Costruiiceoks hk use
Ycstkab pbrb trbospertk okeobtbd
XC;:: @delk-Xrettkr
BHWK\XKOICB
Zbrb kd use bhkiubhe hk kstk hcspesctcve aãhcie,
hklk dkkr y iuapdcr kstbs costruiiceoks hk use.
Aehkde @X;::
Zâ`cob ko ldboie hk gerab cotkoiceobhb.
Abribs ieakricbdks
IbvcIchk® ks uob abrib ieakricbd rk`cstrbhb hk Aktrkx \kskbrif Ierperbtceo.
IYB® ks uob abrib ieakricbd rk`cstrbhb hk Ibobhcbo Ytbohbrhs Bsseicbtceo.
GK\OE® ks uob abrib ieakricbd rk`cstrbhb hk Gkroe-Pbsfco`teo, Coi.
@delk-Xrettkrℬ ks uob abrib ieakricbd hk Hrbk`kr Akhcibd Yystkas, Coi.
Zâ`cob ko ldboie hk gerab cotkoiceobhb.
Áohcik
Ykiicùo 2> Hkgcocicùo hk sáaledes y use prkvcste
Hkgcocicùo
des sáaledes
Xcpes hkhkdktrb
k cieoes . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2-2
2-2
Hkgcociceoks tãiocibs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
[se prkvcste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
Cohcibiceoks hk use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
Ykiicùo <> Cotrehuiicùo, ibrbitkrástcibs y kspkicgcibiceoks tãiocibs
Cotrehuiicùo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <-2
Ycstkab okuaâtcie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <-2
Aùhude okuaâtcie ieo letkddb hk bcrk‘skiukoicb hk gdune hk `bs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <-9
Aùhude okuaâtcie ieo ieaprkser‘skiukoicb hk gdune hk `bs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <-;
Coiulbherb pbrb trbospertk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <-0
Lbstcher aehudbr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <-0
Ibrre hk bdturb vbrcbldk bnustbldk (WFB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <-6
Ibrbitkrástcibs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <-3
Ibrbitkrástcibs kstâohbr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <-3
Ibrbitkrástcibs epiceobdks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <-3
Biikserces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <-3
Kspkicgcibiceoks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <-2:
Ibrbitkrástcibs kstâohbr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <-2:
Ibrbitkrástcibs hkd ibrre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <-22
Ibrbitkrástcibs epiceobdks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <-22
Oerabs, hcrkitcvbs y iùhc`es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <-2<
Idbscgcibicùo hkd hcspesctcve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <-2<
Ykiicùo 9> Zrkibuiceoks y ieosknes hk sk`urchbh
Zrkibuiceoks `kokrbdks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2
Zrkibuiceoks kdãitrcibs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-<
Zrkibuiceoks ieotrb kxpdescùo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-9
Zrkibuiceoks rkdbiceobhbs ieo kd exá`koe
exá`ko e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-9
Zrkibuiceoks per ieapbtclcdchbh kdkitreab`oãtcib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-;
Zrkibuiceoks hkd scstkab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-;
Zrkibuiceoks ieo kd rkspcrbher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-0
Zrkibuiceoks okuaâtcibs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6
c
Ykiicùo 8> Costbdbicùo y ieaprelbicùo guoiceobd
Costbdbicùo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2
Aeotbnk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2
Costbdbicùo hk db letkddb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9
Letkddbs ieo idbvcnbs iehcgcibhbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9
Ieaprelbicùo guoiceobd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8
Ieaprelbicùo kdãitrcib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8
Ieaprelbicùo akiâocib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8
Ieaprelbicùo okuaâtcib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-;
. 8-;
Ieaprelbicùo hkd scstkab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6
Ykiicùo ;> Costruiiceoks hk use
Ieotredks, cohcibherks y ieokiterks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;-2
Bdbrabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;-9
Bdbrabs hkd akzidbher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .;-9
. ;-9
Bdbrab per lbtkráb hkd ieaprkser lbnb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .;-8
. ;-8
Costruiiceoks hk use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;-8
Ieosknes k cogerabicùo `kokrbdks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;-8
Ycstkab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;-;
[tcdczbicùo hk uob gukotk kdãitrcib IB kxtkrob . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;-;
[tcdczbicùo hk db teab hk bdcakotbicùo
bdcakotbicùo buxcdcbr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;-7
Zrkpbrbicùo hkd scstkab pbrb kd trbospertk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;-7
Coiulbherb pbrb trbospertk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .;-0
Aùhude okuaâtcie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;-0
Bitcvbicùo hkd aùhude okuaâtcie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;-6
Abokne hkd scstkab ieo ibr`b hk db lbtkráb hkd ieaprkser hk bcrk lbnb . . . . . . . . . . . . ..;-3
;-3
Kvbdubicùo hk ibhb letkddb hk `bs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;-3
Ieotred hk db rkskrvb hk `bs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;-2:
Bhacocstrbicùo hk exá`koe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;-2:
Ibr`b hk db lbtkráb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;-2<
Ieaprelbicùo hkd kstbhe hk db lbtkráb hkspuãs hk db ibr`b hkd scstkab . . . . . . . . . . . .;-2<
. ;-2<
[tcdczbicùo hk des icriuctes hk vkotcdbicùo akiâocib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;-29
[tcdczbicùo hk db vâdvudb hk ksibpk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .;-29
. ;-29
[tcdczbicùo hkd bobdczbher hk exá`koe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;-28
Hcspesctcves hk coguscùo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .;-2;
cc
Ycstkab hk bspcrbicùo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;-2;
Du`br hk gcnbicùo hkd aeocter hkd pbickotk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;-2;
Ibrre hk bdturb vbrcbldk bnustbldk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;-27
\ktcrbhb hkd lbstcher hkd ibrre WFB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;-27
\kteroe hkd lbstcher b su pescicùo erc`cobd ko kd ibrre WFB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;-27
Ykiicùo 7> Dcapckzb, abotkocackote y pckzbs hk rkpukste
Dcapckzb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2
Dcapckzb `kokrbd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2
Dcapckzb ieo vbper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2
Dcapckzb hk ârkbs hk hcgáicd biikse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-<
Hkscogkiicùo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-<
Dcapckzb hk dbs supkrgcicks hkd lbstcher hkd scstkab y hkd aùhude okuaâtcie . . . . . . . . . . . 7-<
Dcapckzb hk dbs ierrkbs hk gcnbicùo utcdczbhbs pbrb gcnbr uo aeocter
e des tules gdkxcldks hk `bs y kd ibldk hk bdcakotbicùo
bdcakotbicùo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-<
Dcapckzb y kstkrcdczbicùo hkd icriucte hk vkotcdbicùo akiâocib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-<
Hksaeotbnk pbrb dcapckzb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-9
Aeotbnk hkspuãs hk db dcapckzb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-9
Hkskife (pbrb pbásks sunktes b db hcrkitcvb <::</37/KI hk db [K) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-9
Abotkocackote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8
Lbstcher y bdcakotbicùo kdãitrcib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8
Aùhude okuaâtcie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-;
Icriuctes hk vkotcdbicùo aboubd y akiâocib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-;
Zckzbs hk rkpukste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7
Ykiicùo 0> \kseduicùo hk preldkabs skoicddes
\kseduicùo hk preldkabs skoicddes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0-2
ccc
Zâ`cob ko ldboie hk gerab cotkoiceobhb.
cv
Ykiicùo 2
Hkgc
Hk
gcoc
ocic
icùo
ùo hk sáal
sáaled
edes
es
y use prkvcste
Hkgcocicùo hk des sáaledes
B ieotcoubicùo sk coiduyk uob hksircpicùo hk des tcpes hk dktrb, sáaledes y tãracoes tãiocies utcdczbhes
ko kstk aboubd.
Xcpes hk dktrb k cieoes
Kstk aboubd ieotckok hcgkrkotks tcpes hk dktrb k cieoes hcskòbhes pbrb gbicdctbr su dkiturb y buakotbr db
ieaprkoscùo hk su ieotkoche. Elskrvk des knkapdes quk sk aukstrbo b ieotcoubicùo>
• Xkxte oerabd>
oerabd> sk utcdc
utcdczb
zb pbrb co
cogerabic
gerabicùo
ùo fblctubd.
fblctubd.
• Xkxte ko ok`rctb> kogbtczb uob pbdblrb e grbsk.
• OEXB> rksbdtb cogerabicùo kspkicbd e bidbrbiceoks capertbotks selrk bd`uobs costruiiceoks.
• Kd sáalede
sáalede quk sk coiduyk b ieotc
ieotcoubicù
oubicùoo rksbdtb uob BH
BHWK\
WK\XKOICB
XKOICB e Z\KIB[ICÙ
Z\KIB[ICÙO>
O>
Bhvkrtkoicb y prkibuicùo
’ [ob BHWK\
BHWK\XKOICB
XKOICB chkotcgcib sctubiceoks e biiceoks quk pukhko bgki
bgkitbr
tbr b db sk`urchbh hkd
pbickotk e kd usubrce. Fbikr ibse eacse hk uob
u ob bhvkrtkoicb pukhk rksudtbr ko dksceoks pb
pbrb
rb kd
pbickotk e kd usubrce.
