronoun meaning “She.”
When put together:
​ •​ “Ella acaba de comer” = “She has just eaten” or “She just finished eating.”
This construction works with other subjects too:
​ •​ Yo acabo de comer = I just finished eating.
​ •​ Nosotros acabamos de comer = We just finished eating.
“Acabo de vestirme.”
Explanation:
​ •​ “Acabo de” = I just (finished)
​ •​ “Vestirme” = To get dressed (reflexive verb vestirse, meaning “to dress oneself”).
”¿Acabas de cancelar la cena del viernes?”
Explanation:
​ •​ “Acabas de” = Did you just (finished)
​ •​ “Cancelar” = To cancel
​ •​ “La cena del viernes” = Friday’s dinner
Blankets in Spanish is “mantas”.
Example:
​ •​ I need blankets for the bed. → Necesito mantas para la cama.
“Mi hermanito y yo nos llevamos bien” means:
“My little brother and I get along well.”
​ •​ “Mi hermanito” = My little brother
​ •​ “y yo” = and I
​ •​ “nos llevamos bien” = we get along well (literally, “we carry ourselves well with each other”)
“¿Tú cuándo te casas?” means:
“When are you getting married?”
​ •​ “Tú” = You (informal, singular)
​ •​ “cuándo” = when
​ •​ “te casas” = are you getting married (reflexive form of “casarse” meaning to get married)
“Mi primo es un graduado de una universidad importante y siempre habla de eso.” means:
“My cousin is a graduate of an important university and always talks about it.”
​ •​ “Mi primo” = My cousin
​ •​ “es un graduado” = is a graduate
​ •​ “de una universidad importante” = of an important university
​ •​ “y siempre habla de eso” = and always talks about it
“Mi hermanito y yo crecimos cerca de un lago y los domingos íbamos de pesca.”
​
1.​
Mi hermanito
​
•​
Mi = My
​
•​
Hermanito = Little brother (diminutive form of “hermano,” meaning brother)
“Mi hermanito” = My little brother
​
2.​
y = and
​
•​
A conjunction used to connect words or phrases.
​
3.​
yo = I
​
•​
Personal pronoun (subject form).
​
4.​
crecimos
​
•​
Crecer = to grow
​
•​
Crecimos = we grew (1st person plural preterite tense)
“Crecimos” = we grew
​
5.​
cerca de
​
•​
Cerca = near
​
•​
De = of
“Cerca de” = near, close to
​
6.​
un lago
​
•​
Un = a (indefinite article, singular)
​
•​
Lago = lake
“Un lago” = a lake
​
7.​
y = and (again, used to connect the next part of the sentence)
​
8.​
los domingos
​
•​
Los = the (plural definite article)
​
•​
Domingos = Sundays
“Los domingos” = on Sundays
​
9.​
íbamos
​
•​
Ir = to go
​
•​
Íbamos = we went (1st person plural imperfect tense, indicating an ongoing action in
the past)
“Íbamos” = we went
​
10.​
de pesca
​ •​ De = for (used here to indicate purpose)
​ •​ Pesca = fishing
“De pesca” = for fishing
Full translation:
“My little brother and I grew up near a lake, and on Sundays, we went fishing.”
“Yo seré la ganadora de la competencia” means:
“I will be the winner of the competition.”
​ •​ Yo = I
​ •​ Seré = I will be (future tense of “ser”)
​ •​ La ganadora = The winner (feminine form)
​ •​ De la competencia = Of the competition
“El objetivo de mi hermanito para el futuro es ser médico.”
This means:
“My little brother’s goal for the future is to be a doctor.”
Here’s why:
​ •​ Médico means doctor, which is a profession, fitting the context of the sentence.
​ •​ The other options are not suitable in this context:
​
•​
Pasayo is a misspelling of payaso (clown), but it doesn’t fit the context here.
​
•​
Salud means health, which doesn’t fit as an occupation.
​
•​
Avenida means avenue, which also doesn’t fit the context.
“Ellos irán a caminar después del desayuno” means:
“They will go for a walk after breakfast.”
Here’s the breakdown of the sentence:
​
1.​
Ellos = They (pronoun, plural)
​
2.​
Irán = They will go (future tense of the verb “ir” for ellos)
​
3.​
A = To (preposition)
​
4.​
Caminar = To walk (infinitive verb)
​
5.​
Después = After (adverb, indicating time)
​
6.​
Del = Of the (a contraction of de + el)
​
7.​
Desayuno = Breakfast (noun)
“Perhaps we will eat at home tomorrow” in Spanish is:
“Quizás comamos en casa mañana.”
Here’s the breakdown:
​
1.​
Quizás = Perhaps (adverb indicating uncertainty or possibility)
​
2.​
Comamos = We will eat (first-person plural form of the verb comer in the subjunctive
mood, used after quizás to express uncertainty)
​
3.​
En casa = At home (preposition en + noun casa)
​
4.​
Mañana = Tomorrow (noun indicating time)
“Tal vez comamos en casa mañana.”
Here’s the breakdown:
​
1.​
Tal vez = Perhaps (similar to “quizás,” it also expresses possibility or uncertainty)
​
2.​
Comamos = We will eat (first-person plural form of comer in the subjunctive mood,
used after tal vez to indicate uncertainty)
​
3.​
En casa = At home (preposition en + noun casa)
​
4.​
Mañana = Tomorrow (noun indicating time)
“Tal vez comamos en casa mañana.”
Here’s the breakdown:
​
1.​
Tal vez = Perhaps (similar to “quizás,” it also expresses possibility or uncertainty)
​
2.​
Comamos = We will eat (first-person plural form of comer in the subjunctive mood,
used after tal vez to indicate uncertainty)
​
3.​
En casa = At home (preposition en + noun casa)
​ 4.​
Mañana = Tomorrow (noun indicating time)
es, you can also complete the sentence using “todas formas”:
“Irás a trabajar mañana de todas formas.”
Here’s the breakdown:
​
1.​
Irás = You will go (future tense of the verb ir for tú)
​
2.​
A = To (preposition)
​
3.​
Trabajar = To work (infinitive verb)
​
4.​
Mañana = Tomorrow (time reference)
​ 5.​
De todas formas = Anyway (phrase meaning “in any case” or “regardless”)
“De todas formas” is another way to say “anyway,” and the sentence means “You will go to work
tomorrow anyway.” Both “de todos modos” and “de todas formas” are commonly used to
express this idea.
The sentence “Pets will be electric in 20 years” can be translated into Spanish as:
“Las mascotas serán eléctricas en 20 años.”
Here’s the breakdown:
​
1.​
Las mascotas = The pets (noun + article)
​
2.​
Serán = Will be (future tense of ser, used for permanent characteristics)
​
3.​
Eléctricas = Electric (adjective, agreeing in gender and number with “mascotas”)
​
4.​
En 20 años = In 20 years (time reference)
“We will finally be engineers” in Spanish is:
“Finalmente seremos ingenieros.”
Here’s the breakdown:
​
1.​
Finalmente = Finally (adverb)
​
2.​
Seremos = We will be (future tense of the verb ser for nosotros/as)
​
3.​
Ingenieros = Engineers (plural, masculine form)
“Long hair will be in style” in Spanish is:
“El cabello largo estará de moda.”
Here’s the breakdown:
​
1.​
El cabello largo = Long hair (noun “cabello” + adjective “largo”)
​
2.​
Estará = Will be (future tense of the verb estar for third person singular)
​
3.​
De moda = In style (phrase meaning “fashionable” or “trendy”)
“You will become famous in a year” in Spanish is:
“Te harás famoso/a en un año.”
Here’s the breakdown:
​
1.​
tú)
Te harás = You will become (future tense of the verb hacer in the reflexive form for
​
2.​
Famoso/a = Famous (adjective; famoso for masculine and famosa for feminine)
​
3.​
En un año = In a year (time reference)
“Lucy was a true friend. She always helped me a lot.”
Breakdown:
​
1.​
Lucy = Proper noun (name of a person)
​
2.​
Fue = Was (past tense of the verb ser, used for describing permanent characteristics
or states)
​
3.​
Una verdadera amiga = A true friend (noun phrase: una = a, verdadera = true,
amiga = friend, feminine)
​
4.​
Ella = She (subject pronoun)
​
5.​
Siempre = Always (adverb)
​
6.​
Me = Me (object pronoun)
​
7.​
Ayudó = Helped (past tense of the verb ayudar, conjugated for ella)
​
8.​
Mucho = A lot (adverb indicating the extent of help)
“We turned on the lights when it was dark.”
Breakdown:
​
1.​
Encendiamos = We turned on (past tense, first-person plural of the verb encender,
meaning “to turn on” or “to light”)
​
2.​
Las luces = The lights (plural noun; las is the definite article for feminine plural
nouns, and luces is the plural form of luz, meaning “light”)
​
3.​
​
4.​
Estaba = Was (imperfect tense of the verb estar, used for ongoing actions or
conditions in the past)
​
5.​
Oscuro = Dark (adjective, masculine form, used to describe the noun oscuro or
“darkness”)
Cuando = When (conjunction, used to refer to a time)
”¿Qué es ese ruido tan fuerte?”
Breakdown:
​
1.​
¿Qué = What (question word)
​
2.​
Es = Is (verb ser in the present tense, third person singular)
​
3.​
Ese = That (demonstrative adjective, masculine singular, used to refer to something
nearby)
​
4.​
Ruido = Noise (noun, masculine singular)
​
5.​
Tan = So (adverb, used for emphasis)
​
6.​
Fuerte = Loud (adjective, meaning “strong” or “loud” in this context)
“Mañana nos iremos muy temprano” is correct! It means “Tomorrow we will leave very early.”
Breakdown:
​
1.​
Mañana = Tomorrow
​
2.​
Nos = Us (reflexive pronoun, indicating that the action affects the subject itself,
commonly used in irse)
​
3.​
Iremos = We will leave (future tense of the verb ir, conjugated for “we”)
​
4.​
Muy = Very (adverb of degree)
​
5.​
Temprano = Early (adjective/adverb)
“My sister collected rings as a child” in Spanish is:
“Mi hermana coleccionaba anillos cuando era niña.”
Breakdown:
​
1.​
Mi = My (possessive adjective for “sister”)
​
2.​
Hermana = Sister (feminine noun)
​
3.​
Coleccionaba = Collected (imperfect tense of the verb coleccionar, used for
repeated actions in the past)
​
4.​
Anillos = Rings (plural noun)
​
5.​
Cuando = When (conjunction, used to introduce a time clause)
​
6.​
past)
Era = Was (imperfect tense of the verb ser, used to describe ongoing states in the
​
7.​
Niña = Child (feminine noun, referring to a young girl)
“Luckily, you didn’t spend money” in Spanish is:
“Afortunadamente, no gastaste dinero.”
Breakdown:
​
1.​
Afortunadamente = Luckily (adverb)
​
2.​
No = Not (negation)
​
3.​
Gastaste = You spent (past tense of the verb gastar, conjugated for “you” in the
preterite tense)
​
4.​
Dinero = Money (noun)
“I always used to wait for you at that place” in Spanish is:
“Siempre solía esperarte en ese lugar.”
Breakdown:
​
1.​
Siempre = Always (adverb)
​
2.​
past)
Solía = Used to (imperfect tense of the verb soler, used for habitual actions in the
​
3.​
Esperarte = Wait for you (verb esperar in the infinitive form with the pronoun te
attached to indicate “you”)
​
4.​
En = At (preposition)
​
5.​
Ese = That (demonstrative adjective, masculine singular)
​
6.​
Lugar = Place (noun, masculine singular)
”¿Por qué no guardas esos archivos?” means “Why don’t you save those files?” in English.
Breakdown:
​
1.​
¿Por qué = Why (interrogative phrase)
​
2.​
No = Not (negation)
​
3.​
Guardas = You save (verb guardar in the present tense, conjugated for “you”)
​
4.​
Esos = Those (demonstrative adjective, masculine plural)
​
5.​
Archivos = Files (noun, masculine plural)
“Si tienes esos libros, tráemelos” means “If you have those books, bring them to me” in
English.
Breakdown:
​
1.​
Si = If (conditional conjunction)
​
2.​
Tienes = You have (present tense of the verb tener, conjugated for “you”)
​
3.​
Esos = Those (demonstrative adjective, masculine plural)
​
4.​
Libros = Books (noun, masculine plural)
​
5.​
Tráemelos = Bring them to me (imperative form of traer, conjugated for “you,” with
the object pronouns me (to me) and los(them) attached at the end)
“Nieto querido, te agradezco por tu visita. De verdad, ¡gracias!”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Nieto querido = Dear grandson
​ •​ Te agradezco = I thank you (literally “I thank you”)
​ •​ Por tu visita = For your visit
​ •​ De verdad = Really
​ •​ ¡Gracias! = Thank you! (expression of gratitude)
”¡Si te gusta el vino, bébelo!”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Si = If
​ •​ Te gusta = You like (verb gustar in the third person singular, conjugated for “you”)
​ •​ El vino = The wine (noun)
​ •​ Bébelo = Drink it (imperative form of beber, with the object pronoun lo attached to the verb)
Soy una gran aficionada a los programas de divulgación científica. Me interesan sobre todo
los programas que hablan del universo.
​
1.​
​
​
Soy – “I am” (first person singular of the verb ser, which means “to be”).
•​
Soy is used to describe permanent characteristics, such as identity or long-term
states.
2.​
una gran aficionada – “a great enthusiast” or “a big fan.”
​
•​
​
•​
gran – “great” (an adjective that goes before singular nouns, regardless of whether
the noun starts with a vowel or consonant).
​
•​
​
una – “a” (feminine singular article).
aficionada – “enthusiast” or “fan” (feminine form of aficionado).
3.​
a los programas de divulgación científica – “to scientific dissemination programs”
or “to science programs.”
​
•​
a – “to” (preposition).
​
•​
los programas – “the programs” (plural of el programa).
​
•​
de divulgación científica – “of scientific dissemination” (a phrase that refers to
programs that aim to spread scientific knowledge to a wider audience).
​
•​
divulgación – “dissemination” (the act of spreading knowledge).
​
•​
científica – “scientific” (adjective describing divulgación).
​
4.​
most.”
Me interesan sobre todo – “I am mostly interested in” or “What interests me the
​
•​
Me – “me” (reflexive pronoun, indicating the subject “I” is both performing and
receiving the action).
​
•​
interesan – “interest” (third person plural of interesar; this verb works similarly to “to
be interesting” in English, so it’s used with an indirect object pronoun).
​
•​
​
sobre todo – “above all” or “most of all” (a phrase meaning “mostly” or “especially”).
5.​
los programas que hablan del universo – “the programs that talk about the
universe.”
​
•​
los programas – “the programs” (plural of el programa).
​
•​
que – “that” (relative pronoun connecting the clause).
​
•​
hablan – “talk” or “speak” (third person plural of hablar).
​
•​
del universo – “about the universe” (short for de el universo, meaning “about the
universe”).
​
•​
del – contraction of de (preposition) and el (the definite article).
Me gusta mantenerme informado de lo que está ocurriendo en cada momento, pero no me
conformo solo con una opinión. Por eso los debates son mis programas favoritos.
​
1.​
​
•​
Me – “me” (reflexive pronoun, indicating that the speaker is the one receiving the
action of liking).
​
•​
gusta – “likes” (third person singular form of gustar). In Spanish, gustar is used like
“to be pleasing,” so the subject of the sentence is what is liked, not the person liking it.
​
2.​
mantenerme informado – “to keep myself informed” or “to stay informed.”
​
•​
mantenerme – “to keep myself” (infinitive of mantener meaning “to keep,” with the
reflexive pronoun me meaning “myself”).
​
•​
informado – “informed” (past participle of informar, agreeing with the masculine
singular subject). It indicates that the speaker wants to stay updated on news or events.
​
​
Me gusta – “I like” or “It pleases me.”
3.​
de lo que está ocurriendo – “about what is happening.”
​
•​
de – “about” (preposition).
​
•​
lo que – “what” (referring to the situation or thing being discussed).
​
•​
está ocurriendo – “is happening” (present continuous form of ocurrir, meaning “to
occur” or “to happen”).
​
•​
está – “is” (present tense of estar).
​
•​
ocurriendo – “happening” (gerund form of ocurrir).
4.​
en cada momento – “at every moment” or “at all times.”
​
•​
en – “in” or “at” (preposition indicating time or place).
​
•​
cada – “each” or “every” (indicating every single one in a set).
​
•​
momento – “moment” (singular noun).
​
5.​
pero no me conformo solo con una opinión – “but I don’t settle for just one
opinion.”
​
•​
pero – “but” (conjunction used to contrast ideas).
​
•​
no – “not” (negation word).
​
•​
me conformo – “I settle” or “I am satisfied” (first person singular of conformar;
reflexive verb meaning “to settle” or “to accept”).
​
•​
solo – “only” or “just” (adjective meaning “just one”).
​
•​
con – “with” (preposition).
​
•​
una – “a” (indefinite feminine article).
​
•​
opinión – “opinion” (feminine noun).
​
6.​
Por eso – “That’s why” or “For that reason.”
​
•​
Por – “for” or “because of” (preposition).
​
•​
eso – “that” (demonstrative pronoun referring to the reason previously mentioned).
​
7.​
los debates son mis programas favoritos – “debates are my favorite programs.”
​
•​
los debates – “the debates” (plural of el debate).
​
•​
son – “are” (third person plural form of ser).
​
•​
mis – “my” (plural possessive pronoun).
​
•​
programas – “programs” (plural of programa).
​
•​
favoritos – “favorite” (plural adjective, agreeing with programas).
Translation:
“I like to keep myself informed about what is happening at all times, but I don’t settle for just one
opinion. That’s why debates are my favorite programs.”
Soy muy competitiva y por eso me apasionan los concursos. Los sigo incluso por Internet,
porque en muchos de ellos puedes participar a través de las redes sociales.
​
​
1.​
Soy muy competitiva – “I am very competitive.”
​
•​
Soy – “I am” (first person singular of the verb ser, which is used to describe
permanent characteristics or qualities).
​
•​
​
•​
competitiva – “competitive” (feminine form of the adjective, agreeing with the subject
yo implied here).
2.​
muy – “very” (adverb that modifies the adjective competitiva).
y por eso – “and that’s why.”
​
•​
​
•​
por eso – “that’s why” (literally “because of that,” used to explain the reason for
something).
​
3.​
y – “and” (conjunction linking ideas).
me apasionan los concursos – “I am passionate about contests.”
​
•​
me – “me” (reflexive pronoun, used to indicate that the subject is receiving the action
of the verb).
​
•​
apasionan – “they excite me” or “I am passionate about” (third person plural form of
apasionar, which is a verb like gustarand indicates what the speaker enjoys).
​
•​
​
4.​
los concursos – “the contests” (plural of el concurso).
Los sigo incluso por Internet – “I follow them even on the Internet.”
​
•​
Los – “them” (direct object pronoun referring to concursos).
​
•​
sigo – “I follow” (first person singular of seguir).
​
•​
incluso – “even” (adverb modifying the verb sigo).
​
•​
por Internet – “on the Internet” (prepositional phrase indicating where the action takes
place).
​
5.​
porque en muchos de ellos puedes participar – “because in many of them, you
can participate.”
​
•​
porque – “because” (conjunction giving the reason for the previous statement).
​
•​
en – “in” (preposition indicating location).
​
•​
muchos – “many” (plural adjective agreeing with de ellos).
​
•​
de ellos – “of them” (referring to concursos from the previous sentence).
​
•​
puedes – “you can” (second person singular of poder, meaning “to be able to”).
​
•​
participar – “participate” (infinitive verb).
​
6.​
a través de las redes sociales – “through social media.”
​
•​
a través de – “through” (prepositional phrase indicating the means by which
something is done).
​
•​
las – “the” (definite article, plural, referring to redes sociales).
​
•​
redes sociales – “social media” (plural noun, referring to online platforms like
Facebook, Instagram, etc.).
Translation:
“I am very competitive, and that’s why I am passionate about contests. I even follow them on the
Internet, because in many of them you can participate through social media.”
Necesito tomarme un descanso para relajarme después del trabajo.
→ tomar un descanso = take a break
“A veces se puede pedir un descuento” can be broken down as follows:
​ •​ A veces = Sometimes
​ •​ se puede = one can / it is possible to
​ •​ pedir = to ask for / to request
​ •​ un descuento = a discount
So, the sentence translates to: “Sometimes you can ask for a discount.”
The sentence “Mis hermanos se quedaron con las camisetas verdes” can be broken down as
follows:
​ •​ Mis = My (possessive adjective, plural)
​ •​ hermanos = Brothers (plural of “hermano,” meaning brother)
​ •​ se quedaron = stayed / remained (from the verb “quedarse,” which means to stay or remain)
​ •​ con = with
​ •​ las = the (feminine plural article)
​ •​ camisetas = T-shirts (feminine plural of “camiseta”)
​ •​ verdes = green (plural of “verde,” meaning green)
So, the sentence translates to: “My brothers stayed with the green T-shirts.”
The sentence “Pagaré la cuenta con ______ de crédito.” can be completed with “tarjeta” (card),
as it is common to pay with a credit card.
So the full sentence would be:
“Pagaré la cuenta con tarjeta de crédito.”
Translation: “I will pay the bill with a credit card.”
The sentence “I’m going to order another piece of meat” in Spanish is:
“Voy a pedir otro trozo de carne.”
The sentence “María, ¿qué te debo traer?” can be broken down as follows:
​ •​ María = María (the person’s name)
​ •​ ¿qué = what (question word)
​ •​ te = you (indirect object pronoun, used for “you” in the singular informal form)
​ •​ debo = should / owe (from the verb “deber,” which means “should” or “owe,” in the first
person singular form)
​ •​ traer = to bring (infinitive form of the verb)
So, the sentence translates to: “María, what should I bring you?”
It’s a polite way of asking what someone would like you to bring them.
The sentence “Sometimes I choose expensive clothes” in Spanish is:
“A veces elijo ropa cara.”
Here’s the breakdown:
​ •​ A veces = Sometimes
​ •​ elijo = I choose (from the verb “elegir,” conjugated in the first person singular form)
​ •​ ropa = clothes
​ •​ cara = expensive (feminine singular form, as “ropa” is feminine)
So, the full translation is: “A veces elijo ropa cara.”
The sentence “No, I’m not keeping it” in Spanish is:
“No, no lo estoy guardando.”
Here’s the breakdown:
​ •​ No = No
​ •​ no = not (repeated for emphasis in negation)
​ •​ lo = it (masculine singular direct object pronoun, referring to an object)
​ •​ estoy = I am (from the verb “estar,” first person singular)
​ •​ guardando = keeping (present participle of “guardar,” meaning to keep)
The sentence ”¿Quieres agregar otro pantalón?” can be broken down as follows:
​ •​ ¿Quieres = Do you want? (from the verb “querer,” which means “to want,” in the second
person singular form)
​ •​ agregar = to add
​ •​ otro = another (masculine singular form)
​ •​ pantalón = pair of pants (singular)
So, the sentence translates to: “Do you want to add another pair of pants?”
The sentence “La gallina de mi vecina pone un huevo cada día” translates to:
“My neighbor’s hen lays an egg every day.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ La gallina = “The hen”
​
•​
La = the (feminine singular article)
​
•​
Gallina = hen (feminine noun)
​ •​ de mi vecina = “of my neighbor”
​
•​
de = of
​
•​
mi = my (possessive adjective)
​
•​
vecina = neighbor (feminine noun)
​ •​ pone = “lays” (third person singular of the verb “poner,” which means “to put” or “to lay” in this
context)
​
•​
The verb poner here means “to lay” in reference to an egg. It is conjugated in the
present tense for the subject “gallina.”
​ •​ un huevo = “an egg”
​
•​
un = an (indefinite article, masculine singular)
​
•​
huevo = egg (masculine noun)
​ •​ cada día = “every day”
​
•​
cada = each, every (adjective)
​
•​
día = day (masculine noun)
La frase correcta es: “Este canario debe de estar enfermo, no come nada.”
