QUESTION 1 (A232_Q1a)
QUESTION 2 (A222_Q1b/A181_Q1b)
b) Bezakan antara penyelidikan kualitatif dan penyelidikan kuantitatif.
Distinguish between qualitative research and quantitative research.
5 marks
2. Inductive VS Deductive (Definition, Function, Example)
Example Application Question (A201_Q1b)
**i) This is an example of inductive reasoning or deductive reasoning?**
Deductive reasoning.
#### **ii) Explain your answer in question (i) above.**
**Answer:** Deductive reasoning begins with a general statement or premise and
applies it to a specific case to reach a logical conclusion. In this case:
1. The general statement is: "All students are human beings."
2. The specific case is: "Ali is a student."
3. The conclusion is: "Ali is a human being."
This reasoning moves from general to specific and is logically valid.
**(2 marks)**
iii) What is your conclusion?**
**Answer:**
The conclusion is that Ali is a human being because the premise that all students are
human beings logically applies to Ali as he is a student. This conclusion is valid as it
follows deductively from the premises.
**(2 marks)**
Example Direct Question QUESTION 1 (A171_Q1b)
Explain the differences between deductive reasoning with inductive reasoning
3. How to construct problem statement (Importance, Function, Why have, How use)
Example how problem Statement Question
How to Construct a Problem Statement
A problem statement defines the issue being addressed and sets the foundation for your
research. Here's how to construct it:
Components of a Problem Statement:
1.​ Importance of the Issue:
○​ Explain why the problem is significant.
○​ Example: "The rising demand for online food delivery services highlights
the need to understand factors influencing consumer behavior, particularly
among university students."
2.​ Function of the Problem Statement:
○​ It identifies the research gap or specific issue being solved.
○​ Example: "Despite the popularity of food delivery services, limited research
exists on economic drivers affecting demand among semi-urban university
students."
3.​ Why Have a Problem Statement?:
○​ To focus the research on addressing a specific, actionable problem.
○​ Example: "Understanding this issue can help businesses optimize services
and guide policymakers in supporting student well-being."
4.​ How to Use the Problem Statement:
○​ It guides research objectives, hypotheses, and methodology.
○​ Example: "This study examines price, income, and utility factors to
determine their influence on UUM students' food delivery preferences."
3. Example of a Problem Statement Question
Example Question:​
"How do economic factors such as price, income, and utility affect the demand for food
delivery services among university students in semi-urban environments?"
Corresponding Problem Statement:​
"The growing reliance on food delivery services among university students raises
concerns about affordability, utility, and income constraints. Limited research exists on
how these economic factors influence demand in semi-urban environments like UUM,
where students face unique financial and lifestyle challenges. Addressing this gap is
crucial for optimizing food delivery services and supporting student well-being."
1. How a Problem Statement Leads to Research Questions (6 marks)
Example Problem Statement:
"The sales of ABC Company's products have been decreasing steadily over the past year
despite the introduction of new promotional campaigns. The management suspects this
may be due to shifting customer preferences, increased competition, or pricing issues.
However, no systematic study has been conducted to identify the exact causes of this
decline. Understanding these factors is essential to develop effective strategies to reverse
the trend."
Research Questions Derived from the Problem Statement:
1.​ What are the current customer preferences for ABC Company’s products?
2.​ How does ABC Company’s pricing strategy compare to its competitors?
3.​ What is the role of promotional campaigns in influencing customer purchasing
decisions?
4.​ Are there any external market factors contributing to the decline in sales?
5.​ What improvements can be made to ABC Company’s marketing and sales
strategies to increase revenue?
2. Procedures to Address the Research Request (ABC Company's Decreasing Sales)
To conduct a study on the problem of decreasing sales, follow these research
procedures:
1.​ Define the Problem:​
○​ Clearly articulate the scope of the problem: "Why are ABC Company’s sales
decreasing?"
○​ Identify specific areas of focus, such as customer preferences, market
competition, or internal inefficiencies.
