II
Modals
Modals &
Types
Verbs
Main
Action
State
Bare Infinitive
Infinitive ‘to’
Usage: imperative/infinitive
Auxiliary
Be
Perfective
Modals
Modals: are they always one word?
Modals
Phrasal Modals
He must eat his food.
He has to eat his food.
Modals: Some Facts
Can modals change their base form?
 He mays come soon.
 Modals are single words that always have the same
form.
 What is the issue of these sentences?
 I can waiting for him./ You must to leave.
 We use modals before the base forms of other verbs.
 What about ought to?

Modals: Some Facts
Which is correct?
 Can you speak Arabic? OR Do you can speak Arabic?
 I couldn’t swim fast. OR I didn’t could swim fast.
 We do not use do with modals in Qs and negation.
Why?
 What is the difference between the two?
 We’ll leave at 8a.m. / We will leave at 8a.m.
 ‘Shall’, ‘will’, and ‘would’ are contracted.

Modals: Some Facts
Which is correct?
 1a) She didn’t know she can speak English.
 1b) She didn’t know she could speak English.
 2a) I was hoping you may give me some advice.
 2b) I was hoping you might give me some advice.
 We usually use ‘could’, ‘might’, and ‘would’ in
embedded clauses after past tense verbs, especially in
indirect speech.
 What is the issue here: We will can win this game.

Phrasal Modals: Some Facts
can (ability)
be able to
will
be going to
can / may
(permission)
be allowed to
should
be supposed to
must
have to
Phrasal Modals are verb phrases beginning with be or
have which can be used instead of modals.
 Are they similar then?
 No. ‘must’ is different than ‘have to’
 Can we put phrasal modals together?
 I’m going to have to go to the shop for more bread.

When do we use phrasal modals instead of modals?
We may be going to increase the salary.
 1) after a modal
 He seems to be able to do everything.
 2) where an infinitive form is needed
 I love being able to sit outside in the sun.
 3) where a gerund form is needed
 They have had to wait for hours.
 4) where the perfective form is needed
 She is having to pay extra money.
 5) where a continuous form is needed

Modals’ Types
Modals
Phrasal Modals
He must eat his food.
He has to eat his food.
Complex Modals
Complex Modals
Prediction
Will
Would
Be going to
Shall
Prediction: Will
‘Will’ is used for many reasons:
 Predictions.
 What we think is most likely.
 Do not call them! They will be sleeping.
 It will rain tomorrow.

Prediction: Will vs. Would
Compare between the two sentences:
 You will look better without that blue tie.
 You would look better without that blue tie.
 ‘Will’ is used for predictable situations whilst
‘Would’ is used for hypothetical situations.

Prediction: Will vs. Would (with the
perfective tense)
Compare between the two sentences:
 It’s not good phoning at midnight. Everyone will have
gone to bed.
 Life in the Middle Ages was harsh. You would have
hated it.
 ‘will’ = prediction about an event that has already
have happened at some future time (future perfect) /
‘would’ = prediction about an imaginary past event.

Prediction: Going to (vs. would)
Look at the sentences:
 I am going to visit my grandmother.
 Be careful! You’re going to drop it!
 ‘Going to’ = decision already made (before moment of
speech). ‘Going to’ = When something is starting to
happen.
 Do we use ‘was going to’ or ‘would’ for past actions?
 I was going to do law but changed my mind.
 I would go to law but changed my mind.
 How can we use ‘would’ & still make it correct?

Prediction: Will vs. Going to
Compare between the two sentences:
 Too much coffee will give you a headache.
 He’s going to get a headache from drinking all that
coffee.
 ‘will’ = predictions based on past experience &
knowledge. / ‘going to’ = predictions based on what
we feel & think now.

Prediction: ‘Shall’
We already talked about ‘Shall’
 1) We make offers & suggestions or ask for
suggestions.
 2) Express determination.
 Shall I close the door?
 Let’s try again, shall we?
 We lost a battle, but we shall never give up.

Willingness
Habits
Preferences
Will
Would
Willingness: Will vs. Would
I will give you one more chance.
 Most people would pay more for better healthcare.
 ‘Will’ = We are definitely willing now. / ‘Would’ =
willingness in the future.
 Can you help me carry these books? Oh, I would help
you, but I’ve injured my back.
 ‘Would’ = ‘willing but not able to’