Explicación:
​ •​ Este canario = “This canary”
​
•​
Este = this (masculine singular demonstrative adjective)
​
•​
canario = canary (masculine noun)
​ •​ debe de estar enfermo = “must be sick”
​
•​
debe de = must (expressing strong probability or obligation)
​
•​
estar = to be (infinitive verb)
​
•​
enfermo = sick (adjective)
​ •​ no come nada = “doesn’t eat anything”
​
•​
no = not (negation)
​
•​
come = eats (third person singular of the verb “comer,” which means “to eat”)
​
•​
nada = nothing (pronoun)
La frase correcta es: “Las palomas vuelan por encima de los edificios.”
Explicación:
​ •​ Las palomas = “The pigeons”
​
•​
Las = the (feminine plural article)
​
•​
palomas = pigeons (feminine plural noun)
​ •​ vuelan = “fly” (third person plural of the verb “volar”)
​
•​
vuelan is the present tense, plural form of volar, which means “to fly.” In this context,
it refers to the action of the pigeons flying.
​ •​ por encima de = “over” or “above”
​
•​
por encima de is a prepositional phrase indicating the direction or location above
something.
​ •​ los edificios = “the buildings”
​
•​
los = the (masculine plural article)
​
•​
edificios = buildings (masculine plural noun)
La frase correcta es: “Los peces de mi pecera nadan de día y de noche.”
Explicación:
​ •​ Los peces = “The fish”
​
•​
Los = the (masculine plural article)
​
•​
peces = fish (masculine plural noun)
​ •​ de mi pecera = “of my fish tank”
​
•​
de = of
​
•​
mi = my (possessive adjective)
​
•​
pecera = fish tank (feminine singular noun)
​ •​ nadan = “swim” (third person plural of the verb “nadar”)
​
•​
nadan is the present tense, plural form of nadar, meaning “to swim.” It describes the
action of the fish swimming.
​ •​ de día y de noche = “during the day and at night”
​
•​
de día = during the day
​
•​
y = and
​
•​
de noche = at night
La frase correcta es: “El mono del zoo es muy raro, no come plátanos.”
Explicación:
​ •​ El mono = “The monkey”
​
•​
El = the (masculine singular article)
​
•​
mono = monkey (masculine singular noun)
​ •​ del zoo = “from the zoo”
​
•​
del = from the (contraction of “de” + “el”)
​
•​
zoo = zoo (masculine singular noun)
​ •​ es muy raro = “is very strange”
​
•​
es = is (third person singular of the verb ser, meaning “to be”)
​
•​
muy = very
​
•​
raro = strange (adjective)
​ •​ no come = “does not eat”
​
•​
no = not (negation)
​
•​
come = eats (third person singular of the verb comer, which means “to eat”)
​ •​ plátanos = “bananas”
​
•​
plátanos = bananas (masculine plural noun)
The correct sentence is: “Algunos cocodrilos viven en los ríos de África.”
Meaning:
“Some crocodiles live in the rivers of Africa.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Algunos cocodrilos = “Some crocodiles”
​
•​
Algunos = some (masculine plural adjective)
​
•​
cocodrilos = crocodiles (masculine plural noun)
​ •​ viven = “live” (third person plural of the verb vivir, which means “to live”)
​
•​
This verb is in the present tense, indicating that the crocodiles currently live in these
places.
​ •​ en los ríos = “in the rivers”
​
•​
en = in
​
•​
los = the (masculine plural article)
​
•​
ríos = rivers (masculine plural noun)
​ •​ de África = “of Africa”
​
•​
de = of
​
•​
África = Africa (proper noun)
​
1.​
​
​
•​
The caballo is the male of the horse species, and the yegua is the female. So, a
caballo is a male horse, and a yegua is a female horse.
2.​
​
​
Gallo (rooster) - Gallina (hen)
•​
The gallo is the male of the chicken species, and the gallina is the female. The
gallo is the rooster, and the gallina is the hen.
3.​
​
​
Caballo (horse) - Yegua (mare)
Toro (bull) - Vaca (cow)
•​
The toro is the male of the cattle species, and the vaca is the female. So, the toro is
a male bull, and the vaca is the female cow.
4.​
Cordero (lamb) - Oveja (sheep)
​
​
•​
The cordero is the young (lamb) of the sheep, and the oveja is the female sheep.
The cordero refers to the baby sheep, and the oveja is an adult female sheep.
5.​
​
Pavo (turkey) - Pava (hen turkey)
•​
The pavo is the male turkey, and the pava is the female turkey. The pavo is a male
turkey, and the pava is the female counterpart.
Weather expressions
Basic Weather Terms:
​
1.​
Hace calor – It’s hot.
​
2.​
Hace frío – It’s cold.
​
3.​
Hace buen tiempo – The weather is nice.
​
4.​
Hace mal tiempo – The weather is bad.
​
5.​
Está nublado – It’s cloudy.
​
6.​
Está soleado – It’s sunny.
​
7.​
Está lloviendo – It’s raining.
​
8.​
Está nevando – It’s snowing.
​
9.​
Está despejado – It’s clear (sky).
​
10.​
Hay tormenta – There’s a storm.
​
11.​
Hay viento – It’s windy.
​
12.​ Hay humedad – It’s humid.
Describing Temperature:
​
1.​
Hace mucho calor – It’s very hot.
​
2.​
Hace mucho frío – It’s very cold.
​
3.​
Está fresco – It’s cool.
​
4.​
Está cálido – It’s warm.
​ 5.​
La temperatura está a 20 grados – The temperature is 20 degrees.
Specific Weather Events:
​
1.​
Llueve – It rains.
​
2.​
Lluvia – Rain
​
3.​
Nieve – Snow
​
4.​
Granizo – Hail
​
5.​
Relámpagos – Lightning
​
6.​
Truenos – Thunder
​
7.​
Tormenta eléctrica – Thunderstorm
Expressions for Forecasts:
​
1.​
El pronóstico del tiempo – The weather forecast.
​
2.​
La previsión del tiempo – The weather forecast (alternative).
​
3.​
La temperatura sube/baja – The temperature rises/drops.
​
4.​
Se espera lluvia – Rain is expected.
​
5.​
Habrá sol – There will be sunshine.
​
6.​
Estará nublado – It will be cloudy.
​ 7.​
La tormenta se aproxima – The storm is approaching.
Seasonal Weather:
​
1.​
Verano – Summer
​
2.​
Invierno – Winter
​
3.​
Primavera – Spring
​
4.​
Otoño – Autumn/Fall
La frase correcta es: “Hace viento y se han caído todas las hojas de los árboles.”
Explicación:
​ •​ Hace viento = “It’s windy”
​
•​
Hace is the third person singular of the verb hacer (to make), used here to describe a
weather condition.
​
•​
viento means “wind,” indicating that there is wind blowing.
​ •​ y = “and”
​ •​ se han caído = “have fallen”
​
•​
se is a reflexive pronoun used here to indicate an action that affects the subject (the
leaves).
​
•​
han caído is the present perfect form of the verb caer (to fall), indicating that the
leaves have already fallen.
​ •​ todas las hojas = “all the leaves”
​
•​
todas means “all” (feminine plural)
​
•​
hojas means “leaves” (feminine plural noun)
​ •​ de los árboles = “from the trees”
​
•​
de means “from”
​
•​
los árboles means “the trees” (masculine plural)
La frase correcta es: “A mí me gusta ver la nieve porque en mi ciudad nieva pocas veces.”
Explicación:
​ •​ A mí me gusta = “I like” (with emphasis on “me,” used for clarification)
​
•​
A mí = “to me” (emphasizes who likes something)
​
•​
me gusta = “I like” (from the verb gustar, which is conjugated according to the thing
that is liked)
​ •​ ver = “to see” (infinitive verb, meaning “to watch” or “to look at”)
​ •​ la nieve = “the snow”
​
•​
la = the (feminine singular article)
​
•​
nieve = snow (feminine noun)
​ •​ porque en mi ciudad nieva pocas veces = “because in my city it snows rarely”
​
•​
porque = because
​
•​
en mi ciudad = in my city
​
•​
nieva = it snows (third person singular of nevar, meaning “to snow”)
​
•​
pocas veces = rarely / a few times
Significado:
The sentence means “I like to see the snow because it rarely snows in my city.”
La lluvia es muy buena para las plantas → “Rain is very good for the plants.”
“La lluvia es muy buena para las plantas” translates to “Rain is very good for the plants.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ La lluvia = “The rain”
​ •​ es = “is” (verb “ser”)
​ •​ muy = “very”
​ •​ buena = “good” (feminine adjective)
​ •​ para = “for”
​ •​ las plantas = “the plants”
The correct sentence is: “Andalucía es una región seca, no llueve mucho.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Andalucía = “Andalusia” (a region in southern Spain)
​ •​ es = “is” (third person singular of the verb “ser”)
​ •​ una = “a” (feminine singular indefinite article)
​ •​ región = “region” (feminine noun)
​ •​ seca = “dry” (feminine adjective, agreeing with “región”)
​ •​ no = “not” (negation)
​ •​ llueve = “it rains” (third person singular of the verb “llover”)
​ •​ mucho = “a lot” (adverb)
Translation:
“Andalusia is a dry region, it doesn’t rain much.”
The sentence “Hoy hay niebla en las montañas” translates to “Today there is fog in the
mountains.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Hoy = “Today”
​ •​ hay = “there is/are” (third person singular of the verb haber, used for existence)
​ •​ niebla = “fog” (feminine singular noun)
​ •​ en = “in” (preposition)
​ •​ las montañas = “the mountains” (feminine plural noun with the definite article las)
The correct sentence is: “Hoy ha habido varios accidentes por el viento, que ha arrancado
árboles y farolas.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Hoy = “Today”
​ •​ ha habido = “there have been” (present perfect of the verb haber, used for events that
happened in the recent past)
​ •​ varios = “several” (plural adjective)
​ •​ accidentes = “accidents” (plural noun)
​ •​ por = “because of” (preposition)
​ •​ el viento = “the wind” (masculine singular noun with the definite article el)
​ •​ que = “that”
​ •​ ha arrancado = “has uprooted” (present perfect of the verb arrancar, meaning “to uproot” or
“to tear down”)
​ •​ árboles = “trees” (plural noun)
​ •​ y = “and”
​ •​ farolas = “streetlights” (plural noun)
Translation:
“Today there have been several accidents because of the wind, which has uprooted trees and
streetlights.”
EL CALENDARIO
​
1.​
La primavera = “Spring”
​
2.​
El verano = “Summer”
​
3.​
El otoño = “Autumn” or “Fall”
​
4.​
El invierno = “Winter”
Here is a list of common body parts in Spanish:
​
1.​
Cabeza – Head
​
2.​
Cara – Face
​
3.​
Ojos – Eyes
​
4.​
Orejas – Ears
​
5.​
Nariz – Nose
​
6.​
Boca – Mouth
​
7.​
Dientes – Teeth
​
8.​
Lengua – Tongue
​
9.​
Cuello – Neck
​
10.​
Hombros – Shoulders
​
11.​
Brazo – Arm
​
12.​
Codo – Elbow
​
13.​
Mano – Hand
​
14.​
Dedos – Fingers
​
15.​
Pecho – Chest
​
16.​
Espalda – Back
​
17.​
Estómago – Stomach
​
18.​
Cintura – Waist
​
19.​
Cadera – Hip
​
20.​
Pierna – Leg
​
21.​
Rodilla – Knee
​
22.​
Pie – Foot
​
23.​
Tobillo – Ankle
​
24.​
Dedos del pie – Toes
​
25.​
Pulgar – Thumb
​
26.​
Índice – Index finger
​
27.​
Corazón – Heart
​
28.​
Pulmón – Lung
​
29.​
Riñón – Kidney
​
30.​
Hígado – Liver
The correct sentence is: “Celia se ha roto una pierna y no puede caminar en un mes.”
Explanation:
​ •​ Pierna = “Leg” (feminine noun)
​ •​ Se ha roto = “She has broken” (present perfect of the reflexive verb romperse meaning “to
break oneself”)
​ •​ No puede caminar = “She cannot walk” (third person singular of poder meaning “to be able
to”)
​ •​ En un mes = “In a month”
So, the sentence means “Celia has broken her leg and cannot walk for a month.”
The correct sentence is: “Mi mujer antes tenía el cabello rubio y largo.”
Explanation:
​ •​ Cabello = “Hair” (noun, commonly used to refer to someone’s hair in general)
​ •​ Rubio = “Blond” (adjective, describing the color of the hair)
​ •​ Largo = “Long” (adjective, describing the length of the hair)
​ •​ Tenía = “She used to have” (imperfect tense of tener, used for past habits or states)
So, the sentence means “My wife used to have blond, long hair.”
The correct sentence is: “Ernesto tiene los ojos marrones y grandes.”
Explanation:
​ •​ Ojos = “Eyes” (plural noun)
​ •​ Marrones = “Brown” (plural adjective, describing the color)
​ •​ Y = “and”
​ •​ Grandes = “Big” (plural adjective, describing the size)
So, the sentence means “Ernesto has brown and big eyes.”
The correct sentence is: “Ponte esta bufanda en el cuello, hace frío.”
Explanation:
​ •​ Cuello = “Neck” (noun, where you wear a scarf)
​ •​ Hace frío = “It’s cold” (phrase indicating cold weather)
So, the sentence means “Put this scarf on your neck, it’s cold.”
The correct sentence is: “Niños, no hagáis ruido, a vuestro padre le duele la cabeza.”
Explanation:
​ •​ Cabeza = “Head” (noun)
​ •​ Le duele = “His head hurts” (the verb doler means “to hurt,” and it is used in a reflexive way
in Spanish, meaning “it hurts him/her”)
​ •​ Niños = “Children”
​ •​ No hagáis = “Don’t make” (imperative form of hacer for “you all”)
So, the sentence means “Children, don’t make noise, your father has a headache.”
The correct sentence is: “Tienes las manos frías, toma mis guantes.”
Explanation:
​ •​ Manos = “Hands” (plural noun)
​ •​ Frías = “Cold” (adjective, agreeing with “manos”)
​ •​ Toma = “Take” (imperative form of tomar, used for giving a suggestion or order)
​ •​ Mis guantes = “My gloves” (possessive adjective + plural noun)
So, the sentence means “Your hands are cold, take my gloves.”
The correct sentence is: “Antonio se ha quemado la piel tomando el sol.”
Explanation:
​ •​ Piel = “Skin” (feminine noun)
​ •​ Se ha quemado = “He has burned” (present perfect of the reflexive verb quemarse, meaning
“to burn oneself”)
​ •​ Tomando el sol = “Sunbathing” (the verb tomar el sol means “to sunbathe”)
So, the sentence means “Antonio has burned his skin while sunbathing.”
​
1.​
Pies – e. Podólogo (Podiatrist)
​
2.​
Dientes – g. Dentista (Dentist)
​
3.​
Cabeza – a. Neurólogo (Neurologist)
​
4.​
Ojos – b. Oftalmólogo (Ophthalmologist)
​
5.​
Corazón – f. Cardiólogo (Cardiologist)
​
6.​
Garganta, nariz, oído – c. Otorrinolaringólogo (Otolaryngologist)
​
7.​
Niños – d. Pediatra (Pediatrician)
EN LA CLASE:
1.​
Mochila = Backpack
​
•​
A bag used for carrying items, typically worn on the back.
​
2.​
Diccionario = Dictionary
​
•​
A reference book or online resource containing definitions of words.
​
3.​
Goma = Eraser
​
•​
A tool used to remove pencil marks from paper.
​
4.​
Bolígrafo = Ballpoint pen
​
•​
A type of pen that uses a ballpoint to distribute ink.
​
5.​
Calculadora = Calculator
​
•​
A device used for performing mathematical operations.
​
6.​
Estuche = Case
​
•​
A container or case for storing stationery or other items.
​
7.​
Cuaderno = Notebook
​
•​
A book of blank pages used for writing or drawing.
​
8.​
Móvil = Mobile phone
​
•​
A portable telephone, also known as a cell phone.
​
9.​
Cascos = Headphones
​
•​
A device worn over or in the ears to listen to sound from an audio source.
​
10.​
Lápiz = Pencil
​
•​
A writing or drawing tool with a graphite or similar core enclosed in a wooden or
plastic casing.
“Este año tenemos más de diez asignaturas: matemáticas, lengua, economía, etc.”:
​
1.​
​
•​
Este = “This” (demonstrative adjective, singular, masculine)
​
•​
Año = “Year” (masculine noun)
​
2.​
​
​
Tenemos = “We have”
•​
3.​
First person plural of the verb tener, meaning “to have”
Más de = “More than”
​
•​
Más = “More”
​
•​
De = “Than” (used in this phrase to compare quantities)
​
4.​
​
​
Diez = “Ten”
•​
5.​
​
​
6.​
​
7.​
​
8.​
Lengua (feminine singular noun, can refer to the subject of language or Spanish)
Economía = “Economics”
•​
9.​
Matemáticas (feminine plural noun, referring to the subject of math)
Lengua = “Language” or “Spanish”
•​
​
Asignaturas = “Subjects” (feminine plural noun, referring to academic courses)
Matemáticas = “Mathematics”
•​
​
The number “ten”
Asignaturas = “Subjects”
•​
​
​
Este año = “This year”
Economía (feminine singular noun, referring to the subject of economics)
Etc. = “Etc.”
​
•​
Abbreviation of etcétera, meaning “and so on” or “and other similar things”
Translation:
“This year we have more than ten subjects: mathematics, language, economics, etc.”
The correct sentence is: “Este año iremos de viaje de fin de curso a Italia.”
Explanation:
​ •​ Este año = “This year”
​ •​ Iremos = “We will go” (first person plural of the verb ir, meaning “to go”)
​ •​ De viaje de fin de curso = “On a end-of-term trip”
​
•​
Viaje = “Trip”
​
•​
Fin de curso = “End of term” or “End of school year” (referring to the time when the
school year ends)
​ •​ A Italia = “To Italy” (preposition a + country name Italia)
So, the sentence means “This year we will go on an end-of-term trip to Italy.”
“No puedo salir contigo porque tengo que estudiar para el examen del lunes.”:
​
1.​
No puedo = “I can’t”
​
•​
No = “Not” or “No”
​
•​
Puedo = “I can” (first person singular of poder, meaning “to be able to”)
​
2.​
​
​
Salir = “Go out” or “Leave”
•​
3.​
Salir is the infinitive verb meaning “to go out” or “to leave.”
Contigo = “With you”
​
•​
Con = “With”
​
•​
Tigo = “You” (object pronoun)
​
4.​
​
​
Porque = “Because”
•​
5.​
Used to introduce a reason or explanation.
Tengo que = “I have to”
​
•​
Tengo = “I have” (first person singular of tener, meaning “to have”)
​
•​
Que = “to” (in this context, followed by an infinitive verb to indicate obligation)
​
6.​
​
​
Estudiar = “Study”
•​
7.​
​
​
Para = “For” or “To”
•​
8.​
​
​
Estudiar is the infinitive verb meaning “to study.”
In this case, it indicates the purpose of the action, i.e., the study is for the exam.
El examen = “The exam”
•​
9.​
Examen = “Exam” (masculine noun, singular)
Del lunes = “Of Monday” or “On Monday”
​
•​
Del = A contraction of de + el, meaning “of the” or “on the” when referring to days of
the week.
​
•​
Lunes = “Monday” (masculine noun)
Translation:
“I can’t go out with you because I have to study for the exam on Monday.”
“Los más pequeños normalmente juegan un poco al fútbol en el recreo.”:
​
1.​
Los más pequeños = “The youngest” or “The smaller ones”
​
•​
Los = “The” (plural masculine article)
​
•​
Más = “More” (used here to express “the youngest” or “the smaller ones”)
​
•​
Pequeños = “Small” or “young” (plural adjective, referring to the size or age)
​
2.​
​
​
Normalmente = “Normally”
•​
3.​
​
​
Adverb indicating a usual or typical action.
Juegan = “They play”
•​
4.​
Juegan is the third-person plural form of the verb jugar (to play) in the present tense.
Un poco = “A little”
​
•​
Un = “A” (indefinite article)
​
•​
Poco = “Little” or “bit” (adjective)
​
5.​
Al fútbol = “Football” or “soccer”
​
•​
A = “To” (used with el to form al, a contraction of “a + el”)
​
•​
Fútbol = “Football” (soccer in American English)
​
6.​
En el recreo = “At recess”
​
•​
En = “At” (preposition)
​
•​
El = “The” (masculine singular article)
​
•​
Recreo = “Recess” or “break” (the period of time when students play during school)
Translation:
“The youngest ones normally play a little football at recess.”
“Profesor, ¿cuándo nos dará las notas?” can be broken down as follows:
​
1.​
​
​
Profesor = “Teacher”
•​
This is the noun used to address the teacher (masculine form, but can also be used
for a female teacher depending on context).
2.​
​
​
•​
3.​
​
¿Cuándo = “When”
Cuándo is the question word for asking about time.
Nos = “Us”
•​
Nos is the object pronoun, referring to the group being spoken to (in this case, the
students).
​
4.​
​
​
Dará = “Will give”
•​
Dará is the third-person singular form of the verb dar (to give) in the future tense. It
refers to the teacher giving something to the students.
5.​
​
​
Las = “The”
•​
Las is the feminine plural form of the definite article el, referring to notas (grades)
which is feminine and plural.
6.​
Notas = “Grades”
​
•​
Notas is the plural form of nota, which refers to marks or grades given in school.
Translation:
“Teacher, when will you give us the grades?”
“Mis padres están muy enfadados porque yo suspendo dos asignaturas.”
Breakdown:
​
1.​
Mis padres = “My parents”
​
•​
Mis = “My” (plural possessive adjective, referring to more than one parent)
​
•​
Padres = “Parents” (plural noun)
​
2.​
​
​
Están = “They are”
•​
Están is the third-person plural form of the verb estar (to be) in the present tense. It
refers to the state or condition of the parents.
3.​
​
​
Muy = “Very”
•​
4.​
​
​
Enfadados = “Angry”
•​
5.​
​
​
6.​
​
7.​
​
Yo is the subject pronoun for “I,” indicating the person performing the action.
Suspendo = “I fail”
•​
Suspendo is the first-person singular form of the verb suspender (to fail) in the
present tense.
8.​
​
Porque is used to introduce a reason or explanation.
Yo = “I”
•​
​
Enfadados is the plural form of enfadado (angry), agreeing with padres (plural).
Porque = “Because”
•​
​
Muy is an adverb meaning “very,” used to intensify the adjective enfadados (angry).
Dos asignaturas = “Two subjects”
•​
Dos = “Two”
​
•​
Asignaturas = “Subjects” (plural noun)
Translation:
“My parents are very angry because I failed two subjects.”
“Manuel ha aprobado todo el curso” can be broken down as follows:
​
1.​
​
​
Manuel = “Manuel”
•​
2.​
​
​
Ha = “Has”
•​
Ha is the third-person singular form of the auxiliary verb haber (to have) used in the
present perfect tense. It helps form the present perfect conjugation.
3.​
​
​
Aprobado = “Passed”
•​
Aprobado is the past participle of the verb aprobar (to pass, approve). It is used
here with ha to indicate a completed action in the past with relevance to the present.
4.​
​
​
This is a proper noun, the name of the person.
Todo = “Everything”
•​
5.​
Todo is an adjective meaning “all” or “everything,” referring to the entire course.
El curso = “The course”
​
•​
Curso means “course” (in the context of an academic course), and el is the definite
article meaning “the.”
Translation:
“Manuel has passed the entire course.”
“Las casas del pueblo son menos baratos que las de la ciudad.”
​ •​ Las casas = “The houses” (subject)
​ •​ del pueblo = “of the village” (location)
​ •​ son = “are” (verb)
​ •​ menos = “less” (comparative)
​ •​ baratos = “cheap” (adjective, but should be caras for “expensive” in plural)
​ •​ que = “than” (comparison)
​ •​ las de la ciudad = “those in the city” (reference to city houses)
The sentence “El aire de la ciudad está más contaminado que el del campo” means:
“The air in the city is more polluted than the one in the countryside.”