2.​ Set Research Objectives:​
○​ Example objectives:
■​ Identify key factors contributing to declining sales.
■​ Evaluate the effectiveness of the current pricing strategy.
■​ Assess the impact of promotional campaigns.
3.​ Develop Research Questions or Hypotheses:​
○​ Examples:
■​ Does customer satisfaction with ABC’s products affect sales
performance?
■​ Are competitor products priced more attractively than ABC’s?
4.​ Choose a Research Design:​
○​ Decide on quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods:
■​ Quantitative: Surveys to assess customer satisfaction or analyze
sales data.
■​ Qualitative: Interviews with customers and employees to explore
perceptions and behaviors.
5.​ Data Collection:​
○​ Use multiple methods to gather relevant data:
■​ Customer feedback surveys.
■​ Competitor analysis (pricing, promotions, product quality).
■​ Internal sales reports and trend analysis.
6.​ Analyze the Data:​
○​ Use statistical tools (e.g., regression analysis) for quantitative data.
○​ Apply thematic analysis for qualitative feedback.
7.​ Report Findings:​
○​ Present findings in a clear and actionable format.
○​ Highlight key insights, such as factors driving customer attrition or product
weaknesses.
8.​ Provide Recommendations:​
○​ Based on findings, suggest actionable strategies:
■​ Adjust pricing to remain competitive.
■​ Redesign promotional campaigns to better target customer needs.
■​ Enhance product quality or features to meet customer expectations.
😊
These steps ensure a systematic approach to solving ABC Company’s sales issue. Let me
know if you'd like further elaboration on any of these!
Chapter 3 1
How to get data (where do you get sampling?) Example Direct Question QUESTION 1
(A201_Q4b)
b) Huraikan kaedah pengumpulan data primer dan sekunder.
Describe methods of collecting primary and secondary data.
(5 markah/marks)
Methods of Collecting Primary and Secondary Data
1. Primary Data Collection Methods
Definition: Primary data is original data collected directly from the source for the first
time, specific to the research purpose.
Methods:
1.​ Surveys/Questionnaires:​
○​ Structured forms with closed or open-ended questions.
○​ Example: Conducting a survey to understand customer preferences.
2.​ Interviews:​
○​ Direct interaction with individuals, either face-to-face or virtually.
○​ Example: Interviewing employees to explore workplace challenges.
3.​ Observations:​
○​ Watching and recording behaviors or events without direct interaction.
○​ Example: Observing customer behavior in a retail store.
4.​ Focus Groups:​
○​ Small groups of participants discussing specific topics guided by a
moderator.
○​ Example: A focus group discussing preferences for a new product.
5.​ Experiments:​
○​ Controlled setups to test hypotheses and observe outcomes.
○​ Example: Testing the impact of price changes on customer purchasing
behavior.
2. Secondary Data Collection Methods
Definition: Secondary data refers to information that has already been collected,
processed, and published by others.
Methods:
1.​ Official Reports and Publications:​
○​ Government publications, annual reports, or statistical records.
○​ Example: Using a government census report for demographic data.
2.​ Online Databases:​
○​ Accessing research articles, journals, or reports from platforms like JSTOR
or Statista.
○​ Example: Using market research data for industry trends.
3.​ Books and Academic Literature:​
○​ Referring to textbooks or academic studies.
○​ Example: Using literature to explore theoretical frameworks.
4.​ Company Records:​
○​ Internal data like sales reports or employee records.
○​ Example: Analyzing past sales trends from company archives.
5.​ Websites and Media Sources:​
○​ Gathering information from credible online sources or news articles.
○​ Example: Reviewing competitors’ websites for pricing strategies.
Summary
●​ Primary Data: First-hand, directly collected data (e.g., surveys, interviews,
observations).
●​ Secondary Data: Pre-existing data from other sources (e.g., reports, books, online
databases).
This distinction ensures a complete understanding of data collection methods for research
purposes.
