CAESAR II® Training & Development
Online Video Training Series
Training when you need it - anywhere in the world
SM
Model geometry, run the analysis, review results
Fundamentals
Anthony W. Horn
Guide
CAESAR II® Fundamentals
Anthony W. Horn
First Edition - January 2014
©2014 CAD Training Technologies, LLC Houston, TX USA
http://www.pipingdesignonline.com
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Welcome to these Special Videos for Learning
CAESAR II® Fundamentals!
This is exciting!
When I first started learning CAESAR II I said to myself, "I hope there are some
training videos available for me to look at." I had discovered that watching a
video and then following along with an instructor made it much easier for me to
learn a subject quickly. If I could just see how to do something, I seemed to
catch on faster. I think this is especially true for a more advanced type of
software. So fast forward, a few years, and we now have this type of training
available!
This course is designed to introduce you to the fundamentals of CAESAR II,
Intergraph's® premier pipe stress analysis system. Our goal here is not to teach
you pipe stress analysis (we already assume you know that), but we want you to
get started in CAESAR II and quickly begin to solve problems. You'll see how to
navigate the software, model piping geometry, and analyze your results. We'll
also look for opportunities to explore and use a number of the commands and
features in CAESAR II as we go through the process of solving the course
examples.
So thank you for taking this course and let's get started!
Anthony W. Horn
2014
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Trademark Information
The material, applications, and routines presented in this book have been
included for their instructional value. They have been tested for accuracy, but
are not guaranteed for any particular purpose. The author and copyright holders
do not offer any representations or warranties, nor do they accept any liabilities
with respect to this video and written material, instructions, software applications,
or routines. This material in these documents and accompanying videos is solely
owned and copyrighted ©2014 by CAD Training Technologies, LLC, Houston,
Texas, USA. Duplication in any manner is strictly prohibited without express
written consent.
Trademarks
AutoCAD® is registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark office by Autodesk,
Inc.
CAESAR II®, CADWorx Plant Professional®, and Isogen® are registered in the
U.S. Patent and Trademark office by Intergraph® Corporation.
Intergraph® provides the programs, CAESAR II®, and CADWorx® Plant
Professional, “as is” and with all fault. Intergraph® specifically disclaims any
implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular use. Intergraph®
Corporation does not warrant that the operation of the program will be
uninterrupted or error free.
Autodesk® provides the program, AutoCAD®, “as is” and with all fault.
Autodesk® specifically disclaims any implied warranty of merchantability or
fitness for a particular use. Autodesk®, Inc. does not warrant that the operation
of the program will be uninterrupted or error free.
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About the Author
Anthony Horn is the owner and creator of PipingDesignOnline.com, the largest
CADWorx training organization in the world. PipingDesignOnline.com, launched
in 2011, contains over 300 specialized CAD training videos, and has served over
1500 subscribers in more than 45 countries.
In 2008 he authored the Intergraph® video training DVD titled Mastering
CADWorx Plant Professional Software which became the industry standard for
CADWorx training. His private school, the Horn Drafting & CAD Center has
trained over 3500 CAD operators and pipe drafters for Houston industries since
1968.
He holds degrees in both engineering and architecture, and was a contributing
author to The CAD/CAM Handbook (McGraw Hill, 1985) and Pipe Drafting and
Design (Gulf Publishing, 1996). In 2012 he published Mastering CADWorx Plant
Professional Software, available from Amazon.com.
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Acknowledgements
Special thanks are due to David Diehl, PE., Director of Training, at CADWorx and
Analysis Solutions, Intergraph Process Power and Marine. His support and great
knowledge of CAESAR II were instrumental in helping me produce this work.
The author also wishes to thank the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
for allowing me to include a copy of their ASME, B31.3 Piping Code, Appendix S
as part of these course materials.
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CAESAR II FUNDAMENTALS
Table of Contents
EXAMPLE 1
Video 1
Introduction and Course Overview.................................................................
1
Video 2
Starting a New File, Using the Interface, Entering Parameters ..................... 11
Video 3
Modeling Geometry, Adding Bends and Restraints,
Viewing Options ............................................................................................. 16
Video 4
Selection and Viewing Options, Orbit, Walkthrough, Display Options ........... 22
Video 5
Error Checking, Running the Analysis, Load Cases, Reviewing Results ...... 30
Video 6
Creating a Custom Report, Comparing Results to Code Results .................. 34
Video 7
Reviewing Sustained Load Case Results, Comparing Stress Results .......... 38
Video 8
Creating a New Load Case and Custom Report, Comparing Results ........... 43
Video 9
Viewing Plotted Results, Showing Deflected Shape, Forces, Moments,
Element Viewer, Animating Results ............................................................... 49
Video 10 Configuration, Outboard Processors, Interfaces, Utilities ............................... 56
EXAMPLE 2
Video 1
Inputting Parameters, Modeling Geometry .................................................... 63
Video 2
Display Options (Materials, Temperature, etc.), Additional Input Options ..... 71
Video 3
Using Lists, Block Operations ........................................................................ 77
Video 4
Running the Analysis, Comparing Results with Code, Animating Results ..... 84
Video 5
Designing a Hanger, Reviewing Load Cases ................................................ 90
Video 6
Generating a Stress Isometric ....................................................................... 98
Video 7
Modeling a Wind Load, Inputting the Wind Profile Parameters ..................... 104
Video 8
Developing Wind Load Cases, Snubbers, Analysis, Reviewing Results ....... 110
EXAMPLE 3
Video 1
Inputting Parameters, Multiple Temperatures and Pressures, Modeling ....... 120
Video 2
Completing the Model, Viewing Different Temperatures and Pressures ....... 128
Video 3
Analyzing Results, Comparing Results with the Code Results ...................... 136
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EXAMPLE 4
Video 1
Exporting a CAESAR II Input File from a 3D CAD System ............................ 140
Video 2
Opening the File, Adjusting Restraints, Adjusting Parameters ...................... 143
Video 3
Calculating and Modeling the Nozzle Displacements .................................... 147
Video 4
Adjusting the Model, Entering Nozzle Limit Check Information ..................... 153
Video 5
Analyzing Results, Finding Excessive Loads on the Pump Nozzles ............. 158
Video 6
Analyzing Alternate Geometry, Looking for More Flexibility .......................... 165
Video 7
Modeling a Dummy Leg ................................................................................. 170
Video 8
Adding a Restraint, Offset, and Single Flange, Running the Analysis ........... 176
Video 9
Modifying Geometry to Increase Flexibility, Deleting Elements ..................... 185
Video 10 Modeling New Geometry, Using the Flange and Valve Database ................. 191
Video 11 Duplicating using Mirror/Copy, Changing Sequence, Renumbering Nodes .. 203
Video 12 Running the Analysis, Conclusion ................................................................. 211
ASME B31.3, Appendix S
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CAESAR II® Fundamentals - Example One Video 1
1. Welcome to the CAESAR II Fundamentals Course! In this
course, we're going to explore a lot of the features and topics in
CAESAR II software. Our goal in this course is for you to be
able to create models analyze them and review your results, as
well as navigate the various parts of the software when you're
finished with this course.
2. In this course we're not going to spend much time talking about
the theory behind pipe stress analysis. We're going to assume
you're already familiar with that. So our goal here is to learn
how to use the software.
3. The figure above shows a typical screen in CAESAR II. On the
left area, we have what's called the input spreadsheet. This
area is where we set up the dimensions of the model, and we
have the pipe size and schedule. Lower down in here are the
pressures and temperatures, and there's an area to specify the
materials for the model.
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CAESAR II Example One Video One
4. So this is where it all happens. As we build the model, we'll
start seeing an image of it appear in the right area of the
screen. This area is called the plot. This is where we can view
it from different directions, and we have a number of viewing
options.
5. In this example, we have temperatures displayed. So we see
we have a higher temperature in one leg than the other. So
this interface is what we'll use to view our model as it develops.
6. There are four main areas that we're going to explore in this
course. We'll be building the geometry and modeling with the
software. We'll also learn how to run the analysis and the error
checker and produce reports and view our results.
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CAESAR II Example One Video One
7. We'll learn how to create custom reports so that you can get
your information to come out exactly like you want. We'll also
see how to import a model in from a 3D CAD system and work
with that. In CADWorx Plant Professional software and Smart
Plant 3D, designers have the ability to export out a CAESAR II
model. Then the stress analysts can just open it right up in
CAESAR II, and it's just quick and easy. This way the pipe
stress engineer doesn't have to recreate all the model
geometry. So we're going to see how that happens.
8. Most of the examples in this course will come out of Appendix
S in the ASME B 31.3 piping code. ASME has allowed me to
include a copy of appendix S in your workbook. So this where
we're going to be getting the first three problems that we'll
analyze in this course.
9. If you want more information about the theory behind these first
three examples, you can find it here in this appendix S. It's
explained in detail and they discuss the formulas and
information that forms the basis of these problems. We'll model
and solve these problems ourselves, and also use them as a
means to explore a number of features in CAESAR II.
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CAESAR II Example One Video One
10. This is what the lessons are going to look like. This first one is
just a simple model. It's example one in Appendix S. Next we'll
work with a liftoff model, and then we'll do this moment reversal
model. So we'll be building these models and comparing our
results to what the code shows.
11. This last model is the one I mentioned earlier. This is the 3D
model that came out of the CADWorx Plant Professional
system. We'll open the input file that CADWorx created for us in
CAESAR II and analyze it. We'll be able to use this model as
an opportunity to look at the nozzle limit checks on these
pumps, and we'll find that we're going to have to modify the
geometry some to get within the recommended allowable
values on these nozzle loads.
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CAESAR II Example One Video One
12. As we do these lessons, we'll also explore other features in
CAESAR II. For instance, in the liftoff model, we'll take the +Y
restraint out, and we'll have CAESAR II model a hangar for us.
In the illustration we can see the hangar installed in the proper
position.
13. Also we have a report that shows what's going on here in the
model. We'll see that when you put a hangar in using CAESAR
II, it's an easy process. CAESAR II automates so much of that,
and the software includes over 30 manufacturers' catalogs built
right into it.
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CAESAR II Example One Video One
14. Here are some other topics we'll look at. We'll create new load
cases for our models. We'll do some nozzle limit checks. We'll
animate the displacements in our models, and we'll add a wind
load (an occasional load) to one the examples.
15. When we work with the imported CAD model we'll modify it to
pass the nozzle limit checks. We'll learn some CAESAR II
editing tools that are really nice, and we'll take a part of the
geometry, and mirror/copy it around the center line in the YZ
axis. We'll also see how to work with block operations, to
rearrange and renumber a group of elements in a single step.
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CAESAR II Example One Video One
16. We'll be working in a folder called CAESAR II Fundamentals
Course Files. In the course itself, there's a link you can click to
download the workbook and also the set of background files.
So you must start and save your files in this folder because it
will set the CAESAR II units automatically and avoid early
problems.
17. This course will be in Imperial Units. Later, if you want to do
this in metric, those dimensions are included in the first three
examples in the code, so you can recreate these later in metric
if you'd like to do so . But at first, follow along with the course
and do them as shown in Imperial.
18. Here's how the course is going to work. Here's a typical video
player, with different videos along the bottom. The best way to
go about this is to start playing the video and watch it for just a
few minutes. Let it show you one or two specific things, and
then you can pause it.
19. While you're watching the video, if you like, there is a full
screen toggle along the bottom. So if you can't see it real well,
you just click that, and then it displays larger, and you can see
it in detail. After you've seen something specific, pause the
video, and then toggle over to CAESAR II. Then you will
recreate the steps you just saw in the software. The videos will
just lead you through everything step-by-step, and you just
recreate what they've shown you.
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CAESAR II Example One Video One
20. Also your workbook will be very useful. Just have your
workbook open up to the right page as you work, and it will
follow right along with the video very closely. So you'll see it
and hear it in the video, and then you'll use your workbook and
recreate it. Learning this way works really well. What's good
about a video is if something is shown, and you don't quite
understand it, you can just click back a little bit and rewind it,
and you can see it again. So nobody's going to get left behind,
and everybody can work at their own pace here.
21. Now, certification and PDH hours in this course are optional.
If you want to earn a certificate and PDH hours, all you have to
do is just work through the lessons, pass the quizzes, complete
the survey, and the system will produce a certificate
automatically for you. If you don't want to pass quizzes or get
involved in that, you don't have to do that. The certification is
just optional.
22. If you decide you don't want to get a certificate, everything is
still available. You can look at all the videos and have access
to all the workbooks and all the information. It's just that the
system is not going to create a certificate automatically unless
the quizzes are passed and the survey has been completed.
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CAESAR II Example One Video One
23. All right, we're just about ready to get started now. This is the
first example in appendix S, and this is the line we're going to
model. You can see it's a pretty simple line. We have the
measurements given, and we have the restraints positioned in
the figure. So this is the information we're going to be keying
in. When we're done, the completed model will look like this.
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CAESAR II Example One Video One
24. Here are the design and operating conditions that we'll be
working with. We have the size of the pipe given and its
schedule. We have other information, like the specific gravity
of the fluid, the insulation thickness, and the material, which will
in turn give us the pipe's density. So we have everything here
that we need.
So great!. Let's just go on now to the next video, and we can
start our course and begin learning CAESAR II!
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CAESAR II® Fundamentals - Example One Video 2
1. In this example, we're going to input the values shown in the
ASME B31.3 piping code for our problem set up. Once we
have those input into CAESAR II and everything set the way we
want, we'll begin to model the geometry of the line. So I'm
going to toggle over to CAESAR II, and this is how the program
looks when it first starts up. If you haven't started CAESAR II
yet, Double click on the CAESAR II icon, and let's get it
started.
2. Depending on the version you're running, your screen may look
like mine or be slightly different. If it's a little different, it's going
to be pretty straightforward to figure things out and follow what
we’re doing. We'll be able to do the work no matter which
version you're running.
3. Now we'll start a new file.
Click New.
If your screen looks different, you can find File and New on
your system and get it started.
4. For the course files, you'll use the CAESAR II Fundamentals
Course Files you downloaded from the course website.
Make sure you use this folder for your work. That way the
units will be set and you can find all the files you'll need as you
go through the course.
You can see on this screen that we're going to be putting in
some input for piping calculations, but CAESAR II also has the
ability to do some structural steel stress analysis as well. So
we have Piping Input checked, and then I'm going to click up in
this space for the name and call this, Example_1, then click
OK.
5. The system will start up, and it will bring us into the Input Piping
screen. First it displays the current units. In this example,
we'll be working in Imperial units, so our length is going to be
in inches, forces will be in pounds, densities-- insulation
density, for instance-- will be in pounds per cubic inch.
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CAESAR II Example One Video Two
6. For this example, work in the same units. Then later, you can
go back and do this in metric units if you'd like.
Click OK to close the units dialog box and get started.
7. The system will display the Input Piping screen. It's in a
spreadsheet form and is designed for inputting settings,
distances, and other things, like restraints, bends, etc. Also on
the right of the spreadsheet, you'll see a window where the
CAESAR II model displays as it progresses.
8. The spreadsheet can be moved and docked as needed.
Depending on how your input screen is set when it first
appears, it may be displayed slightly different than mine. For
instance, it might be docked along the top. If that's the case,
you can drag it down with the mouse and move it as needed (it
may take a click to activate it).
9. Also, there are some other things you can do with this
spreadsheet area. I'll drag and push it up and it will dock.
Notice the Auto-hide button in the upper right area of the
screen. When that is clicked, the Input spreadsheet will turn
into a tab, and the model display area will be much larger.
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CAESAR II Example One Video Two
10. Hovering over the spreadsheet tab and clicking it will reopen
the input spreadsheet. It's locked right now, but if you click the
auto-hide button again, it unlocks, and then you can drag it and
reposition it using the mouse.
11. A good way to set up the screen is to hold down the
mouse button in the spreadsheet title bar area, then drag it
over to the left so that the mouse pointer touches the edge
of the left window. Then the input spreadsheet will snap into
a docked position, which works well because you can input
values and see the model in the right window. What's nice
about this set up is the model resizes automatically as it's
changed within the window.
12. As you watch the video, you will notice my Input screen is
compressed. This is because I'm recording using a fairly low
resolution, thinking users might play this material on a mobile
device.
13. Now we'll begin to input some of our design parameters. The
Input screen has node 10 to 20 displayed. Later, we'll start
inputting pipe lengths as the piping geometry gets modeled.
However, the first step is to specify the pipe diameter,
schedule, material, and other parameters.
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CAESAR II Example One Video Two
14. Click in the Diameter field. If the exact diameter is known, we
could type it in. In this example we know it's a 16-inch nominal
pipe size.
Type: 16 <Enter>, and the system will input the correct pipe
diameter. Note: If you hear a beep from your system, that
means that a conversion has taken place (in this example 16
was changed to 16.000). Also, you'll see a message appear
near the bottom of the input spreadsheet about what is taking
place.
15. Click in the Weight/Schedule field.
Type: 30 <Enter>.
The system will update the field with the pipe's wall thickness.
16. Leave the mill tolerance set as shown to 12-1/2%.
Click in the Corrosion field.
Type: 0.063 <Enter>.
17. Click in the Material field.
Type: 106 <Enter>.
CAESAR II will update the material to ASTM A106 grade B
pipe. Also note how the system fills out additional fields based
on the material selected.
18. Click in the Fluid Density field.
Type: 1SG <Enter>.
Note: It is very important to include the SG as part of this
field's value. This represents a Specific Gravity of 1. for this
field. Failure to include the SG term will result in large values
being input, and you'll get errors later because the results will
be larger than expected.
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CAESAR II Example One Video Two
19. Click in the Temperature 1 field.
Type: 500 <Enter>.
20. Click in the Temperature 2 field.
Type: 30 <Enter>.
21. Click in the Pressure 1 field.
Type: 500 <Enter>.
22. Click in the Insulation Thickness field.
Type: 5 <Enter>.
23. Click in the Insulation Density field.
Type: 11/1728 <Enter>.
We'll enter it this way since 11 is in pounds per cubic foot, and
CAESAR II uses density in pounds per cubic inch (1 cubic foot
= 12x12x12 inches = 1728 cubic inches).
Our system is now set up and we're ready to start modeling.
Why don't you get your system set up at this point, and then we'll carry
on after this?
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CAESAR II® Fundamentals - Example One Video 3
1. All right. We've got our CAESAR II file opened up and now
we'll begin to model the geometry of this line. Let's check our
sketch first for measurements. I'm going to hold the Alt key
down and press the Tab key, to take a look at the sketch in
Appendix S in the B31.3 Piping Code. We'll be building their
Example One.
2. We can see on the model that we're given nodes which identify
points along the line. The line goes from node 10 to 20, on
around 30, then 40, and down to node 50. We can see that on
node 10 and also on node 50, we have some anchors. On
node 20 we have what's called a Y restraint. This restrains the
line and prevents it from moving up or down on the Y direction
(the vertical direction).
3. In Appendix S, there's a chart that lists the distances on some
of these nodes. The chart shows the distance from node 10 to
node 15 is 20 feet. So using the values listed, we'll begin to
build the model.
4. CAESAR II is set to increment its node count by 10.
Click in the "To Node" field.
Type: 15 <Enter>.
Click in the Dx field.
Type: 20- <Enter> The hyphen tells the system to use 20 feet
for this value. If you just type 20 it will enter it as inches.
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CAESAR II Example One Video Three
5. On node 10 will be an anchor.
Double-click the Restraints box.
Verify node 10 is set.
Click the down arrow, and select Anchor. You can then
click on another field or press <Enter>.
6. Use the Alt_Tab keys to view the model sketch shown in the
code. Node 15 is an extra node which give us more
information about the stresses and forces in this line. The next
node is node 20, which is 20 feet over in the X direction.
7. Use the Alt_Tab keys to return to CAESAR II.
What we want to do is tell the system to continue on to the next
point. There's a toolbar in CAESAR II that is used to
navigate between nodes and add or delete nodes as
needed. The buttons on the toolbar will go to the Next, or
Previous nodes, as well as the beginning or end of the line.
8. Click the Continue button.
The system will increment the node count.
Click in the "To Node" field and
Type: 20 <Enter>.
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CAESAR II Example One Video Three
9. Click in the Dx field and
Type: 20- <Enter> (for a distance of 20 feet.)
10. Double click Restraints
Verify the restraint will be on node 20.
Click Y (for Y restraint).
11. Checking the sketch, we'll model a 10 foot segment over to
node 30.
12. Click Continue
Click in the Dx field.
Type: 10- <Enter>.
13. At this point (node 30) we'll have a bend. The line will elbow
and turn up at this point.
14. Double-click on Bend.
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CAESAR II Example One Video Three
15. Click Continue. Notice the nodes are from 30 to 40.
Click in the Dy field.
Type: 20- <Enter> and the line extends 20 feet up in the
vertical direction.
16. Double click Bend. You can see it's set for a long radius
bend.
17. Click Continue.
Click in the To Node field.
Type: 45 <Enter>.
Use the Alt_Tab keys to view the sketch. The segment we're
working is from node 40 to node 45, which will be a distance of
10 feet. The last segment (node 45 to node 50) will be a
distance of 20 feet, with an anchor on the end of the line.
18. Click in the Dx field.
Type: 10- <Enter> (for 10 feet in the X direction.)
19. Click Continue.
Click in the To Node field.
Type: 50 <Enter>.
Click in the Dx field.
Type: 20- <Enter>.
20. Double-click Restraints.
Click Anchor (verify it's on node 50).
Press <Enter> or click in a different field.
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CAESAR II Example One Video Three
21. Click on the small button in the upper right corner of the input
spreadsheet. The spreadsheet will shrink and display as a tab.
Now you'll change some display settings.
22. Click on the Node Numbers tool button. This displays the
node numbers in the model.
23. Click on the Anchors tool button.
Click the down arrow and change their size to Larger.
Do the same for the restraints.
Click on the Restraints tool button.
Select Larger for these.
Along the toolbar is a button to display lengths.
Click on it to have the system will display lengths for the
segments.
24. Move the pointer into an open area of the screen and
right click on the mouse.
Select Properties.
Select Display options.
Here you can change a variety of display settings, background
colors, text size, etc.
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CAESAR II Example One Video Three
25. Scroll down to fonts.
Change the font size for the nodes to 24.
Click OK when done.
Click the Apply button (near the top of the dialog box).
Close the dialog box.
26. Click File and Save.
Great! We're at a good stopping point for this video.
Why don't you get your model to this point, and in the next
video, we'll take a look at some other display options that we
have available on the toolbars.
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CAESAR II® Fundamentals - Example One Video 4
1. We're back at our model. Now let's take a look at some of the
viewing options that we have view the model. I'm in the
Southeast Isometric View. If you click this down arrow, and
you click on the Southeast Isometric, it'll reset the screen to this
view.
2. I've also clicked on the Select button. What this does is it
lets me click on an object in the model, and the object gets
highlighted. If we hover over the selected item the system will
display information about it.
3. Click on the Zoom Window button.
Click a point, hold down the mouse button, and drag it and
release.
The system will zoom into that part of the model.
4. The button next to that is Zoom Extents.
Click Zoom Extents to zoom out and show the entire line.
Also there is a Zoom to Selection button.
We have a segment selected, so if we click on the Zoom to
Selection button, the system will automatically zoom into that
area for us. So CAESAR II has a variety of ways to zoom to
areas of the model.
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CAESAR II Example One Video Four
5. Another option we have is an Orbit command.
Click Orbit, and hold down the mouse button, and the model
will rotate (your view is orbiting around the model). Depending
upon where you click on the model, you will move around that
point.
An easier orbit option to control is Orbit with Vertical.
Click that button, then hold down the mouse button and
drag it. The vertical line in this will stay vertical, and your view
of the model will not tilt over to the side. So I think this
command is a little easier to control.
6. Here are buttons for Pan and Zoom. We can also pan and
zoom just using the mouse itself.
Click the Select button to disable Orbit.
Roll the mouse wheel in or out to zoom in or out.
Hold down the wheel of the mouse and move it left or right
to pan. You can see when the wheel of the mouse is held
down, the Pan button highlights.
7. This Walkthrough is an interesting feature.
Click Walkthrough.
The system displays a pallet to use for the command.
You can move the palette where you like on the screen.
As you hover the mouse over the walkthrough palette, the
pointer displays as two little feet.
Position the mouse so that lead foot is in the upper arrow
area, and hold down the left mouse button.
The view will change as you walk forward into the model.
You're position is moving into the model - the model is
stationary and you are moving into it.
If you place the lead (left) foot in the lower arrow area and
click, you will move back out.
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CAESAR II Example One Video Four
Also you can move to the left or right.
8. You can also move up and down.
Position the lead foot in the small up arrow on the left. When
you click the left mouse button, you will move up.
Down works the same way. Put the lead foot in the down area,
click and hold down the mouse button and you'll move down.
The Walkthrough also has a rotational movement option.
Place the lead foot where you want it, in the left or right curving
arrow. As you can begin to click there the system takes you in
and around through the model. This takes a few clicks to
practice, but will be useful in a large model.
Close the Walkthrough palette.
9. Click on the Southeast Isometric view button to reset the
view.
Click on the Select Element button to turn off the
Walkthrough options.
We're currently in the shaded view.
Click the Zoom Window button to zoom in.
Click the Hidden Line Wire Frame button.
This displays the model in wire
frame with the hidden lines
removed. We don't see the far
sides or back surfaces of the
pipe. Also this display mode
does not show restraints.
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CAESAR II Example One Video Four
10. The button next to it displays the model as a normal wire
frame. If we click that button, we see all the circles and the
lines on the graphics behind, on
both sides of the model. It's like
it's transparent. In this mode, it
does show the restraints and the
anchors.
11. Next to that is a two line
display button, similar to a
double line plot.
Click on the Two Line Plot
button.