Short Breakdown:
​ •​ El aire = “The air” (subject)
​ •​ de la ciudad = “of the city” (location)
​ •​ está = “is” (verb, from estar in present tense)
​ •​ más = “more” (comparative)
​ •​ contaminado = “polluted” (adjective)
​ •​ que = “than” (comparison)
​ •​ el del campo = “the one in the countryside” (refers to air in the countryside, with campo
meaning “countryside”)
The sentence “La gente del campo es más amable que la gente de la ciudad” means:
“The people from the countryside are kinder than the people from the city.”
Short Breakdown:
​ •​ La gente = “The people” (subject)
​ •​ del campo = “from the countryside” (location)
​ •​ es = “is” (verb, from ser in present tense)
​ •​ más = “more” (comparative)
​ •​ amable = “kind” (adjective)
​ •​ que = “than” (comparison)
​ •​ la gente de la ciudad = “the people from the city” (comparison group)
The sentence “En la ciudad hay más tiendas que en el pueblo” means:
“In the city, there are more stores than in the village.”
Short Breakdown:
​ •​ En la ciudad = “In the city” (location)
​ •​ hay = “there are” (verb, from haber in present tense)
​ •​ más = “more” (comparative)
​ •​ tiendas = “stores” (noun, plural)
​ •​ que = “than” (comparison)
​ •​ en el pueblo = “in the village” (location)
The sentence “El tráfico de la ciudad es más malo que el del pueblo” means:
“The traffic in the city is worse than the one in the village.”
Short Breakdown:
​ •​ El tráfico = “The traffic” (subject)
​ •​ de la ciudad = “of the city” (location)
​ •​ es = “is” (verb, from ser in present tense)
​ •​ más = “more” (comparative)
​ •​ malo = “bad” (adjective)
​ •​ que = “than” (comparison)
​ •​ el del pueblo = “the one in the village” (refers to traffic in the village, with pueblo meaning
“village”)
Note: The adjective “malo” is typically used with a negative comparison in Spanish. A more natural
way to express this would be:
“El tráfico de la ciudad es peor que el del pueblo.”
(“The traffic in the city is worse than the one in the village.”)
Here, “peor” (worse) is the correct comparative form of “malo” (bad).
The sentence “En el pueblo hay menos transportes que en la ciudad” means:
“In the village, there are fewer means of transportation than in the city.”
Short Breakdown:
​ •​ En el pueblo = “In the village” (location)
​ •​ hay = “there are” (verb, from haber in present tense)
​ •​ menos = “fewer” (comparative)
​ •​ transportes = “means of transportation” (noun, plural)
​ •​ que = “than” (comparison)
​ •​ en la ciudad = “in the city” (location)
The sentence “En el pueblo hay menos transportes que en la ciudad” means:
“In the village, there are fewer means of transportation than in the city.”
Short Breakdown:
​ •​ En el pueblo = “In the village” (location)
​ •​ hay = “there are” (verb, from haber in present tense)
​ •​ menos = “fewer” (comparative)
​ •​ transportes = “means of transportation” (noun, plural)
​ •​ que = “than” (comparison)
​ •​ en la ciudad = “in the city” (location)
The sentence “El aceite español es tan bueno como el aceite italiano” means:
“Spanish oil is as good as Italian oil.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ El aceite español = “The Spanish oil”
(Refers to oil from Spain.)
​ •​ es = “is”
(Verb ser in the present tense, 3rd person singular.)
​ •​ tan = “as”
(Used in comparisons of equality, meaning “as” in this context.)
​ •​ bueno = “good”
(Adjective, describing the quality of the oil.)
​ •​ como = “as”
(Used for comparison, meaning “as” in this context.)
​ •​ el aceite italiano = “the Italian oil”
(Refers to oil from Italy.)
The sentence “Jugar al ajedrez es más difícil que jugar al dominó” means:
“Playing chess is more difficult than playing dominoes.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Jugar al ajedrez = “Playing chess”
(The activity of playing chess.)
​ •​ es = “is”
(Verb ser in the present tense, 3rd person singular, linking the subject to the adjective.)
​ •​ más = “more”
(Used to express a higher degree of difficulty in this case.)
​ •​ difícil = “difficult”
(Adjective describing the level of challenge.)
​ •​ que = “than”
(Used to introduce the second part of the comparison.)
​ •​ jugar al dominó = “playing dominoes”
(The activity of playing dominoes.)
“Tus notas son más malas que las mías.”
“Your grades are worse than mine.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Tus notas = “Your grades”
​ •​ son = “are”
​ •​ más malas = “worse”
​ •​ que = “than”
​ •​ las mías = “mine” (refers to “my grades”)
“Tu bicicleta es más buena que la mía.”
“Your bicycle is better than mine.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Tu bicicleta = “Your bicycle”
​ •​ es = “is”
​ •​ más buena = “better”
​ •​ que = “than”
​ •​ la mía = “mine” (refers to “my bicycle”)
Note: In casual usage, “más buena” might sound a bit odd. It’s more common to use the irregular
comparative form of bueno (“mejor”). So a more natural way to phrase this would be:
“Tu bicicleta es mejor que la mía.”
“Your bicycle is better than mine.”
“Tu bicicleta es más buena que la mía.”
“Your bicycle is better than mine.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Tu bicicleta = “Your bicycle”
​ •​ es = “is”
​ •​ más buena = “better”
​ •​ que = “than”
​ •​ la mía = “mine” (refers to “my bicycle”)
Note: In casual usage, “más buena” might sound a bit odd. It’s more common to use the irregular
comparative form of bueno (“mejor”). So a more natural way to phrase this would be:
“Tu bicicleta es mejor que la mía.”
“Your bicycle is better than mine.”
“Esta película es menos importante que la otra.”
“This movie is less important than the other one.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Esta película = “This movie”
​ •​ es = “is”
​ •​ menos = “less”
​ •​ importante = “important”
​ •​ que = “than”
​ •​ la otra = “the other one”
“El vino me gusta más que la cerveza.”
“I like wine more than beer.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ El vino = “Wine”
​ •​ me gusta = “I like”
​ •​ más = “more”
​ •​ que = “than”
​ •​ la cerveza = “beer”
“Mi marido gana menos que yo.”
“My husband earns less than I do.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Mi marido = “My husband”
​ •​ gana = “earns” (from the verb ganar)
​ •​ menos = “less” (comparative)
​ •​ que = “than” (comparison)
​ •​ yo = “I”
“Este libro es tan divertido como otro.”
“This book is as fun as another one.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Este libro = “This book”
​ •​ es = “is”
​ •​ tan = “as” (used for equality comparisons)
​ •​ divertido = “fun” (adjective)
​ •​ como = “as” (used in comparison)
​ •​ otro = “another one” (refers to another book)
“Mi marido trabaja tanto como el tuyo.”
“My husband works as much as yours.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Mi marido = “My husband”
​ •​ trabaja = “works” (from the verb trabajar, 3rd person singular)
​ •​ tanto = “as much” (used to indicate the amount or degree of action)
​ •​ como = “as” (used for comparisons of equality)
​ •​ el tuyo = “yours” (referring to “your husband,” with tuyo being a possessive pronoun)
The sentence “Isabel no es tanto intelligente como su hermana” is almost correct, but there is a
small mistake in the use of “tanto”. The word “tanto” is used for quantity, but here we need to use
“tan” for an equality comparison involving adjectives.
The correct sentence is:
“Isabel no es tan inteligente como su hermana.”
“Isabel is not as intelligent as her sister.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Isabel = “Isabel” (subject)
​ •​ no es = “is not” (from the verb ser in the present tense)
​ •​ tan = “as” (used for comparisons of equality with adjectives)
​ •​ inteligente = “intelligent” (adjective describing Isabel)
​ •​ como = “as” (used to make the comparison)
​ •​ su hermana = “her sister” (subject of comparison)
The sentence “En mi ciudad no hay tantos cines como aquí” means:
“In my city, there are not as many cinemas as here.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ En mi ciudad = “In my city”
(Refers to the location being compared—my city.)
​ •​ no hay = “there are not”
(From the verb haber in the present tense, indicating the absence of something.)
​ •​ tantos = “as many”
(The comparative form for quantity, agreeing in gender and number with cines (cinemas).)
​ •​ cines = “cinemas”
(Plural noun, referring to movie theaters.)
​ •​ como = “as”
(Used to make the comparison between the number of cinemas in my city and here.)
​ •​ aquí = “here”
(Referring to the current location where the comparison is being made.)
The sentence “En Galicia no hace tanto calor como en Andalucía” means:
“In Galicia, it doesn’t make as much heat as in Andalusia.”
(Or more naturally in English: “It is not as hot in Galicia as in Andalusia.”)
Breakdown:
​ •​ En Galicia = “In Galicia”
(Refers to the region of Galicia in Spain.)
​ •​ no hace = “it does not make”
(From the verb hacer, often used in Spanish to talk about weather, such as hacer calor for “to be hot”
or “make heat.”)
​ •​ tanto calor = “as much heat”
(The noun calor means “heat,” and tanto indicates the quantity or degree.)
​ •​ como = “as”
(Used to make a comparison of equality.)
​ •​ en Andalucía = “in Andalusia”
(Refers to the region of Andalusia in southern Spain.)
The sentence “A mí me gusta ver la tele tanto como a ti” means:
“I like watching TV as much as you do.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ A mí = “To me”
(This emphasizes the subject “I” in the sentence.)
​ •​ me gusta = “I like”
(From the verb gustar, used in Spanish to express liking something. In this case, ver la tele is the
thing liked.)
​ •​ ver la tele = “watching TV”
(Refers to the action of watching television.)
​ •​ tanto = “as much”
(Used for equality comparisons regarding the degree or amount of liking something.)
​ •​ como = “as”
(Used to indicate a comparison of equality.)
​ •​ a ti = “as you”
(Refers to the person being compared with, in this case, you.)
The sentence “No tengo tanto dinero como tú, pero soy más feliz que tú” means:
“I don’t have as much money as you, but I am happier than you.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ No tengo = “I don’t have”
(From the verb tener, meaning “to have.”)
​ •​ tanto dinero = “as much money”
(The word tanto is used to express quantity in a comparison, agreeing with dinero in this case.)
​ •​ como = “as”
(Used for comparisons of equality, meaning “as much as.”)
​ •​ tú = “you”
(Refers to the person the speaker is comparing with.)
​ •​ pero = “but”
(Contrasts the two parts of the sentence.)
​ •​ soy = “I am”
(From the verb ser, meaning “to be.”)
​ •​ más feliz = “happier”
(The comparative form of feliz [happy], meaning “more happy.”)
​ •​ que = “than”
(Used to introduce the second part of the comparison.)
The sentence “Mi hijo es tan alto como el tuyo” means:
“My son is as tall as yours.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Mi hijo = “My son”
(Refers to the speaker’s son.)
​ •​ es = “is”
(From the verb ser, used here to describe a characteristic of the son.)
​ •​ tan = “as”
(Used in comparisons of equality with adjectives.)
​ •​ alto = “tall”
(Adjective describing the height of the son.)
​ •​ como = “as”
(Used to indicate the comparison of equality.)
​ •​ el tuyo = “yours”
(Refers to “your son.” Tuyo is a possessive pronoun meaning “yours,” used here to avoid repeating
“son.”)
The sentence “Madrid es tan bonito como Barcelona” means:
“Madrid is as beautiful as Barcelona.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Madrid = “Madrid”
(Refers to the capital city of Spain.)
​ •​ es = “is”
(From the verb ser, used to describe a characteristic of Madrid.)
​ •​ tan = “as”
(Used in comparisons of equality with adjectives.)
​ •​ bonito = “beautiful”
(Adjective describing Madrid, used in reference to the city’s beauty.)
​ •​ como = “as”
(Used to indicate the comparison of equality.)
​ •​ Barcelona = “Barcelona”
(Refers to another major city in Spain.)
The sentence “Rosa dice tantas tonterías como tú” means:
“Rosa says as many silly things as you.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Rosa = “Rosa”
(The subject, referring to a person named Rosa.)
​ •​ dice = “says”
(From the verb decir, conjugated in the third person singular form, indicating the action Rosa is
performing.)
​ •​ tantas tonterías = “as many silly things”
(The word tantas is used to indicate quantity, agreeing with tonterías [silly things] in gender and
number.)
​ •​ como = “as”
(Used for comparisons of equality, in this case, showing that Rosa’s quantity of “silly things” is equal
to the other person’s.)
​ •​ tú = “you”
(Refers to the person being compared with Rosa.)
1. Tan (Used with adjectives or adverbs)
​ •​ Tan is used to compare qualities (adjectives) or actions (adverbs) in terms of degree,
meaning “as” in English.
​ •​ Tan is used for singular adjectives, regardless of gender.
Examples:
​ •​ Tan bonito (as beautiful)
“Este coche es tan bonito.”
(“This car is so beautiful.”)
​ •​ Tan rápido (as fast)
“Ella corre tan rápido.”
(“She runs so fast.”)
2. Tanto / Tanta (Used with nouns)
​ •​ Tanto (masculine singular) and tanta (feminine singular) are used to express quantity.
They mean “so much” or “as much” in English.
​ •​ Tanto is used with masculine singular nouns.
​ •​ Tanta is used with feminine singular nouns.
Examples:
​ •​ Tanto dinero (so much money)
“No tengo tanto dinero como tú.”
(“I don’t have as much money as you.”)
​ •​ Tanta comida (so much food)
“Ella preparó tanta comida.”
(“She prepared so much food.”)
3. Tantos / Tantas (Used with plural nouns)
​ •​ Tantos (masculine plural) and tantas (feminine plural) are used to express plural
quantity. They mean “so many” or “as many” in English.
​ •​ Tantos is used with masculine plural nouns.
​ •​ Tantas is used with feminine plural nouns.
Examples:
​ •​ Tantos libros (so many books)
“Tengo tantos libros en mi casa.”
(“I have so many books in my house.”)
​ •​ Tantas personas (so many people)
“Hay tantas personas en la fiesta.”
(“There are so many people at the party.”)
Summary:
​ •​ Tan: Used with adjectives or adverbs (as + adjective/adverb).
​ •​ Tanto / Tanta: Used with singular nouns to express quantity (so much + noun).
​ •​ Tantos / Tantas: Used with plural nouns to express quantity (so many + noun).
Examples in a comparison:
​ •​ Tan: “Ella es tan inteligente como él.” (“She is as intelligent as he is.”)
​ •​ Tanto: “Tengo tanto trabajo como tú.” (“I have as much work as you.”)
​ •​ Tantas: “Hay tantas personas aquí como en el evento pasado.” (“There are as many
people here as at the last event.”)
“Los coches italianos son peores que los coches japoneses.”
“Italian cars are worse than Japanese cars.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Los coches italianos = “Italian cars”
(Refers to cars from Italy, using the definite article “los” for plural nouns.)
​ •​ son = “are”
(From the verb ser, conjugated in the third person plural.)
​ •​ peores = “worse”
(The plural form of peor, used to compare the quality of two plural nouns.)
​ •​ que = “than”
(Used in comparisons.)
​ •​ los coches japoneses = “Japanese cars”
(Refers to cars from Japan, with the definite article “los”.)
The sentence “Mi hermana es más grande que yo” is almost correct, but there’s a small issue with
the word “grande”. In Spanish, “grande” can mean “big” or “large,” but when talking about age, it’s
more natural to use “mayor” instead of “más grande” to express that someone is older.
The corrected sentence is:
“Mi hermana es mayor que yo.”
“My sister is older than I am.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Mi hermana = “My sister”
(Refers to the speaker’s sister.)
​ •​ es = “is”
(From the verb ser, used for characteristics like age.)
​ •​ mayor = “older”
(Comparative form of “grande” when referring to age.)
​ •​ que = “than”
(Used to make a comparison.)
​ •​ yo = “I”
(Referring to the speaker.)
The sentence “La comida de ayer era más buena que la de hoy” is almost correct, but in Spanish,
when comparing qualities like “good,” you should use “mejor” instead of “más buena”.
“Mejor” is the comparative form of “bueno” (good), so the correct sentence would be:
“La comida de ayer era mejor que la de hoy.”
“The food from yesterday was better than today’s.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ La comida de ayer = “The food from yesterday”
(Refers to the food from the previous day.)
​ •​ era = “was”
(From the verb ser, in the imperfect tense, describing a past situation.)
​ •​ mejor = “better”
(Comparative form of bueno, meaning “better” when comparing the quality of two things.)
​ •​ que = “than”
(Used to make the comparison.)
​ •​ la de hoy = “today’s”
(Refers to the food from today, using la as the pronoun to avoid repeating “comida”.)
The sentence “Hoy he llegado tarde a clase porque he perdido el autobús” means:
“Today I arrived late to class because I missed the bus.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Hoy = “Today”
(Refers to the current day.)
​ •​ he llegado = “I have arrived”
(The verb llegar means “to arrive,” and he llegado is the present perfect tense, indicating an action
that happened recently and is relevant to the present moment.)
​ •​ tarde = “late”
(Describes when the speaker arrived at class.)
​ •​ a clase = “to class”
(Refers to the location, “class.”)
​ •​ porque = “because”
(Used to introduce the reason for something.)
​ •​ he perdido = “I have missed”
(The verb perder means “to lose” or “to miss,” and he perdido is the present perfect tense.)
​ •​ el autobús = “the bus”
(Refers to the bus the speaker missed.)
The “pretérito perfecto” (present perfect) in Spanish is used to express actions that have a
connection to the present, either because they occurred recently or because they have an effect on
the present moment. Here are the main situations where you would use the pretérito perfecto:
1. Actions that happened at an unspecified time in the past
​ •​ The exact time of the action is not important, but it is relevant to the present.
​ •​ Example:
“He comido.” (“I have eaten.”)
(The action of eating happened at some point in the past, but it’s relevant now because the speaker
may no longer be hungry.)
2. Actions that started in the past and are still relevant in the present
​ •​ The pretérito perfecto can describe an action that began in the past and is still true or
ongoing.
​ •​ Example:
“He vivido en Madrid durante cinco años.” (“I have lived in Madrid for five years.”)
(The speaker started living in Madrid five years ago and still lives there.)
3. Recent actions or events
​ •​ It can describe actions that occurred just before the present moment, often with adverbs
like “hoy” (today), “este año” (this year), or “ya” (already).
​ •​ Example:
“He hablado con ella.” (“I have spoken with her.”)
(The conversation happened recently and is relevant now.)
4. Actions with an implied connection to the present
​ •​ When the past action is linked to the present, for example, if the outcome of the action is
important now.
​ •​ Example:
”¿Has terminado tu tarea?” (“Have you finished your homework?”)
(The focus is on the current status—whether the homework is finished now.)
5. When using time expressions like:
​ •​ Hoy (today), esta mañana (this morning), este año (this year), nunca (never), siempre
(always), ya (already), todavía (still), alguna vez (ever), etc.
​ •​ Example:
“Nunca he visto esa película.” (“I have never seen that movie.”)
(The action of seeing the movie has never happened up to now.)
Structure of pretérito perfecto:
​ •​ It is formed with the present tense of the auxiliary verb “haber” + the past participle of the
main verb.
Example:
​ •​ He (have) + comido (eaten) = He comido (“I have eaten”).
In summary:
​ •​ Use pretérito perfecto when the action has a connection to the present (it has an effect
on now or is relevant to the current situation).
The sentence “Luis ha estado en Italia varias veces” means:
“Luis has been to Italy several times.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Luis = “Luis”
(Refers to the person named Luis.)
​ •​ ha estado = “has been”
(From the verb “estar” [to be], in the pretérito perfecto (present perfect) tense. It indicates an action
that occurred at an unspecified time in the past but is relevant to the present.)
​ •​ en Italia = “in Italy”
(Refers to the place where Luis has been.)
​ •​ varias veces = “several times”
(Refers to the number of times Luis has been to Italy.)
The sentence “Ángel y Susi han tenido un niño” means:
“Ángel and Susi have had a child.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Ángel y Susi = “Ángel and Susi”
(Refers to the two people, Ángel and Susi.)
​ •​ han tenido = “have had”
(From the verb “tener” [to have], in the pretérito perfecto (present perfect) tense. It indicates an
action that occurred in the past with relevance to the present.)
​ •​ un niño = “a child”
(Refers to the child that Ángel and Susi have had.)
The sentence “Todavía no he desayunado, voy a desayunar” means:
“I haven’t had breakfast yet, I’m going to have breakfast.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Todavía = “Still” / “Yet”
(Indicates that the action has not been completed up to the present moment.)
​ •​ no = “not”
(Negates the verb, indicating that the action has not occurred.)
​ •​ he desayunado = “I have had breakfast”
(From the verb desayunar [to have breakfast], in the pretérito perfecto [present perfect] tense. This
implies that the speaker has not had breakfast up to now.)
​ •​ voy a desayunar = “I am going to have breakfast”
(From the verb ir [to go], used in the near future construction “ir a + infinitive”, indicating the
intention to do something in the near future.)
The sentence “Juan ya ha comprado los billetes para el viaje a Canarias” means:
“Juan has already bought the tickets for the trip to the Canary Islands.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Juan = “Juan”
(Refers to the person named Juan.)
​ •​ ya = “already”
(Indicates that the action has been completed by the present moment.)
​ •​ ha comprado = “has bought”
(From the verb “comprar” [to buy], in the pretérito perfecto [present perfect] tense. It shows that the
action of buying the tickets happened in the past but is relevant to the present.)
​ •​ los billetes = “the tickets”
(Refers to the tickets Juan bought.)
​ •​ para el viaje a Canarias = “for the trip to the Canary Islands”
(Indicates the purpose of the tickets—Juan bought them for the trip to the Canary Islands.)
The sentence “Esta mañana he llegado tarde a clase otra vez” is grammatically correct and
means:
“This morning, I arrived late to class again.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Esta mañana = “This morning”
(Refers to the morning of the current day.)
​ •​ he = “I have”
(From the verb “haber,” used as an auxiliary verb in the present perfect tense for the first-person
singular yo.)
​ •​ llegado = “arrived”
(Past participle of “llegar” [to arrive], used with the auxiliary verb “haber” in the present perfect
tense.)
​ •​ tarde = “late”
(Describes the time of arrival.)
​ •​ a clase = “to class”
(Refers to the destination, in this case, the class or lesson.)
​ •​ otra vez = “again”
(Indicates repetition of the action.)
“Este escritor ha ganado varios premios de literatura.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Este escritor = “This writer”
(Refers to a male writer; if you are referring to a female writer, you would say “Esta escritora.”)
​ •​ ha = “has”
(From the verb “haber,” used as an auxiliary verb in the present perfect tense for the third-person
singular él/ella/usted.)
​ •​ ganado = “won”
(Past participle of “ganar” [to win], used with the auxiliary verb “haber” in the present perfect tense.)
​ •​ varios premios = “several awards”
(Refers to multiple prizes or awards.)
​ •​ de literatura = “of literature”
(Specifies the type of prizes the writer has won.)
”¿Por qué has abierto tú la ventana?”
“Why have you opened the window?”
Breakdown:
​ •​ ¿Por qué = “Why”
(Used to ask for a reason or explanation.)
​ •​ has = “have”
(From the verb “haber,” used as an auxiliary verb in the present perfect tense for the second-person
singular tú.)
​ •​ abierto = “opened”
(Past participle of “abrir” [to open], used with the auxiliary verb “haber” in the present perfect tense.)
​ •​ tú = “you”
(Refers to the informal, singular you. The subject “tú” can be placed after the verb for emphasis,
although it’s not strictly necessary in this case.)
​ •​ la ventana = “the window”
(The object of the action, referring to the window that was opened.)
“Ver, la película de la tele ya ha terminado.”
“Watch, the TV movie has already finished.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Ver = “Watch”
(An infinitive verb form, often used as an action suggestion or in the context of giving a command.)
​ •​ la película de la tele = “the TV movie”
(Refers to the movie being broadcast on TV.)
​ •​ ya = “already”
(Indicates that the action has happened sooner than expected.)