当然可以！以下是每个问题及其答案，方便阅读：
Question 1 (A191_Q4b)
The method of data collection using questionnaires can be conducted by interviews
and not interviews. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of both methods.
Answer:
1.​ Questionnaires Through Interviews​
○​ Advantages:
1.​ Allows clarification of unclear questions.
2.​ Enables in-depth exploration of responses.
3.​ Ensures higher response rates due to interviewer involvement.
○​ Disadvantages:
1.​ Time-consuming for large samples.
2.​ Expensive due to trained interviewers.
3.​ Risk of interviewer bias influencing responses.
2.​ Questionnaires Without Interviews (Self-Administered)​
○​ Advantages:
1.​ Cost-effective and time-efficient.
2.​ Respondents can complete it at their convenience.
3.​ Suitable for larger sample sizes across wide areas.
○​ Disadvantages:
1.​ Lack of clarification may lead to incomplete or misunderstood
responses.
2.​ Lower response rates compared to interviews.
3.​ Limited exploration beyond fixed questions.
Question 2 (A171_Q4a/A182_Q4b)
Describe methods of collecting primary and secondary data.
Answer:
1.​ Primary Data Collection Methods:​
○​ Surveys or questionnaires.
○​ Interviews (structured, semi-structured, unstructured).
○​ Observations (participant or non-participant).
○​ Focus groups.
○​ Experiments.
2.​ Secondary Data Collection Methods:​
○​ Government publications (e.g., census, trade reports).
○​ Online databases and journals (e.g., JSTOR, Statista).
○​ Historical records (e.g., archives, financial reports).
○​ Books and academic literature.
○​ Websites and credible news articles.
Question 3 (A172_Q4b)
Describe how primary data collection is done.
Answer:
Primary data is collected directly from respondents or sources using the following
methods:
1.​ Surveys and Questionnaires: Distributed physically or online to collect
structured data.
2.​ Interviews: Conducted face-to-face, over the phone, or online to gather qualitative
insights.
3.​ Observations: Watching and recording behaviors in natural or controlled settings.
4.​ Focus Groups: Engaging a small group for discussion on a specific topic under
moderation.
5.​ Experiments: Testing hypotheses in controlled environments to observe
cause-effect relationships.
Question 4 (A162_Q4b)
Describe THREE (3) ways how secondary data can be collected.
Answer:
1.​ Government Publications and Reports:​
○​ Sources like census data, trade statistics, and economic surveys.
2.​ Online Databases and Journals:​
○​ Platforms such as JSTOR, Statista, or ResearchGate provide access to
research articles and reports.
3.​ Company Records and Industry Reports:​
○​ Internal data such as sales records, financial statements, and market
analyses.
Question 5 (A161_Q4b)
Explain ONE (1) difference between the methods of collecting primary and
secondary data.
Answer:
●​ Primary Data: Collected firsthand directly from respondents using methods like
surveys or interviews.​
○​ Example: Conducting a survey to understand customer satisfaction.
●​ Secondary Data: Obtained from pre-existing sources like reports, books, or online
databases.​
○​ Example: Using published government census data for analysis.
Question 4a
Kaedah pemerhatian memainkan peranan penting dalam pengumpulan data
primer. Jelaskan bagaimana kaedah pemerhatian dijalankan.​
The observation method plays an important role in collecting primary data.
Explain how the observation method is carried out.
Answer:
The observation method is a systematic way of collecting primary data by watching and
recording behaviors, events, or processes without direct interaction. Here’s how it is
carried out:
1.​ Define Objectives:​
○​ Clearly determine what needs to be observed (e.g., customer behavior,
student interactions).
○​ Example: Observing how customers interact with products in a retail store.
2.​ Select Observation Type:​
○​ Participant Observation: The observer becomes part of the group being
studied (e.g., a researcher working as a staff member to observe workplace
culture).
○​ Non-Participant Observation: The observer remains detached and simply
records behaviors (e.g., observing a classroom without engaging with
students).