’ [ob Z\KIB[ICÙO skòbdb preikhcackotes e prkibuiceoks kspkicbdks quk kd pkrseobd hklk sk`ucr
pbrb kvctbr quk sk prehuzibo hbòes
hbòe s bd kqucpe.
• Kd sáalede
sáalede quk sk coiduyk b ieotcoubic
ieotcoubicùo
ùo cohcib «Btkoicùo>
«Btkoicùo> Ieosudtk
Ieosudtk des heiuak
heiuakotes
otes bhnuotes>½
bhnuotes>½
Btkoicùo> Ieosudtk des heiuakotes bhnuotes
• Kd sáalede
sáalede quk sk coiduyk b ieotc
ieotcoubicùo
oubicùo co
cohcib
hcib db prksko
prkskoicb
icb hk uob «Zckzb bpdcibhb
bpdcibhb hk tcpe LG
LG>½
>½
Zckzb bpdcibhb hk tcpe LG
2-2
’ Kd costruakote prepericeob uo `rbhe kspk
kspkiágcie
iágcie hk pretkiicùo ieotrb db kdkitreiuicùo,
kspkicbdakotk db ierrckotk hk gu`b y db gcblcdchbh hk db ieokxcùo b db absb pretkiterb, ieo uob
pckzb bpdcibhb hk tcpe LG.
’ [ob pckzb bpdcibhb hk tcpe LG cohcib uob pckzb bpdcibhb bcsdbhb hk tehbs dbs pbrtks rkstbotks hkd
costruakote fbstb tbd puote quk oe sk supkrb db ierrckotk hk gu`b bd pbickotk pkracscldk ko uo
kstbhe hk gbdde þocie.
• Kd sáalede quk sk coiduy
coiduykk b ieotcoubic
ieotcoubicùo
ùo cohcib> «Zrkibuicùo>
«Zrkibuicùo> Zk
Zkdc`re
dc`re hk kdkitreiuicùo
kdkitreiuicùo.½
.½
Zrkibuicùo> Zkdc`re hk kdkitreiuicùo
• Kd sáaled
sáaledee quk sk coiduyk b ieot
ieotcoubic
coubicùo
ùo cohcib db prkskoicb
prkskoicb hk ierrc
ierrckotk
kotk bdtkrob>
bdtkrob>
Kdkitrcichbh IB
• Kd sáale
sáalede
de quk sk coi
coiduyk
duyk b ieot
ieotcoubic
coubicùo
ùo cohcib
cohcib uob absb hk tckrrb
tckrrb pretk
pretkiterb>
iterb>
Absb pretkiterb
• Kd sáaled
sáaledee quk sk coiduyk b ieotc
ieotcoubicùo
oubicùo co
cohcib
hcib db pesci
pescicùo
cùo hk koikohc
koikohche
he y bpb`bhe hk uo ieoautbher>
ieoautbher>
Koikohche y bpb`bhe
• Kstk sáaled
sáaledee cohcib> Z\KI
Z\KIB[ICÙO
B[ICÙO>> pbrb kstblcd
kstblcdchbh
chbh hk db coiulbhe
coiulbherb,
rb, db ibr`b hk db lbohknb oe hklk
kxikhkr
kxik
hkr dbs 2; dl ((7,6
7,6 m`).
• Yc sk utcdc
utcdczb
zb uob þocib letk
letkddb
ddb hk exá`ko
exá`koe,
e, ãstb hklk iede
iedeibrsk
ibrsk ko kd sepertk
sepertk pbrb letkddbs
letkddbs hk `bs
hkdbotkre.
• Kstk sáa
sáalede
lede cohc
cohcib
ib uob bhvkrt
bhvkrtkoicb
koicb hk hk
hksibr`b
sibr`b kkdkitre
dkitrestâtci
stâtcibb (KYH)>
Yc`oe hk bhvkrtkoicb selrk hksibr`b kdkitrestâtcib (KYH)
2-<
• Kd sáalede
sáalede hk bblbne
lbne sc`
sc`ocgcib
ocgcib —Zrkskoi
—Zrkskoicb
cb hk gtb
gtbdbtes‑
dbtes‑ >
Zftfbdbtk Zrkskot
• Kd sáalede
sáalede hk blbne ssc`ocgc
c`ocgcib
ib —Oe rkutcd
rkutcdczbr‑
czbr‑ >
He Oet \kusk
Hkgcociceoks tãiocibs
• Letkddb hk bcrk
bcrk u exá`koe> Letkddb ieo `bs ieaprcache, fblctubdakotk gblrcibhb hk bduacoce e bikre.
Db sbdchb tckok uob idbvcnb y uo ercgcice e uo pbtrùo hk resib kxiduscves pbrb des ieotkoches hk db
letkddb.
• Kokr`áb kdãitrcib hk ierrckotk bdtkrob (IB)> Kokr`áb kdãitrcib hk fespctbd, dáokb e pbrkh quk covckrtk
su pedbrchbh b cotkrvbdes rk`udbrks ieostbotks.
• Bseicbicùo hk Oerabs Ibobhckosk (IYB)> Er`boczbicùo quk gcnb dbs oerabs pbrb kqucpes ko Ibobhâ.
Ibobh â.
• Ycstkab hk sk`urchbh cohkxbhb akhcbotk hcâaktre (HCYY)> Ycstkab hk ieokiterks okuaâtcies hk
resib quk seo ibhb uoe þocies b uo `bs hbhe.
• Kdkitrcichbh per ierrckotk ieotcoub (II)> Kokr`áb kdãitrcib cotkrob e hk lbtkráb, uochcrkiiceobd.
• Ieoikotrbicùo hk db grbiicùo hk exá`koe cospcrbhe (GcE<)> Wbder
Wbder utcdczbhe b akouhe pbrb
kspkicgcibr db ieoikotrbicùo hk exá`koe quk hklk bhacocstrbrsk sk`þo dbs ùrhkoks hkd aãhcie.
• Akzidbher hk `bs> Hcspesctcve utcdczbhe pbrb akzidbr hcgkrkotks `bsks ko uob prepericùo hktkracobhb
hk ibhb uoe. Kd akzidbher quk sk hksirclk
hksir clk ko kstk aboubd akzidb uob iealcobicùo hk bcrk ieaprcache
pbrb rkspcrbr (exá`koe bd <2%) y exá`koe
ex á`koe pure (2::% hk exá`koe).
• \kspcrbher aboubd> Hcspesctcve aboubd utcdczbhe pbrb db vkotcdbicùo brtcgcicbd.
• Ieacscùo Kdkitretãiocib Cotkrobiceobd (CKI)> Er`boczbicùo quk gcnb dbs oerabs pbrb kqucpes
cotkrobiceobdks.
• \kspcrbher akiâocie> Hcspesctcve akiâocie utcdczbhe pbrb db vkotcdbicùo brtcgcicbd.
• \esib hk terocdde oe cotkribalcbldk (OCYX)> Aãtehe quk kspkicgcib ieokiterks okuaâtcies ieo
resib kxiduscvb pbrb des `bsks.
• Ycstkab hk sk`urchbh akhcbotk áohcik hk idbvcnbs> Ycstkab hk kapbrknbackote hk dbs letkddbs hk
h k `bs
ieo sus ieotkoches sc`uckohe uob pbutb hk idbvcnb y ercgcices ieo pbtreoks kxiduscves. Zer knkapde> des
puotes iealcobhes 2 y ; seo pbrb bcrk= des < y ; seo pbrb exá`koe.
• Okuaâtcie> Guoiceobackote hk uo hcspesctcve akhcbotk bcrk ieaprcache.
2-9
[se prkvcste
Db dky gkhkrbd kstbheuochkosk rkstrco`k db vkotb hk kstk hcspesctcve sùde b aãhcies e per erhko hk uo
aãhcie.
Kd scstkab pbrb trbospertk okeobtbd XC;:: @delk-Xrettkr kstâ hcskòbhe pbrb kd trbospertk hk okeobtes
prkabtures, hk bdte rcks`e, ieo lbne pkse
pk se ko kd aeakote hkd obicackote e irátcibakotk kogkraes kotrk
ikotres sboctbrces. Kd akhce hk trbospertk pukhk skr tkrrkstrk e bãrke (ieo fãdciks `crbtercbs e bdbs gcnbs).
Kd
tbalcãohkd
ksscstkab.
bhkiubheÃstes
pbrbcoiduyko
kd trbospertk
e db btkoicùo
kstbiceobrcb
ko hk
kd fespctbd.
Coiduyk
fbstb
trksscstkab
ieapeokotks
uo lbstcher
quk bdenb
kd ieonuote
coiulbherb
y aùhude
okuaâtcie, y uo du`br pbrb bdabikobackote hk db letkddb hk `bs. Kd scstkab sk fb hcskòbhe pbrb skrvcr
ieae uob uochbh ieapdktb pbrb kd iuchbhe hk uo okeobte quk okiksctk trbospertk.