​ •​ ha terminado = “has finished”
(From the verb “terminar” [to finish], used in the present perfect tense with the auxiliary verb “haber”
for the third-person singular la película.)
“El hombre del tiempo ha dicho en la tele que mañana va a llover.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ El hombre del tiempo = “The weatherman”
(Refers to the person who reports the weather.)
​ •​ ha dicho = “has said”
(From the verb “decir” [to say], in the present perfect tense with the auxiliary verb “haber” for the
third-person singular él/ella.)
​ •​ en la tele = “on TV”
(Indicating where the information was presented.)
​ •​ que = “that”
(Used to introduce reported speech or an indirect statement.)
​ •​ mañana = “tomorrow”
(Refers to the day after today.)
​ •​ va a llover = “it is going to rain”
(From the verb “llover” [to rain], in the near future tense, indicating a forecasted action.)
This sentence means: “The weatherman has said on TV that tomorrow it is going to rain.”
“Hoy he comido en un restaurante nuevo.”
“Today, I have eaten at a new restaurant.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Hoy = “Today”
(Refers to the current day.)
​ •​ he = “I have”
(From the verb “haber,” used as an auxiliary verb in the present perfect tense for the first-person
singular yo.)
​ •​ comido = “eaten”
(Past participle of “comer” [to eat], used with the auxiliary verb “haber” in the present perfect tense.)
​ •​ en = “at”
(Preposition indicating location.)
​ •​ un restaurante nuevo = “a new restaurant”
(Refers to the location where the action of eating took place.)
”¿Tú has estado en Venezuela alguna vez?”
“Have you ever been to Venezuela?”
Breakdown:
​ •​ ¿Tú = “You”
(Refers to the informal, singular you.)
​ •​ has = “have”
(From the verb “haber,” used as an auxiliary verb in the present perfect tense for the second-person
singular tú.)
​ •​ estado = “been”
(Past participle of “estar” [to be], used with the auxiliary verb “haber” in the present perfect tense.)
​ •​ en = “in/to”
(Preposition indicating location.)
​ •​ Venezuela = “Venezuela”
(The country being referred to.)
​ •​ alguna vez = “ever”
(Indicates the idea of an unspecified time in the past.)
The sentence “Yo haré las cenas a partir de ahora” means:
“I will make the dinners from now on.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Yo = “I”
(The subject pronoun, referring to the speaker.)
​ •​ haré = “I will make”
(From the verb “hacer” [to make], conjugated in the future tense for the first-person singular yo.)
​ •​ las cenas = “the dinners”
(Refers to the meals, specifically dinner.)
​ •​ a partir de ahora = “from now on”
(Indicates a change in the future, starting immediately or in the near future.)
​
1.​
¿Qué vas a hacer este fin de semana? = “What are you going to do this weekend?”
​
•​
​
•​
vas a hacer = “are you going to do” (The periphrasis ir a + infinitive expresses a plan
or intention; here, it’s conjugated for the second-person singular tú.)
​
•​
​
¿Qué = “What” (Used to ask about actions or plans.)
este fin de semana = “this weekend” (Refers to the upcoming weekend.)
2.​
Voy a estudiar, tengo un examen el lunes. = “I’m going to study; I have an exam on
Monday.”
​
•​
Voy a estudiar = “I’m going to study” (The periphrasis ir a + infinitive expresses the
speaker’s intention to study.)
​
•​
tengo un examen = “I have an exam” (Present tense of tener [to have], indicating
the certainty of the exam.)
​
•​
el lunes = “on Monday” (Specifies when the exam will take place.)
The sentence “Voy a cerrar la ventana, hay demasiado ruido” means:
“I’m going to close the window; there is too much noise.”
Breakdown:
​
1.​
Voy a cerrar la ventana = “I’m going to close the window”
​
•​
Voy = “I’m going” (From the verb ir, conjugated in the first-person singular yo, used in
the periphrasis ir a + infinitive to indicate an intention or plan.)
​
•​
a cerrar = “to close” (The infinitive verb indicating the action to be performed.)
​
•​
la ventana = “the window” (The object being closed.)
​
2.​
hay demasiado ruido = “there is too much noise”
​
•​
hay = “there is” (From the verb haber, indicating existence.)
​
•​
demasiado = “too much” (Indicates an excessive amount.)
​
•​
ruido = “noise” (Refers to the sound causing disturbance.)
The sentence “Yo creo que hoy lloverá, el cielo está muy nublado” means:
“I think that today it will rain; the sky is very cloudy.”
Breakdown:
​
1.​
Yo creo que hoy lloverá = “I think that today it will rain”
​
•​
Yo creo = “I think” (From the verb creer, conjugated in the present tense for the
first-person singular yo, expressing belief or opinion.)
​
•​
que = “that” (Introduces the clause explaining what the speaker believes.)
​
•​
hoy = “today” (Refers to the current day.)
​
•​
lloverá = “it will rain” (From the verb llover [to rain], conjugated in the future tense for
the third-person singular, used to predict weather.)
​
2.​
El cielo está muy nublado = “The sky is very cloudy”
​
•​
El cielo = “The sky” (The subject of this clause.)
​
•​
está = “is” (From the verb estar, indicating a temporary state.)
​
•​
muy nublado = “very cloudy” (Describes the condition of the sky, where nublado
means “cloudy” and muy intensifies it to “very.”)
​
1.​
¿Has hecho los deberes? = “Have you done your homework?”
​
•​
Has hecho = “Have you done”
(Present perfect tense of the verb hacer [to do], with has as the auxiliary verb for the second-person
singular tú and hecho as the past participle.)
​
•​
los deberes = “the homework”
(Refers to school assignments.)
​
2.​
No, los haré luego = “No, I’ll do it later.”
​
•​
No = “No”
(Denies having completed the homework.)
​
•​
los haré = “I’ll do it”
(Future tense of the verb hacer [to do], with haré being the first-person singular form, and los is the
direct object pronoun for “the homework.”)
​
•​
luego = “later”
(Indicates that the action will be done at a later time.)
The sentence “Dentro de 50 años no existirá el servicio de correos. Todo el mundo tendrá
correo electrónico” means:
“In 50 years, the postal service will not exist. Everyone will have email.”
Breakdown:
​
1.​
Dentro de 50 años = “In 50 years”
​
•​
Dentro de = “In” or “within” (Indicates a time frame.)
​
•​
50 años = “50 years” (Specifies the time period being discussed.)
​
2.​
no existirá el servicio de correos = “the postal service will not exist”
​
•​
no existirá = “will not exist”
(From the verb existir [to exist], in the future tense for the third-person singular él/ella.)
​
•​
el servicio de correos = “the postal service”
(Refers to mail delivery services.)
​
3.​
​
Todo el mundo tendrá correo electrónico = “Everyone will have email”
•​
Todo el mundo = “Everyone” (A common phrase meaning “all people.”)
​
•​
tendrá = “will have”
(From the verb tener [to have], in the future tense for the third-person singular él/ella.)
​
•​
correo electrónico = “email”
(Refers to electronic mail, contrasted with traditional postal mail.)
The sentence “No te preocupes, mamá, volveré a las 11” means:
“Don’t worry, Mom, I’ll return at 11.”
Breakdown:
​
1.​
​
No te preocupes = “Don’t worry”
•​
No = “Don’t” (Negates the verb.)
​
•​
te preocupes = “worry”
(From the verb preocuparse [to worry], conjugated in the second-person singular tú form in the
subjunctive mood, used for negative commands.)
​
2.​
​
​
mamá = “Mom”
•​
3.​
A term of address, used here to reassure the speaker’s mother.
volveré a las 11 = “I’ll return at 11”
​
•​
volveré = “I’ll return”
(From the verb volver [to return], conjugated in the future tense for the first-person singular yo.)
​
•​
a las 11 = “at 11”
(Indicates the specific time of return.)
The sentence “Si lo apruebas todo, te compré la moto” mixes tenses incorrectly. Here’s the
corrected version for better clarity:
Corrected Version (Future Promise):
“Si lo apruebas todo, te compraré la moto.”
Meaning: “If you pass everything, I will buy you the motorbike.”
Breakdown of the Corrected Version:
​
1.​
Si lo apruebas todo = “If you pass everything”
​
•​
Si = “If” (Conditional marker.)
​
•​
lo apruebas = “you pass it” (From aprobar, present tense, referring to exams or
requirements.)
​
​
•​
2.​
todo = “everything” (Indicates the entirety of what needs to be passed.)
te compraré la moto = “I will buy you the motorbike”
​
•​
te = “for you” (Indirect object pronoun indicating the recipient.)
​
•​
compraré = “I will buy” (Future tense of comprar, expressing a promise.)
​
•​
la moto = “the motorbike” (The object being bought.)
“Yo creo que este año, ganará la liga el Barcelona.”
Meaning:
“I think that this year, Barcelona will win the league.”
Breakdown:
​
1.​
Yo creo que = “I think that”
​
•​
Yo creo = “I think” (From the verb creer, expressing an opinion or belief.)
​
•​
que = “that” (Introduces the clause about the prediction.)
​
2.​
​
​
este año = “this year”
•​
3.​
​
​
ganará = “will win”
•​
4.​
​
​
Future tense of ganar (to win), expressing a prediction about the outcome.
la liga = “the league”
•​
5.​
​
Indicates the time frame for the event.
Refers to a sports competition, likely the Spanish football league (La Liga).
el Barcelona = “Barcelona”
•​
Refers to the football team FC Barcelona.
“El año que viene iré de vacaciones a otra playa más tranquila.”
Meaning:
“Next year, I will go on vacation to a quieter beach.”
Breakdown:
​
1.​
​
​
•​
2.​
​
​
Refers to the upcoming year.
iré = “I will go”
•​
Future tense of the verb ir (to go), expressing an action that will take place in the
future.
3.​
​
​
El año que viene = “Next year”
de vacaciones = “on vacation”
•​
4.​
Refers to the purpose of the trip.
a otra playa más tranquila = “to a quieter beach”
​
•​
​
•​
más tranquila = “quieter” (Comparative form of tranquilo, meaning peaceful or
calm.)
​
otra playa = “another beach”
1.​
Has llamado por teléfono a tus padres? = “Have you called your parents on the
phone?”
​
•​
Has llamado = “Have you called” (Present perfect tense of llamar, indicating a
question about a completed action.)
​
•​
​
•​
a tus padres = “your parents” (Refers to the person’s parents as the object of the
action.)
​
2.​
por teléfono = “on the phone” (Indicates the means of communication.)
No, los llamaré más tarde = “No, I will call them later.”
​
•​
No = “No” (Indicates a negative response.)
​
•​
los llamaré = “I will call them” (Future tense of llamar, conjugated for the first-person
singular yo, and los is the direct object pronoun referring to “your parents.”)
​
•​
más tarde = “later” (Indicates the time when the action will occur.)
”¿Has comprado el periódico? No, lo compraré luego.”
Meaning:
“Have you bought the newspaper? No, I will buy it later.”
Breakdown:
​
1.​
¿Has comprado el periódico? = “Have you bought the newspaper?”
​
•​
Has comprado = “Have you bought”
(Present perfect tense of comprar, used for asking about a completed action.)
​
​
•​
2.​
el periódico = “the newspaper” (The object being referred to.)
No, lo compraré luego = “No, I will buy it later.”
​
•​
No = “No” (A negative response.)
​
•​
lo = “it” (Direct object pronoun referring to “the newspaper.”)
​
•​
compraré = “I will buy”
(Future tense of comprar for the first-person singular yo, indicating an intention or future action.)
​
•​
luego = “later” (Indicates the time the action will occur.)
The sentence “Has hecho la comida? No, haré dentro de una hora.” means:
“Have you made the food? No, I will do it in an hour.”
Breakdown:
​
1.​
¿Has hecho la comida? = “Have you made the food?”
​
•​
Has hecho = “Have you made”
(Present perfect tense of hacer [to make], used for asking about a completed action.)
​
​
•​
2.​
​
la comida = “the food” (Refers to the meal or food being made.)
No, haré dentro de una hora = “No, I will do it in an hour.”
•​
No = “No” (Indicates a negative response.)
​
•​
haré = “I will do”
(Future tense of hacer [to do], for the first-person singular yo, indicating an action that will occur in the
future.)
​
•​
dentro de una hora = “in an hour”
(Indicates the time when the action will take place.)
”¿Has abierto el correo? No, lo abriré mañana.”
Meaning:
“Have you opened the mail? No, I will open it tomorrow.”
Breakdown:
​
1.​
¿Has abierto el correo? = “Have you opened the mail?”
​
•​
Has abierto = “Have you opened”
(Present perfect tense of abrir [to open], used to ask about a completed action.)
​
​
•​
2.​
el correo = “the mail” (Refers to the mail or email being discussed.)
No, lo abriré mañana = “No, I will open it tomorrow.”
​
•​
No = “No” (Indicates a negative response.)
​
•​
lo = “it” (Direct object pronoun referring to “the mail.”)
​
•​
abriré = “I will open”
(Future tense of abrir [to open], indicating an action that will happen in the future.)
​
•​
mañana = “tomorrow” (Indicates the time when the action will occur.)
”¿Has visto la película de A. Banderas? No, la veré el sábado que viene.”
Meaning:
“Have you seen the movie of A. Banderas? No, I will see it next Saturday.”
Breakdown:
​
1.​
¿Has visto la película de A. Banderas? = “Have you seen the movie of A.
Banderas?”
​
•​
Has visto = “Have you seen”
(Present perfect tense of ver [to see], asking if the action has been completed.)
​
•​
la película de A. Banderas = “the movie of A. Banderas”
(Referring to a specific movie featuring Antonio Banderas.)
​
2.​
No, la veré el sábado que viene = “No, I will see it next Saturday.”
​
•​
No = “No” (Indicates a negative response.)
​
•​
la = “it” (Direct object pronoun referring to “the movie.”)
​
•​
veré = “I will see”
(Future tense of ver [to see], indicating an action that will happen in the future.)
​
•​
el sábado que viene = “next Saturday”
(Indicates when the action will take place.)
POR:
“Causa: lo han despedido del trabajo por vago” means:
“Reason: they have fired him from his job for being lazy.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Causa = “Reason” or “Cause”
(Introduces the explanation or reason for the action.)
​ •​ lo han despedido = “they have fired him”
(Present perfect tense of despedir [to fire], referring to the action of firing someone.)
​ •​ del trabajo = “from the job”
(Indicates the place from where he was fired.)
​ •​ por vago = “for being lazy”
(The reason for being fired is his laziness. Vago means “lazy” in this context.)
“Momento del día: Yo trabajo normalmente por la tarde” means:
“Time of the day: I normally work in the afternoon.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Momento del día = “Time of the day”
(This introduces the specific time when the action happens.)
​ •​ Yo trabajo = “I work”
(First-person singular of the verb trabajar [to work].)
​ •​ normalmente = “normally”
(Indicates the usual or habitual nature of the action.)
​ •​ por la tarde = “in the afternoon”
(Refers to the part of the day when the person works.)
“Lugar: Al pasar por la Puerta del Sol vi a Paco en su tienda” means:
“Place: When passing by the Puerta del Sol, I saw Paco in his shop.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Lugar = “Place”
(This introduces the location where the action took place.)
​ •​ Al pasar por = “When passing by”
(This is a phrase that indicates the action of moving past a location.)
​ •​ la Puerta del Sol = “the Puerta del Sol”
(A famous square in Madrid, Spain. Puerta del Sol refers to a specific location in the city.)
​ •​ vi a Paco = “I saw Paco”
(First-person singular form of the verb ver [to see], indicating the person saw someone.)
​ •​ en su tienda = “in his shop”
(Indicates the place where Paco was, in this case, his shop.)
“Medio: Mándame las fotos por correo” means:
“Medium: Send me the photos by mail.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Medio = “Medium”
(This introduces the means or method of communication.)
​ •​ Mándame = “Send me”
(Imperative form of the verb mandar [to send], used to give an order or request. “Me” is the object
pronoun meaning “to me.”)
​ •​ las fotos = “the photos”
(The object being sent, in this case, pictures or photos.)
​ •​ por correo = “by mail”
(Indicates the method through which the photos are being sent, specifically by postal mail.)
“Finalidad: Mamá, dame dinero para comprar el pan” means:
“Purpose: Mom, give me money to buy the bread.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Finalidad = “Purpose”
(This introduces the goal or reason behind the action.)
​ •​ Mamá = “Mom”
(Addressing the speaker’s mother.)
​ •​ dame = “give me”
(Imperative form of the verb dar [to give], used to make a request. “Me” is the object pronoun
meaning “to me.”)
​ •​ dinero = “money”
(The thing being requested.)
​ •​ para comprar el pan = “to buy the bread”
(The purpose of the money is to buy bread. Para expresses the intended goal or purpose of the
action.)
”[Fecha límite]: ¿Estarán listas las fotos para mañana?” means:
“Deadline: Will the photos be ready by tomorrow?”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Fecha límite = “Deadline”
(This introduces the context of a time limit or deadline.)
​ •​ ¿Estarán listas = “Will they be ready”
(Future tense of the verb estar [to be], conjugated for the third-person plural form, referring to “the
photos” as the subject.)
​ •​ las fotos = “the photos”
(The object in question, the photos that need to be ready.)
​ •​ para mañana = “by tomorrow”
(Indicates the deadline or the time frame by which the photos need to be ready.)
”[Dirección (hacia)]: Mañana salimos para Barcelona” means:
“Direction (towards): Tomorrow we leave for Barcelona.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Dirección (hacia) = “Direction (towards)”
(This introduces the direction or destination of the action.)
​ •​ Mañana = “Tomorrow”
(Indicates when the action will happen.)
​ •​ salimos = “we leave”
(First-person plural form of the verb salir [to leave], indicating the action of departing.)
​ •​ para Barcelona = “for Barcelona”
(Indicates the destination or direction of travel, in this case, Barcelona.)
”[Objeto indirecto de persona]: Felicidades, este regalo es para ti” means:
“Indirect object of a person: Congratulations, this gift is for you.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Objeto indirecto de persona = “Indirect object of a person”
(This introduces the recipient of the action, who will receive something.)
​ •​ Felicidades = “Congratulations”
(A greeting or expression of happiness for someone’s success or achievement.)
​ •​ este regalo = “this gift”
(Refers to the present or gift being given.)
​ •​ es para ti = “is for you”
(Indicates that the gift is intended for the person being addressed, using the indirect object pronoun ti
[you].)
“Por favor, silencio, hemos venido aquí para trabajar, no para charlar.” means:
“Please, silence, we have come here to work, not to chat.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Por favor = “Please”
(A polite request for something.)
​ •​ silencio = “silence”
(Refers to the need for quietness.)
​ •​ hemos venido = “we have come”
(Present perfect tense of venir [to come], indicating the action of arriving or being at a location.)
​ •​ aquí = “here”
(Indicates the current location where the action is taking place.)
​ •​ para trabajar = “to work”
(Shows the purpose or intention of the action, in this case, working.)
​ •​ no para charlar = “not to chat”
(Indicates that chatting is not the intended purpose for being there.)
“Adiós y gracias por todo” means:
“Goodbye and thank you for everything.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Adiós = “Goodbye”
(A farewell expression used when parting.)
​ •​ y = “and”
(A conjunction used to link two phrases or ideas.)
​ •​ gracias por todo = “thank you for everything”
​
•​
gracias = “thank you”
​
•​
por todo = “for everything” (Refers to all the things or actions the speaker is thanking
the other person for.)
”¿Has llamado por teléfono a Julia?” means:
“Have you called Julia on the phone?”
Breakdown:
​ •​ ¿Has llamado = “Have you called”
(Present perfect tense of the verb llamar [to call], asking if the action has been completed.)
​ •​ por teléfono = “on the phone”
(Indicates the means or method of communication used to call Julia.)
​ •​ a Julia = “Julia”
(Refers to the person being called, in this case, Julia.)
“Toma, este jabón es muy bueno para quitar las manchas” means:
“Here, this soap is very good for removing stains.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Toma = “Here” / “Take”
(Used to offer something to someone or to give something to someone directly.)
​ •​ este jabón = “this soap”
(Refers to the specific soap being offered.)
​ •​ es muy bueno = “is very good”
(Describes the quality of the soap, saying it is very effective.)
​ •​ para quitar las manchas = “for removing stains”
(Indicates the purpose of the soap, which is to remove stains.)
“Te mandaré las fotos por fax” means:
“I will send you the photos by fax.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Te = “to you”
(Indirect object pronoun, referring to the person who will receive the action.)
​ •​ mandaré = “I will send”
(Future tense of the verb mandar [to send], indicating the action will happen in the future.)
​ •​ las fotos = “the photos”
(The object being sent, in this case, pictures.)
​ •​ por fax = “by fax”
(The method of sending the photos, via fax machine.)
“No fui a la fiesta de tu cumpleaños por culpa de un amigo muy pesado” means:
“I didn’t go to your birthday party because of a very annoying friend.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ No fui = “I didn’t go”
(Past tense of the verb ir [to go], indicating the action did not happen.)
​ •​ a la fiesta = “to the party”
(Indicates the destination, in this case, the party.)
​ •​ de tu cumpleaños = “of your birthday”
(Refers to the specific occasion, your birthday.)
​ •​ por culpa de = “because of”
(This phrase expresses the reason or cause for something happening.)
​ •​ un amigo muy pesado = “a very annoying friend”
(Refers to the friend who caused the issue. Pesado means “annoying” or “heavy” in this context.)
”¿Por qué quieres tanto dinero?
Para comprarme un coche nuevo.”
This translates to:
“Why do you want so much money?
To buy myself a new car.”
When to use por vs para:
​ •​ Para: Indicates purpose, intention, or goal (e.g., to buy, to study, for a purpose).
​ •​ Por: Indicates cause, reason, or method (e.g., because of, by means of, due to).
“Me llamo Pepe para felicitarme.”
Explanation:
​ •​ Me llamo Pepe = “My name is Pepe”
(This part is correct and means that your name is Pepe.)
​ •​ para felicitarme = “to congratulate me”
(Here, para is the correct choice because it expresses purpose or intention. In this case, the purpose
of calling is to congratulate yourself.)
If you meant that someone is calling you to congratulate you, the sentence would change to:
“Me llaman Pepe para felicitarme.”
(They call me Pepe to congratulate me.)
“Antes de venir a casa, pasa por la casa de tu madre” means:
“Before coming home, stop by your mother’s house.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Antes de = “Before”
(Indicates the time or action that should happen first.)
​ •​ venir a casa = “coming home”
(Refers to the action of coming to your house.)
​ •​ pasa por = “stop by”
(Imperative form of pasar [to pass], used to instruct someone to stop at a place on their way
somewhere.)
​ •​ la casa de tu madre = “your mother’s house”
(Refers to the destination or location, in this case, the house of the person’s mother.)
“A nosotros nos gusta mucho pasear por el parque” means:
“We really like walking in the park.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ A nosotros = “To us”
(Indicates the subject, which is “us” in this case. The use of “a” + pronoun is common to emphasize
the subject in Spanish.)
​ •​ nos gusta mucho = “we really like”
(The verb gustar [to like] is conjugated as gusta because it agrees with the singular noun pasear
[walking], and nos is the indirect object pronoun meaning “to us.”)
​ •​ pasear por el parque = “walking in the park”
(The action of walking is the thing being liked. Pasear is the infinitive form of the verb, and por el
parque specifies the location — “in the park.”)
“Haced todos los ejercicios de la unidad 10 para mañana” means:
“Do all the exercises from unit 10 for tomorrow.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Haced = “Do”
(The imperative form of hacer [to do] for the second person plural vosotros [you all] in Spain. It’s
used when giving a direct command or request to a group of people.)
​ •​ todos los ejercicios = “all the exercises”
(Refers to all the tasks or activities that need to be completed.)
​ •​ de la unidad 10 = “from unit 10”
(Indicates the source or reference for the exercises, which is unit 10.)
​ •​ para mañana = “for tomorrow”
(Indicates the deadline, meaning the exercises need to be done by tomorrow.)
”¿Para dónde va este autobús?” means:
“Where is this bus going?”