3.​ Plan the Environment:​
○​ Decide whether the observation will be in a natural setting (e.g., customers
shopping in a store) or a controlled environment (e.g., observing customer
responses in a focus group room).
4.​ Recording Observations:​
○​ Use tools like checklists, video recording, or field notes to capture details of
the observation.
○​ Example: Recording how many customers pick a specific product over
others.
5.​ Analyze and Interpret Data:​
○​ Organize the observed data to identify patterns, trends, or key behaviors.
○​ Example: Analyzing how store layout impacts customer choices.
Key Points:
●​ Observation is non-intrusive and provides real-time insights.
●​ It is most effective for studying behaviors and interactions that may not be easily
articulated by respondents in surveys or interviews.
Let me know if you need further elaboration!
😊
Question:
Bincangkan DUA (2) kelebihan dan DUA (2) kelemahan menjalankan kaji selidik
menggunakan kaedah temu bual secara bersemuka.​
Discuss TWO (2) advantages and TWO (2) disadvantages of conducting a survey
using the face-to-face interview method.​
(5 markah / marks)
Answer:
Advantages:
1.​ Clarification of Questions:​
○​ Interviewers can clarify questions and provide explanations if respondents
have difficulty understanding.
○​ Example: If a respondent doesn’t understand a survey question, the
interviewer can simplify or explain it in real-time.
2.​ Higher Response Quality:​
○​ Responses are more detailed and accurate because interviewers can probe
further to get in-depth answers.
○​ Example: Interviewers can ask follow-up questions to understand the
respondent’s opinion more deeply.
Disadvantages:
1.​ Time-Consuming:​
○​ Conducting face-to-face interviews requires more time, especially with a
large sample size.
○​ Example: Interviewing 100 participants could take weeks compared to
distributing an online survey.
2.​ Costly:​
○​ Requires significant resources for interviewer training, travel, and
scheduling.
○​ Example: Travel expenses for reaching participants in different locations
increase the overall cost.
😊
This format ensures you address the 5 marks clearly and concisely. Let me know if you'd
like further assistance!
QUESTION 2 (A191_Q6b) A face-to-face interview while collecting data is a two-way
communication with respondents. Describe FIVE (5) problems when conducting
face-to-face interviews.
Question 2 (A191_Q6b)
A face-to-face interview while collecting data is a two-way communication with
respondents. Describe FIVE (5) problems when conducting face-to-face interviews.
Answer:
1.​ Time-Consuming:​
○​ Conducting face-to-face interviews takes significant time, especially when
dealing with a large sample size.
○​ Example: Scheduling and conducting interviews for hundreds of
participants can delay the research process.
2.​ High Costs:​
○​ The need for interviewer training, transportation, and logistical support
increases the overall cost.
○​ Example: Travel expenses to meet respondents in different locations can
strain the budget.
3.​ Interviewer Bias:​
○​ Interviewers may unintentionally influence respondents through tone,
phrasing, or body language.
○​ Example: A friendly interviewer might receive overly positive responses,
skewing the data.
4.​ Limited Accessibility:​
○​ Respondents in remote or inaccessible areas may be difficult to reach.
○​ Example: Traveling to rural areas to meet respondents can be logistically
challenging.
5.​ Respondent Reluctance:​
○​ Some respondents may feel uncomfortable or hesitant to share personal
information in a face-to-face setting.
○​ Example: Sensitive topics like financial status or personal habits might lead
to dishonest or incomplete responses.
😊
This structured answer addresses the five problems and provides examples to enhance
clarity. Let me know if you'd like more details!