Cohcibiceoks hk use
Kd scstkab pbrb trbospertk okeobtbd XC;:: @delk-Xrettkr kstâ hcskòbhe pbrb kd trbospertk hk okeobtes
prkabtures, hk bdte rcks`e, ieo lbne pkse ko kd aeakote hkd obicackote e irátcibakotk kogkraes. Egrkik
uo akhce hk ieotredbr db tkapkrbturb hkd bcrk y dbs ieoikotrbiceoks hk exá`koe, bòbhcr fuakhbh rkdbtcvb
y bhacocstrbr db rkbocabicùo.
2-8
Ykiicùo <
Cotreh
Cot
rehuii
uiicùo
cùo,, ibrbit
ibrbitkrá
krástc
stcibs
ibs
y kspkic
kspkicgci
gcibic
biceok
eokss tãioci
tãiocibs
bs
Cotrehuiicùo
ZKDC@\E HK HKYIB\@B KDÃIX\CIB>
Ko kd ibse hk quk fbyb huhbs selrk db cotk`rchbh hk db iedeibicùo hkd ieohuiter b absb
pretkiterb kxtkroe, hklk fbikrsk guoiceobr kd kqucpe hkshk su gukotk hk bdcakotbicùo kdãitrcib
cotkrob. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
Kd scstkab pbrb trbospertk okeobtbd XC;:: @delk-Xrettkr ks uo scstkab pbrb trbospertk okeobtbd hk pkrgcd
lbne. Db ieogc`urbicùo lâscib sk ieapeok
ieape ok hk>
• Aùhu
Aùhude
de oku
okuaâ
aâtc
tcie
ie
• Coiulbherb
Coiulbherb ppbrb
brb trbospe
trbospertk
rtk (aehkde XC;::)
• Lbst
Lbstch
cher
er ae
aehu
hudb
dbrr
• Leal
Lealbb pbr
pbrbb bspcr
bspcrbic
bicùo
ùo
• Hcvkrses
Hcvkrses ibrres hk bdt
bdturb
urb vbrcbldk
vbrcbldk bnustbld
bnustbldkk (WFB)
Db coiulbherb y kd aùhude okuaâtcie sk aeotbo selrk kd lbstcher aehudbr, kd iubd b su vkz sk iedeib
selrk uo ibrre WFB. Kd ibrre WFB þocibakotk egrkik db pertblcdchbh y db bdturb vbrcbldk pbrb kd scstkab
hk trbospertk= per de tbote, kd lbstcher aehudbr pukhk kdkvbrsk hkd ibrre. Xehes des ieapeokotks hk
trbospertk ieotcoþbo epkrbtcves.
Db coiulbherb sk koiukotrb ko kd dbhe czquckrhe hkd lbstcher y kd aùhude okuaâtcie ko kd dbhe hkrkife.
Db lbohknb pbrb biikserces sk gcnb ko db pbrtk trbskrb hkd lbstcher y sk sctþb per koicab hk db coiulbherb.
Db ierrkb hk trcoquktk gcnb kd aeocter eptbtcve b db lbohknb.
Db lealb pbrb bspcrbicùo sk aeotb selrk uo sepertk y sk gcnb b db pbrtk trbskrb hkd aùhude okuaâtcie. Kd
rkicpckotk hk bspcrbicùo hkskifbldk sk gcnb b db pbrtk trbskrb hk db lealb.
Ko db pbrtk pestkrcer hkd aùhude okuaâtcie sk koiukotrb uo lbstcher pbrb aeotbnk hk uob lealb c.v. Yk
utcdczb pbrb gcnbr dbs lealbs hk coguscùo ieo pcozbs pbrb pestks.
Kd scstkab bikptb des kstâohbrks lrctâocie y kstbheuochkosk, tbabòes K e H, letkddbs hk `bs hk bduacoce e
bikre. Kd scstkab pukhk ieogc`urbrsk ko kd aeakote hk db ieaprb pbrb bikptbr etres tcpes hk letkddb hk
`bs.
Ycstkab okuaâtcie
Kd aùhude okuaâtcie ks uo scstkab cotk`rbhe quk teab bcrk y exá`koe hk dbs letkddbs hk `bs e hk dbs
gukotks hk pbrkh. Egrkik vkotcdbicùo y ieotredb kd gdune hk `bs. Kd aùhude okuaâtcie sk egrkik ko hes
vkrsceoks>
uobskib
vkrscùo
ieo ieaprkser
vkrscùo ieo
bcrk. Ko uob
db vkrscùo
ieo ieaprkser,
kd
bcrk
sk kográb,
y rk`udb
b db sbdchb yhkduob
ieaprkser.
Koletkddb
balbs hk
vkrsceoks,
rk`udbicùo
ko hes ktbpbs
rkhuik db prkscùo hk `bs hk db letkddb. Ko balbs vkrsceoks, kd usubrce skdkiiceob db gukotk (hk pbrkh e
<-2
letkddb hk `bs) pbrb ibhb `bs, utcdczbohe dbs vâdvudbs botcrrkteroe. Kd aùhude usb db gukotk ieo db abyer
prkscùo. Kd akzidbher akzidb bcrk y exá`koe. Zrepericeob `bs akzidbhe b db vâdvudb hk ieotred hk gdune y
b db kotrbhb hk `bs hk pbickotk hkd rkspcrbher. Ko db vkrscùo ieo letkddb hk bcrk, tbalcão sk utcdczb akzidb
hk `bs pbrb kd guoiceobackote hkd rkspcrbher. Ko db vkrscùo ieo ieaprkser, sk utcdczb exá`koe pure pbrb kd
rkspcrbher.
Fby pukrtes pbrb pruklb cotk`rbhes ko kd scstkab pbrb ieaprelbr dbs prksceoks hk db letkddb hk bcrk y
exá`koe, y dbs prksceoks hk kotrbhb y sbdchb hk `bs kxtkroe. Dbs vâdvudbs botcrrkteroe pkractko kd ibalce
hk dbs gukotks hk `bs sco pãrhchb hk prkscùo hk guoiceobackote. Dbs vâdvudbs botcrrkteroe bhciceobdks
`brbotczbo quk kd `bs sc`uk uob rutb fbicb hkdbotk, fbicb kd akzidbher hkd aùhude okuaâtcie.
Kd aùhude okuaâtcie pkractk tbalcão kd boâdcscs hk exá`koe utcdczbohe uo bobdczbher hk exá`koe.
Kd aùhude okuaâtcie ieo letkddb hk bcrk coiduyk hes aboùaktres hk letkddb hk `bs (pbrb exá`koe y bcrk).
Bhactk kd use hk uob letkddb hk bcrk y uob hk exá`koe. Kd aùhude okuaâtcie ieo ieaprkser coiduyk uo
ieaprkser hk bcrk hk 2< W ieo uob lbtkráb pbrb fbikr guoiceobr kd ieaprkser y uob gukotk hk
bdcakotbicùo pbrb ibr`br db lbtkráb. Coiduyk uo aboùaktre hk letkddb hk `bs pbrb exá`koe y uo cotkrrupter
hk koikohche y bpb`bhe cduacobhe pbrb kd ieaprkser. Xbalcão bhactk kd use hk hes letkddbs hk exá`koe.
Balbs vkrsceok
vkrsceokss pukhko utcdc
utcdczbrsk
zbrsk ttbalcão
balcão ieo guko
gukotks
tks kxtkrobs
kxtkrobs hk 98; mZb (;: psc) ² 98 mZb (; psc) hk
exá`koe e hk bcrk. E pukhko utcdczbrsk ieo uob iealcobicùo hk gukotks b lerhe, cotkrobs y kxtkrobs. Des
aboùaktres sk aeotbo ko db pbrtk hkdbotkrb hkd aùhude okuaâtcie y des ieokiterks hk `bs ko db pbrtk
trbskrb. Des ieokiterks iuapdko ieo dbs oerabs OCYX e HCYY.
<-<
Aùhude okuaâtcie ieo letkddb hk bcrk ‘skiukoicb hk gdune hk `bs
<-9
\kgkrkoicb
Hksircpicùo
B
L
I
H
K
G
@
F
C
N
M
D
A
O
E
Z
\
Y
Letkddb hk bcrk
Zrkscùo hk db letkddb hk bcrk
\k`udbher
Cohcibher hk bcrk
Zukrte hk pruklb
\k`udbher
Akzidbher hk `bs
Kotrbhb hk bcrk (HCYY e OCYX)
Letkddb hk exá`koe
Zrkscùo hk db letkddb hk exá`koe
Cohcibher hk exá`koe
Zrkscùo rk`udbhb hk exá`koe
Kotrbhb hk exá`koe (HCYY e OCYX)
Zrkscùo hk exá`koe
exá`koe (HCYY e OCYX)
Zrkscùo hkd akzidbher
Wâdvudb hk ieotred hkd gdune
@bs hkd rkspcrbher (blckrte/ikrrbhe)
\kspcrbher akiâocie
X
[
W
P
V
S
^
BB
Dclkrbher hk prkscùo hkd rkspcrbher
Xule pbrb kd pukrte hkd cohcibher
Xule pbrb vâdvudb hk kxfbdbicùo
Zukrte pbrb kd cohcibher
Wâdvudb hk kxfbdbicùo
@bs pbrb kd pbickotk
Zuote X hkd skoser hk exá`koe
Bobdczbher hk exá`koe
Ykiukoicb hkd gdune hk exá`koe
Yk bdcakotb exá`koe b trbvãs hk uob vâdvudb botcrrkteroe hkshk db letkddb hk `bs greotbd bd aùhude
okuaâtcie y b uo rk`udbher bnustbldk ko hes ktbpbs. Db kotrbhb hk exá`koe hkd akzidbher sk bdcakotb hk
db sbdchb hkd rk`udbher hk exá`koe e hk exá`koe suacocstrbhe hk gerab kxtkrob ko des ieokiterks hk
exá`koe ko db pbrtk trbskrb hkd aùhude okuaâtcie.