Breakdown:
​ •​ ¿Para dónde = “Where to”
(This asks about the destination or direction of the bus.)
​ •​ va = “is going”
(Present tense of the verb ir [to go], indicating the action of movement happening now or in the near
future.)
​ •​ este autobús = “this bus”
(Refers to the specific bus being asked about.)
The sentence is asking about the destination of the bus — where it is headed.
“Para el barrio del Pilar” means:
“To the Pilar neighborhood” or “Towards the Pilar neighborhood.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Para = “To” or “Towards”
(Indicates the direction or destination of movement. In this case, it’s referring to heading toward a
specific place.)
​ •​ el barrio del Pilar = “the Pilar neighborhood”
(Refers to a specific neighborhood, likely called “del Pilar,” which could be a local area or district in a
city.)
”¿Para dónde pasa este autobús?” means:
“Where does this bus go?” or “Where does this bus pass through?”
Breakdown:
​ •​ ¿Para dónde = “Where to”
(This phrase is used to ask about the destination or direction of something, in this case, the bus.)
​ •​ pasa = “passes”
(This is the third person singular form of pasar [to pass], referring to the bus passing through certain
areas or reaching a destination.)
​ •​ este autobús = “this bus”
(Refers to the specific bus in question.)
“Por la Gran Vía” means:
“Through Gran Vía” or “Along Gran Vía.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Por = “Through” or “Along”
(In this context, por is used to indicate movement through or along a place, like a street, rather than to
a specific destination. It suggests traveling through the area.)
​ •​ la Gran Vía = “Gran Vía”
(Refers to a famous street in Madrid, Spain, known for its shops, theaters, and historical buildings.)
”¿Por qué salió usted de su casa la noche del asesinato?” means:
“Why did you leave your house the night of the murder?”
Breakdown:
​ •​ ¿Por qué = “Why”
(Used to inquire about the reason or cause of something.)
​ •​ salió = “did you leave”
(Past tense of salir [to leave] in the formal usted form, asking why the person left.)
​ •​ usted = “you”
(Formal version of “you,” used to show respect or politeness.)
​ •​ de su casa = “from your house”
(Indicating the location from which the person left.)
​ •​ la noche del asesinato = “the night of the murder”
(Refers to the specific time, i.e., the night when the murder occurred.)
“Porque tenía que sacar a pasear al perro” means:
“Because I had to take the dog for a walk.”
Breakdown:
​ •​ Porque = “Because”
(Used to explain the reason for something.)
​ •​ tenía = “I had”
(Imperfect tense of the verb tener [to have], indicating an obligation or necessity in the past.)
​ •​ que = “to”
(This follows tener que, which means “to have to” or “to need to.”)
​ •​ sacar a pasear = “take for a walk”
(This expression means to walk a dog, “sacar” in this context refers to taking the dog outside, and “a
pasear” means for a walk.)
​ •​ al perro = “the dog”
(Refers to the dog being walked.)
las verduras = vegetables
moreno / morena = brunette
griego = greek
míos = mine (số nhiều)
azafata = flight attendant / stewardess
peluquera = hairdresser
soltero / soltera = single
película = movie
azul = blue
extranjero = foreigner
hermanos = siblings
egoísta = selfish
ver una película = watch a movie
estupendo = great
rotos = clothes
sucio = dirty
contento/a = happy
abierto/a = open
desordenado/a = messy
enamorados = in love
enfadado/a = angry
lleno/a = full
Pepe es mi novio, es un chico estupendo. Trabaja en una librería, escribe libros, y también es poeta,
escribe poemas. Todos los sábados, vamos a un karaoke con nuestros amigos y cantamos y
bailamos. Los domingos veremos una película en la tele.
Ser:
-​
-​
indicar lugar (indicate place): El gato está en el sofá.
indicar estados (indicate states): El gato está enfermo (sick).
1. SER (To be)
“Ser” is used to describe permanent or long-lasting attributes. It expresses essential qualities,
identity, characteristics, and time. Think of “ser” for things that don’t easily change.
Common Uses of “Ser”:
​ •​ Identity: To describe who someone is.
​
•​
Example: “Ella es doctora.” (She is a doctor.)
​ •​ Characteristics: To describe inherent traits or qualities.
​
•​
Example: “La casa es grande.” (The house is big.)
​ •​ Origin: To talk about where someone is from.
​
•​
Example: “Yo soy de México.” (I am from Mexico.)
​ •​ Time and Dates: To indicate time and dates.
​
•​
Example: “Hoy es lunes.” (Today is Monday.)
​ •​ Possession: To show ownership.
​
•​
Example: “El libro es mío.” (The book is mine.)
​ •​ Events: To describe when or where an event takes place.
​
•​
Example: “La reunión es en la oficina.” (The meeting is in the office.)
Examples of “Ser” in Sentences:
​ •​ “Él es alto.” (He is tall.)
​ •​ “Nosotros somos amigos.” (We are friends.)
​ •​ “La capital de España es Madrid.” (The capital of Spain is Madrid.)
2. ESTAR (To be)
“Estar” is used for states, conditions, and situations that are temporary or can change. It often refers
to location, emotions, or actions.
Common Uses of “Estar”:
​ •​ Location: To describe the location of something or someone.
​
•​
Example: “La tienda está en la esquina.” (The store is on the corner.)
​ •​ Emotions and Conditions: To describe how someone feels or the state of something.
​
•​
Example: “Estoy feliz.” (I am happy.)
​ •​ Temporary Situations: To describe conditions that can change.
​
•​
Example: “La puerta está abierta.” (The door is open.)
​ •​ Present Progressive: To form the continuous tenses.
​
•​
Example: “Estoy comiendo.” (I am eating.)
Examples of “Estar” in Sentences:
​ •​ “El café está caliente.” (The coffee is hot.)
​ •​ “Nosotros estamos cansados.” (We are tired.)
​ •​ “¿Dónde está el baño?” (Where is the bathroom?)
Key Differences Summary:
​ •​ Ser = Permanent or lasting qualities (identity, characteristics, origin).
​ •​ Estar = Temporary states or locations (feelings, conditions, location).
More Examples for Comparison:
​ •​ Ser: “Ella es inteligente.” (She is intelligent.) - This is a characteristic.
​ •​ Estar: “Ella está enferma.” (She is sick.) - This is a temporary state.
​ •​ Ser: “La fiesta es en la casa.” (The party is at the house.) - Refers to where an event takes
place.
​ •​ Estar: “La casa está cerca del parque.” (The house is near the park.) - Refers to the location
of the house.
manuel y puri están muy contentos con su bebe (with their baby)
preocupado = worried
calle = street
mi maleta ya está llena (my suitcase is already full)
mi vecinos están muy mal, no tienen trabajo ni dinero (my neighbors are in a very bad situation, they
have no work or money)
esta frase no es correcta, esta mal (the sentence is not correct, it is wrong) ​
de acuerdo con = agree with
hoy los estudiantes están más cansados que ayer
-​ cansado = tired
-​ que = than
-​ ayer = yesterday
1.​ Ser is used to express the hour, day, and date.
¿Qué hora es? ................................................... What time is it?​
Son las dos ........................................................ It’s two o’clock.​
¿Qué día es hoy? ............................................... What day is today?
Hoy es lunes ...................................................... Today’s Monday.​
¿Qué fecha es hoy? ........................................... What 's the date today?
Es el cinco de mayo ........................................... It's May fifth.
2.​ Ser is used to express place of origin.
¿De dónde eres tú? ........................................... Where are you from?
Soy de Colombia ............................................... I’m from Colombia.
3.​ Ser is used to express occupation.
¿Cuál es tu trabajo?........................................... What do you do?
Soy carpintero ................................................... I’m a carpenter.
4.​ Ser is used to express nationality.
¿Es ella puertorriqueña? .................................... Is she Puerto Rican?
No, es guatemalteca .......................................... No, she’s Guatemalan.
5.​ Ser is used to express religious or political affiliation.
¿Son los García bautistas? ................................. Are the Garcias Baptists?
No, son católicos ............................................... No, they’re Catholics.​
¿Es el gobierno socialista?.................................. Is the government socialist?
No, es comunista ............................................... No, it’s communist.
6.​ Ser is used to express the material something is made of.
¿De qué material es la mesa?............................. What 's the table made of?
Es de madera..................................................... It’s made of wood.
7.​ Ser is used to express possession.
¿De quién es la pluma?...................................... Whose pen is it?
Es de Emilio ....................................................... It’s Emilio’s.
8.​ Ser is used to express the relationship of one person to another.
¿Quién es Rogelio? ............................................ Who is Roger?​
Es el esposo de Marta ........................................ He’s Martha’s husband.
9.​ Ser is used with certain impersonal expressions.
Es importante practicar cada día ........................ It’s important to practice every day. Es necesario
hablar mucho................................. It’s necessary to speak a lot.
10.​ Ser is used to tell where an event is taking place.
La película es en el cine...................................... The movie is at the theatre.​
La fiesta es en el club Fantástico ........................ The party is in the Fantastic Club.
11.​ Ser is used with adjectives to express inherent, or essential qualities.
Miguel es un hombre sincero ............................. Mike is a sincere man.
También es guapo.............................................. He’s also handsome.
ESTAR
1.​ Estar is used to express geographic or physical locations.
¿Dónde estás? ................................................... Where are you?​
Estoy en el laboratorio........................................ I’m in the laboratory.
¿Dónde está Chile? ............................................ Where’s Chile?​
Chile está en América del Sur............................. Chile is in South America.
NOTE: The one exception to this rule is that ser is used to tell where an event is taking place. (La
fiesta es en mi casa.)
2.​ Estar is used with adjectives to express a state or condition.
¿Cómo está la sopa?.......................................... How’s the soup?​
La sopa está fría ................................................. The soup is cold.
¿Cómo estás tú? ................................................ How are you?​
Estoy muy bien, gracias ...................................... I am very well, thanks.
3.​ Estar is used with many idiomatic expressions. These are just a few.
estar de acuerdo ................................................ to be in agreement
estar de pie ........................................................ to be standing
estar en camino ................................................. to be on the way
estar en las nubes .............................................. to daydream
4.​ Estar is used with the progressive tenses. You will learn more about this usage later. We
present it now simply because it is an important use of the verb estar.
¿Qué estás comiendo? ....................................... What are you eating?
Estoy comiendo arroz y frijoles ........................... I am eating rice and beans.
Negation:
1.​ Study the following list of affirmative words and their negative counterparts:
algo ................................................................... (something)
nada .................................................................. (nothing)
alguien............................................................... (somebody)
nadie ................................................................. (nobody)
algún (-o, -a, -os, -as) ......................................... (some, something)
ningún (-o, -a, -os, -as)....................................... (no, none)
siempre.............................................................. (always)
nunca, jamás...................................................... (never, ever)
también ............................................................. (also)​
tampoco ............................................................ (neither, not either)
o . . . o............................................................... (either . . . or)​
ni . . . ni ............................................................. (neither . . . nor)
2.​ The negative words can be used alone, preceding the verb.
Nadie habla........................................................ Nobody speaks.​
Él nunca come ................................................... He never eats.​
Alfredo tampoco baila........................................ Alfredo doesn’t dance either.
The negative words can also be used with the word “no,” following the verb. Note that unlike English,
double negatives are acceptable in Spanish.
No habla nadie................................................... Nobody speaks.​
Él no come nunca .............................................. He never eats.​
Alfredo no baila tampoco .................................. Alfredo doesn’t dance either.
3.​ Sometimes, three negative words occur in the same sentence.
No compro nada nunca...................................... I never buy anything.​
Él no compra nada tampoco .............................. He doesn’t buy anything either.
You can even have four negative words in the same sentence.
Yo no veo nunca a nadie tampoco ..................... I never see anybody either.
Unlike English, Spanish does not normally mix negative and affirmative words.
Maria doesn’t need anything. NOT Maria doesn’t need nothing.
María no necesita nada. NOT María no necesita algo.
alguno and ninguno drop the -o before a masculine singular noun.
¿Tienes algún libro? ........................................... No, no tengo ningún libro.
Ninguno(-a) is generally used in the singular.
¿Tienes algunas revistas?.................................... No, no tengo ninguna.
¿Tienes algunos libros? ...................................... No, no tengo ninguno.
The plural of ninguno(-a) is used only when the noun it modifies exists only in plural, or is normally
used in plural.
Ningunas vacaciones a Alaska son completas sin una excursión a Mt. McKinley.
No vacation to Alaska is complete without a trip to Mt. McKinley.
In this example “ningunas” is used because “vacaciones” is normally used in plural form.
Possessive Adjectives
There are five possessive adjectives.
mi tu su
nuestro vuestro
Three possessive adjectives (mi, tu, su) have only two forms, singular and plural.
mi mis
tu tus
su sus
Possessive adjectives agree with the nouns they modify. That is, they agree with the thing possessed,
not the possessor.
mi libro .................... my book
mis libros ................. my books
tu pluma .................. your pen
tus plumas ............... your pens
Mi, tu and su do not have masculine and feminine forms. They stay the same, regardless of the
gender of the nouns they modify.
mi amigo - mi amiga
tus hermanos - tus hermanas
su libro - sus plumas
Mi means “my” ; tu means “your.”
Mi casa es tu casa .............................................. My house is your house.
Su, like tu, can mean “your.” The difference between your (tu) and your (su) lies in the degree of
formality the speaker wishes to convey.
Mi casa es tu casa .... (speaking to someone you would address as “tú”)​
Mi casa es su casa .... (speaking to someone you would address as “usted”)
NOTE: The two words “tu” and “tú” are pronounced the same. Tú (with the written accent) is the
subject pronoun meaning “you” (informal). Tu (without the written accent) is the possessive adjective
meaning “your” (informal).
Su has four meanings: his, her, their and your (formal).
María busca a su hermana ................................. María is looking for her sister.​
Juan busca a su hermana ................................... Juan is looking for his sister.​
Ellos buscan a su hermana ................................. They are looking for their sister.​
Su madre busca a su hermana............................ Your mother is looking for your sister.
If the meaning of su is not clear from the context of the sentence, a prepositional phrase is used in
place of su.
María busca a la hermana de él.......................... María looks for his sister.​
El hombre busca las llaves de ella ....................... The man looks for her keys.​
María busca el cuaderno de Juan ....................... María looks for Juan’s notebook. El hombre busca
las llaves de Samanta ............... The man looks for Samanta’s keys.
Two possessive adjectives (nuestro and vuestro) have four forms.
nuestro nuestra nuestros nuestras
vuestro vuestra vuestros vuestras
Nuestro means “our.”
nuestro hermano ..... our brother nuestra hermana...... our sister nuestros hermanos... our brothers
nuestras hermanas ... our sisters
Vuestro means “your” (familiar, plural). Like vosotros, vuestro is primarily used in Spain.
vuestro libro ............. your book vuestra pluma .......... your pen vuestros libros .......... your books
vuestras plumas ....... your pens
Here are all of the possessive adjectives:
mi(s)................................................................... my​
tu(s) ................................................................... your (fam. sing.)​
su(s) ................................................................... his, her, your (formal), their nuestro(-a, -os, -as)
............................................ our​
vuestro(-a, -os, -as)............................................. your (fam. pl.)
Note that these possessive adjectives are not used with articles of clothing or body parts. Rather, the
definite article is used.
Me gusta el vestido nuevo.................................. I like my new dress
Me duele el brazo .............................................. My arm hurts.
Irregular Verbs: “Tener” and “Venir”
“Tener” and “venir” are both irregular verbs. Because they are irregular, you must memorize their
conjugations. We present these two verbs together because they are very similar in the way they are
conjugated:
tener....................... to have
venir ....................... to come
tengo / vengo tienes / vienes tiene / viene tenemos / venimos tenéis / venís tienen / vienen
Continuing with our verb flashcards, let’s add a single card for the two verbs tener and venir:
Verb Flashcards
11. tener (to have) venir (to come)
tengo / vengo
tienes / vienes
tiene / viene
tenemos / venimos
tenéis / venís tienen / vienen
“Tener que, Hay que”
Tener que + infinitive is one way to express obligation or necessity. This expression can be
translated as “someone has to do something.” Tener is conjugated according to the subject of the
sentence.
Tengo que comer las verduras ............................ I have to eat the vegetables.
Ángel tiene que leer el periódico ........................ Ángel has to read the newspaper. Ellos tienen que
comprar una revista .................. They have to buy a magazine.
Hay que + infinitive is used to express the idea of “one must do something” or, “it is necessary to do
something.” It is a more general expression and since there is no subject, the verb form hay is always
used.
Hay que tomar un taxi........................................ It is necessary to take a taxi.
Hay que estudiar mucho .................................... One must study a lot.
These examples illustrate the contrasting uses of these two expressions:
María tiene un examen el lunes.​
Ella tiene que estudiar ........................................ María has a test on Monday. She has to study.
No es fácil aprender el español.​
Hay que practicar mucho ................................... It isn’t easy to learn Spanish. It is necessary to
practice a lot.
Verbos irregulares
1.​ Pensar: to think
-​ (e) → (ie)
-​ Conjugation of "Pensar" in the Present Tense (Indicative):
yo
pienso
tú
piensas
él / ella / usted
piensa
nosotros/as
pensamos
vosotros/as
pensáis
ellos / ellas / ustedes
piensan
Ejemplos:
Yo pienso que es una buena idea. (I think it's a good idea.)
¿Tú piensas venir a la fiesta? (Are you planning to come to the party?)
Ellos piensan que es mejor esperar. (They think it's better to wait.)
Other Tenses:
Preterite (Past):
Imperfect (Past):
Future:
Yo pensé (I thought)
Yo pensaba (I used to think)
Yo pensaré (I will think)
Tú pensaste (You thought)
Tú pensabas (You used to
think)
Tú pensarás (You will think)
Él/Ella/Usted pensó
(He/She/You thought)
Nosotros/as pensamos (We
thought)
Vosotros/as pensasteis (You all
thought)
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes pensaron
(They/You all thought)
2.​ Sentir: to feel / to sense
Él/Ella/Usted pensaba
(He/She/You used to think)
Nosotros/as pensábamos (We
used to think)
Vosotros/as pensabais (You all
used to think)
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes pensaban
(They/You all used to think)
Él/Ella/Usted pensará
(He/She/You will think)
Nosotros/as pensaremos (We
will think)
Vosotros/as pensaréis (You all
will think)
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes pensarán
(They/You all will think)
yo
siento
tú
sientas
él / ella / usted
siente
nosotros/as
sentimos
vosotros/as
sentís
ellos / ellas / ustedes
sienten
Examples in Sentences:
​ •​ Yo siento alegría cuando estoy con mis amigos. (I feel joy when I am with my friends.)
​ •​ ¿Tú sientes dolor en la pierna? (Do you feel pain in your leg?)
​ •​ Ellos sienten que algo no está bien. (They feel that something is not right.)
Conjugation of “Sentir” in Other Tenses:
Preterite (Past):
Imperfect (Past):
Future:
Yo sentí (I felt)
Yo sentía (I used to feel)
Yo sentiré (I will feel)
Tú sentiste (You felt)
Tú sentías (You used to feel)
Tú sentirás (You will feel)
Él/Ella/Usted sintió
(He/She/You felt)
Él/Ella/Usted sentía
(He/She/You used to feel)
Él/Ella/Usted sentirá
(He/She/You will feel)
Nosotros/as sentimos (We
felt)
Nosotros/as sentíamos (We
used to feel)
Nosotros/as sentiremos (We
will feel)
Vosotros/as sentisteis (You all
felt)
Vosotros/as sentíais (You all
used to feel)
Vosotros/as sentiréis (You all
will feel)
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes sintieron
(They/You all felt)
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes sentían
(They/You all used to feel)
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes sentirán
(They/You all will feel)
3.​ Poder: to be able / can
-​ (o) → (ue)
yo
puedo
tú
puedes
él / ella / usted
puede
nosotros/as
podemos
vosotros/as
podéis
ellos / ellas / ustedes
puedan
Examples in Sentences:
​ •​ Yo puedo hablar español. (I can speak Spanish.)
​ •​ ¿Tú puedes venir a la fiesta? (Can you come to the party?)
​ •​ Ellos pueden ayudar con el proyecto. (They can help with the project.)
Conjugation of “Poder” in Other Tenses:
Preterite (Past):
Yo pude (I could)
Imperfect (Past):
Nosotros/as pudimos (We
could)
Yo podía (I was able to / I
could)
Tú podías (You were able to /
You could)
Él/Ella/Usted podía
(He/She/You were able to /
could)
Nosotros/as podíamos (We
were able to / We could)
Vosotros/as pudisteis (You all
could)
Vosotros/as podíais (You all
were able to / You all could)
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes pudieron
(They/You all could)
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes podían
(They/You all were able to /
could)
Tú pudiste (You could)
Él/Ella/Usted pudo
(He/She/You could)
4.​ Volver: to return / to come back
yo
vuelvo
tú
vuelves
él / ella / usted
vuelve
nosotros/as
volvemos
vosotros/as
volvéis
ellos / ellas / ustedes
vuelen
Future:
Yo podré (I will be able to)
Tú podrás (You will be able to)
Él/Ella/Usted podrá
(He/She/You will be able to)
Nosotros/as podremos (We
will be able to)
Vosotros/as podréis (You all
will be able to)
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes podrán
(They/You all will be able to)
Volver a + infinitive
In Spanish, many useful expressions are formed by combining two verbs. When this occurs, the first
verb is conjugated, while the second verb remains in the infinitive form.
Yo voy a viajar a España .................................... I am going to travel to Spain.
Tú acabas de comer .......................................... You have just eaten.​
Juan no puede comer........................................ Juan can’t eat.​
María vuelve a leer el libro ................................ María reads the book again.
One such expression combines the verb volver (conjugated) with an infinitive. The preposition “a” is
always used. The formula is:
volver a + infinitive = to do something again​
Vuelvo a leer el libro ........................................ I read the book again.
Cristina vuelve a conversar con mi mamá ...... Christina speaks with my mom again.
Examples in Sentences:
​ •​ Yo vuelvo a casa a las seis. (I return home at six.)
​ •​ ¿Tú vuelves pronto? (Are you coming back soon?)
​ •​ Ellos vuelven de las vacaciones mañana. (They return from vacation tomorrow.)
Conjugation of “Volver” in Other Tenses:
Preterite (Past):
Imperfect (Past):
Future:
Yo volvía (I used to return)
Yo volví (I returned)
Yo volveré (I will return)
Tú volvías (You used to return)
Tú volviste (You returned)
Tú volverás (You will return)
Él/Ella/Usted volvía
(He/She/You used to return)
Él/Ella/Usted volvió
(He/She/You returned)
Él/Ella/Usted volverá
(He/She/You will return)
Nosotros/as volvíamos (We
used to return)
Nosotros/as volvimos (We
returned)
Nosotros/as volveremos (We
will return)
Vosotros/as volvíais (You all
used to return)
Vosotros/as volvisteis (You all
returned)
Vosotros/as volveréis (You all
will return)
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes volvían
(They/You all used to return)
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes volvieron
(They/You all returned)
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes volverán
(They/You all will return)
5.​ Encontrar: to find
yo
encuentro
tú
encuentras
él / ella / usted
encuentra
nosotros/as
encontramos
vosotros/as
encontrais
ellos / ellas / ustedes
encuentran
Examples in Sentences:
​ •​ Yo encuentro las llaves en la mesa. (I find the keys on the table.)
​ •​ ¿Tú encuentras lo que buscas? (Do you find what you’re looking for?)
​ •​ Ellos encuentran el lugar perfecto para la fiesta. (They find the perfect place for the party.)