12. Next to that is a translucent display.
Click on the Translucent Objects button.
Click on the Rendering (shade) button if needed.
Now we have a translucent model. We can see the curvature
of the elbows back on the far side of the pipe.
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CAESAR II Example One Video Four
13. Click on the Single Line
button.
So you can have options to
display the model in single or
double line, wire frame, or
rendered.
Click on the Rendering button, and Click Off the
Translucent button if needed. This will get you back to the
normal rendered view.
14. This toolbar sets the display to front view, back view, top,
bottom, left, right. These buttons produce the various
orthographic and isometric views in the display.
15. Along the top toolbar that we've already looked at, we turned on
the restraints and the anchors. One button will show
hangers if they are in the model. Other buttons will show
displacements and nozzles, flanges, nozzle limits,
expansion joints, and Tees. So CAESAR II has options to
display these elements as well.
16. Click the Lengths button.
When it is active the system displays the lengths of the
segments of the model.
The Range button displays a
range of nodes.
If we enter some range, for example
from 10 to 30, it would just show
that part of the model.
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CAESAR II Example One Video Four
17. The Find Node button will zoom to a particular node, or group
of nodes, in the model.
If you click that, and
enter in some node
numbers, then select
zoom in, the system
will zoom to that area
of the model.
18. Click the Plot Properties button.
This does the same as right clicking, and selecting Properties.
Here you can change a number of
display settings. If you change one of
the settings, you must also click the
Apply button to activate the
changes.
Click the X in the upper right
corner and exit this dialog box.
19. Click Prospective Mode
display button.
The button next to is is the
Orthographic Mode button.
The Perspective Mode will
look like it tapers as it moves
away from you.
This Orthographic Mode display will look more like an
isometric display. A line will appear the same width as it moves
from near in the screen to further back.
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CAESAR II Example One Video Four
20. Click on the Viewports button.
This button allows you to divide up the screen into multiple
viewports.
Notice the crosshairs appear across the full screen.
If you move the mouse across the screen you can divide it into
four viewports.
Depending upon where the crosshairs are positioned, you can
set the size of the viewports as you like.
Get the crosshairs approximately centered and then click.
Now, instead of a single viewport, the system creates four
different views.
Next we can set each of these views as we'd like.
Activate the upper left viewport (click in it once).
Then click the Top View button.
That view will display as the top view.
Do the same in the other viewports.
Set the Lower Right to the Right View.
Set the upper right to the Southeast Isometric View.
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CAESAR II Example One Video Four
21. The way to reset the display to a single viewport is to move the
pointer back down toward the middle part of the screen,
where the viewports intersect.
Then hold down the mouse button and move the
crosshairs back to the upper left corner. Drag them all the
way off the screen and release.
Then you can reset the display to a Southeast Isometric
view.
So why don't you experiment with these commands? Try the zoom
options, change the views (top, front, southwest isometric), change
the display size of the node numbers, and set up multiple viewports.
Get familiar with these display options and it will be helpful as you
work with CAESAR II in your career.
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CAESAR II® Fundamentals - Example One Video 5
1. We're back in our model and now we're ready to begin the
analysis of this line. One thing to mention is the piping code
that we're running, which is the ASME B31.3 Code.
CAESAR II has a number of codes built into it. If you click
the down arrow where the code is displayed, you can see the
list of available codes to work with.
2. The analysis uses this toolbar.
Click the Start Run button.
CAESAR II will check our
geometry and our settings. If it
notices something that it we
need to verify or correct, it will
display some messages or
warnings above the center of gravity report.
The messages will appear in Green or Red.
Green messages are things you will need to verify. CAESAR II
will be able to run the analysis, but it's suggesting you check
these.
Red messages are errors that need to be fixed before
proceeding. CAESAR II will not be able to continue the
analysis until the items mentioned in the red messages are
corrected.
3. So this example checked out OK.
Click the Running Man button (the Batch Run button).
The system will start the analysis.
4. This is the screen that shows the results of the analysis that
CAESAR II has done. On the left are some load cases that
CAESAR II has created and recommended and used for its
analysis. You can see that this problem has five load cases.
The first two are called operating load cases. Included in those
are the weight and the temperature and pressure.
5. The first load case analyzes the system in one of its
operating conditions. The load case includes the piping
system's weight, the higher temperature and the pressure.
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CAESAR II Example One Video Five
6. The second operating load case looks at the weight and
the lower temperature (ambient) and the pressure. The way
this works, if you click one of these load cases and select it,
you could then come over to the right area where the reports
are listed and click one of them. Then you can see the results
that CAESAR II obtained for the load case you selected when it
went through and calculated all the results. We'll do this soon.
7. The third load case listed is called the Sustained load case.
It involves the weight and the pressure. This represents the
piping system in its installed state, but not operating and heated
up yet.
8. CAESAR II has also created two Expansion load cases.
The first one is called L4. Load Case L4 analyzes what
happens to the system as it heats up from ambient
temperature (Sustained Load Case L3) to its high
temperature (Operating Load Case L1). Using this
Expansion load case you can view and check the stresses
caused as the system expands from ambient to hot.
9. The last load case, L5, is looking at the expansion between
the second temperature and the installed (ambient)
temperature. CAESAR II is going to assume ambient at 70
degrees Fahrenheit, but this can be changed in the
configuration settings for all jobs or on individual jobs.
10. Later, we'll create another load case down to illustrate how this
is done, and it will analyze the expansion between the highest
temperature and the lowest temperature.
11. Before we take a look at some of these results, there is a thing
or two to mention. If we take a look at the B31.3 piping codes in
appendix S, we'll find a lot of detail in here on how these
calculations were set up and done. If you'd like to get a more
in-depth look at this, you could review the copy we included in
your notes with ASME's permission.
When we run our results and we compare the answers to the
examples, we're going to be running with default CAESAR II
settings.
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CAESAR II Example One Video Five
12. For our first report,
Click on Operating Load Case 1.
Click on the report called Local Element Forces.
This will return for us is a report that shows the different forces
and bending moments for the different nodes in the model.
13. Click the View Reports button, which will display the results on
the screen. The system has other report display options. Next
to the View Reports button are other buttons that will send the
report out to Microsoft Excel® or Microsoft Word®.
14. The system will generate the report for us. The report shows
the different nodes, and then the different forces, in X, Y, and Z,
and also the different bending moments around X, Y, and Z.
15. If we look at node 10, we can see the Fx. The force in the x
direction is 5956, and the moment around Y is 15872
(15871.9). So let's just remember these values which we'll
compare to the Code results - 5956 and 15872.
16. Looking at the Code and scrolling down, we'll see their results.
They had 5960, and their bending moment result was 15870.
So we're within a 1% range of their calculated results.
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CAESAR II Example One Video Five
While we're viewing the results shown by the Code, let's take a
look at some of the other numbers listed. The report also
includes horizontal and vertical deflections. Let's look at these
three nodes, nodes 15, 20, and what they call 30 near. In
CAESAR II, that node is number 28 (we'll discuss this
numbering difference in a later video). These three nodes have
horizontal deflection values of 0.72, 1.44, 1.73.
17. Now we'll see what CAESAR II came up with for these same
values. We'll toggle back to CAESAR II, and close this report.
Then we'll stay in the same load case, and click on the
Displacements report.
18. Click on the View Reports button, and the results will display on
the screen. Looking at the results for nodes 15, 20, and 28, we
can see we're getting the same values: 0.72, 1.44, and 1.73.
So our model and analysis is producing the same numbers that
we saw in the B31.3 Code example.
19. So you go ahead and experiment with this for a while. Run
some of these other reports. You can see how they look and
you can get a sense of some of the things that CAESAR II can
report out.
20. In the next video, we'll create a custom report. We'll set a
report up that looks just like the one shown in the Code. We'll
include the axial forces, bending moments, and horizontal and
vertical deflections, and we'll be able to see how our results
compare to the example problem in the Code.
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CAESAR II® Fundamentals - Example One Video 6
1. In this video, we're going to build a custom report. This will be a
good exercise to go through since this will be useful to you in
the future. We'll format our output results so that they can
easily be compared to those listed in the B31.3 Code example.
The way we build a custom report is through using this tool
bar up along the top of the screen.
2. When we build a custom report it will appear in the list in the
lower part of the screen. The first button is to create a new
report, so
Click on the Add New Custom Report button.
When it first appears, the report is untitled.
Highlight the report title (Untitled)
Type: Example One - OPE - Report One
As we look at this report set up, in the left area of the screen we
have some template settings. We have a header section and
the report body section, and we have options on changing the
type of the fonts and the sizes.
We also have a preview area to the right that lets us see the
report as we develop it.
3. The report we're going to build is going to be similar to the one
we saw earlier in the B31.3 examples. Let's take a quick look
at that for a moment. If we look at the report, we can see that it
has four columns. It has an axial force column, bending
moments, and then horizontal and vertical deflections. So these
are going to be the fields that we pull into our custom report.
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CAESAR II Example One Video Six
4. I'll toggle back over to the report builder, and we'll take a look at
adding these fields to our report. Down toward the bottom is
where we'll be able to access that information we need. So the
first thing we can do is
Click on the area called global forces.
Click the small arrow next to it.
Click the arrow next to Axial Forces.
This is the value that will be in column one in the new report.
5. In the field called Column Order,
Change the 0 to a 1.
In the field called Precision,
Change the 2 to a 0. This means the report will display whole
numbers with no decimals.
You'll notice the report flashes as you hit enter each time. This
is indicating it's updating.
6. The second column will be Bending Moments.
The one we need to include is the moments around z.
Click the arrow next to MZ.
Set the column number to 2.
Set the precision to 0.
7. The next two columns will be Displacements.
Click the arrow next to Displacements.
Click the arrow next to DX.
Set the column number to 3.
Leave the precision set to 2.
Click the arrow next to DY.
Set the column number to 4.
Leave the precision set to 2.
OK. So now we'll save this. What we'll do is
Click the X in the corner to close it, and the system will prompt
us to save the report as we exit.
Click Yes to save it.
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CAESAR II Example One Video Six
8. The custom report appears in the list.
Click on the new report to highlight it.
Click the View Report button to view the report on the screen.
The system will display the results.
In viewing the report, we can see the title shown as expected.
Also we can see the different columns are filled out.
So it's very easy to build a custom report in CAESAR II.
9. What I'll do next is copy some of these and paste them into a
page showing how they compare to the results in the B31.3
piping code.
In the meantime, why don't you pause the video and build the
report as shown.
10. I've copied and pasted the results that we obtained in our report
next to the calculated the results that the B31.3 Appendix S
example calculated.
I've left a few of these fields off the list for simplicity, and also
so that we could show these side-by-side a little easier.
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CAESAR II Example One Video Six
If we compare our results to the Code results, we can look at
node 15 and see how closely we match. The Code had an
axial force of negative 5,960 and a bending moment of 7,900.
Our computed results had a negative 5,956 and 7,897. So
we're within a fraction of 1% of what they calculated.
We had similar results when we compare the displacements.
The Code showed 0.72 and 0.05 for the vertical. We had the
same numbers: 0.72, 0.05.
As we look down the list at the other results we can see that
CAESAR II had results that are virtually identical to the Code
results. The note down here in the B31.3 Code is saying that
these are average from commercial programs with a variance
within units conversion tolerance. So our calculator results are
coming out as expected.
So great. What we're going to do in the next video is we'll look
at the sustain load case and some of the calculated results that
we get from that. After that we'll write a new expansion load
case that will let us check the expansion across the full range of
temperatures from highest to lowest.
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CAESAR II® Fundamentals - Example One Video 7
1. In this video we're going to take a look at the sustained load
case, and we'll compare our calculated results with what
appears in the Code. Shown is a table from the B31.3 piping
Code, and we can see that there are several different columns.
Included is an axial force value, there is a column for the
bending moment, and there is a column for the sustained
stress. CAESAR II will refer to sustained stress as a code
stress.
2. Notice how the tables lists the nodes. It includes a node 30 far
and node 40 far.
3. When we first designed our system, we specified a distance
from node 20 to node 30 in the x direction, and then we went
from 30 to 40 in the y, and so forth.
4. When we got to node 30, we treated it like it was in the corner-or the vertex-- as the line went from node 20, to node 30, and
on to node 40. This is how CAESAR II models a line in the
input piping screen.
5. However, when the analysis is run, CAESAR II will shift these
nodes, and add additional nodes around the bends. Node 30
will actually shift up around the bend, when you examine the
results in the report. The same will happen for node 40.
CAESAR II will shift further around the bend during its analysis.
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CAESAR II Example One Video Seven
6. As these nodes get shifted, CAESAR II will add a couple of
additional intermediate points. So at the beginning of the bend,
we'll see there's now a new node called node 28. At the
midpoint of the bend is a new node 29, and at the end of the
bend we'll find node 30.
7. So when the report in the Code shows a node called 30 far, it's
referring to the point on the far end of the elbow. The same is
true for node 40 far.
8. The output reports in CAESAR II list all of the bends in the line.
In the table in the piping Code, only some are shown.
9. The B31.3, Appendix S result for the Axial Force on node 10 is
735. On node 30 it becomes 4,470, and at node 50, the value
is back to 735. So let's see what we get when we run our
analysis in CAESAR II. I'll toggle over to that, and when we left
CAESAR II earlier we were viewing results in the operating load
case.
10. We'll select the sustained load case, and we'll click on the
report called global element forces extended.
Click the button to produce the report and display it on the
screen.
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CAESAR II Example One Video Seven
When we review the calculated results for node 10, CAESAR II
returned a value of 735, which matched the value listed in the
Code's results.
The same agreement occurs at node 30, where we see
CAESAR II calculated 4,470 for that, which matched the
number shown in the Code. You remember they call that node
30 far, which corresponds now to our node 30. Likewise, If we
check the values at node 50, we can see that we matched that
as well.
11. Let's take a look now at the computed values that we got for
bending moments. On node 50, we had a bending moment of
27,936. We can also see that we had a high bending moment
on node 20, and it was 41,400. Then when we look at the
value for node 10, we have 12,730. So let's see what the Code
came up with for those.
12. Under bending moment for the Code results, they showed
27,930, 41,400, and 12,730. So our results came out virtually
the same.
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CAESAR II Example One Video Seven
13. Let's see how we compare when we take a look at the
sustained stresses. In the B31.3 examples, they go from 8,560
up to 14,370, and back down to 11,650. Let's see how we did in
CAESAR II with these.
14. I'll toggle back over to CAESAR, and we'll close out this report.
This was our extended forces report.
What we do now is we'll
Click on the stresses extended report.
Click on the button to view the report on the screen.
The report displays a series of header values across the top of
the screen, and the results are listed below.
15. Scrolling down, we can see the computed results for the
different nodes.
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CAESAR II Example One Video Seven
For the values listed as sustained stress, CAESAR II will refer
to this as a code stress. So the values we got are
Node 10: 8,572
Node 20: 14,388 and
Node 50: 11,656.
16. Checking the values in the report, they went from 8,560 14,370
and 11,650. So the results computed by CAESAR II came out
as expected, and matched those given in the example.
This is a good point to pause the video. Go ahead and get your
model and analysis to here. Run these reports, compare
results, and then we'll continue on after this.
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CAESAR II® Fundamentals - Example One Video 8
1. Now we're going to take a look at these two expansion load
cases. The first expansion load case is load case four, and
it's checking the expansion between load case one and three.
So it's the expansion between the highest temperature and
the ambient temperature.
2. The last load case recommended by CAESAR II was the
expansion load case which checks the expansion between
the coldest temperature and ambient temperature.
What we'll do in this video is write a new load case that will
show the full range of expansion, from the lowest
temperature, up to the highest temperature. This will show
us how much our system is going to expand across this full
range of temperatures.
3. The way you build a new load case is using the load case
editor.
Close out the window which shows the load cases and the
reports, and we'll return back into our main screen.
This button is the one that we'll click to open the load case
editor.
When we click on that, it shows us our various load cases.
These are the ones that CAESAR II has generated for us and
recommended. At any time, you can click on this
Recommend button, and it will update the list, showing the
load cases it recommends.
4. Now we'll create a new load case.
Click in this L5 space to make it active.
Click the small button that has a plus, which will an add a
new entry in the list.
Click inside the L6 area, and we can begin to add some new
information.
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CAESAR II Example One Video Eight
5. This load case will calculate the expansion across the full range
of temperatures. In this case, that will be the difference
between L1 and L2 (L1 is at the high temperature and L2 is at
the lowest temperature). If we take that difference, the system
will calculate the line across the full range of expansion.
6. Click down in the square next to L6, and it becomes active.
Type: L1 - L2.
In the field for the Stress Type column,
Click, and click the down arrow, then click on Expansion.
The new load case is now defined.
Now we'll test it.
7. Click the Running Man button to start the analysis, and
CAESAR II will calculate its results, and include this load case
as well.
8. We see now that our new load cases appeared in the list of
load cases analyzed. Later, if we click it to highlight it, we will
be able to select some of the various reports, and view the
calculated results that occurred from using this load case.
At this time, we're going to set up a custom report that matches
the one shown in the B31.3 example.
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CAESAR II Example One Video Eight
9. I'll scroll back over and take a look at the example shown in the
code. They have a report in here that has the forces in x and y,
it has the moments around z, and it has the expansion stress
(CAESAR II will refer to this expansion stress as the code
stress).
10. Now we'll set up a custom report with these four columns.
Go back to CAESAR II, and
Click on Create a New Custom Report.
A new report template will open up for us, which we can begin
to edit it.
11. Click in the Name field.
Type: Example One - EXP - Report Two
12. Click the small symbol next to Global Forces, which will
expand it, and scroll down to FX.
Click the small symbol next to FX, which expands it.
Set it to column number one.
Set its precision to zero.
Press <Enter> or click in a different filed to finish this step.
The report will flash as it updates.
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CAESAR II Example One Video Eight
13. The next entry is going to be for FY.
Expand that, and set it for column number two
Set Precision to zero and press <Enter>.
The next column is for the moment around Z (MZ).
Expand MZ.
Set this to be Column number three.
Set the Precision to zero for this field also.
14. For the last column, we'll come down under Stresses, and
expand that.
Scroll down, and find "CODE STRESS."
Expand that.
Set it to column number four, with a precision of zero.
15. So the report is done.
Close the report, and the system will prompt us to save it
as we exit.
Click Yes to save it.
The new report will appear on our Custom Report list.
16. Now, we'll click on the Expansion Load Case, we'll click on
the Example One Expansion Report Two, and we'll go
ahead and run that. We'll tell the system to display that on
the screen, and we'll see what kind of results we come up with.
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CAESAR II Example One Video Eight
17. Let's take at look at the results in the report.
On node 10, we had for FX: 5,635.
For FY: 255.
The MZ is 3,390.
The Code Stress is 579.
The code had results of 5,640 (we had 5,635).
They show 260 (we were at 255).
We both came out with 3,390 for MZ.
For the Code Stress we both had 579.
18. So we're well within a 1% range here, a fraction of 1%
difference, and they're saying that these come from a variance
of unit conversion tolerances.
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CAESAR II Example One Video Eight
This was an interesting lesson, and you can see that as you get
familiar with this, it gets easier to navigate. In this example, we
created a new load case for ourselves, we created a new
custom report for it, and we compared our values to those
shown here in the code.
Another thing to notice is they include values for nodes 30 mid
and 40 mid. In our CAESAR II report these would correspond
to nodes 29 and 39. So you can compare some of the results
that we see in this report against the corresponding nodes in
the CAESAR II output report.
So great! We covered a lot of ground in this, and in the next
video we'll continue on to something new.
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CAESAR II® Fundamentals - Example One Video 9
1. Now let's take a look at some of the ways CAESAR II can
display its results graphically.
Click on the 3D Plot button.
You'll see toolbars similar to what we saw when we were
inputting in the data for the model, plus some new ones.
For instance, we can view the graphic output based on the load
case.
Click on the down arrow by the Load Cases.
Select the Operating Load Case.
2. Click on the Deflected Shape button.
The system will display how the model will deflect as it expands
or reacts to the installed forces and moments.
Roll the wheel forward to zoom in.
3. Click the Grow button next to it.
The system will show how the line will grow over time as the
temperature changes. So we can view how the model changes
based on different load conditions.
4. Next to that is a toolbar that can show us the displacement, the
maximum in X, Y, and Z.
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Click the Maximum DX button.
The system will display where the maximum displacement in X
occurs.
In order to see it better,
Click the Translucent Objects button.
We can see the writing come through.
That's going to be where the Maximum Displacement in X
occurs. The Maximum Displacement in Y occurs at node
40.
5. The toolbar to the right of that is going to display the maximum
forces.
Click on the Maximum FX button.
Pan down and we can see that's going to occur at node 10.
Click on the Maximum FY.
We can see that's occurring at node 20.
Forces in Z won't come into play in this example.
6. Click on the Max MZ button.
We can see that occurs at node 50.
So we see this gives us is a way to display graphically some of
these forces, moments and displacements.
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CAESAR II Example One Video Nine
7. This next toolbar can be used to display stresses in a line. And
it can display these graphically using colors and text.
When we talk about stresses in a line, we should be taking a
look at it in terms of the expansion load case or the sustained
load case.
8. Click on Expansion Load Case 6.
Click on the Overstress button.
The system says there are no overstressed points in this line.
Click it again to turn that off.
9. Click on the Max Stress button.
The system shows that occurring at
node 39.
Click it again to turn this off.
10. Click on the Stress Colors by Value button.
Click the Translucent Objects button to turn that display mode
off. The system now shows these stresses distributed in the
line.
And we can see that the higher the stresses get, the redder the
color is going to get. So along nodes 30, and around to 40 are
going to be where these maximum stresses occur.
Click the button again to turn these off.
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CAESAR II Example One Video Nine
11. Click the Stress Colors by Percent button.
The system shows the higher stress levels are occurring
around the elbows. This is displaying the calculated stress (the
Code Stress) by percent of the allowable. In this line we're
somewhere over 40% but less than 60% of the allowable
stress.
So this is a great way to see how the stresses are distributed
and how close they are getting to the maximum allowed stress.
Click the button again to close it.
12. Now we'll take a look at the selection options toolbar.
Click on the Zoom to selection button (the magnifying glass).
Click an object, click one of the components (click the
vertical line in this model).
The system will zoom in to that area and it will show a split
screen. We'll see what's called an Element Viewer screen
down toward the bottom.
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CAESAR II Example One Video Nine
13. We can select from the different load cases listed on the left.
The system displays the different results that have been
calculated based on these load cases. So if we look at element
30 to 38 we can see some information on it.
CAESAR II would have a node 40 on the corner when it was
originally modeled, but when we put a bend there and analyze
it, the system shifts node 40 over to this point on the far end of
the elbow when it shows its results. The midpoint of the elbow
becomes node 39 and the beginning point of the elbow is now
node 38. So that's why this element we selected is shown as
going from node 30 to 38.
14. Click another object along the way.
The system will display results on that. What's nice about using
this viewer is that you can get the graphics combined with the
output results and it just gives you a really nice way to get an
overall view of the model.
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CAESAR II Example One Video Nine
You can click on different parts of the model, use different load
cases, view the different reports within those load cases, and
see exactly how this is all working out.
15. Close the Element Viewer.
16. Click Options
Click View Animation.
The system will open another screen.
On this screen, we also have the different load cases to select
from.
Select Operating Load Case 1.
17. Click the Motion button.
The system will switch into a single line display mode.
It will show the animation of the line expanding as it changes,
based on this load case.
You can see how ends of the line are fixed, since those are
anchored.
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CAESAR II Example One Video Nine
Click the Volume Motion button next to it.
This is a little bit easier to see on the screen.
We have some other options we can do. We can display node
numbers, and we can print this out.
Click File.
Click Print Motion.
The system will actually assign it to your printer, and it will also
show how the line looks as it expands through its full range of
motion.
So this is the animation.
This is the Reset Plot button.
It will reset the plot back to the way it displayed it initially.
This screen also has options for viewing the plot different
directions and rotating it.
To exit this animation screen, you'll just click the x up in the
corner, and it'll take you back to the screen where all the
reports are.
Now you go through this video and your notes, and do each
one of these steps and practice this and get familiar with it.
And then, as we go on in the later examples, this will be easy
for you to use as needed.
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CAESAR II® Fundamentals - Example One Video 10
1. When you first come into CAESAR II, this is the screen that you
see.
2. Click the Home tab.
If we wanted to, we could click Open and
open up some jobs that we've done in the
past, or we can start something new. We
also have links or buttons going across
that can take us to other screens.
3. If we click on the piping input, it could take us to the input
spreadsheet, where we could begin to model the geometry of
our job or modify it. We could model underground piping. If we
had checked off the box about structural steel, we could model
structural steel shapes in here. There's a catalogue of them that
we can use.
4. When we're ready to run the analysis, we could click on one of
these two buttons. For this course, it's going to be the static
analysis that we'll do for several examples. Later, we could
view reports. We could look at the printed reports based on
load cases. There's just a wide variety of them here. We can
also generate a stress isometric through this area.
5. We could also set the configuration here as well as add new
materials.
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CAESAR II Example One Video Ten
6. Click Configure.
The system will open up the configuration screens for us.
One of the things that you'll typically do when you go into this
configuration screen is you'll take a look at the databases first.
7. Click Database Definitions.
8. Click Units File Name.
I'm set for English, so I'll be using Imperial Units. But if you had
to do a job in millimeters, you can click the down arrow and list
the various choices available.
You can see there are units files that are specific to different
countries: a Japanese units file, French, and German.
CAESAR II ships with a collection of these. For the work we do
in this course, we'll be set to English.
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CAESAR II Example One Video Ten
9. Another thing to look at is the default spring hanger table.
We can see that it's currently set to use the Anvil catalog.
If I click the down arrow, we can see there are over 30 of these
in here that we could choose from.