Ykiukoicb hkd gdune hk bcrk
Yk bdcakotb bcrk b trbvãs hk uob vâdvudb botcrrkteroe hkshk db letkddb hk `bs trbskrb bd aùhude okuaâtcie
y b uo rk`udbher bnustbldk ko hes ktbpbs. Db kotrbhb hk bcrk hkd akzidbher sk bdcakotb hk db sbdchb hkd
rk`udbher hk bcrk e hk bcrk suacocstrbhe hk gerab kxtkrob ko des ieokiterks hk bcrk ko db pbrtk trbskrb hkd
aùhude okuaâtcie.
Ykiukoicb hk `bs akzidbhe
Zbrb vkotcdbicùo aboubd, db sbdchb hkd akzidbher sk pbsb b uob vâdvudb hk ieotred hk gdune ibdclrbhb
kxtkrob cohkpkohckotk hk db `rbvkhbh. Zbrb vkotcdbicùo akiâocib, uob vâdvudb lchcrkiiceobd scrvk ieae
ieotred hk cotkrrupicùo hk koikohche y bpb`bhe pbrb kd rkspcrbher akiâocie. Kd `bs akzidbhe b lbnb
prkscùo bdcakotb kd rkspcrbher akiâocie y usb ksk acsae `bs pbrb `bs hk pbickotk. Db sbdchb
s bdchb hkd
rkspcrbher
icriucte
hk `bs
hk pbickotk.
Kd icriucte
hk pbickotk
coiduykselrk
uob vâdvudb
hk ksibpk
bnustbldk ybdcakotb
uo skoserkdhk
exá`koe.
Kd skoser
hk exá`koe
bdcakotb
db cogerabicùo
kd perikotbnk
hk
exá`koe bd bobdczbher hk exá`koe.
<-8
Aùhude okuaâtcie ieo ieaprkser‘skiukoicb hk gdune hk `bs
<-;
\kgkrkoicb
B
L
I
H
K
G
@
F
C
N
M
D
A
O
E
R
\
Hksircpicùo
Gcdtre hk kotrbhb
Cotkribalcbher hk ibder
Ieaprkser hk bcrk
Zrkscùo hkd ieaprkser hk bcrk
Hkpùscte biuaudbher (7: ppssc +/-< ppssc)
Ieoautbher hk prkscùo
Zukrte hk pruklb
Gcdtre ieo hrkobnk buteaâtcie pbrb bdcvce hk
b`ub
\k`udbher
Aboùaktre hk bcrk (cotkroe)
\k`udbher
Kotrbhb hk bcrk (HCYY e OCYX)
Letkddb hk exá`koe
Zrkscùo hk db letkddb
letkddb hk exá`koe
Cohcibher hk prkscùo hk db letkddb hk exá`koe
Kotrbhb hk exá`koe (HCYY e OCYX)
Zrkscùo hk exá`koe (HCYY e OCYX)
V
S
^
BB
II
(;:
(;:-28
psc)
Ak-28:
zidb:hpsc
er h) k `bs
Akzidb hk `bs (;: psc)
Wâdvudb hk ieotred hkd gdune
Wâdvudb pbrb pbrtk dù`cib hkd rkspcrbher
(blckrte/ikrrbhe)
(blckrte/ikrrb
he) y `bs pbrb kd pbickotk
@bs hk pbrtk dù`cib hkd rkspcrbher
(blckrte/ikrrbhe)
\kspcrbher akiâocie
Dclkrbher hk prkscùo hkd rkspcrbher
Zukrte pbrb kd cohcibher e aboùaktre
Xule pbrb vâdvudb hk kxfbdbicùo
Zukrte pbrb kd cohcibher e aboùaktre
HH
KK
GG
@@
Wâdvudb hk kxfbdbicùo
@bs pbrb kd pbickotk
Zuote X hkd skoser hk exá`koe
Bobdczbher hk exá`koe
Y
X
[
W
P
Ykiukoicb hkd gdune hk exá`koe
Yk bdcakotb exá`koe b trbvãs hk dbs vâdvudbs botcrrkteroe lcko hkshk dbs letkddbs hk `bs hkdbotkrbs e
trbskrbs, bd aùhude okuaâtcie, y bd rk`udbher prcoicpbd bnustbldk. Kd rk`udbher skiuohbrce hk exá`koe sk
bdcakotb hkshk db sbdchb hkd rk`udbher prcoicpbd e hk `bs suacocstrbhe hk gerab kxtkrob ko des ieokiterks
trbskres hk `bs. Kd acsae icriucte tbalcão bdcakotb kd `bs dù`cie bd rkspcrbher akiâocie. Kd rk`udbher
skiuohbrce hk exá`koe ks bnustbldk, tckok uo aboùaktre coierperbhe k coiduyk uo gcdtre hk kotrbhb hk
; acire
acireoks
oks..
Ykiukoicb hkd gdune hk bcrk
Yk bspcrb bcrk hk db sbdb ko kd ieaprkser b trbvãs hkd gcdtre hk kotrbhb. Kd ieaprkser prehuik bcrk b lbnb
prkscùo. Kd bcrk, kogrcbhe akhcbotk uo rbhcbher kqucpbhe ieo vkotcdbher, sk biuaudb koteoiks ko uo
<-7
hkpùscte biuaudbher. Kd cotkrrupter hk koikohche y bpb`bhe, y uo cotkrrupter hk prkscùo quk hktkitb db
prkscùo hkd biuaudbher, ieotredbo kd ieaprkser. [o rk`udbher hk bcrk bnustbldk ieo uo aboùaktre
coierperbhe bdcakotb bcrk ieaprcache bd akzidbher. Kd rk`udbher hk bcrk coiduyk uo gcdtre hk pukrte hk
; acireoks, uo iedkiter hk b`ub y uob vâdvudb hk hrkobnk buteaâtcib ieo uo tule
tule hk hksibr`b. Kd
akzidbher tbalcão pukhk rkiclcr bcrk b trbvãs hkd ieokiter kxtkroe. Ko kd akzidbher, sk iealcob ieo
exá`koe hkd rk`udbher hk exá`koe skiuohbrce.
Ykiukoicb hk `bs akzidbhe
Zbrb vkotcdbicùo aboubd, db sbdchb hkd akzidbher bdcakotb uob vâdvudb hk ieotred hk gdune ibdclrbhb
kxtkrob cohkpkohckotk hk db `rbvkhbh. Zbrb vkotcdbicùo akiâocib, uob vâdvudb hk iubtre hcrkiiceoks scrvk
ieae ieotred hk cotkrrupicùo hk koikohche y bpb`bhe pbrb kd rkspcrbher akiâocie. [o icriucte hk db
vâdvudb hk iubtre hcrkiiceoks prepericeob bd rkspcrbher akiâocie exá`koe b lbnb prkscùo ieae `bs
dù`cie. Kd etre icriucte hk db vâdvudb hk iubtre hcrkiiceoks prepericeob akzidb hk bcrk ieae `bs hk
pbickotk. Kd `bs hk pbickotk coiduyk uob vâdvudb hk ksibpk bnustbldk y uo skoser hk exá`koe. Kd skoser hk
exá`koe bdcakotb db cogerabicùo selrk kd perikotbnk hk exá`koe bd bobdczbher hk exá`koe e bd aeocter hk
vkotcdbicùo, sc de fulckrb. Kd icriucte hk pbickotk coiduyk uo tule cohcibher quk rktrebdcakotb kd
rkspcrbher akiâocie.
Coiulbherb pbrb trbospertk
OEXB>
Xehes des aehkdes coiduyko db coiulbherb pbrb trbospertk (aehkde XC;::).
Hcifb coiulbherb pbrb trbospertk aehkde XC;:: pkractk kd trbospertk hk okeobtes hk rcks`e kdkvbhe,
prkabtures, hk lbne pkse bd obikr e `rbvkakotk kogkraes. Zrepericeob uuoo aehe hk ieotredbr db
tkapkrbturb hkd bcrk y ibalcbr dbs ieoikotrbiceoks hk exá`koe y db fuakhbh rkdbtcvb. Zbrb aâs
cogerabicùo, ieosudtk dbs Costruiiceoks hk use hk db coiulbherb pbrb trbospertk, aehkde XC;::.