Conjugation of “Encontrar” in Other Tenses:
Preterite (Past):
Imperfect (Past):
Yo encontré (I found)
Yo encontraba (I used to find)
Tú encontrabas (You used to
find)
Él/Ella/Usted encontraba
(He/She/You used to find)
Yo encontraré (I will find)
Nosotros/as encontrábamos
(We used to find)
Nosotros/as encontraremos
(We will find)
Vosotros/as encontrabais
(You all used to find)
Vosotros/as encontraréis (You
all will find)
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes
encontraban (They/You all
used to find)
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes
encontrarán (They/You all will
find)
Tú encontraste (You found)
Él/Ella/Usted encontró
(He/She/You found)
Nosotros/as encontramos
(We found)
Vosotros/as encontrasteis
(You all found)
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes
encontraron (They/You all
found)
6.​ Empezar: to start
yo
empiezo
tú
empiezas
él / ella / usted
empieza
nosotros/as
empezamos
vosotros/as
empezais
Future:
Tú encontrarás (You will find)
Él/Ella/Usted encontrará
(He/She/You will find)
ellos / ellas / ustedes
empiezan
Examples in Sentences:
​ •​ Yo empiezo a trabajar a las ocho. (I start working at eight.)
​ •​ ¿Tú empiezas a estudiar ahora? (Are you starting to study now?)
​ •​ Ellos empiezan la reunión a las diez. (They start the meeting at ten.)
Conjugation of “Empezar” in Other Tenses:
Preterite (Past):
This tense is regular for
“empezar,” but with a spelling
change in the first person
singular (“yo” form) to maintain
pronunciation.
Yo empecé (I started) - Note
the “z” changes to “c” in the
“yo” form.
Tú empezaste (You started)
Él/Ella/Usted empezó
(He/She/You started)
Nosotros/as empezamos (We
started)
Vosotros/as empezasteis (You
all started)
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes
empezaron (They/You all
started)
Imperfect (Past):
Future:
Yo empezaba (I used to start)
Yo empezaré (I will start)
Tú empezabas (You used to
start)
Tú empezarás (You will start)
Él/Ella/Usted empezará
(He/She/You will start)
Él/Ella/Usted empezaba
(He/She/You used to start)
Nosotros/as empezábamos
(We used to start)
Vosotros/as empezabais (You
all used to start)
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes
empezaban (They/You all
used to start)
7.​ Recordar: to remember
yo
recuerdo
tú
recuerdas
él / ella / usted
recuerda
nosotros/as
recordamos
vosotros/as
recordais
Nosotros/as empezaremos
(We will start)
Vosotros/as empezaréis (You
all will start)
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes
empezarán (They/You all will
start)
ellos / ellas / ustedes
recuerdan
Examples in Sentences:
​ •​ Yo recuerdo ese día con mucho cariño. (I remember that day fondly.)
​ •​ ¿Tú recuerdas su nombre? (Do you remember his/her name?)
​ •​ Ellos recuerdan la primera vez que se conocieron. (They remember the first time they met.)
Conjugation of “Recordar” in Other Tenses:
Preterite (Past):
Yo recordé (I remembered)
Tú recordaste (You
remembered)
Él/Ella/Usted recordó
(He/She/You remembered)
Imperfect (Past):
Yo recordaba (I used to
remember)
Tú recordabas (You used to
remember)
Nosotros/as recordamos (We
remembered)
Él/Ella/Usted recordaba
(He/She/You used to
remember)
Nosotros/as recordábamos
(We used to remember)
Vosotros/as recordasteis (You
all remembered)
Vosotros/as recordabais (You
all used to remember)
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes
recordaron (They/You all
remembered)
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes
recordaban (They/You all
used to remember)
8.​ Jugar: to play
yo
juego
tú
juegas
él / ella / usted
juega
nosotros/as
jugamos
vosotros/as
jugáis
ellos / ellas / ustedes
juegan
Examples in Sentences:
​ •​ Yo juego al fútbol los sábados. (I play soccer on Saturdays.)
​ •​ ¿Tú juegas ajedrez? (Do you play chess?)
​ •​ Ellos juegan en el parque. (They play in the park.)
Future:
Yo recordaré (I will remember)
Tú recordarás (You will
remember)
Él/Ella/Usted recordará
(He/She/You will remember)
Nosotros/as recordaremos
(We will remember)
Vosotros/as recordaréis (You
all will remember)
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes
recordarán (They/You all will
remember)
Conjugation of “Jugar” in Other Tenses:
Preterite (Past):
This tense is mostly regular for
“jugar,” but with a spelling
change in the first person
singular (“yo” form) to maintain
pronunciation.
Yo jugué (I played) - Note the
“g” changes to “gu” in the “yo”
form.
Tú jugaste (You played)
Él/Ella/Usted jugó
(He/She/You played)
Nosotros/as jugamos (We
played)
Vosotros/as jugasteis (You all
played)
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes jugaron
(They/You all played)
Imperfect (Past):
Yo jugaba (I used to play)
Tú jugabas (You used to play)
Él/Ella/Usted jugaba
(He/She/You used to play)
Nosotros/as jugábamos (We
used to play)
Vosotros/as jugabais (You all
used to play)
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes jugaban
(They/You all used to play)
Future:
Yo jugaré (I will play)
Tú jugarás (You will play)
Él/Ella/Usted jugará
(He/She/You will play)
Nosotros/as jugaremos (We
will play)
Vosotros/as jugaréis (You all
will play)
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes jugarán
(They/You all will play)
Bài đọc (Nivel B1)
El Viaje a Machu Picchu
María y sus amigos planearon un viaje a Perú para visitar Machu Picchu. Decidieron viajar en julio, ya
que es la temporada seca y el clima es perfecto para explorar las ruinas. Después de llegar a Lima,
tomaron un vuelo a Cusco, una ciudad situada a más de 3.000 metros sobre el nivel del mar.
Los primeros días en Cusco fueron difíciles debido a la altura. Tuvieron que descansar y beber
mucho té de coca para evitar el mal de altura. Sin embargo, estaban emocionados por ver Machu
Picchu, una de las maravillas del mundo.
Al tercer día, finalmente tomaron un tren temprano en la mañana desde Cusco hacia Aguas
Calientes, el pueblo más cercano a Machu Picchu. Desde allí, subieron en autobús hasta la entrada
de las ruinas.
Cuando llegaron, quedaron asombrados. La vista era impresionante, con las montañas cubiertas de
nubes y las terrazas verdes que se extendían por todos lados. Pasaron el día explorando los templos,
las plazas y los caminos antiguos, sacando muchas fotos para recordar la experiencia.
Al final del día, regresaron a Aguas Calientes, muy cansados pero felices por haber vivido una
experiencia única.
Preguntas:
​ 1.​
¿En qué mes viajaron María y sus amigos a Perú?
​ 2.​
¿Por qué fue difícil para ellos los primeros días en Cusco?
​ 3.​
¿Cómo viajaron de Cusco a Aguas Calientes?
​ 4.​
¿Qué sintieron al llegar a Machu Picchu?
​ 5.​
¿Cómo terminaron su día después de explorar las ruinas?
1.​ María y sus amigos planearon un viaje a Perú para visitar Machu Picchu.
​ •​ María y sus amigos: Cụm danh từ, chủ ngữ của câu.
​
•​
María: Danh từ riêng, tên của người.
​
•​
y: Liên từ, dùng để nối các thành phần.
​
•​
sus amigos: Cụm danh từ, “sus” là tính từ sở hữu (ngôi thứ ba số nhiều, nghĩa là
“các bạn của cô ấy/cậu ấy”), “amigos” là danh từ số nhiều, nghĩa là “các bạn.”
​ •​ planearon: Động từ planear (lập kế hoạch) ở thời quá khứ hoàn thành đơn (pretérito
perfecto simple), ngôi thứ ba số nhiều. Động từ chỉ hành động đã hoàn thành trong quá khứ.
​ •​ un viaje a Perú: Cụm danh từ, tân ngữ trực tiếp của động từ “planearon.”
​
•​
un: Mạo từ không xác định (số ít), nghĩa là “một.”
​
•​
viaje: Danh từ số ít, nghĩa là “chuyến đi.”
​
•​
a Perú: Cụm giới từ, “a” là giới từ chỉ hướng, “Perú” là danh từ riêng.
​ •​ para visitar Machu Picchu: Cụm động từ, mệnh đề chỉ mục đích.
​
•​
para: Giới từ chỉ mục đích, nghĩa là “để.”
​
•​
visitar: Động từ nguyên thể, nghĩa là “thăm.”
​
•​
Machu Picchu: Danh từ riêng.
2. Decidieron viajar en julio, ya que es la temporada seca y el clima es perfecto para explorar
las ruinas.
​ •​ Decidieron: Động từ decidir (quyết định) ở thời quá khứ hoàn thành đơn (pretérito perfecto
simple), ngôi thứ ba số nhiều.
​ •​ viajar en julio: Cụm động từ, mệnh đề chỉ thời gian.
​
•​
viajar: Động từ nguyên thể, nghĩa là “du lịch.”
​
•​
en julio: Cụm giới từ, “en” là giới từ chỉ thời gian, “julio” là danh từ chỉ tháng 7.
​ •​ ya que: Cụm liên từ, nghĩa là “bởi vì,” dùng để giải thích lý do.
​ •​ es la temporada seca: Mệnh đề độc lập.
​
•​
es: Động từ ser ở ngôi thứ ba số ít, thời hiện tại, nghĩa là “là.”
​
•​
la temporada seca: Cụm danh từ, “la” là mạo từ xác định, “temporada” là danh từ,
nghĩa là “mùa,” “seca” là tính từ, nghĩa là “khô.”
​ •​ y el clima es perfecto para explorar las ruinas: Mệnh đề độc lập nối với mệnh đề trước
bằng liên từ “y” (và).
​
•​
el clima: Cụm danh từ, chủ ngữ. “el” là mạo từ xác định, “clima” là danh từ, nghĩa là
“khí hậu.”
​
•​
es perfecto: Động từ ser ở ngôi thứ ba số ít, thời hiện tại. “perfecto” là tính từ, nghĩa
là “hoàn hảo.”
​
•​
para explorar las ruinas: Cụm động từ chỉ mục đích. “para” là giới từ chỉ mục đích,
“explorar” là động từ nguyên thể, nghĩa là “khám phá,” “las ruinas” là cụm danh từ, “las” là
mạo từ xác định, “ruinas” là danh từ số nhiều, nghĩa là “tàn tích.”
3. Después de llegar a Lima, tomaron un vuelo a Cusco, una ciudad situada a más de 3.000
metros sobre el nivel del mar.
​ •​ Después de llegar a Lima: Cụm giới từ chỉ thời gian.
​
•​
Después de: Giới từ chỉ thời gian, nghĩa là “sau khi.”
​
•​
llegar a Lima: Động từ nguyên thể “llegar” (đến) đi kèm với giới từ “a” (tới), “Lima” là
danh từ riêng.
​ •​ tomaron: Động từ tomar (đón, lấy) ở thời quá khứ hoàn thành đơn, ngôi thứ ba số nhiều.
​ •​ un vuelo a Cusco: Cụm danh từ, tân ngữ trực tiếp của “tomaron.”
​
•​
un: Mạo từ không xác định, nghĩa là “một.”
​
•​
vuelo: Danh từ, nghĩa là “chuyến bay.”
​
•​
a Cusco: Cụm giới từ, “a” là giới từ chỉ hướng, “Cusco” là danh từ riêng.
​ •​ una ciudad situada a más de 3.000 metros sobre el nivel del mar: Cụm danh từ mở rộng
với mệnh đề quan hệ mô tả “una ciudad.”
​
•​
una: Mạo từ không xác định.
​
•​
ciudad: Danh từ, nghĩa là “thành phố.”
​
•​
situada: Tính từ quá khứ phân từ của động từ “situar,” nghĩa là “nằm ở.”
​
•​
a más de 3.000 metros: Cụm giới từ chỉ khoảng cách.
​
•​
sobre el nivel del mar: Cụm giới từ, “sobre” nghĩa là “trên,” “el nivel del mar” nghĩa
là “mực nước biển.”
4. Los primeros días en Cusco fueron difíciles debido a la altura.
​ •​ Los primeros días en Cusco: Cụm danh từ, chủ ngữ của câu.
​
•​
Los primeros días: “Los” là mạo từ xác định, “primeros” là tính từ số nhiều, “días” là
danh từ số nhiều, nghĩa là “những ngày đầu tiên.”
​
•​
en Cusco: Cụm giới từ, “en” là giới từ chỉ địa điểm, “Cusco” là danh từ riêng.
​ •​ fueron: Động từ ser ở thời quá khứ hoàn thành đơn, ngôi thứ ba số nhiều.
​ •​ difíciles: Tính từ số nhiều, nghĩa là “khó khăn,” bổ nghĩa cho “días.”
​ •​ debido a la altura: Cụm giới từ chỉ nguyên nhân.
​
•​
debido a: Giới từ, nghĩa là “bởi vì.”
​
•​
la altura: Cụm danh từ, “la” là mạo từ xác định, “altura” là danh từ, nghĩa là “độ cao.”
5. Tuvieron que descansar y beber mucho té de coca para evitar el mal de altura.
​ •​ Tuvieron que: Động từ tener que ở thời quá khứ hoàn thành đơn, ngôi thứ ba số nhiều,
nghĩa là “phải.”
​ •​ descansar y beber mucho té de coca: Cụm động từ, là mệnh đề mục đích.
​
•​
descansar: Động từ nguyên thể, nghĩa là “nghỉ ngơi.”
​
•​
y: Liên từ “và.”
​
•​
beber: Động từ nguyên thể, nghĩa là “uống.”
​
•​
mucho té de coca: Cụm danh từ. “mucho” là tính từ, “té” là danh từ, nghĩa là “trà,”
“de coca” chỉ loại trà.
​ •​ para evitar el mal de altura: Cụm động từ chỉ mục đích.
​
•​
para: Giới từ chỉ mục đích.
​
•​
evitar: Động từ nguyên thể, nghĩa là “tránh.”
​
•​
el mal de altura: Cụm danh từ, “el” là mạo từ xác định, “mal” là danh từ, nghĩa là
“bệnh,” “de altura” chỉ nguyên nhân, nghĩa là “do độ cao.”
6. Sin embargo, estaban emocionados por ver Machu Picchu, una de las maravillas del mundo.
​ •​ Sin embargo: Cụm liên từ, nghĩa là “tuy nhiên.”
​ •​ estaban emocionados: Động từ estar ở thời quá khứ chưa hoàn thành (imperfecto), ngôi
thứ ba số nhiều, dùng để chỉ trạng thái. “emocionados” là tính từ số nhiều, nghĩa là “hào hứng.”
​ •​ por ver Machu Picchu: Cụm động từ, mệnh đề chỉ nguyên nhân.
​
•​
por: Giới từ, nghĩa là “vì.”
​
•​
ver: Động từ nguyên thể, nghĩa là “xem.”
​
•​
Machu Picchu: Danh từ riêng.
​ •​ una de las maravillas del mundo: Cụm danh từ mở rộng.
​
•​
una: Mạo từ không xác định.
​
•​
de las maravillas: Cụm giới từ, “de” là giới từ chỉ sự sở hữu, “las maravillas” nghĩa
là “những kỳ quan.”
​
•​
del mundo: Cụm giới từ, “del” là sự kết hợp của “de” (của) và “el” (mạo từ xác định),
“mundo” là danh từ, nghĩa là “thế giới.”
7. Al tercer día, finalmente tomaron un tren temprano en la mañana desde Cusco hacia Aguas
Calientes, el pueblo más cercano a Machu Picchu.
​ •​ Al tercer día: Cụm giới từ chỉ thời gian.
​
•​
Al: Kết hợp của “a” và “el,” nghĩa là “vào.”
​
•​
tercer día: “tercer” là tính từ thứ tự, “día” là danh từ, nghĩa là “ngày.”
​ •​ finalmente: Trạng từ, nghĩa là “cuối cùng.”
​ •​ tomaron: Động từ tomar ở thời quá khứ hoàn thành đơn, ngôi thứ ba số nhiều.
​ •​ un tren temprano en la mañana: Cụm danh từ, tân ngữ trực tiếp.
​
•​
un tren: “un” là mạo từ không xác định, “tren” là danh từ, nghĩa là “tàu.”
​
•​
temprano: Tính từ, nghĩa là “sớm.”
​
•​
en la mañana: Cụm giới từ, “en” là giới từ chỉ thời gian, “la mañana” là danh từ,
nghĩa là “buổi sáng.”
​ •​ desde Cusco hacia Aguas Calientes: Cụm giới từ chỉ địa điểm.
​
•​
desde: Giới từ, nghĩa là “từ.”
​
•​
Cusco: Danh từ riêng.
​
•​
hacia: Giới từ, nghĩa là “hướng tới.”
​
•​
Aguas Calientes: Danh từ riêng.
​ •​ el pueblo más cercano a Machu Picchu: Cụm danh từ mở rộng.
​
•​
el pueblo: “el” là mạo từ xác định, “pueblo” là danh từ, nghĩa là “làng.”
​
•​
más cercano: Cụm tính từ so sánh nhất, nghĩa là “gần nhất.”
​
•​
a Machu Picchu: Cụm giới từ chỉ địa điểm.
8. Desde allí, subieron en autobús hasta la entrada de las ruinas.
​ •​ Desde allí: Cụm giới từ chỉ địa điểm.
​
•​
Desde: Giới từ, nghĩa là “từ.”
​
•​
allí: Trạng từ, nghĩa là “ở đó.”
​ •​ subieron: Động từ subir ở thời quá khứ hoàn thành đơn, ngôi thứ ba số nhiều.
​ •​ en autobús: Cụm giới từ chỉ phương tiện, “en” là giới từ, “autobús” là danh từ, nghĩa là “xe
buýt.”
​ •​ hasta la entrada de las ruinas: Cụm giới từ chỉ địa điểm.
​
•​
hasta: Giới từ, nghĩa là “đến.”
​
•​
la entrada: Cụm danh từ, “la” là mạo từ xác định, “entrada” là danh từ, nghĩa là “lối
vào.”
​
•​
de las ruinas: Cụm giới từ, “de” là giới từ chỉ sự sở hữu, “las ruinas” nghĩa là “những
tàn tích.”
9. Cuando llegaron, quedaron asombrados.
​ •​ Cuando llegaron: Mệnh đề phụ chỉ thời gian.
​
•​
Cuando: Liên từ chỉ thời gian, nghĩa là “khi.”
​
•​
llegaron: Động từ llegar ở thời quá khứ hoàn thành đơn, ngôi thứ ba số nhiều.
​ •​ quedaron asombrados: Cụm động từ.
​
•​
quedaron: Động từ quedar ở thời quá khứ hoàn thành đơn, ngôi thứ ba số nhiều.
​
•​
asombrados: Tính từ, nghĩa là “ngạc nhiên.”
10. La vista era impresionante, con las montañas cubiertas de nubes y las terrazas verdes que
se extendían por todos lados.
​ •​ La vista: Cụm danh từ, chủ ngữ.
​
•​
La: Mạo từ xác định.
​
•​
vista: Danh từ, nghĩa là “quang cảnh.”
​ •​ era impresionante: Cụm động từ.
​
•​
era: Động từ ser ở thời quá khứ chưa hoàn thành (imperfecto), ngôi thứ ba số ít.
​
•​
impresionante: Tính từ, nghĩa là “ấn tượng.”
​ •​ con las montañas cubiertas de nubes: Cụm giới từ mở rộng.
​
•​
con: Giới từ, nghĩa là “với.”
​
•​
las montañas: “las” là mạo từ xác định, “montañas” là danh từ số nhiều, nghĩa là
“núi.”
​
•​
cubiertas de nubes: Cụm tính từ, “cubiertas” là quá khứ phân từ của “cubrir,” nghĩa
là “bao phủ,” “de nubes” chỉ “mây.”
​ •​ y las terrazas verdes que se extendían por todos lados: Mệnh đề độc lập.
​
•​
y: Liên từ, nghĩa là “và.”
​
•​
las terrazas verdes: Cụm danh từ, “las” là mạo từ xác định, “terrazas” là danh từ số
nhiều, “verdes” là tính từ, nghĩa là “xanh.”
​
•​
que se extendían: Mệnh đề quan hệ, “que” là đại từ quan hệ, “se extendían” là động
từ extenderse ở thời quá khứ chưa hoàn thành, ngôi thứ ba số nhiều.
​
•​
por todos lados: Cụm giới từ, “por” là giới từ, “todos lados” nghĩa là “mọi nơi.”
11. Pasaron el día explorando los templos, las plazas y los caminos antiguos, sacando
muchas fotos para recordar la experiencia.
​ •​ Pasaron el día: Cụm động từ.
​
•​
Pasaron: Động từ pasar ở thời quá khứ hoàn thành đơn, ngôi thứ ba số nhiều.
​
•​
el día: Cụm danh từ, “el” là mạo từ xác định, “día” là danh từ, nghĩa là “ngày.”
​ •​ explorando los templos, las plazas y los caminos antiguos: Cụm phân từ chỉ hành động
song song.
​
•​
explorando: Gerundio (dạng phân từ hiện tại), nghĩa là “khám phá.”
​
•​
los templos: Cụm danh từ, “los” là mạo từ xác định, “templos” là danh từ số nhiều,
nghĩa là “đền.”
​
•​
las plazas: Cụm danh từ, “las” là mạo từ xác định, “plazas” là danh từ số nhiều,
nghĩa là “quảng trường.”
​
•​
los caminos antiguos: Cụm danh từ, “los” là mạo từ xác định, “caminos” là danh từ
số nhiều, “antiguos” là tính từ, nghĩa là “cổ.”
​ •​ sacando muchas fotos para recordar la experiencia: Cụm phân từ chỉ mục đích.
​
•​
sacando: Gerundio, nghĩa là “chụp.”
​
•​
muchas fotos: Cụm danh từ, “muchas” là tính từ, “fotos” là danh từ số nhiều, nghĩa
là “ảnh.”
​
•​
para recordar: Cụm động từ chỉ mục đích.
​
•​
la experiencia: Cụm danh từ, “la” là mạo từ xác định, “experiencia” là danh từ, nghĩa
là “trải nghiệm.”
12. Al final del día, regresaron a Aguas Calientes, muy cansados pero felices por haber vivido
una experiencia única.
​ •​ Al final del día: Cụm giới từ chỉ thời gian.
​
•​
Al: Kết hợp của “a” và “el,” nghĩa là “vào.”
​
•​
final del día: “final” là danh từ, “del” là sự kết hợp của “de” và “el,” “día” là danh từ.
​ •​ regresaron: Động từ regresar ở thời quá khứ hoàn thành đơn, ngôi thứ ba số nhiều.
​ •​ a Aguas Calientes: Cụm giới từ chỉ địa điểm.
​
•​
a: Giới từ chỉ hướng.
​
•​
Aguas Calientes: Danh từ riêng.
​ •​ muy cansados pero felices por haber vivido una experiencia única: Cụm tính từ mở
rộng.
​
•​
muy: Trạng từ, nghĩa là “rất.”
​
•​
cansados: Tính từ, nghĩa là “mệt mỏi.”
​
•​
pero felices: “pero” là liên từ, nghĩa là “nhưng,” “felices” là tính từ số nhiều, nghĩa là
“hạnh phúc.”
​
•​
por haber vivido: Cụm động từ chỉ nguyên nhân.
​
•​
una experiencia única: Cụm danh từ, “una” là mạo từ không xác định, “experiencia”
là danh từ, “única” là tính từ, nghĩa là “độc đáo.”
Un día en el mercado
El sábado pasado, Laura fue al mercado local de su ciudad para comprar algunas cosas. Como hacía
buen tiempo, decidió caminar en lugar de tomar el autobús. El mercado estaba lleno de gente
comprando frutas, verduras, carne y pescado fresco.
Laura comenzó por la sección de frutas y eligió algunas manzanas, plátanos y naranjas. Luego, pasó
a la sección de verduras donde compró zanahorias, papas y tomates. Después, fue al puesto de
carne y pidió un kilo de pollo. El carnicero fue muy amable y le dio algunos consejos sobre cómo
cocinarlo.
Al final, Laura se acercó al puesto de flores. Había rosas, tulipanes y girasoles. Ella decidió comprar
un ramo de rosas para decorar su casa. Después de pagar, se sintió muy contenta con todas sus
compras y regresó a casa caminando.