So if you're working a job where you want to use Lisega for
your hangers, you could select that manufacturer from the list
and then when you put in a spring hanger, CAESAR II would
use their catalog to select from.
Expansion Joints can be set in a similar fashion. There are
several of those in here that you could choose from as your
default choice.
10. For the Valve/Flange listing we have files that we can pull
data from. There's a CADWorx file shown that has a collection
of valves, and their weights, lengths, and information. So when
we place valves into the model, they'll pull data from this file.
If we look a little further, we have a screen here where we could
set up some information about fiberglass reinforced pipe.
11. Click Geometry Directives.
Here we set the automatic node numbering increment.
Later, when we build our model, our nodes will move in
increments of 10. It's good to have a good increment size here
so that later, if you decide to modify the model, you can add
new geometry between two existing nodes.
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12. Click Graphics settings.
This lets us change the display settings. We'll look at this again
later, but this will affect a particular job. If we save this
configuration, it's going to be in this fundamentals course files
folder. So, all the files that we create in this folder will have
these settings.
When you start CAESAR II for the very first time, you get a
screen that comes up about configuration.
Whatever settings you change in that gets saved in the system
folder as the default configuration. But when we change it later,
like I'm doing now, that would go into a particular folder. So,
each folder, each job, can have its own configuration file that
would be for that group of files.
13. Click Miscellaneous options.
Here you can set the automatic save time interval.
14. Click SIFs and Stresses.
CAESAR II uses a multiplier of 1 for whatever's in the code.
The code we're going to mainly working with his B31.3. That's
what these examples will use. So, whatever the code says for
the SIF, that's what CAESAR II will use when it does the
calculations.
Close the screen without saving.
This is how you would change the configuration on a particular
job if needed.
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CAESAR II Example One Video Ten
15. Click on the Analysis tab.
When we have our geometry built, we could begin to run the
static or dynamic analysis of the model.
We have other things that we can do down in here. We can
check the stresses on nozzles connected to equipment.
This group of buttons is called Outboard Processors, and they
are programs that give extensive options for various types of
analysis.
We can use these to analyze flanges. We can analyze
expansion joints and structural steel. These are ways to take a
look at the analysis of steam turbines, nozzles on pumps,
compressors, different kinds of exchangers and heaters. A lot
of things can be interfaced through this screen, and there's
more than one way to get to all of this.
16. Click on the Output tab.
Here we can look at our reports. Depending upon your model
there are static and dynamic reports. We can animate our
displacements in our static reports, as well as dynamic. This
tab also takes us to running and configuring Stress Isometrics.
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CAESAR II Example One Video Ten
17. Click Interfaces.
Here we can interface to some other programs. There are
options for AFT Impulse, PIPENET, and others.
We also have interfaces to CAD systems including Smart Plant
3D and a really nice interface to CADWorx Plant Professional.
Later, in one of our examples, we're going to export a model
from CADWorx, open and analyze it in CAESAR, and then if we
like, we could send back any changes to CADWorx. It's bidirectional.
18. Click Utilities.
Here we have another option to work with materials and modify
the configuration.
We can change the units in a model. If you get a model in one
set of units, you want to convert it over, you can use this click
right here to do so. We have a link to the System folder. If we
click on that, that's where the default configuration file is
located.
If we scroll drown, we'll find it, and here it will be under
CAESAR.cfg. So, that's going to be the settings that we did
initially when you first loaded in CAESAR II.
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CAESAR II Example One Video Ten
If you modified it for a particular job, and you wanted that to
become your default configuration, you could copy your
configuration file from your job folder down to this system
folder, and then it would be your default configuration.
The right in area of this panel is for licensing the hardware lock,
and there are some diagnostics that the technical support
people can use to help you verify things, if you need assistance
for your installation.
So, great! We covered quite a few options here.
Explore this area in CAESAR II and then we'll continue on to
something new.
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CAESAR II® Fundamentals - Example Two Video 1
1. In this lesson, we're going to model this line, and this is the
second example in the B31.3 Appendix S Piping Code.
If we look at the geometry of this line, we can see that there is
an anchor and a restraint (in the Y direction) on each end of the
line. The line is symmetrical, and there is a +Y restraint in the
center of the line at node 50.
As this line begins to heat up, we could anticipate that it's going
to lift off (to some extent) from the +Y restraint in the center
segment.
We'll put this into CAESAR II, analyze it, and we see what kind
of results the system generates.
2. A nice thing about this problem is that we can use it to begin to
show some other features in CAESAR II as well.
For instance, we'll take the central +Y restraint out, and we'll
analyze it and see if it fails. Then we can use that as an
opportunity to design a hanger for that location.
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CAESAR II Example Two Video One
3. So let's get started. I'll go ahead and toggle over to CAESAR
II, and we'll start a new file.
Click New.
Type: EXAMPLE_2 for the name.
The file will be saved in the CAESAR II Fundamentals Course
Files folder.
The system is set for Piping Input.
Click OK.
CAESAR II will display our units.
Again, we're going to be in Imperial Units for this.
Click OK.
Now we can start putting in our piping input.
4. When we read about this problem in Appendix S, it says that it
has similar design parameters to Example One, and it's going
to use the same materials as the first example.
So let's go ahead and start putting that in.
5. In the Diameter field,
Type: 16 <Enter>.
Notice the message in the lower area of the screen when you
press Enter. CAESAR II is telling you that it's making some
conversions, or entering a more precise value. You may hear a
beep to alert you as it makes these modifications.
6. For Weight/Schedule (Wt/Sch),
Type: 30 <Enter>.
CAESAR II will convert this Schedule 30 to the Wall Thickness.
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CAESAR II Example Two Video One
7. For Corrosion,
Type: 0.063 <Enter>.
8. For Material,
Type: 106 <Enter>.
CAESAR II will use its default material for 106, which is A106
Grade B.
It will automatically fill out the Pipe Density field and other
material properties for that selection.
9. For Fluid Density,
Type: 1SG <Enter>.
Note: You have to type in SG, or you'll get incorrect results.
10. In the Temp 1 field,
Type: 550 <Enter>.
In the Temp 2 field,
Type: 30 <Enter>.
In the Pressure 1 field,
Type: 550 <Enter>.
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CAESAR II Example Two Video One
11. In the Insul Thk field,
Type: 5 <Enter>.
In the Insulation Density field,
Type: 11/1728 <Enter>.
The information given was 11 pounds per cubic foot. This is
entered as 11/1728 since CAESAR II requires this to be in
pounds per cubic inch (1 cubic foot is equivalent to 1728 cubic
inches).
12. We're getting ready to start modeling the geometry of the line.
Let's take a quick look at it. We can see that our line is going to
go in the horizontal direction from nodes 10 over to 30, then it
will travel up in the plus Y direction, turn back to horizontal, turn
down, and end with a horizontal run.
Included in the code is a table that lists the actual distances
between the nodes in this model. We'll use that table as we
build our CAESAR II model.
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CAESAR II Example Two Video One
13. If you'd like to try this on your own, go right ahead and do that,
and then you can follow along with the video after that. Or if
you'd like to just watch the video first or follow along with it,
that's fine, too.
14. Now we'll get this started.
The first segment is going to be from node 10 to 15.
Click in the To node field.
Change the 20 to a 15.
Click in the DX field.
Type: 20- <Enter>, to enter a
value of 20 feet.
Click Continue.
15. The next segment will be from 15 to 20.
Click in the To node field.
Change the 25 to 20.
Click in the DX field.
Type: 20- <Enter>.
Double click Restraints.
Select a Y Restraint for this node.
Click Continue.
16. The next segment is going to be from nodes 20 to 30.
In the DX field,
Type: 10- <Enter>.
Double Click Bend.
The system will place a Long Radius Bend at node 30.
Click Continue.
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CAESAR II Example Two Video One
17. The next segment is node 30
to 40.
In the DY field,
Type: 20- <Enter>.
Double click Bend.
The system will place a Long
Radius Bend at node 40.
Click Continue.
18. The next segment will be from node 40 to 50.
In the DX field,
Type: 30- <Enter>.
Double click for Restraints.
Select a +Y restraint for node 50.
This will support the line from underneath; it's like the line is
resting on a beam or other type of support.
Click Continue.
19. The next segment now will be from node 50 to 145.
Click in the To node field and change it to 145.
In the DX field,
Type: 30- <Enter>.
Double click Bend.
The system will place a Long Radius Bend at node 145.
Click Continue.
20. Next the line will drop down to node 130.
Click in the To node field
and change it to 130.
In the DY field,
Type: -20- <Enter>.
Double click Bend.
The system will place a Long
Radius Bend at node 130.
Click Continue.
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CAESAR II Example Two Video One
21. The next segment will be from 130 to 120.
Change the To node to 120.
In the DX field,
Type: 10- <Enter>.
Double Click Restraints.
Select a Y Restraint for node 120.
Click Continue.
22. The next segment will go 120 to 115.
Change the To node to 115.
In the DX field,
Type: 20- <Enter>.
23. The last segment will be from 115 to 110.
In the DX field,
Type: 20- <Enter>.
Double Click Restraints.
Select an Anchor for node 110.
24. At the beginning of the line is another anchor.
Click the First Element button.
Double click Restraints.
Select an Anchor, which will be on node 10.
So great. I think our model is done now. We're in good shape.
Let's change display to show the restraints and anchors larger.
So make sure you have your model to this point, and then on
the next video, we'll start to run the analysis.
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CAESAR II Example Two Video One
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CAESAR II® Fundamentals - Example Two Video 2
1. We'll analyze this soon, but first let's take a look at some of the
other options that we have here in this piping input screen.
2. If you recall earlier, when we were setting up our screen, we
docked the spreadsheet. We held down on the top area of the
spreadsheet, and moved the mouse over to the left. When the
mouse pointer touched the edge of the toolbars, the
spreadsheet snapped into place.
So you do that now. Hold down the mouse button in the top
bar area of the spreadsheet, drag over and touch the left
toolbars, then release.
Once it's docked, you can minimize it by clicking the small pin
in the upper right area of the spreadsheet. This changes it into
a tab, which you can click to restore.
3. Now we have a little more room to view the results.
The first toolbar we'll take a look at is called the Legends
toolbar.
These buttons are used to show the different materials, wall
thicknesses, pressures and temperatures in the model.
4. Click on the Materials button.
The system displays the materials in the model. In this
example the model shows it is all A106 grade B material. If the
material in the model varied, the display would show that.
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CAESAR II Example Two Video Two
5. The other buttons display other properties of the line. They will
show the Piping Codes, Insulation, Diameters, Wall
Thicknesses, Forces, Uniform Loads, Wind and Wave
Loads, Temperatures, Pressures, Corrosion, Pipe Density,
Fluid Density, and Insulation Density.
So this toolbar lets us quickly see the various settings and
parameters that make up our piping model. It's a good way to
visually check your work.
6. This button displays Line Numbers. If we had a model that
had several different line numbers in it, we could see those by
different colors.
7. These buttons are used to Move Geometry in a model, and
reposition the different parts of the model from one location to
another.
8. If needed, turn off any button you have active to close the
window next to the plot. I'll toggle the fluid density button to
reset my screen, and we'll look at some additional display
options.
9. This toolbar and button on the left has to do with the plot.
Click on the Reset Plot button.
This button resets the display to the default plot, showing the
first segment as the current element. It also displays the line in
the southeast isometric orientation.
10. This button (Reset View) sets the system to regenerate as you
add elements to the model. As long as this button is lit, the
system will automatically update the plot with each new
addition to the model and Zoom Extents. For a large model,
this can be something you might want to disable. It will still
update as new elements are added, but it will not do a Zoom
Extents.
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CAESAR II Example Two Video Two
11. The Lock Graphics button will actually lock the display so it
won't try to update itself as new things get added. That might
be useful if you have a large model, which you may not want to
update each time you a component. You could lock the
display, add a number of components, and then later update it
yourself with the Reset View button.
12. Next we have an Archive Button.
If I click on that, it lets us put in a password. Then we can lock
our input file so that we're the only ones that can access it.
13. This is the Insert button.
It will let us add a new element, either before or after our
current element. We will use this command extensively in
some videos which follow.
14. This is the Delete Element button.
It prompts to verify we want to really delete the current element.
I'm going to say no on that.
15. Next is a Break button.
Using this, we can insert a new node or multiple nodes when
given a number. For example, we can insert nodes from node
10, each a certain distance apart. This could get very useful if
you need to modify a model.
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CAESAR II Example Two Video Two
16. This is the Global Coordinates button.
Using this we can set node 10 to have a certain XYZ coordinate
in the model. If we export this model back out to CADWorx or
to SmartPlant 3D, it would come in at the proper coordinates in
the CAD model.
CADWorx has a bidirectional link to and from CAESAR II,
so that we can send a file from CADWorx into CAESAR II for
analysis. If the line gets adjusted in CAESAR II, the changes
can be sent back cleanly into the CADWorx model and update
it.
17. The next button is the Close Loop button. If you click
Continue, then enter in two node numbers and click on this
button, the system will insert a new element between them.
18. This is the Increment Nodes button. Currently by default
CAESAR II has a node increment of 10, which is set in the
configuration dialog box. You can set the increment to other
values if you like (for instance, 5). However, you definitely want
to have a large enough number in here that will allow you to
insert additional nodes in a segment if you need to modify a
model at a later time.
19. This is the Distance calculation button.
You can enter in two nodes, and
the system will calculate the
distance between them.
For example, let's check the
distance between 10 and 120.
When we put those nodes in the
dialog box the system calculated
a distance of 120 feet. It will
show the diagonal distance, and
the distances along the X, Y, and
Z axes.
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CAESAR II Example Two Video Two
20. This button will access the
Valve and Flange
Database.
CAESAR II has a database
of valves and flanges, and
can provide the proper
weight for them to use in its
calculations.
21. Here is the Expansion Joint Modeler button.
CAESAR II includes a modeling system for Senior
Flexonics Pathway Div EJ. When this button is clicked, the
system will open a series of dialog boxes for input. Then it will
place an expansion joint based on your input.
22. Next is the Title button.
This allows you to edit or add a title and
some notes for your job.
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CAESAR II Example Two Video Two
23. This button opens the Hanger Design Criteria dialog box.
CAESAR II includes a large number of hanger vendors, with a
wide variety of hangers available for modeling.
The box displays the current settings for the hangers, and you
have the option to change these. For instance, hangers will
have a load variation of 25%, and the manufacturer is set to
Anvil by default.
24. The next buttons open up SIF Scratchpad dialog boxes.
Looking at one, we can enter a node to see the SIF for that
element (a bend, tee, etc.) Using this dialog box, the SIF can
be modified and recalculated as needed, based on specific
additional information when available.
25. This button is the Special Execution Options button.
If you need to change some things for your analysis, you can
do that in this dialogue box. For instance, the Ambient
Temperature can be set as needed here for this particular job
(the default setting is found in the Configuration settings).
Go ahead and work through some of these viewing options,
and get familiar with them.
Take a few minutes and experiment with these. It will make it
easier for you as you go along with the course, and also when
you use CAESAR II professionally.
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CAESAR II® Fundamentals - Example Two Video 3
1. The next thing we want to look at is this list button.
Click on the List Input button.
The system will display a spreadsheet or a table that has the
different elements with their distances and other information
about the model.
2. Click on row 2 (nodes 15 to 20) and notice how that element
highlights in the model. We can see it's currently set for 20 feet.
3. This interface gives us new ways to work with the model.
Click in the field where it says 20 feet.
Change that to value 100 feet and press <Enter>.
Notice what happens to the model. You'll see it updates the
length of that segment.
4. Set that 100 feet back to 20 feet.
We don't really want to change it. I just wanted to show you the
power of this interface.
5. On this line we're working on, there's a restraint on node 20.
Since this is our current element, the restraint button on the
toolbar on the right is highlighted.
Click on the next row (node 30 to 40), the bend button will
light up. If I have two lines that form a corner and I don't have a
bend there, I can use this interface to add a bend.
6. The same idea can work with other elements. For instance, if I
have a sequence of elements and maybe I want to put an
anchor or a restraint in them, I can click on the Restraints
button to add it to the model. Using the list and the selection
tool button, and the toolbar on the right will let you insert other
kinds of elements similar to the way it was done when we
worked with the input spreadsheet. So this is really nice way to
work in CAESAR II.
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7. Now along the bottom of the list display are tabs which will
show other aspects of the model. For instance, you can see
the materials.
Click on the Materials tab.
And this first row-- this A106 grade B is what propagated on
down.
Click the Bends tab. The system will display information
about the location of the bends in the model.
Click on the Restraints tab.
Now the system will display information about the Anchors and
the Y restraints.
So you can see, using this list box and its tabs gives us another
good way to get an organized, easy to use view of the model.
8. Click on the arrow next to the List button.
Click on Close All Lists.
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CAESAR II Example Two Video Three
9. Now when we clicked on the List Input button, it opened up all
the lists. Some users like to just have one or two lists open and
then work that with the rest of the screens to get their model
built. We'll take a look at that now.
10. Click the arrow next to the List input button.
Click the Elements list.
These lists are kind of nice because what you can do with
these is if you push them over to the side like we did the input
spreadsheet earlier, they'll dock.
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Then you can turn them on and off, and they will become tabs
that you can activate when you need them.
Another example might be to add the Restraints list.
11. Click on the Restraints list.
Dock it as you did earlier with the Elements list.
12. So now you can open up the input spreadsheet, or the
elements list, or the restraints list as needed.
It's a quick and efficient way to work with the system.
Click the arrow next to the Input List button, and
Click Close All Lists.
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CAESAR II Example Two Video Three
13. The Edit Tools toolbar along the bottom of the screen has a
group of buttons that will open up dialogue boxes with model
information.
Click the Node Number Edit Window button.
This window displays the nodes in the current element.
Notice there's a Name check box. The system allows you to
assign a name to a node (like Pump Nozzle).
The dialog box will update as you select other elements.
Close this dialog box.
14. Click the Mini-Delta Box button (this shows distances
between nodes).
Close this dialog box.
15. Click the Mini-Pipe Size Box button.
This will show information on the size of the pipe as well as
various properties.
Close this dialog box.
Other buttons along the toolbar will display information on
temperatures, materials, elastic properties, and densities.
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16. Click on the Mini Aux Screen Box button.
We saw this information displayed on the side of the input
piping spreadsheet.
The dialog box has tabs along the left side which will display
additional information.
Close this dialog box.
17. The Block Operations toolbar (normally along the lower right
area of the screen) can be used to modify the geometry in the
model.
Select the two end elements in the line. Hold down the
Shift key as you select them.
Click on the Rotate button.
Click the About Y-axis button.
Set Degrees to 90
(Note: There's also an option to
add bends)
Click OK.
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The elements rotate.
Undo this rotation (use Control_Z).
Other buttons on this toolbar let you….
Duplicate, Delete, Renumber, Invert, and Change the
Sequence of elements within your model. We'll use these
extensively in a later video as we modify the geometry in a
model.
We covered a lot of information in this video. So take some
time and go over these things we discussed. Experiment with
them since you'll be using them later in the course and in your
work.
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CAESAR II® Fundamentals - Example Two Video 4
1. We're back in our model now and ready to run the analysis. To
test things, let's create an error or something that will cause a
warning when the error checker checks the model.
2. If you recall, when we entered the value for Fluid Density, we
typed in a 1SG. The system converted that to 0.03611.
The SG represents Specific Gravity, which is how CAESAR II
expects the units in that field.
Let's make an error, and see how CAESAR II reacts to this.
3. In the Fluid Density field,
Type: 1 <Enter>.
This will cause the line to be evaluated with a much heavier
fluid than before.
4. Click on the Error Checker button.
5. The system returns some messages. If we scroll up, we can
see the system is notifying us that the fluid density is more than
twice the typical value.
6. So this is good. It's giving us an indication that something is
questionable that we should check. The message is in green,
so CAESAR II can still run the analysis. If the message is in
red, then the setting or error would have to be corrected before
the system can proceed.
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CAESAR II Example Two Video Four
These other warnings are just letting us know that if we were
modeling this line with bent pipe (if we were doing bends, five
radius, three radius bends around these corners where these
elbows are now), we would need to check the wall thickness.
The system has calculated that modeling with bends instead of
elbows would require a heavier wall thickness. Since we're
using fittings this message is not applicable.
Close the message dialog box.
7. Click in the Fluid Density field, and
Change the 1.00000 to 1SG.
Press <Enter> and the system will change it to 0.03611.
8. Click on the Error Checker button.
We'll see the messages about the bends, but the message
about a large fluid density is now gone.
9. One other thing to say about these warnings, if you double
click on the warning itself, the system will take you right to
that point in the input spreadsheet. This makes it easier to
take a close look at your input.
10. Click the Batch Run button (the running man button).
CAESAR II will start the analysis of this line.
11. The system displays the analysis results screen.
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12. Click on Operating Load Case 1.
Click on Restraints.
Click on the View Reports button.
13. The system displays the FY on node 10 is 3161.
The code showed a value of 3150 for that node.
So our results are well within 1% of the predicted value.
14. Lower down in the list at node 20 our results were 13239.
The code showed 13250 - virtually the same.
At node 10, under the value for Mz, we calculated 19904.
The code showed 19900. Again, the results are virtually the
same.
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15. Now let's take a look at the plot of the line, particularly at the +Y
restraint at node 50.
Click on the 3D Plot button.
Click on the Front View button.
Zoom in to the node 50 area, at the midpoint of the top
element.
Click on the Grow button.
The system will display how the line expands as it heats up.
We can see that the nodes around the elbows are displaced.
Also we can see that the line lifts off the +Y restraint at node
50.
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16. Click Options.
Click View Animation.
The system will open a new window to display the line as it
moves.
Click the Front View button.
17. Zoom into the area around node 50 (in the center area of the
top segment).
Click the Motion button.
The system switches to a single line display and shows the
movement of the line as it expands.
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We can see there's some travel up and down on this line as it
expands. This line is actually lifting up a little bit off the +Y
restraint at node 50.
18. Close the animation screen window.
Click the Piping Input button.
We're going to take this as a nice opportunity to size a spring
hanger for this line at node 50, which we'll do in the next video.
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CAESAR II® Fundamentals - Example Two Video 5
1. What we're going to do in this video is we're going to see how
CAESAR II can help us design a hanger for our line.
For this example, we'll start by removing the support under
node 50.
Click on the segment (node 40 to 50) to make it current.
Double click the Restraint check box, and the system will
delete the +Y restraint at that node.
2. Click the Batch Run button to re-run the analysis.
3. We can see that the Sustained Load Case has failed the
code's allowed values, since it is displayed in red in the list.
4. Click on the Sustained Load case to highlight it.
Click on Stresses in the Standard Reports section.
Click on the View Reports button to show the results on the
screen.
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5. In the report, we see that it failed in that load case.
6. Looking at node 20, we see that we have a code stress, a
calculated stress of 18,851 and our allowable was 18,450. So
our line has a value of 102% of the allowable stress. Since the
line is symmetrical, a similar situation will occur at node 120.
7. Based on these results, we can see that our design requires
additional support. This will be an excellent example for us to
use CAESAR II's hanger module to select and install a hanger
for us at node 50.
8. Click on the button to return to the piping input
spreadsheet.
9. Select the element 40-50.
Double click Hangers.
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10. The system displays an ANVIL catalog, which is the default
(this is set in the configuration file).
CAESAR II has a variety of hangers available for selection, but
for this example we'll use an ANVIL hanger.
We'll also accept the default settings, such as allowing a load
variation of up to 25%, and using a short-range spring if
available.
11. Click the Error Checker.
CAESAR II has come back with some other suggested load
cases here.
Load case 1 that is listed here is going to be used to calculate
the deadweight load carried by that spring.
Load case 2 is used to calculate the thermal deflection, the
change in position between the cold and the hot at that spring
point.
With these two numbers, the deadweight and the travel, the
program can go to the Anvil catalog and select a spring that will
meet this demand. And then any other additional load cases
that the user might want will be analyzed after that.
12. Click the Batch Run button to start the analysis.
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Since we have a different set of load requirements, we changed
the system and added a hanger. The program is asking if we
want to return to the load case definitions.
13. Click OK.
CAESAR II returns us back to the previous set of load cases
that we used earlier. The system always tries to go back to the
previous set, but these are insufficient for this.
14. Click the Recommend button.
The system will now recommend a new set of load cases for
us.
We have two new load cases listed.
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The first load case calculates the dead load. To do this, the
system puts a rigid restraint at node 50, and it calculates the
dead load on it.
The second load case is used to calculate the amount of travel
for the hanger. What it does is it removes the rigid restraint at
node 50, but it mimics the actual hanger capability by
specifying a force in the upward vertical direction (+Y) at that
hanger point.
That force is equal to the load that we got from the first load
case. Load case 2 calculates the thermal deflection, the
change in position between the cold and the hot position of the
node at that spring point. So using these two numbers, the
dead load and the travel, the system can take these over to the
hanger catalogue, where the catalog selection is then included
in the model (both the spring rate and preload) for the
remaining load cases
15. You'll notice there's another load component here called H.
This represents the hanger preload. So the system is putting
the spring right in the model and preloading it with a theoretical
cold load, which will then be included in every operating case
and every sustained case.
This theoretical cold load is the operating load (from Load
Case1) plus the selected spring rate times the node's travel
between the installed and operating positions (estimated in
Load Case 2).
16. Click Use Recommended Load Cases, Yes.
17. Now we'll add one more load case that will give us the full
expansion.
18. Click in the space next to L7, and click the Add button.
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This new load case will be L8.
Type in: L3 - L4, and select EXP for the stress type.
This will give us the expansion across the full range of
temperatures.
Now we'll re-run the analysis.
19. Click on the Batch Run button (Running Man) again.
We can see the sustained load case up
here now doesn't appear in red. So
adding this hanger has relieved the
excessive stresses in the system, and
we're within the code recommended
values now.