Lbstcher aehudbr
Kd scstkab hk lbstcher aehudbr coiduyk>
•
Lbo
Lbohkn
hknbb su
supkrc
pkrcer
er pbrb bii
biikser
kserces
ces ieo ierrkb
ierrkb hk ssunk
unkicù
icùoo
•
Ddbvk
Ddbvk hk letk
letkdd
ddbb hhkk `bs
`bs y dddb
dbvk
vk hk yu
yu`e
`e
•
\uk
\ukhb
hb hhkk br
brtci
tciudb
udbicù
icùoo pb
pbrb
rb db
db ddbvk
ddbvk hk ddbb le
letkd
tkddb
db hk
hk `bs
`bs
•
Ab
Aboù
oùak
aktr
tree hk vko
vkotc
tcdb
dbic
icùo
ùo abo
aboub
ubdd
•
Yep
Yepert
ertkk hk aeo
aeotbn
tbnkk pb
pbrb
rb vvâdv
âdvudb
udb hkd rkspcrb
rkspcrbher
her akiâoc
akiâocie
ie
•
Lb
Lbrrb
rrbss hk b`
b`brr
brrkk pb
pbrb
rb kkdk
dkvbi
vbicù
cùoo y ab
aboc
ocel
elrb
rb
•
Des ttules
ules b bdtb prkscùo pbrb bhacoc
bhacocstrbr
strbr bcrk
bcrk (aùhude
(aùhudess okuaâtcies
okuaâtcies þocibakotk
þocibakotk ieo letkddb
letkddb hk
bcrk) y exá`koe bd aùhude okuaâtcie
•
Ierrkb pbrb gc
gcnbr
nbr kd
kd ibld
ibldkk hk bdcak
bdcakotbicù
otbicùoo hurbotk
hurbotk kd trâoscte
trâoscte e ieotredbr
ieotredbr kd kxikse hk ibldk
ibldk
hurbotk db ibr`b
•
Ierrkb pbrb gc
gcnbr
nbr des
des ieohuites
ieohuites hk exá`koe
exá`koe y hk bc
bcrk
rk iubohe
iubohe oe sk ut
utcdczbo
cdczbo `bsks kxtkroes
kxtkroes
<-0
Ibrre hk bdturb vbrcbldk bnustbldk (WFB)
Kd ibrre hk bdturb vbrcbldk egrkik pertblcdchbh y
bnustk hk bdturb vbrcbldk pbrb kd scstkab hk
trbospertk. Zbrb eltkokr aâs cogerabicùo, ieosudtk
dbs costruiiceoks hk use skpbrbhbs hkd gblrcibotk.
OEXB>
Db coiulbherb, kd aùhude okuaâtcie y kd lbstcher
aehudbr oe hkpkohko hkd ibrre pbrb obhb aâs quk
pbrb db pertblcdchbh y db bdturb vbrcbldk.
<-6
Ibrbitkrástcibs
Db sulskiicùo selrk ibrbitkrástcibs egrkik uob dcstb hk dbs ibrbitkrástcibs kstâohbr y epiceobdks
hcspeocldks pbrb kd scstkab pbrb trbospertk okeobtbd XC;:: @delk-Xrettkrℬ.
Ibrbitkrástcibs kstâohbr
Dbs ibrbitkrástcibs kstâohbr pbrb kd scstkab hk trbospertk okeobtbd XC;:: @delk-Xrettkr coiduyko>
• \kspcrb
\kspcrbher
her aki
akiâoc
âocie
ie (ieo ak
akzid
zidbher
bher))
• Coiulbherb
Coiulbherb ppbrb
brb trbospe
trbospertk
rtk (aehkde XC;::)
• Lbst
Lbstch
cher
er ae
aehu
hudb
dbrr
• Leal
Lealbb hk bsp
bspcr
crbi
bicù
cùoo
• Lboh
Lbohkn
knbb pbrb bbiik
iikser
serce
cess
• Bobd
Bobdcz
czbh
bher
er hk eexá
xá`ko
`koee
Ibrbitkrástcibs epiceobdks
Dbs ibrbitkrástcibs eptbtcvbs pbrb kd scstkab hk trbospertk okeobtbd XC;:: @delk-Xrettkr coiduyko>
• Ieap
Ieaprks
rkser
er hk bc
bcrk
rk
• Ibrre
Ibrre hhkk bbdtu
dturb
rb vbrc
vbrcbld
bldkk
• Ibap
Ibapbo
bobb bd
bdtb
tb
Biikserces
Des biikserces utcdczbhes ko kd scstkab pbrb trbospertk okeobtbd XC;:: @delk-Xrettkr seo>
• Ieonuo
Ieonuote
te hhkk lbr
lbrrb
rb pe
pertb
rtbsukr
sukres
es
• Yeoh
Yeohbs
bs hk pc
pckd
kd
• Icriuctes
Icriuctes hk vkotcdbicùo
vkotcdbicùo hkd pbickotk
pbickotk
• Iedifùo
• Icotbs
Icotbs pbrb
pbrb gcnbi
gcnbicùo
cùo hhkd
kd ie
iedif
difùo
ùo
• Bdaefbh
Bdaefbhcdd
cddbb ppbrb
brb fuakhbh
fuakhbh
<-3
Kspkicgcibiceoks
Ibrbitkrástcibs kstâohbr
Ibrbitkrástcib
Hcakoscùo
2<: W IB \k
\kqucsct
qucsctes
es hk bdcako
bdcakotbicùo
tbicùo kxtkrob 22
22:/2
:/2<:
<: W, ;:/7:
;:/7: Fz
pbrb kd aehkde
2<: W IB Kspkicgcibiceoks hk db teab
2<: W I
IB
B Ieosuae
Ykcs, iertbicriuctes hk 2: B
4 86: P ko kd pker ibse (coiulbherb, ibr`bher hkd
ieaprkser)
<9: W IB \k
\kqucsct
qucsctes
es hk bdcako
bdcakotbicùo
tbicùo kxtkrob <9
<9:: W, ;;:/
:/7:
7: Fz
pbrb kd aehkde
<9: W IB Kspkicgcibiceoks hk db teab
Ykcs, iertbicriuctes hk ; B
Ieosuae hk <9: W
4 8:: P ko kd pker ibse (coiulbherb, ibr`bher hkd
ieaprkser)
Ierrckotk hk gu`b hkd ifbscs (aehkde hk
9:: B
2<: W IB)
;:: B e cogkrcer
cogkrcer ieo
ieo uo vedtbnk
vedtbnk hhkk db dáokb
dáokb ² 2: %
Ierrckotk hk gu`b hkd ifbscs (aehkde hk
<9: W IB)
Zrkscùo hhkk kkootrbhb hhkkd a
aùùhude ok
okuaâtcie
98; mZb ((;;: psc) ² 98 mZb ((;; psc)
Zrkscùo hk kotrbhb hkd rkspcrbher (aùhude
98
98;; mZ
mZbb ((;:
;: ps
psc)
c) ² 98 mZ
mZbb ((;; ps
psc)
c)
okuaâtcie ieo vkrscùo hk letkddb hk bcrk)
Zrkscùo hk kotrbhb hkd rkspcrbher (aùhude
98
98;; mZ
mZbb ((;:
;: ps
pscc) ² 98 mZ
mZbb ((;; ps
psc)
c)
okuaâtcie ieo vkrscùo hk ieaprkser)
Ybdchb hkd rkspcrbher okuaâtcie
: dctres per acoute (dpa) b <: dpa
\bo`e hk tkapkrbturb hk guoiceobackote
2: ºI (;
(;:: ºG
ºG)) b 9:
9: ºI (6
(677 ºG
ºG))
(guoiceobackote oerabd)
\bo`e hk tkapkrbturb hk guoiceobackote (use 2: ºI (;
(;:: ºG
ºG)) b 8: ºI (2
(2:8
:8 ºG
ºG))
dcactbhe)
\bo`e hk fuakhbh hk guoiceobackote
: % b 3; % hk fuakhbh rkdbtcvb (F\) oe
Deo`ctuh hkd scstkab pbrb trbospertk okeobtbd
XC;:: @delk-Xrettkr sco ibrre WFB
Boifurb hkd scstkab pbrb trbospertk okeobtbd
XC;:: @delk-Xrettkr sco ibrre WFB
Bdturb hkd scstkab pbrb trbospertk okeobtbd
XC;:: @delk-Xrettkr sco ibrre WFB
Zkse hkd scstkab pbrb trbospertk okeobtbd
XC;:: @delk-Xrettkr (aùhude okuaâtcie ieo
ieaprkser) sco letkddbs hk `bs, lbrrbs
pertbsukres, aeocter hk pbickotk e ibrre
ibrr e WFB
Zkse hkd scstkab pbrb trbospertk okeobtbd
XC;:: @delk-Xrettkr
(aùhude
letkddb
hk bcrk) sco letkddbs
hk okuaâtcie
`bs, lbrrbs ieo
pertbsukres, aeocter hk pbickotk e ibrre
ibrr e WFB
< - 2:
ieohkosbotk
2<3,;; ia (;
2<3,
(;:,3
:,3")
")
;7,; ia (<
(<<,<
<,<")
")
;6,8 ia (<
(<<,3
<,3")
")
69,33 m` (2
69,
(268,
68,33 dl
dl))
02,77 m` (2
02,
(2;0,
;0,33 dl
dl))
Ibrbitkrástcib
Ocvkd hk ruche ko kd cotkrcer hk db coiulbherb
sco bdbrabs
Ocvkd hk ruche ko kd cotkrcer hk db coiulbherb
ieo bdbrabs
Hcakoscùo
47:: hL