Preguntas:
​ 1.​
¿A dónde fue Laura el sábado pasado?
​ 2.​
¿Por qué decidió caminar en lugar de tomar el autobús?
​ 3.​
¿Qué frutas compró Laura en el mercado?
​ 4.​
¿Qué consejo recibió Laura del carnicero?
​ 5.​
¿Qué tipo de flores compró para decorar su casa?
Spanish phrases that trigger the past simple tense
Now, I did say that the examples below are Spanish phrases but some of the options are just single
words.
That said, you can combine the single word examples with more specific information to make them a
phrase.
For example, the first option is ayer (yesterday), you can make this a phrase by describing a more
specific part of yesterday such as ayer por la mañana (yesterday during the morning).
To reiterate from earlier, the key point here is that a phrase like this signals that an event has started
and stopped. Once yesterday’s morning is over, it’s over.
One more thing before I get into the examples. The first 11 Spanish phrases typically go at the start of
a sentence, the last 4 typically go in the middle or end of a sentence.
1. Yesterday – Ayer
The phrases that you can typically combine with ayer would be ayer por la mañana (yesterday during
the morning), ayer al mediodía (yesterday at noon), ayer por la tarde (yesterday during the afternoon)
and ayer por la noche (yesterday during the evening). You can also use de la mañana when talking
about a specific time.
English: Yesterday I got up at ten in the morning.​
Español: Ayer me levanté a las diez de la mañana.
English: Yesterday morning we went to a really good coffee shop.​
Español: Ayer por la mañana fuimos a una cafetería muy buena.
2. Last night – Anoche
You can also simplify one of the options for yesterday. Instead of ‘yesterday during the evening’, you
can just say anoche (last night).
English: Last night I went out and I had a few glasses of wine.​
Español: Anoche salí y tomé unas copas de vino.
English: Last night I couldn’t sleep.​
Español: Anoche no pude dormir.
3. The day before yesterday – Anteayer o antes de ayer
Similar to the trigger for ‘yesterday’, you can refer to ‘the day before yesterday’.
English: The day before yesterday there was a big storm.​
Español: Anteayer hubo una gran tormenta.
English: The day before yesterday they arrived in Madrid.​
Español: Antes de ayer llegaron a Madrid.
4. Last Monday, Tuesday,.. – El lunes pasado, el martes pasado,…
You could also discuss a specific day recently.
English: Last Wednesday we saw a movie.​
Español: El miércoles pasado vimos una película.
English: On Thursday I felt the weekend was never going to arrive.​
Español: El jueves pasado sentí que el fin de semana nunca iba a llegar.
In this last example, I had to combine the simple past (me sentí) due to el jueves pasado and the past
imperfect (iba) from my thought that the weekend ‘was’ going to arrive.
5. The other day – El otro día
If you can’t remember the day that something happened you can use el otro día (a phrase I love to
use in English all the time). Fantastically, ‘the other day’ translates perfectly to Spanish. Use this
phrase if you want to talk about a day recently that could have occurred anytime this year (depending
on how far you want to push it!).
English: The other day I forgot my girlfriend’s birthday.​
Español: El otro día se me olvidó el cumpleaños de mi novia.
English: The other day I found fifty euros on the street.​
Español: El otro día encontré cincuenta euros en la calle.
6. Last week – La semana pasada
Here you are talking about an event that started and stopped at some time during the last week or
occurred throughout the whole week.
English: Last week my husband was in Barcelona for a conference.​
Español: La semana pasada mi esposo estuvo en Barcelona para una conferencia.
English: Last week I met the president.​
Español: La semana pasada conocí al presidente.
7. Last month – El mes pasado
You could also talk about something that happened last month.
English: Last month we were in Bali.​
Español: El mes pasado estuvimos en Bali.
English: Last month it was very cold.​
Español: El mes pasado hizo mucho frío.
8. (Time) ago – Hace (tiempo)
If you want to say three days ago, two months ago or even five years ago you can use the verb hacer
in combination with a time period.
English: Six months ago I started a new job.​
Español: Hace seis meses que comencé un nuevo trabajo
English: Five years ago I met my wife.​
Español: Hace cinco años que conocí a mi esposa.
9. In March – En marzo
You can also single out whole months this year, last year (del año pasado) or even two years ago (de
hace dos años). Again unless you are talking about the month you are currently in, you’ll need to use
the simple past.
English: In July last year Atlético Madrid won the Super Cup.​
Español: En julio del año pasado el Atlético Madrid ganó la Supercopa.
English: In October five years ago I discovered my favourite band.​
Español: En octubre de hace cinco años descubrí mi banda favorita.
10. In 2005 – En 2005
You can also call out an entire year or a month in a specific year.
English: In 2005 we moved to Buenos Aires.​
Español: En 2005 nos mudamos a Buenos Aires.
English: In January 2009 I started learning Spanish.​
Español: En enero de 2009 empecé a aprender español.
11. On 16th of April 2011 – El 16 de april de 2011
You can even single out specific days. Maybe you are talking about a birthday or a wedding.
English: On 28th of May 2003 my son was born.​
Español: El 28 de mayo de 2003 nació mi hijo.
English: On the 15th of February 1997 they got married.​
Español: El 15 de febrero de 1997 se casaron.
12. Seven days / weeks / months / years – Siete días / semanas / meses / años
As I mentioned earlier, these last four examples go later in the sentence.
Here are you are talking about a block of time that you did something for.
English: I worked for four years in Spain.​
Español: Trabajé cuatro años en España.
English: I spent seven days in jail.​
Español: Pasé siete días en la cárcel.
13. Durante nueve días/semanas/meses/años
There is a subtle difference between this use and the last use. Here you are adding the Spanish word
durante as the best translation of ‘for’ when talking about a time period.
English: He didn’t speak for two days.​
Español: No habló durante dos días.
English: You worked without pay for six months?​
Español: ¿Trabajaste sin sueldo durante seis meses?
14. From Sunday to Tuesday – Desde el domingo hasta el martes
You can also be more specific than the last example by singling out a specific start and stop day.
English: They celebrated The Falles of Valencia from Sunday to Friday last month.​
Español: Celebraron las Fallas de Valencia desde el domingo hasta el viernes el mes pasado.
English: She trained from Tuesday to Friday each week for eleven months before the race.​
Español: Ella entrenó desde el martes hasta el viernes cada semana durante once meses
antes de la carrera.
15. De 1999 a 2003
For the last example, you can talk about something that happened from a specific year to another
year. Maybe a good way to talk about an important period of your life such as school or university.
English: I went to college in Salamanca from 2003 to 2006.​
Español: Fui a la universidad en Salamanca de 2003 a 2006.
English: They lived in Bogota from 1992 to 1997.​
Español: Ellos vivieron en Bogota de 1992 a 1997.
Buying on Margin is a practice in which an
investor borrows money from a broker or bank
to purchase more securities than they could with
just their available funds. The investor pays a
margin (an initial payment), while the remainder
of the purchase is financed with borrowed
money, usually with an interest rate attached.
How Buying on Margin Works:
​ •​ Initial Payment + Borrowed Amount:
The investor makes an initial payment (the
margin) and borrows the rest from a broker
or bank. The margin required depends on
regulations and the investor’s capacity.
Typically, investors are required to put
down at least 50% of the total purchase
price.
​ •​ Interest on Margin Loan: The
borrowed amount incurs an interest rate,
which the investor must repay along with
the loaned principal.
Example Breakdown:
Let’s illustrate this concept using Investor A
who buys stock on margin:
​ •​ Purchase Details:
​
•​
Investor A buys 100 shares of
stock X at $100 per share. The total
cost of this investment is $10,000.
​
•​
A pays $5,000 from their own
money (margin) and borrows $5,000
from the broker/bank B at an
interest rate of 10%.
Positive Scenario: Stock Price Rises
​ •​ 1 Year Later: The share price rises
from $100 to $200.
​
•​
Total value of the investment
now = 100 shares × $200 = $20,000.
​ •​ Payback to Broker/Bank B:
​
•​
Principal = $5,000 (borrowed
amount).
​
•​
Interest = $500 (10% of
$5,000).
​
•​
Total repayment = $5,000 +
$500 = $5,500.
​ •​ Profit Calculation:
​
•​
Value after repayment =
$20,000 - $5,500 = $14,500.
​
•​
Initial investment (Investor A’s
own money) = $5,000.
​
•​
Profit = $14,500 - $5,000 =
Mua Ký Quỹ (Buying on Margin) là một hình
thức đầu tư mà trong đó nhà đầu tư vay tiền từ
công ty môi giới hoặc ngân hàng để mua thêm
chứng khoán với số lượng lớn hơn so với khả
năng tài chính hiện có của mình. Nhà đầu tư chỉ
cần trả một khoản tiền ban đầu, gọi là “ký quỹ”,
và phần còn lại sẽ được vay từ công ty môi giới
hoặc ngân hàng. Số tiền vay này thường phải
trả lãi suất.
Cách thức hoạt động của Mua Ký Quỹ:
​ •​ Thanh toán ban đầu + Khoản vay:
Nhà đầu tư thực hiện một khoản thanh toán
ban đầu (ký quỹ) và vay phần còn lại từ
công ty môi giới hoặc ngân hàng. Mức ký
quỹ yêu cầu phụ thuộc vào các quy định và
khả năng tài chính của nhà đầu tư, thường
là ít nhất 50% giá trị tổng số chứng khoán
mua.
​ •​ Lãi suất trên khoản vay: Số tiền vay
từ công ty môi giới sẽ có lãi suất, và nhà
đầu tư phải trả cả số tiền vay ban đầu cộng
với lãi suất khi hoàn trả.
Ví dụ minh họa:
Hãy cùng xem qua ví dụ về Nhà đầu tư A mua
cổ phiếu thông qua ký quỹ:
​ •​ Chi tiết giao dịch:
​
•​
Nhà đầu tư A mua 100 cổ
phiếu của công ty X với giá 100
USD/cổ phiếu. Tổng giá trị đầu tư là
10.000 USD.
​
•​
A sử dụng 5.000 USD tiền của
mình (ký quỹ) và vay 5.000 USD từ
công ty môi giới hoặc ngân hàng với
lãi suất 10%.
Kịch bản Tích cực: Giá cổ phiếu tăng
​ •​ Sau 1 năm: Giá cổ phiếu tăng từ 100
USD lên 200 USD.
​
•​
Tổng giá trị đầu tư bây giờ =
100 cổ phiếu × 200 USD = 20.000
USD.
​ •​ Hoàn trả công ty môi giới/ngân hàng:
​
•​
Gốc vay = 5.000 USD.
​
•​
Lãi suất = 500 USD (10% của
5.000 USD).
​
•​
Tổng số tiền phải trả = 5.000
USD + 500 USD = 5.500 USD.
​ •​ Tính toán lợi nhuận:
​
•​
Giá trị sau khi hoàn trả =
20.000 USD - 5.500 USD = 14.500
USD.
$9,500.
​ •​ Comparison to No Margin: If Investor
A had only used their own $5,000 to buy 50
shares:
​
•​
New value = 50 shares × $200
= $10,000.
​
•​
Profit = $10,000 - $5,000 =
$5,000.
​ •​ Margin Profit Advantage: With margin,
A’s profit is $9,500, compared to $5,000
without margin.
Negative Scenario: Stock Price Falls
​ •​ 1 Year Later: The share price falls from
$100 to $50.
​
•​
Total value of the investment
now = 100 shares × $50 = $5,000.
​ •​ Payback to Broker/Bank B:
​
•​
Principal = $5,000.
​
•​
Interest = $500 (10% of
$5,000).
​
•​
Total repayment = $5,500.
​ •​ Loss Calculation:
​
•​
Value after repayment = $5,000
- $5,500 = - $500.
​
•​
Investor A not only loses their
entire $5,000 but also ends up $500
in debt.
​ •​ Comparison to No Margin: If Investor
A had only used their own $5,000 to buy 50
shares:
​
•​
New value = 50 shares × $50 =
$2,500.
​
•​
Loss = $5,000 - $2,500 =
$2,500.
​ •​ Margin Loss Disadvantage: With
margin, A’s loss is $500, which is 110% of
their original $5,000 investment. Without
margin, the loss would have been $2,500
(or 50% of the initial investment).
Summary of Margin Trading:
​ •​ Upside: Using margin amplifies profits
when investments increase in value. In the
example above, buying on margin allowed
Investor A to almost double their profit
compared to using only their own money.
​ •​ Downside: Margin also magnifies
losses if the investment declines in value.
The potential for losses exceeding the
original investment (as seen in the negative
scenario) is a key risk, often leading to the
investor owing money to the broker or
​
•​
Khoản đầu tư ban đầu (số tiền
của A) = 5.000 USD.
​
•​
Lợi nhuận = 14.500 USD 5.000 USD = 9.500 USD.
​ •​ So sánh với không dùng ký quỹ: Nếu
nhà đầu tư A chỉ dùng 5.000 USD của mình
để mua 50 cổ phiếu:
​
•​
Giá trị mới = 50 cổ phiếu × 200
USD = 10.000 USD.
​
•​
Lợi nhuận = 10.000 USD 5.000 USD = 5.000 USD.
​ •​ Ưu thế khi dùng ký quỹ: Với ký quỹ, A
thu được 9.500 USD lợi nhuận, so với
5.000 USD khi không dùng ký quỹ.
Kịch bản Tiêu cực: Giá cổ phiếu giảm
​ •​ Sau 1 năm: Giá cổ phiếu giảm từ 100
USD xuống 50 USD.
​
•​
Tổng giá trị đầu tư bây giờ =
100 cổ phiếu × 50 USD = 5.000
USD.
​ •​ Hoàn trả công ty môi giới/ngân hàng:
​
•​
Gốc vay = 5.000 USD.
​
•​
Lãi suất = 500 USD (10% của
5.000 USD).
​
•​
Tổng số tiền phải trả = 5.500
USD.
​ •​ Tính toán thua lỗ:
​
•​
Giá trị sau khi hoàn trả = 5.000
USD - 5.500 USD = -500 USD.
​
•​
Nhà đầu tư A không chỉ mất
toàn bộ số tiền 5.000 USD ban đầu
mà còn nợ thêm 500 USD.
​ •​ So sánh với không dùng ký quỹ: Nếu
A chỉ dùng 5.000 USD của mình để mua 50
cổ phiếu:
​
•​
Giá trị mới = 50 cổ phiếu × 50
USD = 2.500 USD.
​
•​
Thua lỗ = 5.000 USD - 2.500
USD = 2.500 USD.
​ •​ Bất lợi khi dùng ký quỹ: Với ký quỹ, A
mất 500 USD (tương đương 110% khoản
đầu tư ban đầu 5.000 USD). Trong khi đó,
nếu không dùng ký quỹ, A chỉ mất 2.500
USD (tương đương 50% khoản đầu tư ban
đầu).
Tóm tắt về Mua Ký Quỹ:
​ •​ Lợi thế: Sử dụng ký quỹ giúp tăng
cường khả năng mua và có thể khuếch đại
lợi nhuận khi đầu tư tăng giá.
​ •​ Rủi ro: Ký quỹ cũng khuếch đại thua
lỗ nếu đầu tư giảm giá. Nhà đầu tư có thể
bank.
Key Takeaways:
​ •​ Leverage Effect: Buying on margin
increases the purchasing power of an
investor but also significantly increases the
risk.
​ •​ Risk of Total Loss: Investors can lose
more than their initial investment and may
owe additional money if the market moves
against them.
​ •​ Interest Payments: The cost of
borrowing (interest) adds to the financial
risk, especially if the investment doesn’t
perform well.
mất nhiều hơn số tiền ban đầu và thậm chí
có thể nợ công ty môi giới/ngân hàng.
​ •​ Chi phí vay: Lãi suất từ khoản vay là
một yếu tố làm tăng thêm rủi ro tài chính,
đặc biệt khi giá trị đầu tư không tăng như
kỳ vọng.
Tráeme aquella planta de la terraza.
→ Bring me that terrace plant over there.
A terrace plant refers to any plant that is typically grown or placed on a terrace, balcony, or
rooftop. These plants are usually chosen for their ability to thrive in outdoor conditions where they
might receive more sunlight, wind, and exposure to the elements. Terrace plants can include a
variety of types, such as:
​ •​ Potted flowers (e.g., geraniums, petunias)
​ •​ Herbs (e.g., basil, mint)
​ •​ Shrubs (e.g., lavender, bougainvillea)
​ •​ Small trees (e.g., olive trees, lemon trees)
​ •​ Succulents and cacti
No me gusta este restaurante, preferio aquel.
→ I don’t like this restaurant, I prefer that one over there.
¿De quién es este diccionario?
→ Whose dictionary is this?
Mamá, esos zapatos no me gustan.
→ Mom, I don’t like those shoes.
Aquellas mujeres son profesoras de la escuela.
→ Those women over there are teachers at school.
Ese autobús va al centro de la ciudad.
→ That bus goes to the city center.
Ese tren no para en la estación de Villanueva.
→ That train does not stop at Villanueva station.
Juan, termina estos problemas de matemáticas.
→ Juan, finish these math problems.
Pronombres Posesivos (Ownership/Possession)
Singular:
​ •​ Mío / Mía (mine)
​
•​
Example: Este libro es mío.
(This book is mine.)
​ •​ Tuyo / Tuya (yours)
​
•​
Example: Esa casa es tuya.
(That house is yours.)
​ •​ Suyo / Suya (his, hers, yours - formal)
​
•​
Example: El coche es suyo.
(The car is his/hers/yours.)
​ •​ Nuestro / Nuestra (ours)
​
•​
Example: El perro es nuestro.
Plural:
​ •​ Míos / Mías (mine - plural)
​
•​
Example: Estas llaves son
mías. (These keys are mine.)
​ •​ Tuyos / Tuyas (yours - plural)
​
•​
Example: Esos libros son tuyos.
(Those books are yours.)
​ •​ Suyos / Suyas (his, hers, yours - plural)
​
•​
Example: Los zapatos son
suyos. (The shoes are
his/hers/yours.)
​ •​ Nuestros / Nuestras (ours - plural)
(The dog is ours.)
​ •​ Vuestro / Vuestra (yours - plural,
informal)
​
•​
Example: La idea es vuestra.
(The idea is yours.)
​
•​
Example: Las ideas son
nuestras. (The ideas are ours.)
​ •​ Vuestros / Vuestras (yours - plural,
informal)
​
•​
Example: Los amigos son
vuestros. (The friends are yours.)
These pronouns replace nouns when it’s clear who or what is being referred to. For example:
​ •​ Este es mi libro. → Este es el mío. (This is my book → This is mine.)
¿De quién es esta cámara de fotos?
→ Whose camera is this?
Reflexive verbs (Verbos con pronombre reflexivo)
Reflexive Pronouns:
​ •​ Yo → me
​ •​ Tú → te
​ •​ Él / Ella / Usted → se
​ •​ Nosotros → nos
​ •​ Vosotros → os
​ •​ Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes → se
Examples of Reflexive Verbs:
​ 1.​
Levantarse (to get up)
Yo me levanto a las 7. (I get up at 7.)
Vosotros os levantáis temprano. (You all get up early.)
Ellos los domingos se levantan a las diez. (They get up at ten on Sundays.)
​
2.​
Ducharse (to take a shower)
Tú te duchas por la mañana. (You take a shower in the morning.)
Yo me duché con agua fría. (I took a shower with cold water.)
​ 3.​
Vestirse (to get dressed)
​
•​
Ella se viste rápidamente. (She gets dressed quickly.)
​ 4.​
Lavarse (to wash oneself)
Nosotros nos lavamos las manos antes de comer. (We wash our hands before eating.)
Tú te lavas el pelo todos los días. (You wash your hair everyday.)
​
5.​
Acostarse (to go to bed)
Vosotros os acostáis temprano. (You all go to bed early.)
¿A qué hora te acuestas tú? (What time do you go to bed?)
​
6.​
​
•​
Peinarse (to comb one’s hair)
Ellos se peinan el pelo. (They comb their hair.)
●​ Sentarse = sit down
→ Javier siempre se siente allí. (Javier always sits here)
●​ casarse = to get married
→ Mi amigo Pepe se casa mañana. (My friend Pepe is getting married tomorrow.)
●​ afeitarse = to shave
→ Mi novio se afeita todos los días. (My boyfriend shaves every day.)
●​ quedarse = to stay
Nosotros nos quedamos en casa. (We stay at home.)
●​ bañarse (to bathe/swim)
→ ¿Tú te bañas en el mar? (Do you swim in the sea?)
→ Los niños del pueblo se bañan en el río. (The children from the village swim in the river.)
Miguel es guardia de seguridad en un banco, y trabaja por la noche.
Miguel is a security guard at a bank, and he works at night.
Todos los días se levanta a las cinco de la tarde, come y va a trabajar. Vuelve a las siete de la
mañana, come otra vez y se acuesta a las nueve.
Every day he gets up at five in the afternoon, eats, and goes to work. He returns at seven in the
morning, eats again, and goes to bed at nine.
Maribel trabaja en unos grandes almacenes, se levanta a las siete, desayuna, se viste y va a
trabajar. Empieza a las diez y sale a las tres.
Maribel works at a department store, gets up at seven, has breakfast, gets dressed, and goes to
work. She starts at ten and finishes at three.
Por la noche, se acuesta a las diez y se duerme a las once y media.
At night, she goes to bed at ten and falls asleep at eleven thirty.
Jorge estudia en el Instituto. Se levanta a las siete. Empieza las clases a las ocho y media y sale a
las tres. Llega a casa y se acuesta a dormir un poco. Luego estudia hasta las nueve y se acuesta a
las once.
Jorge studies at the high school. He gets up at seven. He starts classes at eight thirty and finishes
at three. He arrives home and lies down to sleep for a bit. Then he studies until nine and goes to bed
at eleven.
In this text:
​ •​ se acuesta (to lie down) is used to indicate when the characters go to bed.
​ •​ se viste (to get dressed) describes Maribel dressing up.
​ •​ se duerme (to fall asleep) shows when they fall asleep.
​ •​ llega a casa (to arrive home) is for Jorge returning home.
Los padres de Pablo son abogados.
→ Pablo’s parents are lawyers.
Laura está muy contenta porque mañana se va de vacaciones.
→ Laura is very happy because she’s going on vacation tomorrow.
La estación del metro está lejos de aquí.
→ The metro station is far from here.
Estos ejercicios están mal, corrígelos.
→ These exercises are wrong, correct them.
Hoy los tomates están más caros que ayer.
→ Today the tomatoes are more expensive than yesterday.
Esta película no me gusta, es muy mala.
→ I don’t like this movie, it is very bad.
Pues a mí me parece que está buena. Trabajan unos actores estupendos.
→ Well, to me it seems that it’s good. Some great actors are in it.
Los médicos dicen que las verduras son buenas para la salud, pero a mí no me gustan.
→ Doctors say that vegetables are good for your health, but I don’t like them.
El novio de Nuria es rico, tiene mucho dinero.
→ Nuria’s boyfriend is rich, he has a lot of money.
Mi jefe está harto de repetir siempre lo mismo.
→ My boss is fed up with always repeating the same thing.
Here, “está” is used because “estar harto” (to be fed up) refers to a temporary or emotional state.
Todos estamos cansados de estudiar los verbos irregulares.
→ We are all tired of studying irregular verbs.
Estas camisas están rebajadas.
→ These shirts are on sale.
Vamos, mi coche está aparcado allí.
→ Let’s go, my car is parked over there.
Esta frase no está bien.
→ This sentence is not correct.
María se casa la semana que viene y está nerviosísima.
→ María is getting married next week and she is very nervous.
No hay más agua, la botella está vacía
→ There is no more water, the bottle is empty.
tranquilo = calm
→ ¿Qué hace Sergio? Nada, ahora es tranquilo.
The verb “gustar” in Spanish works differently from typical English verbs like “to like.” In Spanish,
instead of saying “I like something,” you say “Something is pleasing to me.” Here’s a breakdown of
how to use “gustar”:
Structure:
​ •​ Indirect object pronoun (me, te, le, nos, os, les) + gustar + subject.