20. Let's take a look at the hanger that has been selected.
Select the Hanger Table with Text and Display on the
Screen.
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The system selected an Anvil hanger, a triple spring hanger.
It's a 16-inch size and we can see the vertical movement was
quite a bit, 2.839 inches.
This is figured on the T1, on the hot load case, and it's carrying
almost 7,000 pounds. The range is between 5,250 pounds and
9,000 pounds, so we're well within the range that's
recommended for this.
The spring rate was 500 pounds per inch, and we had a load
variation of 21%. The allowable is 25%. This is a large hanger,
it's 49 inches long (a little over four feet). This length is the
hanger itself not including the hardware.
Close this dialog box.
Now let's take a look at these load cases.
21. Click Operating Load Case 3, and
Hold down the Shift key and
Click the next two load cases.
So we'll review the results from load case 3, 4, & 5.
Select the Restraint Summary, and display it on the screen.
In this report, we see we have load case 3, 4, and 5, and these
values are appearing right down in here for 3, 4, and 5.
Scrolling down and looking at node 50, and we can see these
are the values for that.
So you can see how easy it is to have CAESAR II design and
select a spring hanger for you. You can simply insert a hanger
at the appropriate node, and CAESAR II will chose one that fits
your design criteria.
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22. All right, let's go ahead and close out this report.
Click the input piping screen button, and we're going to take
a look at one more thing.
23. First let's save our file. You'll save it in your folder - the
CAESAR II Fundamentals Course folder.
Click File.
Click Save As.
Type: EXAMPLE TWO WITH HANGER <Enter>.
24. Click on the element between nodes 45 and 50.
Click on the Hanger option on the Input Spreadsheet (one
click).
This dialog box also has an option to place a Spring
Support under a line, instead of an overhead hanger.
You can click this space for that option.
This will give you a negative space, and you'll have some
choices for a spring support.
Great! I wanted you to see this.
We've covered a lot of ground here. Get your model up to this
point, and then we'll go on from here.
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CAESAR II® Fundamentals - Example Two Video 6
1. All right, so we've taken a look at some of our results. Let's go
ahead and close this screen out, and we'll get back to the main
screen that we have when we start up a new file. What we'll do
in this video is we're going to generate a stress isometric.
2. Click the Generate Stress Isometrics button.
3. The system will bring up a screen that shows our model, and
I'm going to maximize this. If we want, we can just create an
isometric right here.
Click Create Isometric Drawing.
Click Use Default Style.
Click OK.
So let's see what the system will produce if we don't do any
additional steps here; this is the default version.
4. Now to view the isometric, you need to have AutoCAD or an
AutoCAD viewer. I happen to have AutoCAD installed on my
machine, so it'll just open up the isometric in plain AutoCAD.
Click View.
We can see what the system produces. There is an anchor on
the end, and it dimensions the measurements down the lines.
It labels the pipe size and locates the Y restraint. We also see
a symbol for a hangar. This is the basic stress isometric form
that it will produce.
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5. Close this stress isometric drawing (you don't need to save it).
Minimize the viewer.
Cancel and exit out of the dialog boxes to return to the plot.
What we'll do now is add some additional annotation.
6. Click the Edit Stress Annotations button.
This dialog box has a series of tabs along the side of the dialog
box.
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Click on the Input tab.
Click the down arrow for Feature.
This gives some annotation options.
7. Click on Node Numbers.
Select some of the node numbers: 10, 20, 30, all the way to
the end of the line.
Click on the Output tab.
8. Here we have some load cases that we could show some
results from those load cases. So let's put some information on
the restraints (we're set for CASE 1, OPERATING CASE
CONDITION)
Click on node 20.
Click the check box for Hangar Data.
Check the box for node 50.
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9. All right, so I think we have enough here to take a look at it.
Let's go ahead and generate this one.
Click Create Isometric Drawing.
Click OK (Use Default Style).
Click View it (and Open if needed).
10. So now we have a little bit more going on here. We have our
same dimensions and labeling, but now we have some forces
displayed here for this Y restraint. Also the isometric contains
hanger information. We have information about the loading,
the size of it, the movement, the spring rate. So you can see
that you have a lot of options here in CAESAR II on how you
can display information on your stress isometrics.
When you run a stress isometric using the Default option,
CAESAR II saves the drawing in the folder where the model
is located. Also it will use the same units in the isometric
as the model.
If you need to produce stress isometrics quickly, you can use
the Default settings, then have your drafter modify the title
block as needed.
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11. Exit out of the two dialog boxes.
Let's say now that you wanted to use a certain size border, or
you wanted to have your company logo in the title block.
Also, perhaps you want to use the same input settings for your
annotation on the stress iso, and you would like to save them
as a standard template.
12. To save your input annotation settings,
Click the StressIso pull-down menu,
Click Save Template.
Note: You can save the input annotation in a template, but the
system does not allow you to save any output (results)
annotation in a template.
Later, when you want to use your saved settings in a new
model you just click "Apply Template."
Let's say not that you wanted to run your stress isos and save
them in a particular folder. Also you want to use a particular
border, with your title block instead of the default border.
13. The first step is to
Create a folder on your C: drive to store the stress isos.
For this example, name the folder
CAESAR_II_Stress_Isos .
14. Click Create Isometric Drawing.
Click Create New Style
Click OK.
A dialog box appears.
Click Browse to select your folder and then
Click Create.
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The system adds the necessary files
to the folder we created.
15. For units,
Select Imperial/Inch Bores.
For Drawing Size,
Leave it set to A2.
(Note: The system works best
with this setting.)
Click Create Drawing.
Click View to view the drawing.
The system has now created the drawing and stored it in our
folder.
The drawings get stored in a "Drawings"
sub-folder.
In the Isometric Style folder is the drawing
that the system uses for the border.
If you have your drafter/designer modify this in AutoCAD (or
Microstation if you use that), you can change it to suit your
company's needs (include your logo, modify the title block, etc.)
If you want additional information on modifying the
appearance and settings in the stress isometrics you can
review the material in I-Config. This has extensive
documentation on how the stress isometrics get created.
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CAESAR II® Fundamentals - Example Two Video 7
1. We're back in our model and this is the file that we saved
earlier. This is EXAMPLE_2_WITH_HANGER.
Make sure you're set to nodes 10 to 20.
In this example we're going to take a look at this area of the
input spreadsheet that we can use in CAESAR II to specify
Occasional Loads.
So far, we've analyze the sustained stresses on the piping
system to verify it's not overstressed or in danger of collapse.
We've also analyzed the expansion stresses and found them to
be within the allowable values.
2. However, piping systems can be subject to other types of
occasional force-based loads, and in this area of the
spreadsheet, we can specify some of these.
For instance, the first box shown here can be used to specify a
Point Force. This might be the force caused by a Relief Valve
discharging. We can check to see if that overloads the weldolet
connection between the relief valve and the header pipe.
3. The next box allows us to specify Uniform Load. We could
specify a G load on the piping system that can represent the
inertial e effects on the piping system as the ground beneath it
shakes. We would be able to see if our system can withstand
this type of load without yielding.
4. The third one is for Wind and Wave Loads.
Double click the Wind and Wave Loads check box.
This is what we're going to use in this example.
A dialogue box to the right will open up, and we can see that
we can specify either a wind load or a wave load. The system is
set for one or the other, because both of these types of loads
will not occur simultaneously on the same group of elements.
5. We'll specify a Wind Load for
this example.
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6. Click in the space for the wind shape factor.
Press the F1 key (to open up the Help system).
It says a wind shape factor is a coefficient that is used to model
wind as it goes around chimneys and tanks and other similar
structures. A value of 0.5 to 0.65 is typically used for cylindrical
sections.
If we use a value of 1 here, that would tell the system that the
wind does not flow around the shape, that it's just blocking the
wind. However, since piping is cylindrical, the wind will hit the
shape and then flow around the edges of it. So we're going to
be between 0.5 and 0.65 for this factor.
Type: 0.6 <Enter>.
7. Next the system asks for the global coordinates for node 10.
We'll leave that set to 0,0,0.
Click OK.
We'll get enough elevation for this line to see how wind loading
can affect it.
This is all that needs to be set in this section. What we've
entered is a carry-forward item. We checked the box for wind
and wave on the first element. If we go to the next element,
that check box disappears, but the information is still in there.
It's carrying forward, and we don't have to keep coming back
and checking that box again.
We don't need to check it again unless we want to change the
value. If we did that, the new value would start carrying forward
from where it was input.
8. Click on Start Run button to start the Error Checker.
We're getting the same warnings that we got before relating to
the bends. In our case, these are fine.
9. Now let's take a look at the Load Case Editor.
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10. Click on the Edit Static Load Cases button, which will open
up the Load Case Editor.
We're getting a message that the loads for this job have
changed. Remember, we've added a wind load here, so click
OK and we'll see what the system shows.
We can see we have some new load cases that have been set
up. However, we don't see them in our load case listings in the
editor.
If we click on the Recommend button, hoping that it would give
us these new load cases, CAESAR II is not going to do that. It
will not recommend load cases for occasional loads.
11. Now, one thing to ask here is if we're dealing with a linear or
nonlinear system. For this example, we're going to say it's
linear. We have anchors on each end and our restraints act in
both directions. We have a hanger in the middle of the line. So
for this example, we'll be working with a linear system. This
allows us to evaluate wind independent of any other loads.
12. Looking over on the left side of the dialogue box, we can see
that we have four wind load cases that we can define. In a few
minutes, we'll add one of these into our list of load cases.
What we're going to do first, we're going to look at this Wind
Load Case tab.
13. Click on the Wind Load Case tab.
This is where we can actually define the wind vectors, the
magnitude and direction of the different winds. The system has
4 of them. This would be for 1, and then we can go right on up
to 2, and 3 and 4 and so forth.
14. For this example, when we look at our model, we could say that
our maximum wind effect is going to occur when the wind blows
across the model in the Z direction. So we're going to use one
wind load case here, and we're going to set it up to be coming
in the +Z direction. We could go either way, but we'll get the
same effects as long as it's blowing across the model.
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15. Click in the space to specify the direction cosine. It will be
in the Z direction.
Type: 1 <Enter>.
16. Now we'll set up the rest of the required parameters.
If you have your own wind pressure profile or wind velocity
profile you can use that. We'll use CAESAR II to help us create
that. CAESAR II ships with a collection of different building
codes, international building codes, and this is where we'll start.
17. Select the ASCE 7 building code,
which is the US building code.
Depending on the order that you click these, the system
may or may not blank out the wind direction cosine field.
In my case it did, so I'm going to type a 1 and press Enter
in that field again.
Now we start filling out some of these other parameters.
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18. For the Basic Wind Speed, the system is looking for that input
in feet per second.
Click in that field, and
Type: 120 <Enter>.
That will approximate a wind speed of about 80 miles an hour.
19. Click in the Wind Exposure field, and press the F1 key.
The code says that Exposure 4 would be for a flat, coastal
area. For this example we'll assume that the structure of this
piping system is being constructed in Houston, Texas, which is
a fairly flat coastal area. So we're going to use a 4 for that.
Close the Help screen.
In the Wind Exposure field,
Type: 4 <Enter>.
20. This next field, Structural Damping Coefficient. We'll just
leave that set like it is. Currently, it's set for 3%, which is the
default.
21. Click in the Structural Classification field and press the F1
Key.
We're probably going to use this number 2 here for that. This is
for everything but these special cases. Category 3 would be for
buildings more than 300 people. Category 4 would be for
essential structures, facilities like hospitals and police stations.
So we'll just use category 2 for this example.
The system has a value of 2 preset, so we can leave that.
22. Click in the Importance Factor field.
In this example, we're not going to change that.
Leave it set to 1.
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The building code lists various kinds of structures and
buildings. This value would be changed for buildings of higher
importance such as a hospital or a police station. If we were
dealing with those types of important structures, we would enter
1.5 in this field, and the wind loads would be multiplied times
150%. This would give more assurance they could withstand a
severe wind event.
23. For the natural frequency, structural frequency, leave that set at
0. We don't have any data on that. If you had it, then you
could put it in. That can come into play with certain wind gusts
that the system might encounter.
24. The fields down in the lower area of the dialog box are based
on topography. In this example we don't have any hills nearby,
or any crest of hills close to us, so we'll leave these set to 0.
So great! I think we're at a perfect place to stop the video. Go
ahead and get your model to this point, and then we'll continue
on after that!
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CAESAR II® Fundamentals - Example Two Video 8
1. OK. Now that we have our wind loads defined, let's go back to
the Load Case Editor. We'll incorporate these into a new load
case or two, and we'll use that in analysis.
2. Click the Load Case Editor tab.
Click on Load Case number 8.
Let's just say we wanted to try a test using this load case. It
would be nice if we could just drag one of these wind load
cases over to our list and run it.
So I'm going to click the plus sign to add a new load case
to the list. Then I'll take this Wind Load Case number 1 and
just drag and drop it down into the new load case, and
hopefully this would work.
It's actually going to give us an error, but I wanted to show you
this.
I'll select an Occasional load for this load case.
All right, so everything looks good, let's see if it works.
3. I'll click the Batch Run button to run the analysis.
The system comes back with an error. It's saying that the
end of the load case strings must have an algebraic load
case listed. The wind load case is a fundamental load cases
so it's not allowed at the end.
So I'll click the OK button and we'll delete this last load
case we just tested.
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4. What we need to do is add this wind load case higher up in the
list.
Click on L5 (Load Case 5).
Click on the + sign.
The system inserts a new row in the list of load cases.
We get a message asking renumbering these lower three
rows in the load case list.
These rows are combination load cases. One of them is L3
minus L5.
It'll be down in the list, below L5 in the list. Since the lower set
of load cases don't contain any terms greater than L5,
adding new rows in the list won't interfere with how they're
numbered.
If we were inserting a row above L5, and our original L5
became L6, then that would affect the terms in these
combination load cases, but it doesn't come into play here.
Click No (about renumbering).
The system will insert a row into the list, and we can see these
combination terms now will not be affected because whatever
I'm doing is down below L5.
Click in the space, and drag and drop Wind Load Case
number 1 into the space.
Click Occasional for the stress type.
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CAESAR II Example Two Video Eight
This Stress Type is what the system uses to establish the
equations for calculating the stresses with these different load
cases. It will also establish the allowable stress for these
particular load cases. For occasional loads, these stresses are
not calculated by themselves. They offer additional
opportunities for the system to collapse when they're combined
with a sustain load case. So we do a combination of these two,
the sustained and the occasional, and check the stresses there
to see if they've exceeded the allowed values.
5. Now we'll add a new combination load case.
Click in the L9 space.
Click the + (Plus) sign.
Type: L5 + L6
Select OCC for the stress type.
This will represent the sustained load case plus the occasional
wind load, and this stress will be an occasional stress.
What the system will allow for this stress will be 1.33 times the
hot allowable stress. Whereas back when it's does the sustain
load case analysis, it just uses the hot allowable stress for that
value. Here it will take that and allow us to use 1.33 times that
value.
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6. OK, so we think we're almost done, and we can try to run this,
but we're not quite there yet. Let's try to run it and see what
happens.
Click on the Analysis (Running Man) button.
The system gives a warning here.
It says: In an occasional load case combination of a sustained
and occasional load case, the combination method is neither
scalar nor absolute while the code requires that.
The B31.3 Piping Code doesn't actually say it this way, but this
is how CAESAR II notifies us. So we have a couple of choices.
We can just say OK, just ignore it, or we can return to the Load
Case Options to set this.
7. Click OK. The system takes you to the Load Case Options.
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Now, the program has even highlighted the cell that we need to
focus on, and it's for our sustained plus our wind load.
Looking under the combination method, we can see that it
has an algebraic value entered there, but our message said
that we need to have a scalar or absolute method there.
The combination method is not used for basic load cases in the
upper area of the load case list. There's nothing to combine
there. The system will just simply calculate them and move
forward. When it gets down on these expansion load cases, it
will combine them in an algebraic fashion.
8. What it's doing is algebraically combining the bending
moments for these different load cases. Once it gets that
value, it uses that to calculate the stress. So it uses an
algebraic combination for these.
However, when you get down to this occasional one, what
we want to put down there is a scalar combination method.
9. Now, there's a subtle difference between putting scalar here
and putting absolute here. What's happening is when the
system calculates the stresses for occasional load cases,
it's going to just combine them with their scalar value. It's
not going to worry about the signs when it does the
combination.
10. But when the system calculates the displacements and
the forces, it will use an algebraic method for that.
11. That's the way it's going to happen if we have scalar here. If
we switch this over to absolute, then the system will use
an absolute value for all three of these (stresses,
displacements, and forces), but we want scalar only for
stresses. So that's a subtle distinction in working with
occasional loads, but it's worth noting. In our case, we want to
use scalar for this.
12. When we look at this list of options for our load cases, we see
we have a check box under Snubbers Active. The system can
accommodate us to have a snubber in the model and use it
only on this particular load case. Let me just show you very
briefly how that works (you don't have to do this unless you
like).
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CAESAR II Example Two Video Eight
13. I'm going to save this set-up for a moment, and then I'll go back
to the Input Processor. I'll click Save and close this.
14. I'll click on the element going to node 40. This would be a good
place for a snubber.
15. I'll double click Restraints.
I'll Select a Z Snubber.
A snubber will provide damping here. It's going to act in fast
movement, but not act in slow movement. That would be a way
we could get this in there. Let me go ahead and take it out. We
don't really want it in the model.
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CAESAR II Example Two Video Eight
16. Now I'll start the Error Checker.
Next I'll open the Load Case Editor. If we check the options
tab, we can see that having a Snubber in the model is like
having a selectable restraint, and it's just another nice feature
that's in CAESAR II. It's only active for the wind load case.
17. We're ready to run the analysis now.
Click the Running Man button.
Select the Occasional Load Case.
Select the Displacement report.
Display it on the screen.
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18. At the midpoint along the top center was node 50.
We can see that this is deflecting in the Z direction over 8
inches.
This is quite a large deflection, and it just shows that pipe is
very flexible.
Now, one thing to mention here is we do have a hangar at node
50, so we'll see some coupling between the hangar and the
line, and we won't see this full amount of displacement.
This displacement is caused by a force in the Z direction.
When CAESAR II analyzes a hangar, it looks at it strictly in the
Y direction.
Close the Displacements report.
19. Now let's take a look at the stresses.
Select the Occasional Load Case.
Select the Stresses report.
We'll see what we get on that. Does the wind plus the
sustained is going to put this in jeopardy and possibly
collapsing?
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Well, we're not seeing red, but this is pretty amazing.
Our ratio is 94% here of the allowable. So that's pretty intense.
20. Scrolling down in the report, that happened on node 10.
So the initial anchor on the end of the line has some large
stresses that have been calculated (94% of the allowable).
21. Let's do one more thing.
Close the stresses report.
Click on the Sustained Load case (Load case 5).
Hold down the Control key.
Click on the Occasional Load case 6 and
Click on the Occasional Load case 10.
Click on the Code Compliance report.
Click Display on the Screen.
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22. You remember when we set these up that we said use scalar
values, combine 5 and 6 for this load case 10 here. Let's just
see how that happened.
Scroll down in the report and we can see how this is working.
We see that we have a value in 5 and 6, and they combine
together to give us the value in load case 10. So we can see
these are just a simple summation here, and the system is
doing scalar like we expect.
23. Close this report.
Click the button to return to the Piping Input screen.
Click File.
Click Save As.
Save this as EXAMPLE_2_WITH_WIND.
Get your model to this point. Go through all of these steps, and
run the reports, and make sure you're really clear on this. I
think we had a great lesson here. We covered a lot of ground
on this and we got to see a number of features in CAESAR II.
So great. Get everything done up at this point, and then we'll
explore something new in CAESAR II after this!
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CAESAR II® Fundamentals - Example Three Video 1
1. This line is Example 3 in Appendix S in the B31.3 piping codes,
and it's an interesting problem.
2. The line has two 24-inch diameter headers on each side, and
two runs along the upper and lower sides of 20-inch diameter
pipe. As the line operates, only one of the runs will be active at
a time.
3. When the top horizontal run is active, it will be at 250 degrees
Fahrenheit in temperature and 250 psi in pressure. The lower
run will be turned off at that time, and will be a 0 psi and at
ambient temperature, which in this example is 40 degrees
Fahrenheit.
4. So what happens is this top part will expand and push these
tees out. Then one week later, the system will alternate and
the top branch will be turned off and the bottom branch will be
turned on. This will cause the lower line to expand and the tees
in the center of the headers will experience a moment reversal
over time.
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CAESAR II Example Three Video One
5. The code states this line is set to alternate once a week for
the expected life of the system, which is 20 years. This
cycling will not have enough of an impact to affect and will
not require any analysis for fatigue.
6. We’ll be modeling two operational scenarios. Scenario one will
be when the upper line is active, and scenario two is when the
lower line is active.
Later, when you use CAESAR II in your work, and you have
a model that includes a manifold with multiple lines
connected to it. You’ll be able to use this as an example.
7. Let's take a look at the model as it is given. We are given
some Y restraints at nodes 10, 210, 140, and 240. On the left
we have an anchor. On the right end the line is free to move in
X. That end (node 310) will have Z, Y, and Rotational
Restraints.
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8. As each run is active it is set at 250 psi, and 250 degrees F.
As that occurs the other run is set at 0 psi and 40 degrees F.
Then, a week later these settings are switched.
9. Click File.
Click New.
Type: Example_3 for the name.
Click OK.
Click OK to accept the Units settings.
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10. Dock the piping input spreadsheet as needed.
Click in the Pipe Diameter field.
Type: 24 <Enter>.
Click in the Wall Thickness field.
Type: 0.375 <Enter>.
The code specifies this as a gas fluid, so we don’t need to be
concerned about the Fluid Density (it can be left blank).
Leave the Corrosion field blank.
11. Click the Down Arrow next to the Material field.
Select A53B.
Click in another space to accept that.
The system will fill out other fields based on that material.
12. The first leg of the model will be the input line. It will always be
pressurized and hot.
Click in the T1 field.
Type: 250 <Enter>.
Click in the T2 field.
Type: 250 <Enter>.
Click in the P1 field.
Type: 250 <Enter>.
Click in the P2 field.
Type: 250 <Enter>.
13. Now we’ll start modeling the line.
Click in the DX field.
Type: 5- <Enter>.
Double click Restraints.
Click Anchor, to place an anchor
on node 10.
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Double click SIFs and Tees.
Click Welding Tee, which will put a Welding Tee on node 20.
Click another field to finish that.
This section of the model is always at pressure and
temperature.
From here, in the header section, the pressure and temperature
will alternate from high to low.
14. Next we'll model the upper branch.
Click Continue.
Change the To Node to 40.
Click in the DZ field.
Type: -5- <Enter>.
Change the Temperature and Pressure settings as needed.
T1: 250
T2: 40
P1: 250
P2: 0
Click in the DZ field.
Type: 5- <Enter>.
Double click the Chevron next to temperature.
A small windows opens up displaying the operating conditions
for the current element. We can see that the first case is going
to be 250 degrees and 250 psi, and the second case is going
to be 40 degrees ambient and 0 pressure.
Click on the first element in the model.
You can see that it’s always pressurized and at temperature.
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CAESAR II Example Three Video One
15. Our current settings will propagate to new elements.
Click the last element we just added to make it current.
Close the small Edit Operating Conditions dialog box.
Click Continue.
Change the To Node to 45.
Click in the DZ field.
Type: -2.5- <Enter>.
Double Click SIFs & Tees.
Select Welding (for node 40).
Next we’ll model the element from 40 to 110.
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16. Click Continue.
Change the From Node to 40.
Change the To Node to 110.
In the DX field,
Type: 5- <Enter>.
One thing to notice is this section of the model will be 20”
diameter pipe.
Click in the Diameter field.
Type: 20 <Enter>.
Changing settings after an element is modeled and still current
is the easiest way to have new settings propagate from your
current element forward.
Double Click Restraints.
Click Y (for node 110).
Click another space to finish that.
17. Click Continue.
We'll enter the length for the element between 110 and 120.
In the DX field,
Type: 5- <Enter>.
18. Click Continue.
We'll enter the length for the element between 120 and 130.
In the DX field,
Type: 5- <Enter>.
This will be a Rigid Element.
Double Click Rigid (this can represent a valve or flow meter).
In the space for weight,
Type: 2000 <Enter>.
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19. Click Continue.
We'll enter the length for the element between 130 and 140.
In the DX field,
Type: 5- <Enter>.
Double Click Restraints.
Click Y (for a Y restraint at node 140).
20. Click Continue.
We'll enter the length for the element between 140 and 340.
In the DX field,
Type: 5- <Enter>.
Double click SIFs and Tees.
Click Welding (to place a welded tee at node 340).
So we covered a lot in here. Why don't we pause at this point? I think
we're making really good progress in this model, so get your model to
here and we'll carry on after this.
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CAESAR II® Fundamentals - Example Three Video 2
1. All right, we're back at our model now and we're going to model
the rest of the line.
The lower section we'll model will have different temperature
and pressure values than the section we just completed (they'll
be reversed).
2. We don't want to change these at this point because, if we do, it
can affect the last element we modeled in the previous video.
We’ll continue the header and the switch the temperature and
pressure settings after the element gets modeled.
Let's take a look at our sketch for a moment. We're going to be
modeling the element that goes from node 20 down to node 30
and then from 30 to 35. These will be 24-inch pipe with the
opposite settings for the pressure and temperature than what
we used in the upper portion of the header.
3. Click Continue.
Set the From node to 20.
Set the To node to 30.
In the DZ field,
Type: 5- <Enter>.
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CAESAR II Example Three Video Two
4. The system initially models the element as a 20-inch diameter
pipe.