2. PILOT Test (definition, kepentingan, function, why?) Example Direct Question
QUESTION 1 (A171_Q6b/A182_Q6b/A201_Q6b)
Question 1 (A171_Q6b/A182_Q6b/A201_Q6b)
Kajian rintis adalah satu kajian percubaan sebelum penyelidikan sebenar
dijalankan. Huraikan DUA (2) sebab mengapa kajian rintis penting untuk
dijalankan.​
Pilot study is an experimental study before actual research is conducted. Describe
TWO (2) reasons why pilot studies are important to be carried out.​
(5 markah/marks)
Answer:
1.​ Identify and Resolve Problems in Research Design:​
○​ A pilot study helps to test the feasibility of the research design,
methodology, and instruments (e.g., questionnaires). It allows researchers to
identify and fix any flaws or challenges before conducting the main study.
○​ Example: If questions in a survey are unclear during the pilot study, they
can be revised to improve clarity.
2.​ Save Time and Resources:​
○​ Conducting a pilot study prevents wastage of resources by ensuring the
main study is efficient and effective. It minimizes the risk of failure by
identifying potential issues early on.
○​ Example: If the pilot study reveals that certain data collection methods are
impractical, alternative approaches can be considered, saving time and
money during the main research.
This response addresses TWO key reasons for the importance of pilot studies, providing
both clarity and examples for a 5-mark answer. Let me know if you need further help!
😊
Question 2 (A222_Q6b)
Senaraikan DUA (2) kelebihan menjalankan kajian rintis sebelum kajian sebenar
dijalankan.​
List TWO (2) advantages of conducting a pilot study before the actual study is
conducted.​
(5 markah/marks)
Answer:
1.​ Refines Research Design:​
○​ Conducting a pilot study helps to identify weaknesses or flaws in the
research design, such as unclear questions or unsuitable data collection
methods. Researchers can make adjustments to improve the overall
effectiveness of the study.
○​ Example: If respondents find the survey questions confusing, they can be
revised for better clarity before the actual study.
2.​ Ensures Feasibility of Methods:​
○​ A pilot study allows researchers to test the feasibility of data collection
methods, ensuring they are practical and achievable. This helps avoid issues
during the main research.
○​ Example: If a data collection tool takes too long to complete, alternative
methods can be considered to save time and ensure respondent cooperation.
😊
This concise answer highlights TWO key advantages with examples, suitable for a
5-mark question. Let me know if further assistance is needed!
Question 3 (A161_Q6a/A172_Q6b)
Explain the purpose of conducting a pilot study before a real study is conducted.
Answer:
The purpose of conducting a pilot study before a real study is to ensure the success and
feasibility of the main research by identifying and addressing potential issues early. Key
purposes include:
1.​ Test Research Design and Methodology:​
○​ A pilot study helps evaluate whether the research design, data collection
methods, and instruments (e.g., questionnaires, interview questions) are
appropriate and effective.
○​ Example: Testing if survey questions are clear and relevant for respondents.
2.​ Identify Problems Early:​
○​ It allows researchers to detect and fix flaws or challenges in the study, such
as time constraints, logistical issues, or participant misunderstanding.
○​ Example: Identifying if participants find the survey too lengthy or
unengaging.
3.​ Ensure Feasibility:​
○​ A pilot study assesses whether the planned study is practical in terms of
time, resources, and data collection methods.
○​ Example: Testing whether the research can be completed within the given
timeline and budget.
4.​ Refine Instruments:​
○​ Researchers can modify and improve data collection tools based on
feedback from the pilot study to enhance reliability and validity.
○​ Example: Revising confusing or irrelevant questions in a questionnaire.
5.​ Improve Confidence in Results:​
○​ By addressing potential issues beforehand, the pilot study increases the
likelihood of obtaining accurate and credible results in the main study.
😊
This response clearly explains five key purposes of a pilot study, which aligns well with
the typical expectations of such a question. Let me know if further details are needed!
3. Sampling frame VS Sampling design Example Application
Question QUESTION 1 (A201_Q7b)
Question
Base on two (2) research topics below, you are required to identify the suitable
sampling frame and sampling technique for both research topics.​
i) Kajian kesan kenaikan harga makanan terhadap pengguna berpendapatan
rendah di Kubang Pasu.​
The study on the impact of rising food prices on low-income consumers in Kubang
Pasu.​
(3 markah/marks)
Answer:
1.​ Sampling Frame:​
○​ The sampling frame should include a list or database of low-income
consumers residing in Kubang Pasu.