Indirect Object Pronouns:
​ •​ Me (to me)
​ •​ Te (to you, informal)
​ •​ Le (to him, to her, to you formal)
​ •​ Nos (to us)
​ •​ Os (to you all, informal plural in Spain)
​ •​ Les (to them, to you all formal)
Singular and Plural:
​ •​ Gusta is used when the subject is singular or a verb (infinitive).
​ •​ Gustan is used when the subject is plural.
Examples:
​ 1.​
With singular subject:
​
•​
Me gusta el café. (I like coffee.)
​
•​
Le gusta la música. (He/She/You formal likes music.)
​ 2.​
With plural subject:
​
•​
Me gustan los libros. (I like the books.)
​
•​
Nos gustan las películas. (We like the movies.)
​ 3.​
With an infinitive verb:
​
•​
Me gusta correr. (I like to run.)
​
•​
Les gusta bailar. (They like to dance.)
Negative form:
​ •​ No is placed before the pronoun:
​
•​
No me gusta el fútbol. (I don’t like soccer.)
​
•​
No les gustan las verduras. (They don’t like vegetables.)
Clarifying or emphasizing:
​ •​ To clarify who “le” or “les” refers to, you can add a phrase like “a él,” “a ella,” or “a ellos”:
​
•​
A María le gusta el chocolate. (María likes chocolate.)
​
•​
A mis amigos les gustan los deportes. (My friends like sports.)
Summary:
​ •​ The thing being liked is the subject of the sentence.
​ •​ The person doing the liking is indicated by the indirect object pronoun.
1.​ Te gustan los deportes?: Do you like sports?
2.​ A mi marido le gusta mucho la música clásica: My husband likes classical music a lot.
3.​ A Juan y Elena no les gusta mucho salir de noche.
4.​ A Juan y Elena no les gusta mucho salir de noche: Juan and Elena don’t like going out at
night much.
a veces = sometimes
fines de semana = weekends
tiempo = weather / time
-​ weather: “El tiempo está soleado” → The weather is sunny.
-​ time: “No tengo tiempo” → I don’t have time.
disfrutar = to enjoy
1.​ Following another verb:
-​ Me gusta disfrutar del buen clima (I like to enjoy the good weather)
2.​ Following a preposition:
-​ Después de trabajar, voy a disfrutar del día. (After working, I am going to enjoy the day.)
3.​ As the subject of a sentence:
-​ Disfrutar de la vida es importante.
Un viaje inolvidable
El año pasado, Ana decidió hacer un viaje por Europa. Siempre había soñado con conocer diferentes
países y culturas, y finalmente logró ahorrar lo suficiente para cumplir ese deseo. Comenzó su
aventura en Italia, donde visitó Roma, Florencia y Venecia. Ana quedó fascinada por la historia, el
arte y la gastronomía italiana. Cada día descubría algo nuevo y emocionante.
●​
●​
●​
●​
●​
●​
●​
●​
●​
●​
●​
el año pasado: last year, a year ago
hacer un viaje: take a trip
por Europa: through Europe
habia sonado con: She had dreamed of
conocer = to get to know / to explore
diferentes países y culturas
ahorrar = to save
cumplir = to fulfill
deseo = desire, wish
aventura = adventure
gastronomia = cuisine
Last year, Ana decided to have a trip to Europe.
She had always dreamed of getting to know different countries and cultures, and she finally managed
to save enough to fulfill that desire.
She began her adventure in Italy, where she visited Rome, Florence, and Venice.
Ana was fascinated by the history, art, and Italian cuisine/
Every day, she discovered something new and exciting.
Después de Italia, Ana tomó un tren hacia Francia. Pasó una semana en París, donde subió a la
Torre Eiffel, caminó por las calles del barrio de Montmartre y visitó el famoso Museo del Louvre.
Aunque el clima no fue perfecto durante su estancia, eso no impidió que Ana disfrutara cada
momento. También aprovechó para practicar su francés, que había aprendido en la escuela.
●​
●​
●​
●​
●​
●​
●​
●​
●​
●​
●​
despues: after
paso una semana = she spent a week
subio a = climbed
Torre Eiffel
camino por = she walked through
calles = streets
barrio de Montmartre = Montmartre neighborhood
famoso = famous
no impidio = didn't stop
aprovecho = she took the opportunity
habia aprendido
After Italy, Ana took a train to France.
She spent a week in Paris, where she went up (=climbed) the Eiffel Tower., walked through the streets
of the Montmartre neighborhood, and visited the famous Louvre Museum.
Although the weather wasn’t perfect during her stay, that didn’t stop Ana from enjoying every moment.
She also took the opportunity to practice her French, which she had learned in school.
Su última parada fue España. Pasó unos días en Madrid y luego voló a Barcelona. En Madrid, visitó
el Museo del Prado y el Palacio Real, mientras que en Barcelona quedó impresionada por la Sagrada
Familia y las obras de Gaudí. Le encantó la atmósfera vibrante de la ciudad y la amabilidad de la
gente. Al final de su viaje, Ana se dio cuenta de que había aprendido mucho no solo sobre otras
culturas, sino también sobre sí misma.
Her last stop was Spain. She spent a few days in Madrid and then flew to Barcelona. In Madrid, she
visited the Prado Museum and the Royal Palace, while in Barcelona, she was impressed by the
Sagrada Family and Gaudi’s works. She loved the vibrant atmosphere of the city and the friendliness
of the people. At the end of her trip, Ana realized that she had learned a lot not only about other
cultures and also about herself.
Este viaje cambió su perspectiva sobre el mundo y le hizo darse cuenta de la importancia de salir de
la zona de confort. Ana ya está planeando su próximo destino, aunque todavía no ha decidido a
dónde ir. Lo que sí sabe es que este viaje ha sido una de las mejores experiencias de su vida.
This trip had changed her perspective on the world and made her realize the importance of stepping
out of her comfort zone. Ana is already planning her next destination, although she hasn’t decided yet
where to go. What she does know is that this trip has been one of the best experiences of her life.
Vocabulary:
​ •​ Este viaje: This trip.
​ •​ Cambió: Changed.
​ •​ Perspectiva: Perspective.
​ •​ Sobre el mundo: On/about the world.
​ •​ Le hizo darse cuenta: Made her realize.
​ •​ Importancia: Importance.
​ •​ Salir de la zona de confort: Stepping out of the comfort zone.
​ •​ Está planeando: She is planning.
​ •​ Próximo destino: Next destination.
​ •​ Todavía: Still.
​ •​ No ha decidido: Has not decided.
​ •​ A dónde ir: Where to go.
​ •​ Lo que sí sabe: What she does know.
​ •​ Ha sido: Has been.
​ •​ Una de las mejores experiencias: One of the best experiences.
​ •​ De su vida: Of her life.
Grammar:
​ 1.​
Preterite Tense:
​
•​
Cambió, hizo: These verbs are in the preterite tense, indicating completed actions in
the past. The trip changed her perspective, and it made her realize something important.
​ 2.​
Present Tense:
​
•​
Está planeando: Present continuous tense is used to express an ongoing action
(she is planning her next destination).
​
•​
Todavía no ha decidido: Present perfect tense is used here to express an action
that hasn’t yet been completed (she hasn’t decided yet).
​
•​
Lo que sí sabe: This construction in the present tense emphasizes something that is
certain (what she does know).
​ 3.​
Reflexive Verb:
​
•​
Darse cuenta: This reflexive verb means “to realize.” In this context, it shows that
Ana is the subject of the realization.
​ 4.​
Past Perfect (Pluperfect):
​
•​
Ha sido: This is in the present perfect tense, indicating an action that began in the
past and continues into the present. It describes that the trip has been one of the best
experiences of her life.
​ 5.​
Subordinate Clause:
​
•​
Aunque todavía no ha decidido a dónde ir: The conjunction aunque introduces a
subordinate clause that expresses contrast (although she hasn’t yet decided where to go).
2. Questions
​ 1.​
¿Qué hizo Ana para poder realizar su viaje por Europa?
Que = what
hacer → hizo (el, ella, usted)
⇒ ¿Qué hizo Ana? = What did Ana do?
para = for / to (introduce purpose / reason)
⇒ para poder = to be able to
realizar su viaje = take her trip
realizar (=to carry out)
su viaje (= her trip)
→ What did Ana do to be able to take her trip through Europe?
⇒ Ana ahorro lo suficiente para poder realizar su viaje por Europa.
​ 2.​
¿Cuáles fueron las tres ciudades que Ana visitó en Italia?
Cuales (=which/what → plural)
ser → fureon (past tense → “were”)
las tres ciudades = the 3 cities
que Ana visitó = that Ana visited
→ What were the 3 cities that Ana visited in Italy?
⇒ Ana visitó Roma, Florencia, y Venecia en Italia.
​ 3.​
¿Cómo fue el clima durante su estancia en París? ¿Afectó esto su experiencia?
Como = How
fue = was (past tense)
el clima = the weather
durante su estancia = during her stay
→ How was the weather during her stay in Italy?
¿Afectó esto su experiencia?
Afecto esto = Did this affect
su experiencia = her experience
→ Did this affect her experience?
⇒ El clima no fue perfecto durante su estancia en París, pero no afectó su experiencia. Ana
disfruto cada momento.
​
4.​
¿Qué ciudades de España visitó Ana y qué fue lo que más le impresionó en
Barcelona?
¿Qué ciudades de España visitó Ana
→ What cities in Spain did Ana visit?
y qué fue lo que más le impresionó en Barcelona?
→ and what was the thing that impressed her most in Barcelona?
⇒ Ana visitó Madrid y Barcelona. Lo que más le impresionó en Barcelona fue la Sagrada Familia
y las obras de Gaudí.
​ 5.​
¿Cómo cambió la perspectiva de Ana después de su viaje?
⇒ La perspectiva de Aná cambió porque se dio cuenta de la importancia de salir de su zona de
confort y de que el viaje le permitió aprender no solo sobre otras culturas, sino también si
misma.
​ 6.​
¿Qué está planeando Ana ahora y por qué?
⇒ Ana está planeando su próximo destino porque el viaje que hizo fue una de las mejores
experiencias de su vida y ahora quiere seguir explorando nuevas culturas y lugares.
●​ su proximo destino = her next destination
●​ porque el viaje que hizo fue una de las mejores experiencias de su vida
→ because the trip that she took was one of the best experiences of her life
●​ y ahora quiere seguir explorando nuevas culturas y lugares
→ and now she wants to keep exploring new cultures and places
4. Suggested Vocabulary & Grammar Structures
Vocabulary:
​ •​ Ahorro: Savings.
​ •​ Lograr: To achieve.
​ •​ Gastronomía: Cuisine.
​ •​ Estancia: Stay.
​ •​ Aprovechar: To take advantage of.
​ •​ Zona de confort: Comfort zone.
​ •​ Perspectiva: Perspective.
​ •​ Amabilidad: Kindness.
​ •​ Obras: Works (of art).
Spanish
Quieres aprender a volar un avión?
Que tienes en tu oreja? [what do you have in your ear?]
Queso viejo? [Old cheese]
Tienes que ducharte ahora, por favor
[You have to shower now, please]
¿A que hora quieres desayunar?
Necesito encontrar mis lentes, ¿dónde están? Los necesito para leer.
Necesito un carro para ir a la liberia
Todas las mañanas yo ayuda a Carolina a cepillarse el cabello. Ella tiene el cabello muy largo.
¿Vas a probarte estos pantalones?
Ana, no quiero salir. Me gustaría quedarme en casa y ver una película contigo.
Quiero levantarme tarde este domingo
[I want to get up late this Sunday]
Los chicos quieren salir a bailar.
[The boys want to go out to dance]
Me gustaría ponerme esos zapatos rojos.
Traigo estas cajas a la granja?
[Should I bring these boxes to the farm?]
Ana, siéntate alla, por favor.
Me ayudas, por favor? Mi bano tiene una ducha grande y no la puedo limpiar sin ayuda.
Nos ayudas con la comida?
Bruno, lavate las manos antes de cocinar.
Hay poca leche en la nevera
[There is little milk in the refrigerator]
Senor Rivera, lavese las manos aquí.
[Senor Rivera, wash your hands here]
El nunca almuerza arroz con frijoles.
[He never eats rice with beans for lunch]
Nada es mejor que el chocolate.
[Nothing is better than chocolate]
Tu estas trabajando en las oficinas nuevas o en tu casa?
Yo les quiero mandar flores hermosas.
[I want to send them beautiful flowers.]
Siempre decimos cosas importantes.
[We always say important things.]
Nosotros siempre les damos mucho dinero
Le hago muchas preguntas.
[I ask him a lot of questions]
Estas enviando una nota a mama?
[Are you sending a note to mom?]
El hotel esta entre el cafe y el banco.
[The hotel is between the cafe and the bank]
Tenemos que girar a la izquierda aquí.
[We have to turn to the left here.]
Fuiste a Nueve York en avión?
[Did you go to New York by plane?]
Yo fui a Guatemala hace cinco anos
[I went to Guatemala 5 years ago.]
Viaje a Argentina el mes pasado y bebí unos vinos tintos increíbles.
El cerdo [the pig] cocinó arroz con frijoles ayer.
Los búhos lavaron el piso de la cocina.
[The owls washed the kitchen floor]
El pájaro fue al rio y lavo los platos sucios
[The bird went to the river and washed the dirty dishes]
Ayer el caballo no limpió la granja porque miró la tele todo el día.
[el caballo = the horse]
[la granja = the farm]
El gato de la granja, lavo en la cocina toda la noche.
[The farm cat, ate all night in the kitchen.]
Los peces estuvieron en la fiesta cinco minutos y después fueron a una discoteca.
[The fish were at a party for 5 minutes then went to a nightclub.
Ayer el caballo abrió el refrigerador y no lo cerro
[Yesterday the horse opened the fridge but didn’t close it]
El pájaro no escribió esto
[The bird didn’t write this.]
Fuimos a la playa para tomar un barco a las islas Galapagos
[We went to the beach to catch a boat to the Galápagos Islands]
Mi hija y yo nadamos toda la tarde del domingo. A ella le encanta ir a la playa.
[My daughter and I swam all afternoon on Sunday. She loves going to the beach.]
Tu no hiciste nada anoche?
[You didn’t do nothing last night?]
Ustedes nunca beben cerveza? Estuvieron en Berlin y no bebieron cerveza?
[You never drank beer? You were in Berlin but you didn’t drink beer?]
El verano pasado camine mucho.
[Last summer I walked a lot]
Eres de Colombia? Nosotros vivimos en Bogota hace mucho tiempo.
[You’re from Colombia? We lived in Bogota a long time ago.]
CUERPO = body
No te oimos
Te —> you [indirect pronoun]
Oimos —> oir [hear]
Head = cabeza
Quedar = to get together
Va a llover y no cerramos las ventanas.
[It is going to rain and I didn’t close the windows]
PIERNAS = legs
Los domingos me gusta despertarme temprano porque me quedo en la cama y escucho musica.
Tengo que acabar este libro.
[I have to finish this book]
Ayer fui al dentista y tengo que acordarme de lavar mis dientes todas las noches.
[Yesterday I went to the dentist, and I have to remember to brush my teeth every night.]
Ella queda con sus amigas cada sábado.
[She gets together with her friends every Saturday]
En este cuarto, siempre hay silencio. Nunca oigo ningún ruido.
[In this room, there’s always silence. I never hear any noise.]
Tu boca es muy bonita y tus dientes son perfectos!
[Your mouth is very pretty and your teeth are perfect.]
Tenemos que despertanos a las ocho
[We have to wake up at eight]
Voy a acabar mi cafe en unos minutos.
[I am going to finish my coffee in a few minutes.]
El lapiz esta encima de esos libros.
[The pencil is on top of those books.]
No puedo encontrar la llave del coche.
[I can’t find the key of the car]
Me oyes?
[Can you hear me?]
Mi gato no es despierta por la mañana.
[My cat doesn’t wake up in the morning.]
Preferir
Los estudiantes generalmente hacen la tarea en casa.
[The students generally do their homework at home]
Grandisimo = really big
El examen fue dificilísimo.
[The exam was really difficult]
Que falda prefieres tu?
[Which skirt do you prefer?]
El color favorito de Alicia es el morado.
[Alicia’s favorite color is purple]
Generalmente no estoy muy cansado después de correr, pero hoy me siento cansadísimo.
[In general, I’m not very tired after running, but today I feel really tired.]
Voy a la playa frecuentemente. Voy todos los fines de semana.
[I go to the beach frequently. I go every weekend]
Juan se acuesta temprano cuando tiene mucho sueno.
[se acuesta —> go to bed]
[tiene mucho sueno —> be sleepy]
No queremos acostarnos en este dormitorio.
[We don’t want to go to bed in this bedroom.]
Lo siento, no estamos disponibles esta semana.
[I am sorry, we are not available this week]
Colleagues - colegas
Company - empresa
Tambien - too
Tampoco - either
Usted hace este cafe para la secretaria?
[Are you making this coffee for the secretary?]
Necesito tu ayuda, Ana! Este es el proyecto mas importante de la oficina.
[I need your help, Ana. This is the office’s most important project]
Ramos, tu pones el plato y yo pongo el vino en la mesa ocho? Esta bien?
[Ramos, can you put the dish out and I can place the wine on table eight? Okay?]
Por favor espera en mi oficina.
[Please wait in my office.]
Senor Saito, use esta llave para abir su nueva oficina.
[Mr Saito, use this key to open your new office.]
Ella no vino hoy y el tampoco.
[She did not come today and neither did he.]
Carlos, pon las cartas sobre la mesa.
[Carlos, put the letters on the table.]
De nina, yo vivia muy cerca del bosque. En las tardes, jugaba en los arboles.
[As a kid, I lived really close to the forest. In the afternooons. I played in the trees.]
Tu eras un buen alumno en la escuela?
[Were you a good student in school?]
Yo comia muchas galletas de chocolate
Frecuentemente, yo nadaba en una piscina pequena.
Las galletas de chocolate son estupendas.
[The chocolate cookies are wonderful.]
1.​ Hazlo con cuidado. Es un trabajo muy dedicado.
[Do it with care. It’s a very dedicate job.]
●​ Hazlo —> hacer [to do] + lo [it]
●​ Con cuidado = with care
2.​ No digas a nadie lo que te he contado. Es un secreto.
[Don’t tell anyone what I told you. It’s a secret.]
●​ No digas [decir] (subjunctive mood) ==> negative command
●​ Lo que te he contado: [contar = to tell] ==> what I have told you
3.​ No has querido ir porque estabas ocupado o por otro motivo?
●​ No has querido ir = Did you not want to go
●​ Estabas: estar [imperfect tense]
●​ Por otro motivo: for another reason
4.​ Antes tenía el pelo más largo.
●​ Han dicho en las noticias que mañana lloverá otra vez.
●​ Han dicho: haber + decir = they have said
●​ En las notices = in the news
●​ Llovera —> llover [to rain] ==> future tense
●​ Otra ver = again
●​ Este es el chico del que te he hablado en mis cartas
[This is the guy that I have told you about in my letters.]
●​ Últimamente no leo mucho el periódico.
[Lately, I don’t read the newspaper much]
●​ A lo mejor Juan llega esta tarde.
[Maybe Juan will arrive this afternoon.]
¿_______________ de vosotros sabe dónde dejé anoche las llaves del coche ayer?”
The options are:
​
•​
A) Algún
​
•​
B) no sé
​
•​
C) Alguno
​
•​
D) Alguien
Correct Answer: D) Alguien
Explanation:
​
•​
The sentence is asking if “anyone” knows where the keys were left. The correct
translation would be: “Does anyone of you know where I left the car keys last night?”
​
•​
“Alguien” is the correct word here as it means “someone” or “anyone” in the
context of a person.
​
•​
“Algún” and “alguno” are used with nouns and would not fit in this context since the
sentence is asking about a person.
​
•​
“No sé” is a phrase meaning “I don’t know”, but it is not appropriate for this
question.
“Me gustó el restaurante que me recomendaste, pero he encontrado otro __ es mucho mejor.”
The options are:
​
•​
A) cual
​
•​
B) que
​
•​
C) no sé
​
•​
D) el que
Correct Answer: D) el que
Explanation:
​
•​
The sentence refers to another restaurant (“otro”) that is much better. In this case, the
correct option is “el que”, which means “the one” and refers back to the “otro” restaurant.
​
•​
“el que” is used to introduce a relative clause when you are referring to something
specific mentioned earlier (in this case, the other restaurant).
Why not the others?
​
•​
A) cual: This is not correct because “cual” is used in specific questions or
expressions like “¿Cuál?” (Which one?). It is not suitable in this context.
​
•​
B) que: While “que” is a relative pronoun, it is often used for non-specific references.
However, “el que” is more appropriate here because we are referring to a specific restaurant.
​
•​
C) no sé: This option doesn’t fit as it means “I don’t know,” which is unrelated to the
sentence structure.
Thus, “el que” is the most appropriate choice for completing the sentence.
”¿Fuiste al último concierto de Placido Domingo? - Sí, __ muy bien.”
The options are:
​
•​
A) no sé
​
•​
B) era
​
•​
C) fue
​
•​
D) estuvo
Correct Answer: D) estuvo
Explanation:
​
•​
The question is asking about the experience of attending a concert, and the response
is talking about how the concert went.
​
•​
“Estuvo” is the correct choice because it comes from the verb “estar” (to be), which
is used to describe temporary conditions or states. In this context, “estuvo” means “it was” in terms
of the event (the concert being in a specific state or condition, like being good).
​
•​
“Era” is from the verb “ser” (to be), but it’s used for more permanent qualities or
characteristics. It wouldn’t be appropriate here since the question refers to a specific event.
​
•​
“Fue” also comes from “ser”, but it is used for events or actions that are more
definitive or complete. It’s less suitable than “estuvo” in this context of a temporary experience.
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“No sé” means “I don’t know,” but it doesn’t fit the context of confirming the
experience.
Thus, the correct response is “estuvo” as it best describes a temporary state or condition related to
the concert.
“Anoche __ con mis amigos, porque __ agotada.”
The options are:
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A) he salido/estuve
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B) no sé
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C) salí/estaba
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D) salía/he estado
Correct Answer: C) salí/estaba
Explanation:
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“Anoche”: The phrase indicates something that happened last night, so we use the
preterite tense for actions completed in the past.
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“salí”: This is the first-person singular form of the verb “salir” (to go out) in the
preterite tense, which is used for actions that were completed in the past. It’s appropriate here
because the speaker is talking about an event that occurred last night.
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“estaba”: This is the imperfect form of the verb “estar” (to be). The imperfect tense
is used to describe ongoing actions or conditions in the past, such as being exhausted. “Estaba
agotada” means “I was exhausted,” indicating a state of being that was happening at that time.
Why not the others?
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A) he salido/estuve: “He salido” is the present perfect (I have gone out), which
doesn’t fit because the action occurred last night. “Estuve” (I was) refers to a completed action, but
the imperfect would be more appropriate for describing a past state like being exhausted.
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B) no sé: This option means “I don’t know,” which doesn’t fit the context of the
sentence.
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D) salía/he estado: “Salía” is the imperfect (I was going out), which would indicate a
repeated or ongoing action, not a specific event. “He estado” is the present perfect, which also doesn’t
fit the past context.
Thus, “salí/estaba” is the correct answer.
“Si sigues __ así, te pondrás como una vaca.”
The options are:
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A) comer
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B) comiendo
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C) no sé
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D) comido
Correct Answer: B) comiendo
Explanation:
The sentence is a conditional phrase meaning “If you keep eating like this, you will become like a
cow.”
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“comiendo” is the correct answer because it is the gerund form of the verb “comer”
(to eat). The gerund is used to indicate an ongoing action. In this case, it’s referring to the action of
eating continuously.
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•​
“comer” is the infinitive form, but the sentence requires the gerund to describe an
ongoing action in the conditional context.
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•​
“comido” is the past participle, which doesn’t fit here, as we need to describe the
ongoing action of eating.
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•​
“no sé” means “I don’t know,” which does not fit the context of the sentence.
rect choice to complete the sentence.