In the Diameter field,
Type: 24 <Enter>.
The system updates the model.
5. Now we'll change the temperature and pressure values for this
section of the model.
In the Temp 1 field,
Type: 40 <Enter>.
In the Temp 2 field,
Type: 250 <Enter>.
In the Pressure 1 field,
Type: 0 <Enter>.
In the Pressure 2 field,
Type: 250 <Enter>.
6. Double-click the chevron next to the Temp 1 field. We can
see that we have our temperatures inverted and our pressure
inverted for this segment. So you just have to change the
settings at the proper time so that it doesn't affect some
previous element in your model.
Close this dialog box.
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CAESAR II Example Three Video Two
7. Click Continue.
Set the From node to 30.
Set the To node to 35.
In the DZ field,
Type: 2.5- <Enter>.
Double click SIFs and Tees.
On node 30,
Select a Welding tee.
8. Click Continue.
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CAESAR II Example Three Video Two
9. Change the From node to node 30.
Change the To node to node 210.
In the DX field,
Type: 5- <Enter>.
In the Diameter field,
Type: 20 <Enter>.
Double Click Restraints
Click Y.
Click in another space to <Enter>
that selection.
10. Click Continue.
This element will be from 210 to 220.
In the DX field,
Type: 5- <Enter>.
11. Click Continue.
This element will be
from 220 to 230.
In the DX field,
Type: 5- <Enter>.
Double click Rigid.
For the Weight,
Type: 2000 <Enter>.
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12. Click Continue.
This element will be
from 230 to 240.
In the DX field,
Type: 5- <Enter>.
Double click Restraints.
Select a Y restraint.
13. Click Continue.
Set the To node to 330.
In the DX field,
Type: 5- <Enter>.
Click Save.
14. Next we'll model this header across the right end of the model.
In CAESAR II, when you have tees in the a model like this,
the system will treat them as if they had caps on the ends
of the tees. CAESAR II will analyze this as a pressurized
system.
15. Click Continue.
Set the From node to 335.
Set the To node to 330.
In the DZ field,
Type: -2.5- <Enter>.
In the Diameter field,
Type: 24 <Enter>.
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CAESAR II Example Three Video Two
16. Click Continue.
Set the To field to 320.
In the DZ field,
Type: -5- <Enter>.
17. Click Continue.
Set the To node field to 340.
In the DZ field,
Type: -5- <Enter>.
This element will have the values for T1 and T2 reversed.
In the Temp 1 field,
Type: 250 <Enter>.
In the Temp 2 field,
Type: 40 <Enter>.
In the Pressure 1 field,
Type: 250 <Enter>.
In the Pressure 2 field,
Type: 0 <Enter>.
These settings will now propagate through the elements which
follow.
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CAESAR II Example Three Video Two
18. Click Continue.
Set the To node to 345.
In the DZ field,
Type: -2.5- <Enter>.
The next step is to model the end of the line, going from node
320 to node 310.
19. Click Continue.
Set the From node field to 320.
Set the To node field to 310.
In the DX field,
Type: 5- <Enter>.
In the Temp 2 field,
Type: 250 <Enter>.
In the Pressure 2 field,
Type: 250 <Enter>.
Our pipe segments are now modeled correctly. Let's take a
look at the line and display the different temperatures and
pressures.
20. Click on the Show Temps button.
Click on Temp 1.
The system will display the higher temperature in the upper run
and the lower temperature in the lower run.
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CAESAR II Example Three Video Two
21. Click on Temp 2.
You can see how the system updates the display.
22. The same works with pressure.
Click on Show Pressures.
Click on Pressure 1.
Click on Pressure 2.
You can see how the system displays the high and low
pressure in the line.
Click on Show Pressures to turn that off.
We'll continue working on the model in the next video.
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CAESAR II® Fundamentals - Example Three Video 3
Now we'll continue working on the model.
1. We need to put some restraints on the end of the line.
Double click Restraints.
On node 310,
Select a Y restraint.
On node 310
Select a Z restraint.
On node 310,
Select a Rotational Y restraint.
On node 310,
Select a Rotational Z restraint.
2. We have one last thing to do to finish the model.
As this model was being built, Tees were left out of two
locations.
Click the Show Tees button.
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3.
CAESAR II Example Three Video Three
Click Wire Frame, to display the model as a wire frame.
We can see that tees need to be added at nodes 330 and 320.
4. Select the element from node 240 to node 330.
5. Double click SIFs & Tees.
At node 330, select a Welding Tee.
6. Select the element from node 320 to node 310.
7. Double click SIFs & Tees.
At node 320, select a Welding Tee.
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CAESAR II Example Three Video Three
8. Dock the input spreadsheet and minimize it.
9. Click the 3D Rendering button to go back to shaded mode.
10. Click the Show Tees button to turn off the Tees.
11. Now let's run the analysis of this line.
12. Click the Error Checker button.
We can see we have a nice Center of Gravity Report.
We're not getting any warnings or errors.
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13. Click the Batch Run button.
14. Select the Expansion Load Case 5.
This will be the operating load case minus the sustained load
case.
Select the Global Element Forces.
Display it on the screen.
15. We see here on Node 10, we're 108,987. On Node 30, we're
33,709. I'm going to toggle over to the Appendix S and just see
what they had. We had similar numbers, 108,755, 33,850. So
our numbers are coming out within a fraction of 1%.
Now you get your model completed, and then run the analysis
of this yourself and compare your results with what appears in
the B31.3 Appendix S Piping Codes. Then if you're doing the
quizzes, we'll have a quiz that follows so we can just verify
results, and after that, we'll go on to something new!
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CAESAR II® Fundamentals - Example Four Video 1
1. What we're going to do in this lesson is work with a line that
was created in a 3D CAD modeling system and exported out to
CAESAR II for analysis. So the CAD modeling system will
produce a file that CAESAR II can open up and analyze.
I thought this was interesting and I wanted to show you how
this happens. This is a screen in CADWorx Plant Professional
software, one of the 3D CAD systems owned by Intergraph™
Corporation. We have a line here, a 3D model, and we can see
that this line is a discharge line coming out of a couple of
pumps. The line comes up in vertical and goes over into the
rack and travels down the pipe rack and connects to a vertical
vessel.
2. In CADWorx Plant Professional software and also SmartPlant
3D, we have the ability to take a 3D line like this and export it
out to CAESAR II, and the system will automatically build a C2
file. It's a file that we can open right up into CAESAR II and
modify and analyze. So it's a great time saver. As stress
analysts we won't need to recreate the geometry again, we can
just work with something that's sent directly from the designers
right to us.
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3. Later, if we need to, we can also modify the geometry in
CAESAR II and send it back to the CAD system. When we do
that, the CAD system will import in the modified geometry.
Now, depending on the version you're running and the
particular CAD system whether it's CADWorx or SmartPlant or
something else, you have different tools in each of these
systems that you can use to model restraints. In the CADWorx
system itself, in the CADWorx Plant II ribbon tab, we have
some different restraints that we can put in.
4. We have a limited number here; we don't have all the them. We
have a translational restraint, an anchor, a spring hanger, a
guide, snubber, and a rotational restraint. When these get
exported out, the results may vary based on the versions of the
software in the CAD system and also CAESAR II.
Now, I'm going to go up to the View tab for a second, and I'll
show you something. If I go back to Visual Styles and I go to
2D Wireframe, and I'll zoom in, you can see where I manually
placed some restraints in this CAD modeler. If I double click
this one, this is a translational restraint. The main thing I want
to get accomplished with this is get this located in the model in
the proper location, and later I can tell CAESAR II if it's a +Y or
it's a rotational restraint about x, or whatever type of restraint it
is. Placing it in the model will produce some nodes and a
restraint located properly in the model. So wherever we have
these restraints, elbows, and components, we'll end up with
nodes in our CAESAR II file, and the geometry will be correct.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video One
5. The way this gets exported is just clicking a button on the
CADWorx ribbon.
When I click this Export (System Out) button, I get prompted for
a file location and to Select Components. I'll window all of the
components and press Enter. The system asks if you do want
to assign start locations, and if you press No, it just starts
running and it builds the CAESAR II input file for you.
6. So I'll go ahead and do that in the background, and then what
we'll do in a moment is we'll open this file up in the CAESAR II.
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CAESAR II® Fundamentals - Example Four Video 2
1. All right. So we're back in Caesar II. Let's go ahead now and open
up that file that was exported out of the 3D modeling system.
Click Open.
Click Export_Initial_A (it’s in the CAESAR II Fundamental
Course Files folder).
Click the Piping Input button to see how the data comes in to
CAESAR II.
2. It looks like we have some pretty nice geometry here. Zoom in for
a minute and take a look at the model.
You can see that the node numbering came out very nice in the
CAESAR II model. It started out at node 10 and went right around
the geometry nicely.
3. In looking at the restraints, they came in as rotational restraints.
This can vary depending upon the version and type of CAD
system you export from.
Later, we’ll change these to +Y restraints. So depending upon the
system and what the designer has available to input his restraints,
you will have to take a look at those and perhaps modify them.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video Two
4. In looking at the file, we see that we're missing a restraint in this
area of the line. That's a really long span, and that's the normal
span between these two. So we'll have to add a restraint in here.
What can cause that is if the piping designer did not snap the
restraint correctly to the line in the CAD modeling system. This is
an error that you’ll see from time-to-time as you export in lines
from a CAD model.
5. Now we’ll change the restraints.
Click on an element where the restraint is connected to make
it current.
Double click the Restraint check box.
Change it to a +Y restraint.
6. Now we need to add a node and a restraint that is missing in this
model. So now, what we need to do is add a new node in here in
this area right in here.
Click the element between node 140 and node 150.
Click the Break current element button.
The system displays a dialog box.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video Two
7. For the New Node Number field,
Type: 145 .
For the Distance field,
Type: 240.
This distance will be from Node 140.
This is for the distance (20 feet x 12 = 240).
Click the field to Get Support From Node,
Type: 140.
Click OK.
The system inserts the new node with its restraint.
8. Change the other restraints as needed.
Make them all +Y Restraints.
9. Click the “First Element”
button.
Set the Temperature 1 to be
300 degrees F.
Set the Pressure 1 to be 250 PSI.
10. Notice the material didn't come through in this example.
In the Material field,
Type: 106 <Enter>.
The system will fill out the values based on 106 Grade B material.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video Two
11. In the Fluid Density field,
Type: 0.72sg <Enter>.
When you press Enter it converts to a decimal value.
12. In the next video we’ll set up some nozzle displacement values, to
model how the pump nozzles will expand as they heat up.
For now we’re in great shape. Why don’t you get your model to
here and we’ll go on after that?
.
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CAESAR II® Fundamentals - Example Four Video 3
1. In this video, we're going to enter in some values for the
displacements of the nozzles for the pump discharge and the
nozzle coming out of the vertical vessel. CAESAR II has a field in
the input spread sheet for displacements.
The pump nozzles in this model are located 18 inches straight
up above the pump center line. So as they heat up and expand,
they'll have a displacement in the +Y direction.
2. CAESAR II has some information we can use to calculate how
much they will displace.
Double-click the small double chevron symbol near the
temperature field.
The system will show you the value to use to calculate the
expansion for this material.
We can just take this number and multiply it times 18 inches,
which is our distance from the pump center line up to the face
of the nozzle, and it'll give us the value for the y distance for
our displacement.
3. I've calculated that result, and now we’ll enter it into our model.
Double Click the Displacement field.
In the DY field,
Type: 0.027324 <Enter>.
In the other fields,
Type: 0 <Enter>.
You must put 0 in these other fields, otherwise the system
will let the nozzle move in these directions. These fields
represent the other degrees of freedom the nozzle can move
in.
4. One thing to note here is that we are doing this at node 10.
That's the node for the first pump nozzle. Now we’ll do the same
for the other pump’s discharge nozzle.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video Three
Have the Select tool turned on.
Click on the Rigid Element on the right pump.
This element will be from node 80 to 90.
Double-click Displacements.
In the DY field,
Type: 0.027324 <Enter>.
In the other fields,
Type: 0 <Enter>.
Next we'll take a look at the vertical vessel.
5. Here are the measurements for the nozzle location on the vertical
vessel.
We can see the
Skirt Height is 5’0”.
Skirt to Nozzle Centerline is 19"-3".
Vessel Centerline to Face of Nozzle is 3’-6”.
When we do the calculations, the skirt temperature will be set
to 100 degrees, and the vessel from the skirt up will be set to
300 degrees.
We can calculate this in a traditional way using a calculator. For
this example though we’ll build a quick model of this in CAESAR II
and let the system calculate it for us.
First we’ll save our current model.
6. Click File.
Click Save As.
Type: EXPORT_REV <Enter>.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video Three
7. Click File.
Click New.
For the name,
Type: NOZZLE CALCULATIONS
Click OK.
On the configuration screen,
Click OK.
8. In the Material Field,
Type: 106 <Enter>.
9. In the Diameter Field,
Type: 60 <Enter>.
10. For the Wall Thickness,
Type: 0.75 <Enter>.
11. In the Temperature Field,
Type: 100 <Enter>
This will be the temperature for the skirt of the vessel.
12. We’re ready to model the element between node 10 and node 20.
In the DY field,
Type: 5- <Enter>.
Double click Restraints.
Select Anchor (this will be on node 10).
Click in another field to enter that value.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video Three
13. Click Continue.
In the DY field,
Type: 19.25- <Enter>.
In the Temperature Field,
Type: 300 <Enter>.
14. Click Continue.
This will be for node 30 to node
40.
In the DZ Field,
Type: -42 <Enter>.
In the Diameter Field,
Type: 8 <Enter>.
15. In the Schedule Field,
Type: 30 <Enter>.
16. Click the Error Checker (Start Run) button.
We’ll get a message about the element from nodes 30 to 40.
Since we had a change of direction here with no type of Tee
connection specified the system is warning us about it. However,
we can still run it and get good results.
17. Click the Running Man button.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video Three
18. Click on the Operating Load Case.
Click on Displacements, and
Display the results on the screen.
19. On node 40, we have the displacement values shown in the DX,
DY, and DZ fields. So these are the values we’ll use when we
enter in the displacements in the nozzle dialog box later.
This is one way you can determine the displacements. Of course,
it’s perfectly fine to do it the traditional way using a calculator and
sketches.
This is simple, easy to do, and you can save and modify it if your
design changes.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video Three
20. Return back to the Piping Input screen.
Save this model.
21. Open the EXPORT_REV model.
22. We’ll go to node 240.
Click the Find Node button.
Type: 240 <Enter>.
You should be at node 240 now in your model.
23. Double click Displacements.
In the DX field,
Type: 0 <Enter>.
In the DY field,
Type: 0.36 <Enter>.
In the DZ field,
Type: - 0.0639 <Enter>.
In the RX field,
Type: -0.0008 <Enter>.
In the RY and RZ fields,
Type: 0 <Enter>.
\\\\\
We've got our model pretty far along here now. Get yours to this
same point, and then save it.
In the next video, we'll analyze the line and take a look at the
forces, moments, and the stresses in this line, and we'll see if it's
in compliance with the code.
Then we'll do something interesting after that. We'll take a look at
the nozzle limit checks that are built into CAESAR II. It's not
unusual when you have pump nozzles and you have lines leaving
them at temperature that these nozzles can get overloaded.
Sometimes you have to modify the geometry of the piping in order
to get those back within compliance. We'll see if we run into that
in this example.
It's just another aspect of CAESAR II. It's very powerful, and it'll
be worthwhile for us to look at that.
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CAESAR II® Fundamentals - Example Four Video 4
1. We're in the EXPORT_REV file model and we've got a little bit
of clean up to do before we continue.
2. Select the element between node 10 to 20.
We can see there's a restraint here and we really shouldn't
have one. What we're going to have instead on these nodes
are going to be some displacements. We don't need to have
additional restraints on these.
3. If I do a single click on restraints, I can see that we have a node
350 and a node 360. There's also an anchor. So these were
probably left over from part of the line that I took out. There
was a weldolet, pipe nipple, gate valve and pressure gauge out
here on each side of these discharge lines. Earlier I cleaned
those out.
4. Apparently all of these leftover nodes were not deleted, so we
have a couple left. Let's run the error checker and we'll see
what it tells us.
I'll tell it to run and the system will come back and say that it
has some information it can't find here. It says there's an
element that doesn't appear anywhere else in the model.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video Four
5. So these errors are from the leftover nodes remaining in the
model.
We'll get rid of them.
Click Find Node.
Type 350 and Click OK.
The system will report the node is not found.
So let's clean this up. We'll cancel out of this.
6. Double click Restraints.
Click OK to delete the restraint.
7. Select the element from node 80 to 90.
Click Restraints once. Note it's an anchor. We'll delete that.
Double click Restraints.
Delete that restraint as well.
8. Our displacements values that we put in earlier are going to
take care of these two nodes (node 10 and node 90).
What the system will do when a displacement has been set
is it will actually-- based on the thermal growth of this
pump-- move these nodes to the correct position. Then
the system will act as though it anchors them at that point.
So we'll start getting some forces and moments on these
nozzles in this new displaced position.
9. All right, so if we run our analysis now, we'll get nice results, at
least for the piping. What we'll find though later, when we do
some nozzle limit checks, is that there are excessive forces and
moments on these pump nozzles.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video Four
10. So let's go ahead and set up these nozzle limit checks now and
then we'll run the analysis of the line.
Select the first element (node 10 to 20).
Double click the Nozzle Limit Check box.
The system will open up a dialogue box for additional
information.
11. For the Comparison Method,
Select Absolute.
Next the system requires the Reference Vector.
On a pump, the reference vector is down the center line of
the pump, pointing from the back of the pump (the motor
side) to the suction nozzle.
12. For our pump, this direction is in the +Z direction.
In the dialog box,
Type: 1 in the Z field.
13. Next we need to enter information for the Load Limits.
Click the button Read from File.
Select API 610.
Click Open.
Select the Top Discharge direction.
14. When CAESAR II works with nozzles and interfaces with other
programs it uses a local coordinate system for the nozzles.
For these nozzles, the pipe direction in the local coordinate
system is a. So the a direction, when we look at results later,
will be up in the +Y direction.
Direction b matches the reference direction, which we specified
as +Z, since it was the direction from the pump motor to the
suction nozzle.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video Four
The direction for the c-axis is going to be the cross
product of those two, and it will end up being in
the +X direction.
So the first nozzle is set up correctly.
15. Click on the element from 80 to 90, and we'll
set up the nozzle limit checks for that.
Double Click Nozzle Limit Check.
Again, do the same procedure.
Set the Comparison Method for Absolute.
The Reference Vector will be the same (type a 1 in the Z
field). For the Load Limits,
Select Read From File.
Select the API 610 information and a TOP discharge.
16. The discharge line goes straight up off the center line so
everything is set for these two nozzles.
17. Pan and Zoom over to the end of the line where it connects to
the vertical tower.
Select the Flange on the end of the line.
We'll do a nozzle limit check on this end as well.
I don't think we have to be too rigorous on this because it will
come in fine. There's not a whole lot of stress on this end.
18. Double Click the Nozzle Limit Check box.
Set the Comparison Method for Absolute.
The Reference Vector will be straight up (type a 1 in the Y
field).
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CAESAR II Example Four Video Four
The information for this nozzle will be read in from a file.
Select Australian 1210.
Click Open.
Select 300 pound nozzle.
This will give us some information on the loads on that nozzle.
It analyzes the nozzle where the nozzle and the vessel shell
actually intersect.
If we don't see anything way out of line, then we should be fine
in what we're doing for this example (this is just a classroom
exercise).
Later, if we wanted to do so, we could start adding some
checks on the flange itself. For this exercise we'll use these
settings and see how this goes.
19. Let's do one more thing now before we run the analysis.
Click File.
Click Save As.
Type: EXPORT_REV_2.
All right - get your file to here, and then after that, we'll run the
analysis.
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CAESAR II® Fundamentals - Example Four Video 5
1. OK. So now we're ready to run the analysis.
2. Click the Running Man button.
Let's take a look at some of the results.
Click the Operating Load Case and
Hold down Shift and click on the Sustained Load Case.
Select the Restraint Summary report and
Display it on the screen.
3. The system will show us some of the forces and moments in
our piping system. We can see we have forces and moments
about X, Y, Z.
Displayed are the results for the Operating Load Case and the
Sustained Load Case. Around Node 10 and Node 90, we can
see we have some large reactions in the X direction.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video Five
4. What's happening here is caused from thermal expansion,
because we can see, in the Sustained Load Case, that these
reactions are quite small. But when the system heats up and
the lines begin to expand, it puts some real thermal strain on
these nodes. This results in a large bending moment around
the Z-axis on these nodes. So we're getting some large forces
and moments around these two pump nozzles.
5. If we scroll down through the rest of the report, we can see that
we don't have excessive loading going on in the rest of the
system. At the end of this line, where the line connects into the
vertical vessel we have more reasonable values.
So our maximum forces and moments are going to be
occurring around these two pump nozzles.
6. Let's take a look at the Sustained and Expansion Load
Cases. Let's check for stresses on this, and we'll see if our
piping itself is not overstressed.
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In the Sustained Load Case report we can see that our ratio is
at about 13% of allowable stress, so the piping is fine as far as
stress goes in the Sustained Load Case.
If we check the Expansion Load Case, we can see that our
ratio is about 36% of the maximum allowed stress. So our
piping system itself is going to be well within the allowable limits
for stress.
Where we'll run into trouble is going to be on the nozzle
loading. Let's take a look at that now.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video Five
7. Click on the Operating Load Case.
Click on the Nozzle Check report.
Click on the Display on Screen button.
The report displays forces and moments around the a, b, and c
axes. This is the local coordinate system used in the nozzle
limit check analysis.
In our system, a is in the +Y direction (the direction of the pipe),
b is in the +Z direction (the direction down the pump centerline
from back to front), and c is in the +Y direction (the cross
product of the first two vectors).
So the report is showing a very large force in the -X direction on
that pump nozzle, and we're actually 17 times over the
allowable. That force in the minus X direction is causing a
large moment around the Z axis as well.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video Five
The moment around the b-axis (which is actually in a global
coordinate system is the Z-axis), is about 26 times greater than
what is allowed.
We have a lot of work to do here in getting this nozzle to come
into compliance. Let's see what's causing this. Let's take a
look at the plot, and we'll try to get an idea of what's going on
here with our geometry.
8. Exit the reports and
Click the 3D Plot button.
Zoom in to the area around the two pump nozzles.
9. Click the Grow Plot button.
Click the down arrow next to it.
Click Adjust Defection Scale.
Type: 15 <Enter>.
So now if we look at our model, we can see that it's heating up,
and it's expanding up in the positive Y direction. It's also
pushing out in both X directions (plus and minus direction).
One leg is pushing out down the negative X direction, and as it
expands, it puts a large force in the minus X direction against
the first nozzle. This produces a large bending moment around
the Z-axis as the line expands.
The opposite happens on the other pump. The line connecting
the two discharge lines expands in the plus X direction, and it
puts a negative bending moment around Z as grows.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video Five
10. Let's go ahead now and take a look at some of these forces
and moments in more detail.
Click the Show Element Viewer Grid button.
The system will display an element viewer.
Put the mouse over the top area of the viewer grid and drag to
the left and release. The viewer grid will dock along the left
margin of the plot screen.
11. Select the Operating Load Case.
Click the + next to it and
Select Restraints.
So the Element Viewer Grid lets you see results for different
load cases as you view the plot.
If we look at Node 10, we can see here we have a large force in
the minus X direction, and then we have a corresponding
moment in the plus c around that node. We can also see how
the opposite happens on the other pump nozzle, where on
Node 90, we get a positive force in the X and a negative
bending moment.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video Five
So using this kind of viewer in your model as you pan around
and look at things can help you get a clearer picture of what's
going on physically in your model. This is one of the best ways
to go about reviewing your results - start out with a plot and
take a look at it and see what's actually happening physically in
your model as the different loading conditions apply.
That way, later on, when you go back and look at the printed
reports, you'll have a better understanding of how your model is
reacting.
So now you do this. Go ahead and pan around, look at it, take
a look at this viewing grid, and get clear on what's happening in
this model and then we'll talk about how do we fix this.
What we need to do is get more flexibility in this system. When
a line has a short run like this between the two discharge lines,
along with a short set of vertical lines there's not a lot of
flexibility in the line as it expands.
One way we might increase flexibility in a system like this is to
increase the length of these legs coming up out of the
discharge nozzles.
So we'll take a look at what would happen if we bring these legs
up higher and bend them back toward the rack, and then
connect them.
What kind of forces and moments will we get on these nozzles
when we try that? We'll explore these ideas in the next video.
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CAESAR II® Fundamentals - Example Four Video 6
1. Open the file called EXPORT_REV_3.
It's in your CAESAR II Fundamentals Course Files folder.
In this lesson, we're going to take a look at this file.
I thought it might be interesting to explore some different
geometries and ideas on how to go about lowering some of
these forces and moments when we do our nozzle limit checks.
In our first model, we had a connecting line between the two
pump discharge lines only a few feet up above the pump
nozzles. As it expanded, it pushed out in the X direction
causing excessive bending moments around the Z-axis.
What would happen if we took that line and moved it further
away from the nozzles? Then it would still expand, but the
discharge lines would be longer and this connecting line would
be quite a distance away from these nozzles.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video Six
2. Well, the first thought would be that this could give us some
better flexibility when it came to expanding in the X direction
and producing these moments around Z. We'll see if that's true
soon when we run the analysis.
But in doing this kind of work, there are always trade-offs. If we
move our connecting line further away from the nozzles, we
now have long legs in the Z direction, then drop down in the
vertical direction. We'll get a lot of flexibility as far as the
expansion in X, but this vertical drop here is probably going to
add some large forces in the Y direction.