○​ Example: Records from local government offices, community aid
organizations, or NGOs that provide assistance to low-income households.
2.​ Sampling Technique:​
○​ Stratified Random Sampling:
■​ The population can be divided into strata (e.g., income levels, family
sizes) to ensure that all subgroups of low-income consumers are
represented.
○​ Alternatively, Purposive Sampling could be used to target specific
low-income households that meet the study’s criteria.
This structured response identifies the appropriate sampling frame and technique for the
given research topic, aligned with the requirements of the question. Let me know if you
need further elaboration!
😊
Question
The University Teaching and Learning Centre (UTLC), Universiti Utara Malaysia,
decides to assess the students’ perception about the effectiveness of Online Learning
application in their learning.​
(3 marks)
Answer:
1.​ Sampling Frame:​
○​ The sampling frame should consist of students from Universiti Utara
Malaysia (UUM) who are actively enrolled in courses that use online
learning applications.
○​ Example: A list of currently registered students from the university
database.
2.​ Sampling Technique:​
○​ Simple Random Sampling:
■​ All students in the sampling frame have an equal chance of being
selected, ensuring unbiased representation.
○​ Alternatively, Stratified Random Sampling could be used by dividing the
students into strata based on faculties, programs, or year of study, ensuring
representation across diverse groups.
This response provides the appropriate sampling frame and technique for the research
scenario, aligning with the question's requirements. Let me know if you need further
clarification!
😊
Question 2 (A231_Q3b)
You are tasked with conducting a survey on the homeless. Will you use a probability
or a nonprobability sampling design? Justify why.​
(5 marks)
Answer:
Nonprobability Sampling Design
Justification:
1.​ Difficulty in Accessing the Population:​
○​ The homeless population is not easily accessible and lacks a defined list or
sampling frame, making it impractical to use probability sampling methods.
2.​ Focus on Specific Groups:​
○​ Nonprobability sampling allows researchers to target specific groups of
homeless individuals based on availability or relevance.
○​ Example: Researchers may use purposive sampling to focus on homeless
individuals residing in specific shelters or areas.
3.​ Flexibility in Data Collection:​
○​ Nonprobability sampling methods, such as convenience sampling or
snowball sampling, provide flexibility in identifying and engaging
respondents in a hard-to-reach population.
4.​ Cost-Effective and Time-Efficient:​
○​ Nonprobability sampling is less resource-intensive compared to probability
sampling, which is beneficial given the challenges of locating and engaging
homeless individuals.
5.​ Achieving Research Objectives:​
○​ The goal of the study is to gather insights rather than generalize to the
entire homeless population, which aligns with the use of nonprobability
sampling methods.
This explanation provides a clear answer and justification for using nonprobability
sampling, addressing the unique challenges of surveying the homeless. Let me know if
further clarification is needed!
😊
Question 2 (Part ii)
Now, based on your answer in Part (i) above, explain how you are going to get
respondents for the survey.​
(5 marks)
Answer:
To gather respondents for the survey using a nonprobability sampling design, the
following steps can be applied:
1.​ Use Snowball Sampling:​
○​ Begin by identifying a small number of homeless individuals through
shelters, social workers, or community centers. These initial respondents
can then help refer other homeless individuals to participate in the survey.
○​ Example: A shelter administrator introduces the researcher to homeless
residents, who then recommend others in their network.
2.​ Collaboration with Organizations:​
○​ Partner with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) or agencies that
provide services to the homeless to access their clients.
○​ Example: Conducting surveys at food distribution sites or clinics frequented
by homeless individuals.
3.​ Convenience Sampling:​
○​ Approach homeless individuals directly in accessible locations such as
parks, bus stops, or urban areas where they are likely to be found.