47
hLbb
46:: hL
46
hLbb
Ibrbitkrástcibs hkd ibrre
Ibrbitkrástcib
Deo`ctuh hkd ibrre WFB
Boifurb hkd ibrre WFB
Bdturb hkd ibrre WFB, pescicùo lbnb
Bdturb hkd ibrre WFB, pescicùo akhcb
Bdturb hkd ib
ibrrre WFB, ppeescicùo kkddkvbh
bhbb
Zkse hkd ibrre WFB
Hcakoscùo
Aehkde 280B -2:2,7 ia
ia (8:")
Aehkde 9;CX - <:2 ia (03"
(03"))
Aehkde 280B -;;,3 ia
ia (<<")
Aehkde 9;CX -72
-72 ia (<8
(<8")
")
Aehkde 280B -66,9 ia (9<,6")
Aehkde 9;CX -<;
-<; ia (2:
(2:")
")
Aehkde 280B -2:9,; ia (8:,0")
Aehkde 9;CX -72
-72 ia (<8
(<8")
")
Aehk
hkdde 22880B --2226,0; ia (8
(87,0
,0;;")
Aehkde 9;CX -2:0
-2:0 ia (8<"
(8<"))
Aehkde 280B -<<,9 m`
m` (83,< ddll)
Aehkde
Aeh
kde 9;CX - 97 m` (6:
(6: dl)
Ibrbitkrástcibs epiceobdks
Ibrbitkrástcib
\kqucsctes hk bdcakotbicùo II hkd ieaprkser
hk bcrk
Ybdchb ppbbrb kd
kd ieaprkser hhkkd rrkk`udbher
Ibot
Ib
otch
chbh
bh y tcp
tcpee hhkk llbt
btkr
kráb
ábss hhkd
kd ie
ieap
aprk
rkse
serr
Xkoscùo hk db lbtkráb hkd ieaprkser
Hcakoscùo
2< W II ² 2:
2:%
% bbdd aâx
aâxca
caee hk
hk 22::
:: P
<: dpa b <:0 mZb ((99: psc) ² 28 mZb ((<< psc)
[o
[obb sskd
kddb
dbhb
hb,, hhkk ttcp
cpee `kd
`kd,, rrki
kibr
br`b
`bld
ldkk
2< W II (oeacobd)
Hurbicùo
hk ibr`b
hk db lbtkráb hkd ieaprkser <: ferb
ferbss e cogkrcer
cogkrcer
(hkshk hksibr`b
tetbd)
Kxpkitbtcvb
Kxpkitb
tcvb hhkk vchb hk db llbtkráb
btkráb hkd ieaprkser
ieaprkser Aáocae
Aáocae hk <:: icides hk
hk ibr`b y hksibr`b
hksibr`b
ieapdktes
Xkosc
koscùo
ùo oeac
oeacob
obdd hhkk ddbb llbt
btkr
kráb
áb hkd
hkd iiea
eapr
prks
kser
er
<: B fer
ferbs
bs
Hurbicùo hk guoiceobackote hk db lbtkráb hkd Aáoca
Aáocaee hk 9 ferbs ieo kd akzidbher
akzidbher bnustbhe
bnustbhe b
ieaprkser (ieo lbtkráb ieapdktbakotk
exá`koe bd <2% b 2: d/aco
d/aco
ibr`bhb)
Ybdchb hk db vâdvudb hk ieotred hk gdune
: dp
dpa
a b 2; dp
dpa
a
(aùhude okuaâtcie ieo letkddb hk bcrk)
: dp
dpa
a b 2: dp
dpa
a
Ybdchb hk db vâdvudb hk ieotred hk gdune
(aùhude okuaâtcie ieo ieaprkser)
< - 22
Oerabs, hcrkitcvbs y iùhc`es
Kd scstkab pbrb trbospertk okeobtbd XC;:: @delk-Xrettkr iuapdk ieo dbs oerabs hk sk`urchbh y
guoiceobackote quk sk cohcibo b ieotcoubicùo>
• KO 7:7:
7:7:22-2‘
2‘233:, Kqucpe kdkitreaãhcie, Zbrtk 2> \kqucsctes `kokrbdks pbrb db sk`urchbh,
coiduykohe koackohbs 2 y <
• KO 7:7:
7:7:22-22-<‘
<‘<::2, Oerab iedbtkrbd> Ieapbtclcdchbh kdkitreab`oãtcib‘\kqucsctes y pruklbs
• KO 7:7:2-<-<
7:7:2-<-<:‘2337,
:‘2337, \kq
\kqucscte
ucsctess kspkiágcies
kspkiágcies pbrb db sk`urchbh hk coiulbh
coiulbherbs
erbs pbrb trbospertk,
trbospertk,
coiduykohe db Koackohb 2
• Hcr
Hcrkit
kitcvb
cvb <::<
<::</37
/37/KI
/KI hkd Zbrdbakote Kurepke y hkd Ieoskne, hk <0-:2-<::9, selrk
selrk \kschues hk
Kqucpes Kdãitrcies y Kdkitrùocies (PKKK e \BKK) Bokxe CW,
CW, prKO ;:823
• KO03838-2‘2330, rkspcrbherks pudaeobrks, Zbrtk 2> \kqucsctes
\kqu csctes pbrtciudbrks bpdcibldks b rkspcrbherks
rkspcrbherks
pbrb iuchbhes cotkoscves
• KO
KO2:
2::0
:033-2‘
2‘2337, Kqucpe aãhcie pbrb bspcrbicùo - Zbrtk 2> Kqucpe hk bspcrbicùo kdãitrcies\kqucsctes hk sk`urchbh
• KO2<98<
98<‘2336, Xules rkspcrbterces
rkspcrbterces hkstcobhes b skr utcdczbhes ieo bpbrbtes hk bokstkscb y
rkspcrbherks
`k stcùo hk rcks`es b des hcspesctcves aãhcies
• KO28302
302‘<:::, Bpdcibicùo hk `kstcùo
Idbscgcibicùo hkd hcspesctcve
Idbscgcibicùo hk ieogerachbh ieo db hcrkitcvb
39/8</KKI Bokxe CC
Idbsk hk pretkiicùo
Zckzb bpdcibhb
Guoiceobackote ieotcoue
Ycstkab hk oeakoidbturb hk hcspesctcves
aãhcies uocvkrsbd - Iùhc`e hk oeakoidbturb
pbrb prehuites aãhcies ([AHOY)
< - 2<
Idbsk CCl/(3)
C, sk`þo CKI 7:7:2-2
Xcpe LG
2<-228
Ykiicùo 9
Zrkibuiceoks y ieosknes
hk sk`urchb
hbh
h
Zrkibuiceoks `kokrbdks
BHWK\XKOICB>
Dbs dkyks gkhkrbdks hk Kstbhes [oches rkstrco`ko db vkotb hk kstk hcspesctcve b aãhcies e per
prksircpicùo gbiudtbtcvb.
BHWK\XKOICB>
Yùde kd pkrseobd gerabhe bhkiubhbakotk y hcrc`che per uo aãhcie ieapktkotk y ieosickotk hk
des rcks`es ieoeiches y hk dbs vkotbnbs hkd trbospertk pbrb dbitbotks y db utcdczbicùo hkd kqucpe
bseicbhe hklkráb utcdczbr kd scstkab pbrb trbospertk okeobtbd XC;:: @delk-Xrettkrℬ. Yu
utcdczbicùo per pkrseobd sco gerabicùo e aãhcies sco prkpbrbicùo pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks
pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe. ]7.6.<.<Q
BHWK\XKOICB>
Yc`b dbs costruiiceoks hkd gblrcibotk hk ibhb prehuite. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko
dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
BHWK\XKOICB>
Kstk prehuite sk fb vbdchbhe ieo des biikserces y dbs epiceoks dcstbhbs ko kstk aboubd.
Iuapdk ieo tehes des rkqucsctes selrk sk`urchbh y rkohcackote pkrtcokotks bpdcibldks bd
hcspesctcve. Xehb pkrseob u er`boczbicùo quk rkbdcik uob aehcgcibicùo oe buterczbhb e
coierperk uo biikserce oe bprelbhe bd hcspesctcve ks rkspeosbldk hk bsk`urbrsk hk quk kd
scstkab ieotcoþb iuapdckohe ieo kstes rkqucsctes. ]CFB:97Q
Z\KIB[ICÙO>
Xko`b
iuchbhe hk oe brbòbr oc hbòbr ko aehe bd`uoe dbs supkrgcicks oe pretk`chbs.
Z\KIB[ICÙO>
Oe utcdcik dcapcbherks, sedvkotks oc hktkr`kotks b`rkscves. Zehrábo prehuicrsk hbòes bd kqucpe.
Z\KIB[ICÙO>
Zbrb db kstblcdc
kstblcdchbh
hbh hk db coiu
coiulbherb,
lbherb, ddb
b ibr`b hk db lbohknb
lbohknb oe hklk k
kxikhkr
xikhkr 2; dl (7,6 m`). Yc
sk utcdczb uob letkddb hk exá`koe þocib, hklk iedeibrsk ko kd sepertk pbrb letkddbs hk `bs
hkdbotkre.