When you take the weight of this pipe,
and then you take the weight of these
rigid elements, these valves, that's a lot
of weight. The nozzle limit check had a
maximum allowed force in the Y
direction of approximately 1,100 pounds,
so we could be close to that here now.
Then if we get some thermal strain
added to that we could have solved one
issue but created another one.
So let's run this and see what happens.
3. Click the Error Checker button.
We have a nice Center of Gravity Report with no warnings or
errors.
4. Click the Running Man button to start the analysis.
Click on the Sustained Load Case.
Select the Restraint Summary report.
Display the report on the screen.
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Looking at Node 10 here in the Sustain Load Case, our force
coming down in Y is over 1,000 pounds. So when we start
looking at the nozzle limit checks, we'll probably have too much
weight here since we're already approaching the limits on that.
5. So this design is going to cause issues in vertical, but let's see
what it does if we do run the nozzle limit check.
6. Select the Operating Load Case.
Select the Nozzle Limit Check.
Display the results on the screen.
Note: The report of the results are shown on the next page.
If we look at our results, we're better than we were before. Our
forces are still excessive, but now it's the forces in the vertical
direction. We had 1,100 pounds allowed and we're at 1,902, so
we're almost double.
Look at the bending moments, we're 2.7 times excessive here,
and this is coming down on the moments around the X-axis.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video Six
The moments around the Z-axis are within the allowable limits,
which we fixed by lengthening the line in this model compared
to the first model we checked. But our moments around the Xaxis now are excessive. So we got a trade-off. We were able to
solve one part of it, but we ended up creating trouble on
another part of the model.
7. Close the report.
Click on the Input Piping screen button.
We're going to continue to explore this.
I have another file for you to open up, and it has some length
back in the -Z direction, but it is shorter in the vertical direction.
8. The line will look like this.
Instead of coming straight up and over like we did earlier, we're
going to elbow out and down and then up and over. By having
these extra elbows in the line, the model will have increased
flexibility.
What we'll find when we run this geometry, which is coming up
in the next video, is that this geometry almost passes the
nozzle limit check - it's really almost there. However, there'll be
some excessive bending moments in one particular direction,
and we'll have to model a dummy leg for this.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video Six
So this is a great opportunity for us to see how to go about
doing that.
Then in the videos that follow the dummy leg, we're going to
take this starting geometry that we used in this video, and we're
going to edit it and change it into this new geometry.
This will just give us a chance to see how to work with different
editing tools in CAESAR II, and change geometry, rearrange
elements, and renumber nodes as a model evolves.
So these geometries that we come up with in these next few
videos are for illustrative purposes only, and will serve us very
well as we explore some of the different features and ways that
we can work with CAESAR II.
So great! Let's go ahead and get these started!
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CAESAR II® Fundamentals - Example Four Video 7
1. Open the CAESAR II file called:
EXPORT_DUMMY_LEG_EXAMPLE.
In this lesson, we're going to take a look at this line. This is a
modified version of the export line that we've been working
with. It will serve as a good example for us to see about
modeling a dummy leg. What happens when we analyze this
line is that it's going to come in really close to passing the
nozzle limit checks. But the way the geometry works in this line
is that it pushes back in the -Z direction as it heats up and
expands.
That results in a moment around the X axis that is greater than
what's allowed in the nozzle limit checks. But this gives us an
excellent opportunity to model a dummy leg in this line to
reduce that moment. In the process we'll learn some new
features and techniques in CAESAR II.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video Seven
2. First let's run the analysis.
Click the Error Checker button.
We can see the system produces a center of gravity report for
us, and there are no warnings in the report.
Click the Running Man button to start the analysis.
3. Click on the Operating Load case.
Click on the Nozzle Check report.
Display it on the screen.
We can see that this is close to being within the recommended
limits. It's just over 1 here - the bending moment around X is
shown at 1.086 around node 10, which is at the first nozzle.
The other forces and moments are within range, so we won't
need to be concerned about them. We just need to take care
of this one issue, which is about 100 foot pounds or so
excessive.
Close out this report.
Return to the Input Piping screen.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video Seven
4. Click on the second element.
This is the two foot six inch element.
It has a bend on the end of it.
The next element as we move along the line is going to be a
two foot element. It also has a bend on the end of it.
These two elements are modeled one after the next, and to
insert a dummy leg starting between them we need to have a
separate node where they touch.
5. We'll break the second element.
Select the second element.
Click the Break button.
In the dialog box, set the break for two elements.
The system should split it for us.
6. Click in another field in the dialog box.
The system breaks the element at the midpoint and assigned
node numbers for us. The two elements each have a length
of one foot.
Click OK.
We now have two elements. From
node 18 to 20 is a one foot
element, and if we click Next
Element we'll see from 20 to 22 we
have another one foot element.
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7. Select the Previous Element.
This is where we'll start the dummy leg.
First let's take a look at these bends in this area.
Look at the element from node 14 to 18.
It has a bend.
If we look at the bend information we can see the node
numbers around the bend. We also see that the first one is
called a zero degree node.
That's at the start of the bend, and it's node 16.
Following node 16 comes node 17. This node occurs at the
midpoint of the bend. Then, at the end of the bend is node 18.
So that's the way CAESAR II defines its bends.
8. Click Next Element.
Looking further we can see that from node 18 to 20 we have a
one foot element. There's no bend on this element.
From node 20 to 22 there is another bend.
We might expect to see a zero degree node here on node 20,
and then a midpoint at 21 and the end of the bend at 22.
The zero degree node is not on here.
When we break an element with the geometry we started with
in this example, the system does not insert the zero degree
node, which is good in this situation.
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In the future, if you have an element that you're trying to
connect a dummy leg to and there's a zero degree node on
that same node you're connecting to, you'll need to go
ahead erase it. Then you can connect a dummy leg there.
9. Click Previous, and return to the element from node 18 to
20. This is where we're going to connect our dummy leg.
10. Click Insert.
We'll put a new element after the current one.
This will be from node 20 to node 1,000.
In the -X direction,
Type: -2-6 <Enter>.
The system added the pipe at the same diameter, and when
modeling a dummy leg it's common to make it a smaller
diameter, typically smaller by one or two sizes.
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For this example, we'll just go down one size.
In the Diameter field,
Type: 6 <Enter>.
Now the dummy leg is a six inch diameter pipe.
11. When we changed the size to 6", the system set all the
following pipes to that same diameter.
12. Click on the element following the dummy leg.
In the Diameter field,
Type: 8 <Enter>.
Click on some of the following elements and verify everything is
8" except the dummy leg, which is 6".
All right, I think this is a really good stopping point. Why don't
you get your model to here, and then we'll continue after this.
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CAESAR II® Fundamentals - Example Four Video 8
1. Let's check something now in the model.
If we click on this first element, we can see that it's an 8-inch
pipe and it has a standard wall thickness of .3220.
Then if we click on the dummy leg, we can see that it's a 6-inch
pipe, but it has the same wall thickness as the larger pipe. So
we need to update this.
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2. Click in the Wt/Sch field,
Type: S <Enter> (for Standard Schedule).
The system will convert the wall thickness to the correct value.
However, this value (.2800) is like the size, and it will propagate
on down through the rest of the line as well. If we click on the
next element, I can see that it's got the same wall thickness, so
let me change that.
3. Select the element following the dummy leg.
In the Wt/Sch field,
Type: S <Enter>.
You can see it's set for .3220, and if we click somewhere
further down the line these following elements will have the
same value.
4. Select the dummy light leg.
When the system starts to calculate the flexibility of this dummy
leg, it's going to base it on the length of the leg as it comes from
Node 20 all the way down to the end.
Set the display to Single Line.
We can see that it's going to treat it like it's this full length, like
it's 2 feet, 6 inches long when it does the calculations.
In reality, the dummy is not really that long. It's shorter
because it merges with the elbow a few inches down toward
the corner from node 20.
Set the display mode back to Shaded.
What we can use here to model this more realistically is we
can use an offset command to get it more or less the
proper length.
The dummy leg connects to the elbow around 8" down from the
end, in the -X direction.
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5. Double click Offsets.
In the X field,
Type: -8 <Enter>.
This tells CAESAR II to use the shorter length for its
calculations for the flexibility of the dummy leg.
It doesn't update the plot, it simply uses this new length (2'6" 8") for its calculations.
6. Double click Restraints (the dummy leg is the current
element).
Select a +Z restraint at node 1000.
7. Now we can start the analysis.
Click the Error Checker.
We get some warnings saying we have three elements
connecting at node 20 with no defined intersection type.
In this case we don't need anything further, so we'll continue
with the analysis.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video Eight
8. Click the Running Man button.
Select the Operating Load Case.
Select the Nozzle Check report.
Display it on the screen.
First of all we're not seeing red numbers in the report, which is
good. We have the same kind of forces that we had before, but
our moments are less.
If we scroll over and look where we had issues before, the
moments are lower and are now within the recommended
range.
9. Now, let's take this one step even further. We're going to look
at some other things we can do to perhaps get an even better
picture of this.
10. Close the report.
Return back to the Input Piping screen.
When you have a dummy leg like this connected to an elbow, it
cuts down the flexibility of the elbow. It's stiffer, and it just can't
bend as much. One way some people approximate that, is by
changing the elbow type to a single flange.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video Eight
11. Click on the element from node 18 to node 22.
12. Click Bend once to activate the dialog box.
Change the Type to Single Flange.
This makes the elbow stiffer, and it begins to approximate what
happens when a dummy leg is connected to an elbow.
In Appendix D of the B31.3 piping code it says that a flanged
elbow is stiffer, or more rugged, than a non-flanged elbow.
13. Let's look at this a little closer.
Click on the Bend SIF Scratchpad button.
For the node number,
Type: 22 and click OK.
For our example we currently have a single flange elbow.
The flange will act somewhat as a stiffening ring and help
prevent the elbow from ovalizing, and therefore making it less
flexible, and stronger.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video Eight
14. The scratchpad shows that CAESAR II is going to use a stress
intensification factor of 1.5. It will also have an out of plane
flexibility factor of 5 and 1/2.
15. If we take this flange off, we should see this flexibility factor
increase, and the stress intensification factor go up as well.
Let's do that.
Set the Bend Type back to a blank space.
Click Recalculate.
Now we see the stresses are going to be multiplied by 1.9, and
it's going to be more flexible. So this bend will have less
strength, and more flexibility.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video Eight
The flexibility factor is calculated as follows. If you have a
straight run piece of pipe that is equal to the center line arc
length of this elbow, the elbow would be seven times more
flexible than the straight piece of pipe. So you get a lot of
flexibility in a small package with an elbow here.
16. When you change a bend type like this, CAESAR II doesn't
add any weight to the elbow or modify its length. It simply
changes the factors that uses as it does the calculations.
17. Click Cancel to exit the scratchpad.
Click No, we want to keep the single flange bend.
Click the Error Checker button.
Click the Running Man button.
18. Select the Operating Load Case.
Select the Nozzle Check report.
Display the results on the screen.
19. When we look at the moments, there is not a large difference
compared to what we had earlier, but it does give us a more
realistic picture of what's happening with that dummy leg.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video Eight
So great, I thought this was interesting and I wanted you see how to
do this. Go ahead and go through these steps, and make sure you
understand what we're doing, and then we'll go on after that!
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CAESAR II® Fundamentals - Example Four Video 9
1. Open the file named EXPORT_REV_3.
The file is located in the CAESAR II Fundamentals Course
Files folder.
In this video, we're going to modify the geometry of this line.
This will be interesting, because we're going to do this within
CAESAR II. We'll leave some of these elements in place, and
we'll delete out some others then model in new geometry.
2. We'll establish the coordinates for one node that we want to
maintain, and then we'll learn some new CAESAR II tools to
edit the model. When we checked this model earlier in a
previous video, it was really pretty close to being in compliance
with the code's requirements. The pipe stresses were fine
when we checked it using the various load cases.
Where it failed, however, was when we ran the nozzle limit
check. There are excessive forces and moments on the pump
discharge nozzles, so we need to decrease those by adding
flexibility.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video Nine
3. One thing we'll do is we'll lower the height of the two lines
leaving the discharge nozzles on the pumps. When we take
these discharge lines up high and turn them toward the pipe
rack, it does help reduce some of the forces in the X direction.
Having the line which connects the two discharge lines located
further away from the pump nozzles lowers these forces.
So we can increase flexibility in one direction, but we end up
increasing forces in the vertical direction of the nozzles.
4. We're going to modify the geometry to look like this.
The new discharge lines will come part way in vertical, then
elbow out and down toward the pipe rack. Adding two elbows
will give us quite a bit of flexibility around the nozzles.
By laying the valves (the rigid elements) down in horizontal,
and putting a support near them, we should also see a
decrease in the vertical loads on the nozzles.
Then by extending the line across the rack we should see
increased flexibility in this line, and hopefully the excessive
forces and moments that we had around these pump nozzles
will be significantly reduced.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video Nine
Note: This exercise is for illustrative purposes only in using
CAESAR II software and no recommendation for any specific
application is intended or implied.
So let's get going on this.
5. What we'll be doing soon is we're going to break our model
right in here at node 60. Once we break it that will allow us
to easily modify the section near the pumps. After it has been
changed, we'll get everything connected back up again.
6. When you start breaking a model in CAESAR II, the broken
segment of that model will default to repositioning itself back at
0, 0, 0. The system will prompt you if that's what you want to
do.
That's one option and once you've done it a time or two it's
easy. However, for this example, we'll leave ours at its current
location. Either way will work.
Let's first check the coordinates of the end of the line. That way
we can use this to verify the model hasn't shifted when the
modifications are completed.
7. Click on the end of the line, on the flange connecting to the
vertical vessel. This is the element going from node 250 to
260, where node 260 is the end of the model.
Click the Distance button.
The system will return back the distance from the origin to the
current node.
Click OK.
The system displays the
coordinates of node 260.
Later on when we check this, we
can verify that our nozzle is still in
the same place after we've
broken the line and rebuilt it.
If it isn't, at least we'll know how
far off we are, and how much we
have to adjust it.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video Nine
8. Pan back to the area of the model where the discharge
lines are joined.
The +Y restraints in this area represent the pipe rack. In
our new version of this model, the two discharge lines will
extend down past that and be laying on top of the rack,
then connect after that.
How the new version
will be modeled.
9. We'll break the line at node 120. Then we'll reposition node
120 back a little bit in the -Z direction.
The element from node 120 to node 130 has plenty of length,
and we have room to shorten it as needed. When we check it,
it's over 4 feet 1 inches long. So we'll end up moving node 120
back in the -Z direction for a distance of 1 foot 6. This will give
us room for the two discharge lines to extend over the pipe rack
and be supported. Then they will be connected and continue
down the rack after that.
10. Click on the element between node 60 to node 120.
11. Click the Distance button.
The coordinates are 56 feet, 15
feet 4, 32 feet. The x and the y
values will not change. The
location in z will change, but
currently it's at 32 feet back from
the origin. We'll move the node
back toward the rack a distance
of 1 foot 6. So the new z
coordinate will be at 33.5 feet.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video Nine
12. Click the Delete button.
Click Yes.
The system prompts for the new location of node 120.
Type: 56.00034, 15.3594, -33.5
Click OK.
13. We have something else to adjust here.
The segment from node 120 to node 130 has been shifted
but remains the same length. The starting node, (120) has
been repositioned. The system keeps elements connected,
so all of the remaining elements following node 120 have also
been shifted back. This would cause a problem if we don't fix it,
since the end of the line no longer connects to the vertical
vessel.
So now we'll shorten the element between node 120 and
node 130 by a distance of 1'6". This will bring all of the
remaining geometry back where it was before we moved
things.
When we're done, node 120 will remain where it currently
is, and the rest of the line will come back 1'6" and end up
where it was originally in the model.
14. The distance from node 120 to node 130 is 4 feet 1.011 inches.
That's 49.011 inches.
15. In the DZ field,
Type: -31.011 <Enter>.
Zoom in to the end of the line (node 260).
Select the Flange on the end of the line.
Click on the Distance button.
We can see we have the same distance as before.
So this is how you want to check things. You should go ahead
and record some coordinates for some of the endpoints of your
model, or points that you want to have remain in the same
position. Then after you've made your adjustments, you can
verify the model is correct.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video Nine
Pan back down to the area of the line near the pumps.
16. To rebuild this geometry there are several options.
We could simply click the first element, and start adjusting
things as we go.
What we're going to do here though is keep the first element,
and then we'll delete the others around the line to end (where it
ends on the second pump discharge).
Then we'll rebuild the first side of the line, and explore some of
the features in CAESAR II to copy and mirror elements in a
model. This will be a great example for that.
17. Click on the end of this part of the line where it ends on the
second pump.
Click the Delete Element button.
Click Yes.
Node 10 will remain in place, and
the element we selected will be
deleted.
18. Click the Select Group button.
Click one point and drag the mouse to window the
elements to be deleted and release the button (all of the
elements from node 10 on in this section of the line).
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Hold down the Control key and make more than one
window if needed to select all the elements to be deleted.
Click Delete Element.
Click Yes.
19. Click File.
Click Save As.
Type: EXPORT_REV_4 <Enter>.
I think we made really good progress. We're in a great place
now to pause the video. So you get your model to here, and
then we'll carry on after this!
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CAESAR II® Fundamentals - Example Four Video 10
1. We're back at our model now, and we're in the
EXPORT_REV_4 file. What we'll be doing in this lesson is
modeling the discharge line as it comes out of the pump nozzle.
We'll actually do half of it. We'll take it from the nozzle up and
lay it back down up and over to a point where it will connect at
the upper centerline. Then, in the later videos, we'll model the
other side of it, and we'll use some different CAESAR II
techniques as we do that part of the line.
2. Click on the first element of the line.
This will be a Flange.
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I have a sketch of where we're headed with this. Let me toggle
over. We see the first element's going to be a flange and then
there'll be a straight, vertical piece of pipe with an elbow.
In CAESAR II when you dimension elements that have bends
on them, you actually dimension up to where the corner of that
elbow would be, as if it was a square-cornered elbow. Then if
there are two elbows adjacent to each other end-to-end, the
dimensions are entered as corner to corner distances. So
that's how we'll have to input the measurements as we key this
in. You can see further up the line that we have an element
that is a straight piece with an elbow on each end, so the
measurement we'll enter for that is going to be the corner to
corner measurement.
3. We're on node 10 to 20.
In the DY field,
Type: 4.5 <Enter>.
When we model flanges and valves in CAESAR II we can input
their information manually, like this one, or we can use a built-in
valve and flange database. In a moment we'll use the database
features.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video Ten
Click the Reset View button (turn it off).
This will keep the system from zooming extents each time an
element gets added to the model.
Click Rigid (to open the information for it).
We can see this has a weight of 1187. When it was modeled
initially, it represented a couple of valves and a flange on one
end of them.
In this weight field,
Type: 68 <Enter>.
This will represent a single flange with a gasket.
The system uses 67 for the flange plus 1 for the gasket. That's
how CAESAR II would enter this in if it did it out of a database.
4. As we model this line we'll change the node increment to four.
Set the nodes to be 10 to 14, and that way we'll have plenty of
nodes as we build all these elements in this model.
Click on another field to update the entry.
Now we'll continue modeling the line.
Since this is part of the model near the beginning, and there are
a number of elements that are part of this file as well, we won't
use the Continue button to add new elements.
Click the Insert button.
Click OK, to insert the element after the current element.
Set the nodes to be 14 to 18.
In the DY field,
Type: 2-6 <Enter>.
Note: Some of the following illustrations were done after
the model was completed.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video Ten
Double Click Bend.
This will be a Long Radius bend.
5. Click the Insert button.
Click OK to insert after the current element.
Set the nodes to be 18 to 22.
In the DX field,
Type: -2- <Enter>.
Double Click Bend
This will be a Long Radius bend.
6. Click the Insert button.
Click OK to insert after the current element.
Set the nodes to be 22 to 26.
In the DZ field,
Type: -2-6 <Enter>.
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7. Click the Insert button.
Click OK to insert after the current element.
Set the nodes to be 26 to 30.
At this point, we're going to have a flange and then we'll have a
check valve and a gate valve and another flange. So for this,
we'll just click in any field that we like. What we'll do here is
use the valve flange database.
8. Click on the Valve Flange Database button.
For Rigid Type, Click Flange,
For End Type, Click FLG.
For Class, Click 300.
Click OK.
The system automatically places a flange for us.
Click Rigid once to see the parameters.
We can see it has a length of 4 and 1/2 inches. It's put it at 68
pounds (Flange plus Gasket weight).
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CAESAR II Example Four Video Ten
The valve flange database is from the CADWorx Plant
Professional 3D modeling system. The database contains a
variety of valves and flanges, and different end conditions and
classes. Using this can save a lot of time since we don't have
to look up all of these. The system will automatically do that
and input their weights and lengths as it goes.
Exit the dialog box showing the properties for the rigid
element. We just placed a Flange. Next we'll place a Check
Valve, Gate Valve, and another Flange.
For this group of elements we'll use a smaller node
increment.
Click Insert.
Click OK for after the current element.
Set the node number to be 30 to 32.
Click the Valve Flange Database.
Select a Check Valve.
Select NOFLG (No Flange) for this.
Select 300 for the class.
Click OK.
We can see it's given it a rigid weight of 620, so it's working like
it should.
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9. Click Insert.
Click OK for after the current element.
The nodes will be 32 to 34.
Click the Valve Flange database.
Select GATE.
Select NOFLG.
Select 300.
Click OK.
We see this gate valve has a weight of 500.
10. Click Insert.
Click OK for after the current element.
The nodes will be 34 to 36.
Select FLANGE.
Select FLG.
Select 300.
Click OK.
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From here, we're going to have a one foot length segment and
then we'll put a plus y under that. So this is where we'll put a
support to hold some of this weight.
11. Click Insert.
Click OK for after the current element.
The node increment will be 36 to 40 (we'll go back to a
node increment of 4).
In the DZ field,
Type: -1- <Enter>.
Double-click Restraints.
Select +Y for the restraint.
Click in another field to update it.
12. Click Insert.
Click OK for after the current element.
The nodes will be from 40 to 44.
From here the line will travel back toward the pipe rack and
then turn up.
In the DZ field,
Type: -1- <Enter>.
Double Click Bend.
The system will insert a long radius bend at the end of the line.
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When we place the next element, this elbow will appear, turned
up.
13. From here, we want to turn the line up so that we can get to the
proper level and eventually connect out to node 120. Let's
measure the distance up that we'll need.
Click Distance.
In the dialog box set it for node 44 to node 120.
Click OK.
The system returns a distance in Y of 7'11.813 inches.
This is what we'll use as we turn out line up to the proper level.
14. Click Insert.
Click OK for after the current element.
The nodes will be 44 to 48.
In the DY field,
Type: 7-11.813 <Enter>.
Double Click Bend.
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From here the line will travel back to the pipe rack.
15. Click Insert.
Click OK for after the current element.
The nodes will be 48 to 52.
I measured the distance earlier and it will be the distance
back to the pipe rack.
In the DZ field,
Type: -3-10.875 <Enter>.
Double click Restraints.
Select a +Y Restraint for this node (this will represent the pipe
rack).
From here the line will travel back to where it lines up with node
120.
16. Click Distance.
Set the nodes for 52 to 120.
Click OK.
The distance in Z is -2'4 5/8"
Click OK to exit the dialog box.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video Ten
17. Click Insert.
Click OK for after the current element.
The nodes are 52 back to 56.
In the DZ field,
Type: -2-4.625 <Enter>.
Double Click Bend.
The system will place a long radius bend.
18. Click Distance.
Set the nodes for 56 to 120.
Click OK.
The distance in X is 5'
7.004".
19. Click Insert.
Click OK for after the current
element.
In the DX field,
Type: 5-7.004 <Enter>.
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Let's just verify this. Let's see if we're connected exactly or
within a thousandth of an inch or so between node 60 and node
120.
20. Click Distance.
Set the nodes to 60 and 120.
Click OK.
The system shows all zeros here in x, y and z fields.
We can see there is a small value for the diagonal.
Later we'll set node 120 to be node 60 and it will be exactly
right. For now it's fine.
So this would be a good point to save our file.
21. Click File.
Click Save As.
Type: EXPORT_REV_5 for the name and save it.
Now you go ahead and recreate these steps and get your file
built to here, and then we'll carry on after this.
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CAESAR II® Fundamentals - Example Four Video 11
1. We're back in our model now, and what we want to do is finish
it up. We could go about this several different ways. One way
would be to just build the rest of these components again on
the other side and get some more modeling practice.
What we're going to do though for this example, is to select all
these components we just modeled and use some editing tools
in CAESAR II to Copy/Mirror them.
2. Click on the Select Group
button.
Click one point to for the
corner of a window and
hold down the mouse
button and drag the mouse
to capture these
components. You'll see they all highlight.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video Eleven
Click the Duplicate Elements button.
Under options we'll click on
the
Mirror Y-Z button.
Click the At End of Input
button.
Set the node increment to
300.
Click OK.
The system prompts for
where we want to locate this
new set of elements. It's
defaulting to 0,0,0 for the
position.
Click OK for this.
The system places the new
set of elements at 0,0,0 in our
model.
Let's take a look at something.
3. Click on the List Input.
Click Elements.
The system displays an element list for us.
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We can see all the elements listed, along with their information.
The nodes that we duplicated went from node 10 down to node
60.
Then when we ran the command to duplicate that group and it
produced the elements listed from 310 to 360.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video Eleven
The system placed these nodes at the end of our model. We'll
look at something later on how to go about renumbering these
nodes.
Close the Element List.
To get our model connected like we would like, we'll change a
node number in one of the new elements.
4. Click the element in the new group
we just created that is from node 350
to 360.
It is the last element in the group.
5. In the To Field, where it has 360,
Type: 60 <Enter>.