○​ Example: Conducting interviews in areas where homelessness is prevalent,
such as near public shelters.
4.​ Establish Trust and Build Rapport:​
○​ To ensure participation, build trust with respondents by explaining the
purpose of the survey, ensuring confidentiality, and possibly offering small
incentives (e.g., snacks or gift cards).
5.​ Leverage Support from Social Workers or Volunteers:​
○​ Utilize social workers or volunteers who are already familiar with the
homeless community to assist in identifying and connecting with
respondents.
This approach ensures effective engagement with a hard-to-reach population while
adhering to the nonprobability sampling design discussed in Part (i). Let me know if
further elaboration is needed!
😊
Question (A182_Q3b)
Jelaskan apakah maksud kekangan kajian.​
Explain what limitations of the study means.​
(5 marks)
Answer:
Limitations of the study refer to the constraints or weaknesses that may affect the scope,
accuracy, or generalizability of the research findings. These limitations are often beyond
the control of the researcher but must be acknowledged to provide a clear understanding
of the study’s context.
Why Are Limitations Important?
1.​ Transparency:​
○​ Helps readers understand the factors that may have influenced the results.
○​ Example: A limited sample size might reduce the reliability of findings.
2.​ Context for Interpretation:​
○​ Ensures that readers do not overgeneralize or misinterpret the results.
○​ Example: Findings from a study on one region may not apply to other
regions.
3.​ Basis for Future Research:​
○​ Identifying limitations can guide future researchers to address gaps or
challenges.
Examples of Limitations:
1.​ Sample Size:​
○​ A small sample size may not represent the larger population.
2.​ Time Constraints:​
○​ Limited time may affect data collection or depth of analysis.
3.​ Access to Data:​
○​ Difficulty in accessing certain respondents or datasets can limit findings.
4.​ Subjectivity:​
○​ Qualitative studies might be influenced by the researcher’s interpretation.
😊
This answer explains the concept clearly and provides examples for a 5-mark question.
Let me know if you need further details!
Chapter 4 1. Interpret output ANOVA, multiplier linear regression= will give table and
equation 2. H0,H1, decision rule 3. R2, ANOVA, Main regression output
Question 1 (A231_Q4a)—ANOVA
i) Specify the type of data measurement level.​
(2 marks)
Answer:
The type of data measurement level for the variables in the ANOVA analysis is:
1.​ Dependent Variable (Marks):​
○​ The dependent variable (Marks) is at the interval/ratio level because it
represents numerical data that can be meaningfully added, subtracted, and
analyzed for differences.
2.​ Independent Variable (Teaching Approaches):​
○​ The independent variable (Teaching Approaches: online teaching,
face-to-face learning, mixed methods) is at the nominal level, as it
categorizes the participants into distinct groups without any inherent order.
This answer addresses the measurement levels for both variables analyzed in the
ANOVA table and is concise for a 2-mark question. Let me know if further clarification
is needed!
😊
Question ii)
State the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis.​
(2 marks)
Answer:
1.​ Null Hypothesis (H0H_0):​
○​ There is no significant difference in the mean final test scores among the
three teaching approaches (online teaching, face-to-face physical learning,
and mixed methods).
○​ Mathematical Form: H0:μ1=μ2=μ3H_0: \mu_1 = \mu_2 = \mu_3.
2.​ Alternative Hypothesis (HaH_a):​
○​ At least one of the teaching approaches has a significantly different mean
final test score.
○​ Mathematical Form: Ha:At least one μi≠μjH_a: \text{At least one } \mu_i
\neq \mu_j.
Question iii)
Make a decision and conclusion of the result (α=0.05\alpha = 0.05).​
(4 marks)
Answer:
1.​ Decision Rule:​
○​ Compare the p-value (Sig.Sig.) with the significance level (α=0.05\alpha =
0.05):
■​ If p≤0.05p \leq 0.05, reject the null hypothesis (H0H_0).