This will reposition the group we created over to connect to
node 60, and we'll have a nice connection now.
When you do this a time or two, it gets pretty easy to see how
CAESAR II can be told to connect various parts of a model
together.
Next we'll renumber the nodes.
6. If we select the first element (starting with the flange on the
first discharge line) and click Continue, we can see how the
elements follow one after the other.
The line continues as we modeled it, but it doesn't continue
right around to the other discharge nozzle. It will continue
from the first discharge nozzle down to node 60 then it will
start traveling back and down the pipe rack.
We want it eventually to go from the first discharge nozzle
around and over to the second discharge nozzle. From there it
will go to back to node 60 and travel down the pipe rack.
To get the sequence direction right we first have to invert the
node numbers on the copied leg we created with the
mirror/copy command.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video Eleven
7. Click on the Select Group
tool button.
Window the group of elements we created with the
mirror/copy command. If you hold down the Control Key
you can select multiple windows as needed.
Click the Invert button.
This will reverse the order of the elements.
Click on one of the elements we just reversed. Click the Next
Element button and you will see how they sequence from one
element to the next toward the end of the line on the second
pump's discharge nozzle.
8. The next thing to do now is to have this group of elements we
just reversed follow our first group (on the first pump's
discharge nozzle).
We want to progress through the model from the first discharge
line up and around and over to the second pump's discharge
nozzle.
9. Select the same group of elements we just reversed.
Use the Control Key for more than one window if needed.
Then what we want to do is tell this group to follow the element
from node 56 to node 60.
Click on the Change Sequence button.
Select Follow.
Click on the element from node 56 to node 60.
The system will take a second or two, and the elements will be
set to follow each other in the sequence we want.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video Eleven
So let's just see if this worked. Zoom in to the first discharge
line, and select an element.
Click the Next Element button and sequence down the line.
You should see the elements progress down the first discharge
nozzle and around over to the second pump’s discharge
nozzle.
So great!. We got this working just like we want. Now all we
need to do is get these nodes renumbered, so that they make
sense and the model is better organized.
Right now, as we progress through the elements, we go from
node 10 to node 60, then from node 300 to node 360, then
back to node 120.
10. Click the Up Arrow here by the List
button.
Click Elements.
We'll get an element list.
Select all the elements Click in the space by the 1 in the first
element, then scroll down and hold
down the Shift key, and click in the
space near the number at the bottom
of the list by the last element. The
system will highlight the entire list.
Right Click on the mouse.
A pop up dialog box appears.
Click Block Operation.
Click Node
A dialog box appears.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video Eleven
Click the Renumber check box.
Set the start node to 10.
Set the Increment to 10.
Click OK.
Close the Element List.
11. Turn on the Node Numbers.
We can see how they came out like we want. This procedure is
very useful to clean up your model after you've modified it.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video Eleven
12. Click on the element where the discharge lines and the line
going down to the pipe rack connect. This used to be
nodes 56 to 60 before we renumbered them. In my model it
is now the element from node 140 to 150.
If we click on the element that branches off from it and
starts traveling down the pipe rack we can see that's 300 to
310.
13. In the 300 field,
Type: 150 <Enter>.
This connects these exactly and there are no gaps in the model
since every node is properly connected.
14. Zoom in around this connection we just worked on.
Click on the element from node 140 to node 150.
We have three lines intersecting here.
Double Click SIFs and Tees.
Select a Welding Tee for this node.
Click on the Display Tees button to verify it's like we want.
Click the Display Tees button again to turn that off.
We covered a lot of ground in this lesson, and made use of
some great CAESAR II editing commands.
Get your model to here, then we'll run the analysis of this line
and check our results!
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CAESAR II® Fundamentals - Example Four Video 12
1. We're almost ready to run the analysis of this line. Out of
curiosity, I decided to put another point in along one of the
spans, in order to take a look at the deflection. Sometimes if
you're running a steam line or some processes where you don't
want to have some condensate gathering, you will want to add
some additional data points just to get more information about
it.
2. To do that,
Select the element to break.
Click the Break button.
Insert a single node 345 after node 340.
The distance is 120.
The system requires the distance in inches in this dialog box,
so for 10 feet, it's 120 inches. The system placed a new node
at the midpoint of this span.
This is optional. You don't have to do this. I just wanted to do it
to check some things.
3. The other thing that happened in this model is when I first ran
my error check I had some errors get listed.
One error said that node 260 had been re-defined and did not
to be done twice.
The way I cleared them was to click on the element and delete
the bend. Then I went to the next element and also deleted
that bend.
Then I ran the error check again.
I knew the system would give me a message about a change of
direction there, which it did.
So all I had to do was come back and put the bends back into
the elements as before, and everything worked fine.
So I'm not quite sure what happened there on my system. You
may or may not even get that same errors, but if you do, that's
how I was able to fix it.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video 12
4. The Center of Gravity report is now fine.
Click on the Running Man button.
Click on the Operating Load Case.
Click on the Nozzle Check.
We can see now that it's within the allowed limits.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video 12
Now when you do these in real life, of course, you know if
you're somewhere under 200%, it's possible to get the design
approved if you do some more extensive analysis and
coordinate things with the client and pump vendor. That
analysis would happen back on the first input screens, where
we have the API610 outboard processor that can be used to
analyze a number of things.
Also a number of engineering firms have standard pump
installation details that show recommended line geometries for
piping designers. These recommendations have evolved over
the years and will generally produce good results when nozzle
checks get run. But we benefited a lot from this exercise and
were able to use a number of CAESAR II commands and
features.
So now, why don't you go ahead and run the analysis on your
line, and then take a look at some of the other things here.
Take a look at some of the loads on the restraints. Perhaps
check out the stresses in this line. Just take a good look at it,
because there are a lot of things yet that can be explored.
All right, so now, at this point, we've completed our course
materials. We've been able to get into CAESAR II and build 3D
models using the input processor, assign restraints, set up
bends and Ts, add valves and flanges, and we were able to
analyze our results.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video 12
We checked our model for consistency and ran the analysis,
and we've been able to view reports, and understand how to
make custom reports.
We've explored the different display options for both the input
screen and the plotted results. We designed a hanger and
included a wind load in one of the models.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video 12
We worked with a model that had different temperatures and
pressures in its branches.
We saw how to take an imported 3D CAD model and analyze it
and modify it as needed. We explored how changing the
geometry of a line can increase its flexibility, and how modifying
a line always involves trade-offs.
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CAESAR II Example Four Video 12
We also modeled a dummy leg for a line, learned some great
CAESAR II editing tools, and worked with the nozzle limit check
features in the software.
So we covered a lot of territory in this course. The goal was
just to get you to a point where you could navigate the
software, and get a fundamental understanding of how to use
the software.
So thank you so much for taking the course. I hope you
enjoyed it half as much as I did putting it together.
Congratulations for seeing this through. and I look forward to
seeing you in the future as we add additional training materials
for CAESAR II!
Anthony W. Horn
PipingDesignOnline.com
admin@pipingdesignonline.com
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ASME B31.3-2008
APPENDIX S
PIPING SYSTEM STRESS ANALYSIS EXAMPLES
INTRODUCTION
Fig. S301.1 Simple Code Compliant Model
The example in this Appendix is intended to illustrate
the application of the rules and definitions in Chapter
II, Part 5, Flexibility and Support; and the stress limits
of para. 302.3.5. The loadings and conditions necessary
to comply with the intent of the Code are presented.
10
20
50
12.2 m
3.05 m
9.15 m
(40 ft)
(10 ft)
(30 ft)
40
45
Y
S300.1 Definitions and Nomenclature
Z
global axes: These are Cartesian X, Y, and Z axes. In
this Appendix, vertically upward is taken to be the +Y
direction with gravity acting in the −Y direction.
X
15
6.10 m
(20 ft)
S300
30
Asf : cross-sectional area of the conveyed fluid, considering nominal pipe thickness less allowances
Asp : cross-sectional area of the pipe, considering nominal
pipe thickness less allowances
Fsa : sustained axial force including the effects of weight,
other sustained loads, and internal pressure
is,i : in-plane sustained stress index ≥ 1.00 (The stress
index equals 0.75i i for all components included in
Appendix D in the absence of more applicable data and
in accordance with para. 319.3.6.)
is,o : out-plane sustained stress index ≥ 1.00 (The stress
index equals 0.75i o for all components included in
Appendix D in the absence of more applicable data and
in accordance with para. 319.3.6.)
Ms,i : in-plane bending moment for the sustained condition being evaluated
Ms,o : out-plane bending moment for the sustained condition being evaluated
Mst : torsional moment for the sustained condition being
evaluated
Pj : piping internal pressure; see para. 301.2; when more
than one condition exists for the piping system, each is
subscripted (e.g., P1, P2, …)
Ssa : stress due to the sustained axial force summation,
Fsa /Asp
S sb : stress due to the indexed sustained bending
moments’ vector summation
Sst : stress due to sustained torsional moment
Tj : pipe maximum or minimum metal temperature; see
paras. 301.3 and 319.3.1(a); when more than one condition exists for the piping system, each is subscripted
(e.g., T1, T2, …)
Y+: a “single acting support” that provides support in
only the vertically upward direction and is considered
to be “active” when the pipe exerts a downward force
on the support. The pipe is free to move upward, i.e.,
the pipe “lifts off” the support; the support in the “liftoff” situation is considered to be “removed” from providing support, i.e., inactive, during the load condition
considered.
S301
EXAMPLE 1: CODE COMPLIANT PIPING
SYSTEM
S301.1 Example Description
This example is intended to illustrate the design of
an adequately supported and sufficiently flexible piping
system. The piping system in Fig. S301.1 is fabricated
from ASTM A 106 Grade B seamless pipe (i.e., E p
1.00); the pipe is DN 400 (NPS 16) with a nominal wall
thickness of 9.53 mm (0.375 in.), 127 mm (5 in.) thickness
of calcium silicate insulation, and 1.59 mm (0.063 in.)
corrosion allowance; the fluid has a specific gravity of
1.0. The equivalent number of cycles expected for the
piping system is fewer than 7 000 [i.e., f p 1.00 in accordance with para. 302.3.5(d)].
The piping system is in normal fluid service. The
installation temperature is 21°C (70°F). The reference
modulus of elasticity used for the piping analysis is
203.4 GPa (29.5 Msi) from Appendix C, Table C-6 in
accordance with paras. 319.3.2 and 319.4.4, and Poisson’s
ratio is 0.3 in accordance with para. 319.3.3.
The piping internal pressure, maximum and minimum metal temperatures expected during normal
operation, and the design conditions are listed in
217
ASME B31.3-2008
Table S301.1 Temperature/Pressure
Combinations
Conditions
Table S301.3.1 Generic Pipe Stress Model Input
Term
Pressure
Temperature
Design conditions
3 795 kPa (550 psi)
288°C (550°F)
Operating (P1,T1)
maximum metal
temperature
3 450 kPa (500 psi)
260°C (500°F)
Operating (P2,T2)
minimum metal
temperature
0 kPa (0 psi)
−1°C (30°F)
Installation temperature
0 kPa (0 psi)
21°C (70°F)
Table S301.1. The design conditions are set sufficiently
in excess of the operating conditions so as to provide
additional margin on the allowable stress for pressure
design as required by the owner.
Operating conditions:
internal pressure, P1
maximum metal temp., T1
minimum metal temp., T2
installation temperature
Value
3 450 kPa (500 psi)
260°C (500°F)
−1°C (30°F)
21°C (70°F)
Line size
Pipe
DN 400 (NPS 16)
Schedule 30/STD, 9.53 mm
(0.375 in.)
Mechanical allowance, c
Mill tolerance
Elbows
Fluid specific gravity
1.59 mm (0.063 in.)
12.5%
Long radius
1.0
Insulation thickness
Insulation density
127 mm (5 in.)
176 kg/m3 (11.0 lbm/ft3)
Pipe material
Pipe density
Total weight
Unit weight
ASTM A 106 Grade B
7 833.4 kg/m3 (0.283 lbm/in.3)
7 439 kg (16,400 lbm)
248.3 kg/m (166.9 lbm/ft)
S301.2 Design Conditions
The design conditions establish the pressure rating,
flange ratings, component ratings, and minimum
required pipe wall thickness in accordance with para.
301.2.1. For example, ASME B16.5 requires a minimum
of Class 300 for ASTM A 105 flanges. Also, the minimum
required pipe wall thickness, tm , is determined from the
design conditions by inserting eq. (3a) into eq. (2); terms
are defined in para. 304.1.1 and Appendix J:
E p 1.0
P p design pressure
p 3 795 kPa (550 psi)
S p allowable stress from Appendix A, Table A-1
p 125 MPa (18.1 ksi) at design temperature 288°C
(550°F)
Y p 0.4 from Table 304.1.1
Insert eq. (3a) into eq. (2):
tm p t + c p
p
T, from nominal pipe wall thickness, T, considering a
mill tolerance of 12.5%.
Select DN 400 (NPS 16) Schedule 30/STD nominal
wall thickness from ASME B36.10M:
T p 9.53 mm (0.375 in.)
T p (9.53 mm)(1.00 − 0.125) p 8.34 mm (0.328 in.)
Since T ≥ tm (i.e., 8.34 mm > 7.69 mm), the selection of
the nominal pipe wall thickness, T, for Schedule 30/STD
pipe is acceptable. The long radius elbows specified for
this piping system are in accordance with ASME B16.9
and are specified to be for use with Schedule 30/STD
wall thickness pipe.
S301.3 Computer Model Input
PD
+c
2(SE + PY)
(3795 kPa)(406.4 mm)
+ 1.59 mm
2[(125 MPa)(1.00) + (3795 kPa)(0.4)]
p 6.10 mm + 1.59 mm p 7.69 mm (0.303 in.)
In accordance with para. 304.1.2(a), t must be less than
D/6 for eq. (3a) to be appropriate without considering
additional factors to compute the pressure design thickness, t (i.e., t < D/6, or 7.69 mm < 406.4 mm/6). Since
7.69 mm (0.303 in.) < 67.7 mm (2.67 in.), eq. (3a) is
applicable without special consideration of factors listed
in para. 304.1.2(b).
Now select a pipe schedule of adequate thickness.
Determine the specified minimum pipe wall thickness,
218
Tables S301.3.1 and S301.3.2 list the “node numbers,”
lengths, etc., for each piping element displayed in
Fig. S301.1. A bend radius of 1.5 times the nominal
pipe diameter [i.e., 609.6 mm (24 in.)] and nominal wall
thickness of 9.53 mm (0.375 in.) are used for the elbows
in the computer model.
Generic computer program option “flags” are as
follows:
(a) include pressure stiffening on elbows
(b) exclude pressure thrust and Bourdon effects
(c) use nominal section properties for both the stiffness matrix and the displacement stress analysis
(d) use “nominal less allowances” section properties
for sustained stress, SL
(e) include axial load and internal pressure force in
the sustained stress, SL
ASME B31.3-2008
Table S301.3.2 Element Connectivity, Type, and Lengths
From
To
DX,
m (ft)
DY,
m (ft)
10
15
6.10 (20)
...
10 anchor
15 bisection node
15
20
6.10 (20)
...
20 Y support
20
30
3.05 (10)
...
Three-node elbow [Note (1)]
30
40
...
6.10 (20)
Three-node elbow [Note (1)]
40
45
3.05 (10)
...
Informational node
45
50
6.10 (20)
...
50 anchor
Element Type
GENERAL NOTE: This piping system is planar, i.e., DZ p 0 m (ft) for each piping element.
NOTE:
(1) The specified element lengths are measured to and/or from each elbow’s tangent intersection
point.
(f) intensify the elbows’ in-plane bending moments1
by 0.75ii (≥ 1.0) in the calculation of the elbows’ effective
sustained longitudinal stress, SL
S301.4 Pressure Effects
For the operating, sustained, and displacement stress
range load cases, the effect of pressure stiffening on the
elbows is included to determine the end reactions in
accordance with Appendix D, Note (7). The effects of
pressure-induced elongation and Bourdon effects are not
included, as both are deemed negligible for this particular example.
S301.5 The Operating Load Case
The operating load case is used to determine the
operating position of the piping and reaction loads for
any attached equipment, anchors, supports, guides, or
stops. The operating load case is based on the temperature range from the installation temperature of 21°C
(70°F) to the maximum operating metal temperature of
260°C (500°F), in accordance with para. 319.3.1(b). The
operating load case in this example also includes the
effects of internal pressure, pipe weight, insulation
weight, and fluid weight on the piping system. Both pipe
stiffness and stress are based on the nominal thickness of
the pipe. Pipe deflections and internal reaction loads for
the operating load case are listed in Table S301.5.1. Piping loads acting on the anchors and support structure
are listed in Table S301.5.2.
S301.6 The Sustained Load Case
Sustained stresses due to the axial force, internal pressure, and intensified bending moment in this example
1
ASME B31.3 does not address the issue of using a stress intensification factor as the stress index to be applied to piping components
for sustained loads; stress intensification factors are based on
fatigue test results. Establishing the proper index is the responsibility of the designer. This example uses 0.75 times the stress intensification factor for the sustained case.
are combined to determine the sustained longitudinal
stress, S L . The sustained load case excludes thermal
effects and includes the effects of internal pressure [P1 p
3450 kPa (500 psi)], pipe weight, insulation weight, and
fluid weight on the piping system.
Nominal section properties are used to generate the
stiffness matrix and sustained loads for the computer
model in accordance with para. 319.3.5. The nominal
thickness, less allowances, is used to calculate the section
properties for the sustained stress, SL, in accordance with
para. 302.3.5(c).
A summary of the sustained load case internal reaction forces, moments, and sustained stresses, SL, is provided in Table S301.6. Since this example model lies in
only one plane, only the sustained bending stress due
to the in-plane bending moment is not zero. The inplane bending moment is intensified1 at each elbow by
the appropriate index 0.75ii (≥ 1.0), where ii is the inplane stress intensification factor from Appendix D for
an unflanged elbow. Note that sustained stresses for the
nodes listed in Table S301.6 do not exceed the 130 MPa
(18,900 psi) sustained allowable stress, Sh , for A 106
Grade B piping at the maximum metal temperature,
T1 p 260°C (500°F), from Appendix A, Table A-1. By
limiting SL to the sustained allowable, Sh, the piping
system is deemed adequately protected against collapse.
S301.7 The Displacement Stress Range Load Case
The displacement stress range, SE, in this example is
based on the temperature range from the installation
[21°C (70°F)] to minimum metal temperature [T2 p −1°C
(30°F)] and from the installation [21°C (70°F)] to maximum metal temperature for the thermal cycles under
analysis [T1 p 260°C (500°F)], in accordance with para.
319.3.1(a). The displacement stress range, SE, for each
element is calculated in accordance with eq. (17) and is
listed in Table S301.7, along with the internal reaction
loads. Nominal section properties are used to generate
219
ASME B31.3-2008
Table S301.5.1 Operating Load Case Results: Internal Loads and Deflections
Node
Number
Axial Force,
N (lb)
(Signed)
[Note (1)]
Bending
Moment,
N-m (ft-lb)
(Unsigned)
[Note (1)]
Horizontal
Deflection,
mm (in.)
[Note (1)]
Vertical
Deflection,
mm (in.)
[Note (1)]
10
15
20
30 near
30 mid
30 far
+26 500 (+5,960)
−26 500 (−5,960)
−26 500 (−5,960)
−26 500 (−5,960)
−46 300 (−10,410)
−37 800 (−8,500)
21 520 (15,870)
10 710 (7,900)
47 560 (35,080)
57 530 (42,440)
69 860 (51,530)
65 320 (48,180)
0.00
18.3 (0.72)
36.7 (1.44)
44.0 (1.73)
44.7 (1.76)
41.4 (1.63)
0.00
−1.3 (−0.05)
0.00
−3.7 (−0.14)
−2.3 (−0.09)
0.4 (0.02)
40 near
40 mid
40 far
45
50
−25 920 (−5,830)
−36 250 (−8,150)
−26 500 (−5,960)
−26 500 (−5,960)
−26 500 (−5,960)
63 930 (47,160)
70 860 (52,270)
65 190 (48,080)
14 900 (10,990)
47 480 (35,030)
−23.0 (−0.91)
−26.4 (−1.04)
−25.7 (−1.01)
−18.3 (−0.72)
0.00
15.1 (0.59)
17.8 (0.70)
19.2 (0.75)
13.5 (0.53)
0.00
NOTE:
(1) Loads and deflections are averaged from commercial programs with a variance within units’ conversion tolerance.
Table S301.5.2 Operating Load Case Results: Reaction Loads on Supports
and Anchors
Global Axis Forces and Moments
Node
FX,
N (lb)
(Signed)
[Note (1)]
FY,
N (lb)
(Signed)
[Note (1)]
MZ,
N-m (ft-lb)
(Unsigned)
[Note (1)]
10 anchor
20 support
50 anchor
−26 500 (−5,960)
...
+26 500 (+5,960)
−12 710 (−2,860)
−63 050 (−14,180)
+2 810 (+630)
21 520 (15,870)
...
47 480 (35,030)
NOTE:
(1) Loads and deflections are averaged from commercial programs with a variance within units’ conversion tolerance.
Table S301.6 Sustained Forces and Stresses
[Allowable, Sh p 130 MPa (18,900 psi)]
Node
Axial
Force,
N (lb)
(Signed)
[Note (1)]
Bending
Moment,
N-m (ft-lb)
(Unsigned)
[Note (1)]
Sustained
Stress,
SL,
kPa (psi)
[Note (2)]
10 anchor
20 support
30 far
40 far
50 anchor
+3 270 (+735)
−3 270 (−735)
−19 880 (−4,470)
+3 270 (+735)
+3 270 (+735)
17 260 (12,730)
56 130 (41,400)
16 320 (12,040)
2 340 (1,730)
37 860 (27,930)
59 100 (8,560)
99 200 (14,370)
72 700 (10,540)
46 050 (6,680)
80 350 (11,650)
NOTES:
(1) Loads, deflections, and stresses are averaged from commercial programs with a variance within
units’ conversion tolerance.
(2) Axial forces have their sign retained and do not include the signed axial pressure force, which is
also included in the sustained stress, SL.
220
ASME B31.3-2008
Table S301.7 Displacement Stress Range [SA p 205 MPa (29,725 psi)]
Global Axis Forces and Moments
Node
FX,
N (lb)
(Unsigned)
[Note (1)]
FY,
N (lb)
(Unsigned)
[Note (1)]
MZ,
N-m (ft-lb)
(Unsigned)
[Note (1)]
SE
From Eq. (17),
kPa (psi)
[Note (1)]
10 anchor
20 support
30 mid
40 mid
50 anchor
25 070 (5,640)
25 070 (5,640)
25 070 (5,640)
25 070 (5,640)
25 070 (5,640)
1 130 (260)
1 130 (260)
19 330 (4,350)
19 330 (4,350)
19 330 (4,350)
4 600 (3,390)
9 250 (6,820)
60 250 (44,440)
76 740 (56,600)
92 110 (67,940)
4 000 (580)
8 040 (1,170)
137 000 (19,870)
174 500 (25,300)
79 900 (11,600)
NOTE:
(1) Loads, deflections, and stresses are averaged from commercial programs with a variance within
units’ conversion tolerance.
the stiffness matrix and displacement stress in the piping
in accordance with para. 319.3.5. Since this example
model lies in only one plane, only the in-plane bending
moment is not zero. The in-plane moment is intensified
at each elbow by the appropriate Appendix D stress
intensification factor, ii, for an unflanged elbow.
For simplicity, the allowable displacement stress
range, S A , is calculated in accordance with eq. (1a).
Though eq. (1a) is used in this example, it is also acceptable to calculate SA in accordance with eq. (1b), which
permits SA to exceed the eq. (1a) value for each piping
element, based on the magnitude of each element’s sustained stress, SL.
The following terms are as defined in para. 302.3.5(d)
and Appendix J:
f p 1.00 for ≤ 7 000 equivalent cycles, from
Fig. 302.3.5 or eq. (1c)
SA p f (1.25Sc + 0.25Sh)
p (1.00)[(1.25)(138 MPa) + (0.25)(130 MPa)]
p 205 MPa (29,725 psi)
Sc p allowable stress from Appendix A, Table A-1
p 138 MPa (20.0 ksi) at T2
Sh p allowable stress from Appendix A, Table A-1
p 130 MPa (18.9 ksi) at T1
T1 p maximum metal temperature
p 260°C (500°F)
T2 p minimum metal temperature
p −1°C (30°F)
Note that each piping element’s displacement stress
range, based on minimum to maximum metal temperature for the thermal cycles under analysis, SE, does not
exceed the eq. (1a) allowable, SA. By limiting SE to SA,
the piping system is deemed adequate to accommodate
up to 7 000 full excursion equivalent cycles.
Considering both the sustained and displacement
stress range load cases, the piping system is compliant
with the requirements of the Code; redesign of the piping
system is not required unless the sustained or operating
reaction loads at either anchor data point 10 or 50 exceed
Fig. S302.1 Lift-Off Model
12.2 m
(40 ft)
3.05 9.15 m
m
(30 ft)
(10 ft)
9.15 m
(30 ft)
3.05
m
(10 ft)
12.2 m
(40 ft)
50
Y
X
145
40
6.1 m
(20 ft)
10
15
20
30
130
120 115
110
the allowable loads for the attached equipment nozzle
or the support structure at node 20 is overloaded. The
nozzle load and support structure analyses are beyond
the scope of this Appendix and are not addressed.
S302
EXAMPLE 2: ANTICIPATED SUSTAINED
CONDITIONS CONSIDERING PIPE LIFT-OFF
S302.1 Example Description
This example is intended to illustrate the analysis of
a piping system in which a portion of the piping lifts
off at least one Y+ support in at least one operating
condition. The emphasis of this example is to describe
the effect this removal of support has on the determination of anticipated sustained conditions. The same principles utilized for this example would also apply for
guides and stops (that are single directional or gap-type)
that are not engaged during any anticipated operating
condition.
The examples in this Appendix are intended for illustration purposes only and are not intended to portray
the same as either adequate or even acceptable piping
geometries and/or support scenarios. The piping system in Fig. S302.1 is the same in material and dimensional properties as in Example 1; see para. S301.1. Note
221
(08)
ASME B31.3-2008
Table S302.1 Temperature/Pressure
Combinations
Conditions
Design conditions
Operating (P1, T1) maximum
metal temperature
(Operating Case 1)
Operating (P2, T2) minimum
metal temperature
(Operating Case 2)
Installation temperature
S302.4 Pressure Effects
The pressure effect considerations are the same as
those for Example 1; see para. 301.4.
Pressure
Temperature
3 968 kPa
(575 psi)
3 795 kPa
(550 psi)
302°C (575°F)
S302.5 The Operating Load Case
288°C (550°F)
0 kPa (0 psi)
−1°C
(30°F)
...
21°C
(70°F)
The operating condition evaluated and discussed in
this example, Operating Case 1, includes the effects of
pipe weight, insulation weight, fluid weight, internal
pressure [P1 p 3 795 kPa (550 psi)], and temperature
[T1 p 288°C (550°F)]. An operating load case is evaluated
to determine the operating position of the piping and
determine the reaction loads for any attached equipment, anchors, supports, guides, or stops. In particular,
each operating load case’s support scenario is evaluated
or assessed by the designer in order to determine
whether any anticipated sustained conditions need to
be evaluated with one or more Y+ supports removed.
Further operating load case discussion can be found in
para. S301.5.
Piping loads acting on the anchors and support structure for Operating Case 1 are listed in Table S302.5.1.
Note that only nodes 10 through 50 are listed in the
following tables; this is both for convenience, since the
model is symmetric, and for comparison to Example 1,
e.g., the loads, deflections, and stresses for nodes 10
through 40 are the same as for nodes 110 through 140
except that some signs may be reversed.
that both the design and operating conditions are well
below the creep regime; therefore, the piping system
will not develop any permanent creep-related displacements, relaxation, or sag.
S302.2 Design Conditions
The design conditions are similar to those in the Example 1 model; see para. S301.2 and Table S302.1. Note
that the minimum thickness remains unchanged from
Example 1 even though the design conditions have
increased slightly. The hydrotest pressure does increase
from 6 039 kPa (875 psi) to 6 729 kPa (975 psi).
S302.3 Computer Model Input
Table S302.3 lists the node numbers, lengths, etc., for
each piping component that is displayed in Fig. S302.1.
The computer-based options are the same as those for
the Example 1 model; see para. S301.3.
S302.6 Sustained Conditions
S302.6.1 The Sustained Stress, SL, Calculations.
The designer has elected to calculate the stresses based
on the following sustained loads in order to determine
Table S302.3 Generic Pipe Stress Model Input:
Component Connectivity, Type, and Lengths
From
To
DX , m (ft)
DY , m (ft)
Component Type
10
15
6.10 (20)
...
15
20
20
30
6.10 (20)
3.05 (10)
...
...
10 anchor
15 informational node
20 Y support
Three node elbow [Note (1)]
30
40
45
40
45
50
...
3.05 (10)
6.10 (20)
6.10 (20)
...
...
Three node elbow [Note (1)]
Informational node
50 Y+ support
110
115
−6.10 (−20)
...
115
120
120
130
−6.10 (−20)
−3.05 (−10)
...
...
110 anchor
115 informational node
120 Y support
Three node elbow [Note (1)]
130
140
145
140
145
50
...
−3.05 (−10)
−6.10 (−20)
6.10 (20)
...
...
Three node elbow [Note (1)]
Informational node
...
NOTE:
(1) The specified component lengths are measured to and/or from each elbow’s tangent intersection
point.
222
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ASME B31.3-2008
Table S302.5.1 Results for Operating Case 1:
Reaction Loads on Support and Anchors
Node
Fx ,
N (lb)
(Signed)
[Note (1)]
Fy ,
N (lb)
(Signed)
[Note (1)]
Mz ,
N-m (ft-lb)
(Unsigned)
[Note (1)]
10 anchor
20 support
50 Y+
−26 600 (−5,975)
...
...
−14 050 (−3,150)
−58 900 (−13,250)
0 [Note (2)]
27 000 (19,900)
...
...
NOTES:
(1) Loads and deflections are averaged from commercial programs with a variance within units’ convergence tolerances. Magnitudes of loads for nodes 10 and 20 are the same for 110 and 120, but
may differ in sign.
(2) No support is provided at the node 50 Y+ restraint for Operating Case 1.
the sustained stress, SL, for each sustained condition
that is evaluated; see para. S302.6.2:
(a) the absolute value of the sustained axial mechanical and pressure force summation
(b) the vector summation of indexed sustained bending moments
(c) the sustained torsional moment
The sustained stress, SL, is computed in the manner
described in Example 1 and illustrated in eqs. (S1), (S2),
and (S3). Terms not defined below are described in para.
319.4.4, Appendix J, and para. S300.1.
SL p 冪(|Ssa | + Ssb)2 + 4Sst2
(S1)
where
Ssa p stress due to sustained axial force for the sustained condition being evaluated
p Fsa/Asp
Asp p cross-sectional area of the pipe, considering
nominal pipe thickness less allowances
Fsa p sustained axial force, which includes both the
sustained axial mechanical force and the longitudinal pressure force for the sustained condition being evaluated
The longitudinal pressure force is Pj ⴛ Asf for piping
systems that contain no expansion joints, where
Asf p cross-sectional area of the conveyed fluid considering nominal pipe thickness less allowances
p ␲d2/4
d p pipe inside diameter considering pipe wall
thickness less allowances
NOTE: For piping systems with expansion joints, it is the responsibility of the designer to determine the axial force due to the longitudinal pressure in the piping system.
Ssb p
where
冪(is,i Ms,i)2 + (is,o Ms,o)2
Z
(S2)
is,i p sustained in-plane stress index ≥ 1.00
is,o p sustained out-plane stress index ≥ 1.00
Ms,i p sustained in-plane bending moment for the
sustained condition being evaluated
Ms,o p sustained out-plane bending moment for the
sustained condition being evaluated
NOTE: The stress index equals 0.75ix (where x p o or i) for all
components included in Appendix D in the absence of more applicable data and in accordance with para. 319.3.6.
Sst p Mst/2Z
(S3)
where
Mst p torsional moment for the sustained condition
being evaluated
S302.6.2 Anticipated Sustained Conditions. All
anticipated sustained conditions utilizing all possible
support scenarios should be considered. The designer
has identified four anticipated sustained conditions for
this piping system; each is listed in Table S302.6.2.1,
along with the support status of the node 50 Y+ support,
as either assessed by analysis or determined by the
designer. The designer has deemed the Sustained Condition 3 as both controlling the sustained design and
requiring evaluation.
(08)
S302.6.3 Results for the Evaluated Sustained Condition. The Sustained Condition 3 reflects the support
scenario of the Operating Case 1, excludes thermal
effects, and includes the effects of internal pressure [P1 p
3 795 kPa (550 psi)], pipe weight, insulation weight, and
fluid weight on the piping system. A summary of the
Sustained Condition 3 internal reaction forces, moments,
and sustained stresses, SL, appears in Table S302.6.3.1.
See para. S301.6 for additional information concerning
the sustained stress determination.
S302.7 Displacement Stress Range Load Cases
The displacement stress range load cases are not listed,
since they are not the subject of this example.
223
(08)
ASME B31.3-2008
Table S302.6.2.1 Sustained Load
Condition Listing
1:
2:
3:
4:
Sustained Condition
Node 50’s Support Status
(Active/Removed)
As installed [Note (1)]
P1 [Note (2)]
P1 [Note (2)]
P2 [Note (2)]
Active
Active
Inactive
Active
NOTES:
(1) The original (as-installed) condition considers only pipe
weight and insulation weight without fluid contents or internal pressure.
(2) The Sustained Conditions reflect the support scenario of the
related Operating Conditions, exclude thermal effects, and
include the effects of the related internal pressure, pipe
weight, insulation weight, and fluid weight on the piping
system.
Table S302.6.3.1 Sustained Forces and Stresses for Sustained Condition 3
With Node 50 Support Removed
[Allowable Sh p 124.5 MPa (18,100 psi) ): Fails]
Global Axis Forces and Moments [Note (1)]
Node
Fx ,
N (lb)
(Signed)
[Note (2)]
Fy ,
N (lb)
(Signed)
[Note (2)]
Mz ,
N-m (ft-lb)
(Unsigned)
Sustained
SL ,
kPa (psi)
[Notes (2), (3)]
10 anchor
20 support
30 far
40 mid
50 Y+
12 575 (2,825)
12 575 (2,825)
12 575 (2,825)
12 575 (2,825)
12 575 (2,825)
8 385 (1,885)
64 565 (14,515)
34 985 (7,865)
21 950 (4,935)
0 [Note (4)]
3 995 (2,945)
82 845 (61,095)
29 985 (22,115)
32 770 (24,165)
62 885 (46,375)
48 645 (7,055)
129 975 (18,850)
101 920 (14,780)
108 525 (15,740)
109 385 (15,865)
NOTES:
(1) Loads and deflections are averaged from commercial programs with a variance within units’ convergence tolerance. The magnitude of
loads and stresses for nodes 10 through 40 are the same for 110 and 140, though the loads may differ in sign.
(2) Forces have their sign retained, but do not include the signed axial pressure force necessary to compute the axial stress, which is
included in the sustained stress, SL.
(3) Stress may differ by slightly more than units’ conversion tolerance.
(4) No support is provided at the node 50 Y+ restraint for Sustained Condition 3.
(08)
S302.8 Code Compliance: Satisfying the Intent of
the Code
The Sustained Condition 3 results indicate that the
piping system is not protected against collapse for the
cycles under analysis when considering the Operating
Case 1. Therefore, redesign of the piping system is
required.
If the piping system is redesigned such that it is compliant with the intent of the Code, then the piping system
would require no further attention unless the sustained,
hydrotest, or operating reaction loads at either anchor
data point 10 or 110 exceed the allowable loads for the
attached equipment nozzle, or the support structure at
either node 20 or 120 is overloaded. The nozzle loads
and support structure analyses are beyond the scope
224
of this Appendix and are not addressed. Although the
occasional load cases are important to the design and
analysis of a piping system, they are not discussed in
this example.
S303
EXAMPLE 3: MOMENT REVERSAL
S303.1 Example Description
This example is intended to illustrate the flexibility
analysis required for a piping system that is designed
for more than one operating condition and also experiences a “reversal of moments” between any two of the
anticipated operating conditions. The examples in this
Appendix are intended for illustration purposes only
and are not intended to portray the same as either
ASME B31.3-2008
Fig. S303.1 Moment Reversal Model
1.52 m
(5 ft)
1.52 m
(5 ft)
1.52 m
(5 ft)
1.52 m
(5 ft)
1.52 m
(5 ft)
45
40
345
110
10
8 890 N
120 (2,000 lb) 130
(typical)
140
20
Pipe
anchor
30
0.76 m
(2.5 ft)
340
310
1.52 m
(5 ft)
Pipe anchor but
free in X
1.52 m
(5 ft)
North
320
210
220
230
240
Pipe
35
support
(typical)
adequate or even acceptable piping geometries and/
or support scenarios. Both the design and operating
conditions are well below the creep regime.
The piping system in Fig. S303.1 consists of two headers and two branches, which are referred to as gas “meter
runs.” Only one of the branches is in service (operating)
at a given time; the out-of-service branch is purged and
at ambient condition. The design specification calls for
each of the meter run branches to alternate in and out
of service once per week for the piping system’s planned
20-year service life, i.e., f p 1.20 in accordance with para.
302.3.5(d). The piping system is fabricated from ASTM
A 53 Grade B pipe (E p 1.00), both piping headers are
DN 600 (NPS 24) and the branches are DN 500 (NPS 20),
and both branch and header are 9.53 mm (0.375 in.)
thick. For simplicity, each piping segment or component
is 1.524 m (5 ft) in length.
The piping system is in normal fluid service. The fluid
is gaseous; is considered to add no weight; and to be
neither a corrosive nor an erosive hazard, i.e., there is
no corrosion allowance. The line is not insulated. The
installation temperature is 4.5°C (40°F). The reference
modulus of elasticity used is 203.4 GPa (29.5 Msi) and
Poisson’s ratio is 0.3. Consideration is given to the close
proximity of the three tees in each header in accordance
with the guidance in para. 319.3.6, and the stress intensification factors from Appendix D are considered to adequately represent the header tees for this piping system.
The piping internal pressure, and minimum and maximum metal temperatures, expected during normal operation for each meter run and the design conditions,
are listed in Table S303.1. The design conditions are set
sufficiently in excess of the operating conditions so as
to provide additional margin on the allowable as
required by the owner.
S303.2 Design Conditions
The design conditions establish the pressure rating,
flange ratings, components ratings, and minimum
330
X
335
Z
0.76 m
(2.5 ft)
required pipe wall thickness. ASME B16.5 requires a
minimum of Class 300 for ASTM A 105 flanges. The
minimum required wall thickness for both the branch
and header is 4.4 mm (0.171 in.), considering a 12.5%
mill tolerance; therefore, selection of the standard wall
thickness of 9.5 mm (0.375 in.) is acceptable.
S303.3 Computer Model Input
Table S303.3 lists the node numbers, lengths, etc., for
each piping component that is displayed in Fig. S303.1.
Note that flanges and valve components are not explicitly included in the model listing in Table S303.3. For
simplicity, an entire branch (from tee centerline to tee
centerline) is considered to be at the operating conditions listed in Table S303.1, e.g., the East meter run
branch from nodes 40 through 340 operates at 1 724 kPa
(250 psi) and 121°C (250°F) for Operating Case 2. The
computer-based options are the same as those for the
Example 1 model, except that pressure stiffening is not
included in the analyses for this example; see para.
S301.3.
S303.4 Pressure Effects
Neither pressure stiffening nor Bourdon effects are
included in the analyses.
S303.5 Operating Load Case(s)
The operating load case is used to determine the
operating position of the piping and reaction loads for
any attached equipment, anchors, supports, guides, or
stops. The owner has mandated in the design specification that the meter runs and piping be more than adequately supported. Therefore, the operating load case,
while necessary to set the limits of the strain ranges,
does not contribute to the emphasis of this example,
and its output is not included.
225
ASME B31.3-2008
Table S303.1
Pressure/Temperature Combinations
Header(s)
Condition
Design
Operating Case 1
[Note (1)]
Operating Case 2
[Note (2)]
Installation
temperature
West Branch
East Branch
Pressure
Temperature
Pressure
Temperature
Pressure
Temperature
2 069 kPa
(300 psi)
1 724 kPa
(250 psi)
149°C
(300°F)
121°C
(250°F)
2 069 kPa
(300 psi)
1 724 kPa
(250 psi)
149°C
(300°F)
121°C
(250°F)
2 069 kPa
(300 psi)
0 kPa
(0 psi)
149°C
(300°F)
4.5°C
(40°F)
1 724 kPa
(250 psi)
...
121°C
(250°F)
4.5°C
(40°F)
0 kPa
(0 psi)
...
4.5°C
(40°F)
4.5°C
(40°F)
1 724 kPa
(250 psi)
...
121°C
(250°F)
4.5°C
(40°F)
GENERAL NOTE: For computer based temperature and pressure data input, consider the West Branch temperature and pressure to be in
effect from nodes 30 through 330 as listed in Table S303.3. Likewise, consider the East Branch temperature and pressure to be in effect from
nodes 40 through 340 as listed in Table S303.3; see para. S303.3.
NOTES:
(1) East Branch is at ambient conditions.
(2) West Branch is at ambient conditions.
Table S303.3 Generic Pipe Stress Model Input:
Component Connectivity, Type, and Lengths
From
To
DX ,
m (ft)
DZ ,
m (ft)
Component Type
10
20
1.52 (5)
...
30
35
40
45
...
...
...
...
1.52
(5)
0.76 (2.5)
−1.52 (−5)
−0.76 (−2.5)
10 anchor (DN 600 Header)
20 welding tee
30 welding tee
35 simulated end cap
40 welding tee
45 end cap
20
30
20
40
40
110
1.52 (5)
...
110
120
130
140
120
130
140
340
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
...
...
...
...
30
210
1.52 (5)
...
210
220
230
240
220
230
240
330
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
...
...
...
...
310
320
−1.52 (−5)
...
320
330
320
340
330
335
340
345
...
...
...
...
1.52
(5)
0.76 (2.5)
−1.52 (−5)
−0.76 (−2.5)
GENERAL NOTE:
(East DN 500 Branch)
110 Y support
120 pipe segment
8 890 N (2,000 lb) meter
140 pipe segment
340 welding tee
(West DN 500 Branch)
210 Y support
220 pipe segment
8 890 N (2,000 lb) meter
240 pipe segment
330 welding tee
(DN 600 Header)
310 anchor [free in the
X (axial) direction]
320 welding tee
330 welding tee
335 end cap
340 welding tee
345 end cap
This piping system is planar, i.e., DY p 0 m (0 ft) for each piping component.
226
ASME B31.3-2008
Table S303.7.1 Case 1: Displacement Stress Range
[Eq. (1a) Allowable SA p 248.2 MPa (36 ksi): Passes]
Global Axis Forces and Moments
Node
Fx ,
N (lb)
(Signed)
[Note (1)]
My ,
N-m (ft-lb)
(Signed)
[Note (1)]
Eq. (17)
SE ,
kPa (psi)
[Note (2)]
10 anchor
20 tee
30 tee
40 tee
0
0
−78 485 (−17,645)
78 485 (17,645)
147 470 (108,755)
−147 470 (−108,755)
45 900 (33,850)
45 900 (33,850)
55 610 (8,065)
189 945 (27,550)
84 360 (12,235)
84 360 (12,235)
110 Y
120
130 meter
140 Y
78 485
78 485
78 485
78 485
(17,645)
(17,645)
(17,645)
(17,645)
45 900
45 900
45 900
45 900
(33,850)
(33,850)
(33,850)
(33,850)
25 155
25 155
25 155
25 155
340 tee
210 Y
220
230 meter
78 485 (17,645)
−78 485 (−17,645)
−78 485 (−17,645)
−78 485 (−17,645)
45 900
45 900
45 900
45 900
(33,850)
(33,850)
(33,850)
(33,850)
84 360 (12,235)
25 155 (3,650)
25 155 (3,650)
25 155 (3,650)
240 Y
330 tee
310 anchor
320 tee
−78 485 (−17,645)
−78 485 (−17,645)
0
0
45 900 (33,850)
45 900 (33,850)
−147 470 (−108,755)
147 470 (108,755)
25 155 (3,650)
84 360 (12,235)
55 610 (8,065)
189 945 (27,550)
(3,650)
(3,650)
(3,650)
(3,650)
NOTES:
(1) Loads are averaged from commercial programs and are directly affected by the stiffness chosen for
valves, flanges, and other relatively stiff components.
(2) Stress may differ by slightly more than units’ conversion tolerance.
S303.6 Sustained Load Case
Sustained stresses due to the axial force, internal pressure, and intensified bending moment in this example
are combined to determine the sustained stress, SL. For
reasons similar to those expressed for the operating load
case, the sustained load case output is not included.
largest overall stress differential for the piping system
in accordance with paras. 319.2.1(d), 319.2.3(b), and
319.3.1(b), i.e., SE, the “stress range corresponding to the
total displacement strains.” The resulting load combination and SE for each piping component are listed in
Table S303.7.3.
S303.7 Displacement Stress Range Load Cases
S303.8 Code Compliance: Satisfying the Intent of
the Code
The displacement stress range, SE, is computed in
accordance with para. 319.2.3(b), in which the strains
evaluated for the original (as-installed) condition (for
this particular example) are algebraically subtracted
from the strains evaluated for the Operating Case 1 as
listed in Table S303.1. Similarly, the displacement stress
range, SE, is computed from the algebraic strain difference evaluated from the as-installed condition to the
Operating Case 2 as listed in Table S303.1. The individual
displacement stress range, SE, along with the internal
reaction loads, is evaluated for each piping component
in accordance with eq. (17) and is listed in Tables S303.7.1
and S303.7.2 for Operating Cases 1 and 2, respectively.
The algebraic strain difference between the two resultant case evaluations discussed above produces the
The piping system is compliant with the sustained
load requirements of the Code. The displacement stress
range from the original (as-installed) condition to each
of the operating cases indicates the piping system is in
compliance with the intent of the Code even when limited to the eq. (1a) allowable, SA. But, the “stress range
corresponding to the total displacement strains,” which
considers the algebraic strain difference between the two
operating cases, indicates that the piping system is not
protected against fatigue for the cycles under analysis
even when considering the eq. (1b) allowable, SA. Therefore, redesign of the piping system is required.
The redesign should consider the additional impact
of average axial displacement stresses in accordance
227
(08)
ASME B31.3-2008
Table S303.7.2 Case 2: Displacement Stress Range
[Eq. (1a) Allowable SA p 248.2 MPa (36 ksi): Passes]
Global Axis Forces and Moments
Node
Fx ,
N (lb)
(Signed)
[Note (1)]
My ,
N-m (ft-lb)
(Signed)
[Note (1)]
Eq. (17)
SE ,
kPa (psi)
[Note (2)]
0
0
55 610 (8,065)
189 945 (27,550)
84 360 (12,235)
84 360 (12,235)
10 anchor
20 tee
30 tee
40 tee
78 485 (17,645)
−78 485 (−17,645)
−147 470 (−108,755)
147 470 (108,755)
−45 900 (−33,850)
−45 900 (−33,850)
110 Y
120
130 meter
140 Y
−78 485 (−17,645)
−78 485 (−17,645)
−78 485 (−17,645)
−78 485 (−17,645)
−45 900
−45 900
−45 900
−45 900
(−33,850)
(−33,850)
(−33,850)
(−33,850)
25 155
25 155
25 155
25 155
340 tee
210 Y
220
230 meter
−78 485 (−17,645)
78 485 (17,645)
78 485 (17,645)
78 485 (17,645)
−45 900
−45 900
−45 900
−45 900
(−33,850)
(−33,850)
(−33,850)
(−33,850)
84 360 (12,235)
25 155 (3,650)
25 155 (3,650)
25 155 (3,650)
240 Y
330 tee
310 anchor
320 tee
78 485 (17,645)
78 485 (17,645)
0
0
−45 900 (−33,850)
−45 900 (−33,850)
147 470 (108,755)
−147 470 (−108,755)
25 155 (3,650)
84 360 (12,235)
55 610 (8,065)
189 945 (27,550)
(3,650)
(3,650)
(3,650)
(3,650)
NOTES:
(1) Loads are averaged from commercial programs and are directly affected by the stiffness chosen for
valves, flanges, and other relatively stiff components.
(2) Stress may differ by slightly more than units’ conversion tolerance.
228
ASME B31.3-2008
Table S303.7.3 Load Combination Considering Cases 1 and 2,
Total Strain Based: Displacement Stress Range
[Eq. (1b) Allowable SA p 379.8 MPa (55.1 ksi): Fails]
Global Axis Forces and Moments [Note (1)]
Node
Fx ,
N (lb)
(Signed)
My ,
N-m (ft-lb)
(Signed)
Eq. (17)
SE ,
kPa (psi)
[Notes (2), (3)]
10 anchor
20 tee
30 tee
40 tee
0
0
−156 970 (−35,290)
156 970 (35,290)
294 940 (217,510)
−294 940 (−217,510)
91 800 (67,700)
91 800 (67,700)
111 220 (16,130)
379 890 (55,100)
168 720 (24,470)
168 720 (24,470)
110 Y
120
130 meter
140 Y
156 970
156 970
156 970
156 970
(35,290)
(35,290)
(35,290)
(35,290)
91 800
91 800
91 800
91 800
(67,700)
(67,700)
(67,700)
(67,700)
50 310
50 310
50 310
50 310
340 tee
210 Y
220
230 meter
156 970 (35,290)
−156 970 (−35,290)
−156 970 (−35,290)
−156 970 (−35,290)
91 800
91 800
91 800
91 800
(67,700)
(67,700)
(67,700)
(67,700)
168 720 (24,470)
50 310 (7,300)
50 310 (7,300)
50 310 (7,300)
240 Y
330 tee
310 anchor
320 tee
−156 970 (−35,290)
−156 970 (−35,290)
0
0
91 800 (67,700)
91 800 (67,700)
−294 940 (−217,510)
294 940 (217,510)
50 310 (7,300)
168 720 (24,470)
111 220 (16,130)
379 890 (55,100)
(7,300)
(7,300)
(7,300)
(7,300)
GENERAL NOTE: The sustained stress used in determining the eq. (1b) allowable for nodes 20 and 320
is SL p 28 380 kPa (4,115 psi).
NOTES:
(1) Loads are averaged from commercial programs and are directly affected by the stiffness chosen for
valves, flanges, and other relatively stiff components.
(2) Stress may differ by slightly more than units’ conversion tolerance.
(3) The additional impact of average axial displacement stresses in accordance with the recommendations in para. 319.2.3(c) has not been included in determining the displacement stress range.
with the recommendations in para. 319.2.3(c). If the piping system is redesigned such that it is compliant with
the intent of the code, then the piping system would
require no further attention unless the sustained,
hydrotest, or operating reaction loads at either anchor
data point 10 or 310, or meter runs 130 or 230, exceeded
the allowable loads for the attached equipment, nozzles,
or support structure. The meter loads, nozzle loads, and
support structure analyses are beyond the scope of this
example. Although the occasional load cases are important to the design and analysis of a piping system, they
are not discussed in this example.
229