■​ If p>0.05p > 0.05, fail to reject the null hypothesis (H0H_0).
2.​ Observation from the ANOVA Table:​
○​ Sig.=0.004Sig. = 0.004, which is less than 0.050.05.
3.​ Decision:​
○​ Reject the null hypothesis (H0H_0).
4.​ Conclusion:​
○​ There is a significant difference in the mean final test scores among the
three teaching approaches (online teaching, face-to-face physical learning,
and mixed methods).
😊
This structured answer clearly addresses both questions for full marks. Let me know if
further clarification is needed!
Question 2 (A232_Q4a)—ANOVA
i) State the null and alternative hypotheses.
(2 marks)
Answer:
1.​ Null Hypothesis (H0H_0):​
○​ There is no significant difference in the mean final exam scores among the
four teaching-and-learning methods.
○​ Mathematical Form: H0:μ1=μ2=μ3=μ4H_0: \mu_1 = \mu_2 = \mu_3 =
\mu_4.
2.​ Alternative Hypothesis (HaH_a):​
○​ At least one of the teaching-and-learning methods has a significantly
different mean final exam score.
○​ Mathematical Form: Ha:At least one μi≠μjH_a: \text{At least one } \mu_i
\neq \mu_j.
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Let me know if you'd like further clarification or assistance with subsequent questions!
Question 2 (A232_Q4a)—ANOVA
ii) At the 1% significance level, what is your conclusion?
(2 marks)
Answer:
1.​ Decision Rule:​
○​ Compare the p-value (Sig.Sig.) with the significance level (α=0.01\alpha =
0.01):
■​ If p≤0.01p \leq 0.01, reject the null hypothesis (H0H_0).
■​ If p>0.01p > 0.01, fail to reject the null hypothesis (H0H_0).
2.​ Observation from the ANOVA Table:​
○​ Sig.=0.0007Sig. = 0.0007, which is less than 0.010.01.
3.​ Conclusion:​
○​ Reject the null hypothesis (H0H_0).
○​ At the 1% significance level, there is sufficient evidence to conclude that
there is a significant difference in the mean final exam scores among the
four teaching-and-learning methods.
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This concise explanation provides the decision and conclusion required for a 2-mark
answer. Let me know if you need additional clarification!
Question 3 (A232_Q4b)—Regression Output
i) Interpret the 'math' coefficient.
(2 marks)
Answer:
●​ The coefficient for 'math' is 0.3893102, which means:
○​ For every one-unit increase in the mathematics score, the science score is
expected to increase by 0.389 units, holding all other variables constant.
ii) Interpret the 'female' coefficient.
(2 marks)
Answer:
●​ The coefficient for 'female' is -2.009765, which means:
○​ Being female is associated with a decrease of 2.01 units in the science
score compared to males, holding all other variables constant.
○​ The pp-value (P>∣t∣P > |t|) is 0.051, which is slightly above the typical
significance level of 0.05, indicating that this result is not statistically
significant at the 5% level.
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This explanation provides a clear interpretation of the regression coefficients for both
variables. Let me know if you'd like further clarification!
Question 3 (Continued)
iii) Interpret R2R^2.
(2 marks)
Answer:
●​ The R2R^2 value is 0.4892, which means:
○​ Approximately 48.92% of the variation in science scores can be explained
by the independent variables (math, female, social studies, and reading
scores) included in the model.
○​ The remaining variation (51.08%) is due to factors not included in the
model.
iv) What is the predicted science score for a male student who gets a score of 70 for
each of the other 3 subjects?
(2 marks)
v) Which one is the most important variable that causes science scores to increase?
(2 marks)
Answer:
The most important variable is the one with the largest positive coefficient.
From the regression output:
●​ The 'math' coefficient is 0.3893102, which is the largest positive coefficient among
the independent variables.
Conclusion:
●​ Math scores are the most important variable causing an increase in science scores.
Let me know if further clarification is needed!
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