9-2
Zrkibuiceoks kdãitrcibs
ZKDC@\E HK HKYIB\@B KDÃIX\CIB>
Kd iertbicriuctes bsk`urb quk db ibpbichbh kdãitrcib aâxcab hkd scstkab hk bdcakotbicùo hk
<9: W IB ks hk
hk ; B y quk ddb
b uoc
uochbh
hbh iieo
eo bd
bdcak
cakotb
otbicù
icùo
o hk 2<
2<:
: W IB tctckok
kok u
uob
ob ib
ibpbi
pbichb
chbh
h hk
2: B. Zbrb `brbotczbr db ggcblcdchbh
cblcdchbh hk db teab hk tckrrb, koifugk kd ibldk hk bdcakotbicùo I
IB
B
kxiduscvbakotk ko uob teab hk `rbhe e use fespctbdbrce hk trks ibldks ieo teab hk tckrrb
bhkiubhb. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
ZKDC@\E HK HKYIB\@B KDÃIX\CIB>
Fby pkdc`re hk kdkitreiuicùo sckaprk quk sk rktcrk uob tbpb hk db pbrtk kdkitrùocib. Yùde kd
pkrseobd iubdcgcibhe hklkráb rkbdczbr kd abotkocackote hk kstk kqucpe. Db rkbdczbicùo hk
abotkocackote per pkrseobd sco des ieoeicackotes sugcickotks pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks
pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
ZKDC@\E HK HKYIB\@B KDÃIX\CIB>
Oe rkcocick uo iertbicriuctes oc ibalck uo guscldk sco kvbdubr y ierrk`cr prcakre db ibusb hk su
bitcvbicùo. Zukhko prehuicrsk dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
ZKDC@\E HK HKYIB\@B KDÃIX\CIB>
Bd koifugbr brtáiudes hcgkrkotks b des quk bieapbòblbo bd scstkab, hklk ieaprelbr db
ierrckotk hk gu`b tetbd pbrb `brbotczbr quk oe supkrb des dáactks bikptbldks. Oe fbikrde bsá
pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
ZKDC@\E HK HKYIB\@B KDÃIX\CIB>
Botks hk su use, hklk ieaprelbrsk db ieotcouchbh b tckrrb kotrk des scstkabs y db idbvcnb hk
teab hk tckrrb hkd koifugk IB. Zbrb `brbotczbr db gcblcdchbh hk db teab hk tckrrb, koifugk kd
ibldk hk bdcakotbicùo hkd scstkab kxiduscvbakotk b uob teab hk `rbhe e use fespctbdbrce hk
trks ibldks ieo teab hk tckrrb bhkiubhb ieo kd vedtbnk y db grkiukoicb bprepcbhes. Oe utcdcik
bdbr`bherks. Zukhko prehuicrsk dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
ZKDC@\E HK HKYIB\@B KDÃIX\CIB>
Yc sk bitcvb kd iertbicriuctes hkd scstkab, hknbo hk guoiceobr tehbs dbs pbrtks hkd kqucpe quk oe
guoiceobo ieo lbtkráb. Des ieapeokotks koifugbhes oe hklko supkrbr db teab tetbd hk
bdcakotbicùo aâxcab hkd scstkab, pbrb kvctbr db bitcvbicùo hkd iertbicriuctes. Ieapruklk db
teab hk ierrckotk ierrkspeohckotk b ibhb ieapeokotk hkd scstkab y quk su tetbd oe kxikhk kd
aâxcae kspkicgcibhe. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
ZKDC@\E HK HKYIB\@B KDÃIX\CIB>
Bsk`þrksk hk quk db petkoicb hk IB tckok kd vedtbnk y db
db ibpbichbh ko bapkrces bhkiubhes.
Bd`þo kqucpe bdcakotbhe akhcbotk IB hkpkohk hk uob gukotk hk IB hk eohb scousechbd. Des
covkrserks pukhko prepericeobr uob eohb scousechbd, iubsc scousechbd e iubhrbhb. Db
coiulbherb, db lealb hk bspcrbicùo, kd ibr`bher hkd ieaprkser y kd aeocter okiksctbo bd akoes
uob eohb iubsc scousechbd. Etre kqucpe pukhk skr skoscldk b uob gukotk hk IB hk eohb oe
scousechbd. Zehrábo prehuicrsk hbòes bd kqucpe.
9-<
ZKDC@\E HK HKYIB\@B KDÃIX\CIB>
Hkskoifugk kd ibldk hk bdcakotbicùo hk su gukotk hk bdcakotbicùo botks hk rkbdczbr iubdquckr
epkrbicùo hk abotkocackote e hk dcapcbr kd scstkab. Oe fbikrde
fbikr de bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks
pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
ZKDC@\E HK HKYIB\@B KDÃIX\CIB>
Oe kxpeo`b db uochbh b uo kxikse hk fuakhbh. Zukhko prehuicrsk dksceoks pkrseobdks e
hbòes bd kqucpe.
Zrkibuiceoks ieotrb kxpdescùo
BHWK\XKOICB>
Oe hklk utcdczbrsk kd scstkab pbrb trbospertk okeobtbd XC;:: @delk-Xrettkr ko prkskoicb hk
prehuites bokstãscies cogdbabldks. Zukhko prehuicrsk dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
BHWK\XKOICB>
Botks hk rkbdczbr bd`þo preikhcackote hk abotkocackote kdãitrcie e hk ibalcbr uob lbtkráb,
ickrrk dbs letkddbs hk exá`koe. Oe fbikrde bsá
bs á pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes
hbò es bd
kqucpe.
BHWK\XKOICB>
Ickrrk tehbs dbs gukotks hk `bs y pur`uk db prkscùo rkstbotk. Kxcstk pkdc`re hk coikohce y hk
kxpdescùo hurbotk db rkbdczbicùo hk preikhcackotes hk dcapckzb e abotkocackote ko uo koteroe
korcqukiche ieo exá`koe. Zukhko prehuicrsk dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
Zrkibuiceoks rkdbiceobhbs ieo kd exá`koe
BHWK\XKOICB>
Ickrrk db letkddb hk `bs iubohe oe kstã utcdczâohesk e iubohe kd scstkab sk koiukotrk
ieokitbhe b uob gukotk hk `bs kxtkrob. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks pkrseobdks e
hbòes bd kqucpe.
BHWK\XKOICB>
Db utcdczbicùo cobhkiubhb hk exá`koe supdkakotbrce pukhk prehuicr kgkites skiuohbrces
`rbvks coiduykohe ik`ukrb, hbòes ikrklrbdks y aukrtk. Des rcks`es vbrábo ieo ibhb okeobte.
Kd aãhcie rkspeosbldk hklkráb hktkracobr kd aãtehe, db ieoikotrbicùo y db hurbicùo hk db
bhacocstrbicùo hk exá`koe. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko `rbvks kgkites skiuohbrces pbrb
kd okeobte.
BHWK\XKOICB>
Yc rksudtb okiksbrce bhacocstrbr exá`koe ko uob kakr`koicb, hklk oetcgcibrsk coakhcbtbakotk
bd aãhcie rkspeosbldk. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko hbòes bd kqucpe e ko dksceoks hk des
okeobtes.
9-9
BHWK\XKOICB>
Achb dbs ieoikotrbiceoks hk exá`koe ieo uo bobdczbher hk exá`koe ibdclrbhe b des cotkrvbdes
cohcibhes per kd aãhcie rkspeosbldk. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko hbòes bd kqucpe e ko
dksceoks hk des okeobtes.
BHWK\XKOICB>
Db exc`koetkrbpcb rkquckrk btkoicùo kspkicbd pbrb capkhcr db prehuiicùo hk coikohces. Xehe
abtkrcbdrâpchbakotk
quk pukhb qukabrsk
ko kd bcrk,ieo
y bd`uoe
quk Zer
oe de
cogdbab
ieo gbicdchbh y sk
qukab
ko bcrk korcqukiche
exá`koe.
de fbik,
tbote,sk
pbrb
su sk`urchbh,
abotko`b tehbs dbs gukotks hk c`ocicùo dknes hk db coiulbherb y hkd ârkb heohk kstâ
utcdczâohesk. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks pkrseobdks
p krseobdks e ko hbòes bd kqucpe.
]7.6.<.< y 7.6.<.20Q
BHWK\XKOICB>
Ko dbs letkddbs hk exá`koe b bdtb prkscùo, utcdcik sùde vâdvudbs rkhuiterbs e rk`udbherbs hk
prkscùo bprelbhbs pbrb su use ieo exá`koe. Oe utcdcik kstbs vâdvudbs pbrb bcrk oc etres `bsks
hcgkrkotks bd exá`koe, pukste quk pehrábo rksudtbr pkdc`resbs bd vedvkr b utcdczbrsk ieo exá`koe.
Aboknk hcife kqucpe sc`uckohe kstrcitbakotk dbs costruiiceoks hkd gblrcibotk hk dbs vâdvudbs.
Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
BHWK\XKOICB>
Buoquk kd scstkab hk suacocstre hk exá`koe sùde sk ieapeo`b hk abtkrcbdks ieapbtcldks
ieapbtcldks ieo
kd exá`koe, hklk tkokrsk kspkicbd iuchbhe iubohe sk utcdczb exá`koe b bdtb prkscùo, ieae kd
quk sk koiukotrb ko uob letkddb hk exá`koe aãhcie. Zukhk prehuicrsk c`ocicùo vcedkotb hk
bikctk, `rbsb, sustboicbs `rbsbs, pkqukòbs pbrtáiudbs e pedve, suickhbh u etrbs pbrtáiudbs
ieotbacobotks, ieae pkqukòbs pbrtáiudbs hk aktbd, ko prkskoicb hk exá`koe b bdtb prkscùo sc
sk bdibozb su tkapkrbturb hk c`ocicùo. Yc db vâdvudb hk db letkddb hk exá`koe sk blrk ieo
hkabscbhb rbpchkz, pukhk prehuicrsk uo buakote costbotâoke hk db tkapkrbturb hklche b db
grciicùo, bikdkrbicùo hk pbrtáiudbs e ieaprkscùo bhcblâtcib. Zukhko prehuicrsk dksceoks
pkrseobdks `rbvks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
BHWK\XKOICB>
Abotko`b kd bikctk, db `rbsb, dbs sustboicbs `rbsbs, kd pedve, db suickhbh y etrbs pbrtáiudbs
ieotbacobotks bdknbhbs hk des rk`udbherks hk exá`koe, vâdvudbs hk dbs letkddbs, tules y
iubdquckr etre kqucpe hk exá`koe. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks pkrseobdks e
hbòes bd kqucpe.
BHWK\XKOICB>
Blrb sckaprk dbs vâdvudbs hk ickrrk hk dbs letkddbs hk exá`koe dkotb y iuchbhesbakotk. Oe
fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
BHWK\XKOICB>
Iubohe sk costbdko letkddbs hk exá`koe oukvbs e hk rkibalce, dcapck sus pukrtes hk sbdchb
blrckohe dc`krbakotk hurbotk uo aeakote db vâdvudb hk db letkddb botks hk ieokitbrdbs bd
kqucpe. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
9-8
BHWK\XKOICB>
Oe hklko utcdczbrsk ieohuites y tules gdkxcldks ieohuiterks hk kdkitrcichbh e botckstâtcies.
]7.6.<.bb.2Q
Zrkibuiceoks per ieapbtclcdchbh kdkitreab`oãtcib
Cogerabicùo `kokrbd selrk ieapbtclcdchbh kdkitreab`oãtcib (KAI) sk`þo db oerab cotkrobiceobd selrk
KAI,, IKC 7:7
KAI
7:7:2-2
:2-2-<>
-<>
Des hcspesctcves kdkitreaãhcies kstâo sunktes b akhchbs hk prkibuicùo kspkicbdks rkdbtcvbs b db
ieapbtclcdchbh kdkitreab`oãtcib (KAI) y hklko costbdbrsk y aboknbrsk hk biukrhe ieo db cogerabicùo
KAI coiduchb ko db heiuakotbicùo tãiocib hcspeocldk hk Hrè`krYkrvcik.
Oe hklko teibrsk dbs pbtcddbs hk ieokxcùo ieo uo sc`oe hk bhvkrtkoicb hk hksibr`b
kdkitrestâtcib (KYH) y oe hklk rkbdczbrsk ieokxcùo bd`uob kotrk kstes ieokiterks sco
peokr ko prâitcib akhchbs pretkiterbs ieotrb KYH. Hcifes preikhcackotes hk
prkibuicùo pukhko coiducr repbs y zbpbtes botckstâtcies, kd tequk hk uo pkroe hk absb
botks y hurbotk db ieokxcùo hk dbs idbvcnbs, e db utcdczbicùo hk `ubotks bcsdbotks y
botckstâtcies kdãitrcies. Xehe
Xehe kd pkrseobd quk pbrtcicpk ko des preikhcackotes cohcibhes
cohcibhe s
brrclb rkiclcrâ gerabicùo selrk kstes preikhcackotes hk prkibuicùo KYH.
Z\KIB[ICÙO>
Des kqucpes hk ieauocibiceoks per rbhcegrkiukoicb
r bhcegrkiukoicb pertâtcdks y aùvcdks pukhko bgkitbr b des
kqucpes kdkitreaãhcies.
Zrkibuiceoks hkd scstkab
BHWK\XKOICB>
Dbs letkddbs hk bcrk ieaprcache, ieae bcrk y exá`koe, pukhko ieovkrtcrsk ko preykitcdks
pkdc`reses sc kd `bs sk dclkrb râpchbakotk hklche b hbòes u etrbs ibusbs. Zbrb capkhcr
aevcackote e hbòes per ifequk e capbite ko kd ibrre e db coiulbherb, gcnk dbs letkddbs hk aehe
sk`ure. Zbrb capkhcr kd aevcackote hk dbs letkddbs, bprcktk lcko kd akibocsae hk sunkicùo. Oe
fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
BHWK\XKOICB>
Iubohe kd scstkab sk fb gcnbhe ko uob baludboicb hk tckrrb, bvcùo e fkdciùptkre, oe hklk
iedeibrsk obhb selrk kd dbhe hkrkife hkd lbstcher. Fbikrde pehráb capkhcr kd biikse b dbs
letkddbs b lerhe. Dbs letkddbs sk rktcrbo k costbdbo hkshk kd dbhe hkrkife hkd lbstcher. Hknk kd
kspbice okiksbrce. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
BHWK\XKOICB>
Oe gcnk db ledsb butecogdbldk b db pbrkh hk db coiulbherb. Zehráb prehuicrsk uo buakote ko db
ieoikotrbicùo hk hcùxche hk ibrleoe (IE<) y hkd ksgukrze pbrb rkspcrbr hkd okeobte. Zukhko
prehuicrsk dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
BHWK\XKOICB>
Zer rbzeoks hk sk`urchbh, hklche bd pkse y db ieapdknchbh hkd scstkab, sùde hes pkrseobs ieo
db gukrzb sugcickotk hklko aeotbr y aevkr db uochbh Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks
pkrseobdks e ko hbòes bd kqucpe.
9-;
BHWK\XKOICB>
Db lbtkráb pksb  m` (8: dl). Zbrb kvct
kvctbr
br dksceoks pkrseobdks, hklk tkokrsk iuchbhe bd
rktcrbr db lbohknb hk db lbtkráb.
BHWK\XKOICB>
Oe hklk iedeibrsk kd scstkab pbrb trbospertk okeobtbd XC;:: @delk-Xrettkr ko skrvcice sco quk
ibhb ieapeokotk pbsk kd preikhcackote hk ieaprelbicùo hkd gblrcibotk ierrkspeohckotk. Ko
ibse ieotrbrce, pukhko prehuicrsk dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
BHWK\XKOICB>
Botks hk su use idáocie, hklko ierrk`crsk tehbs dbs gukotks hk gu`bs hk `bs. Oe fbikrde bsá
pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
BHWK\XKOICB>
[tcdcik `bs dcapce y skie. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd
kqucpe.
BHWK\XKOICB>
Oe utcdcik uob letkddb sco fblkr rktcrbhe botks db kovedturb hk vcocde. Ouoib hklk utcdczbrsk uob
letkddb hk tbabòe K e H bd quk dk gbdtk su kovedturb hk sbdchb hk `bs sco fblkr blckrte botks uo
peie hurbotk uo costbotk db vâdvudb hk db letkddb hk `bs pbrb kdcacobr iubdquckr suickhbh. Zbrb
vkr kd aãtehe bhkiubhe, ieosudtk des preikhcackotes hk sk`urchbh pbrb letkddbs hk `bs hk db
costbdbicùo. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
BHWK\XKOICB>
Db nuotb hk db letkddb ks db gukotk hkd ickrrk fkraãtcie. [tcdcik nuotbs hk letkddb oukvbs. Oe
fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
BHWK\XKOICB>
Zretknb db akalrbob hk gcnbicùo hkd aeocter hkd pbickotk hkd ibder y des lerhks bgcdbhes. Yc sk
iertb e hks`bstb, iâalckdb. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd
kqucpe.
BHWK\XKOICB>
Dbs rkpbrbiceoks y kd abotkocackote prkvkotcve hkd scstkab pbrb trbospertk okeobtbd XC;::
@delk-Xrettkr sùde pukhko skr kgkitubhes per pkrseobd tãiocie buterczbhe. Db rkbdczbicùo hk
abotkocackote prkvkotcve y db rkseduicùo hk preldkabs skoicddes per pkrseobd oe buterczbhe
pehrábo rksudtbr ko dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
BHWK\XKOICB>
Kd use fblctubd hkd scstkab pbrb trbospertk okeobtbd XC;:: @delk-Xrettkr pukhk rksudtbr ko kd
bgdenbackote `rbhubd hk des rktkoterks hk terocddes. Kstk bgdenbackote ks capertbotk iubohe sk
usb ko uo koteroe hk fkdciùptkre, heohk seo fblctubdks dbs vclrbiceoks cotkosbs. Hklko
kvbdubrsk des ieapeokotks hkd scstkab pbrb ieaprelbr quk oe fbyb sc`oes hk ieapeokotks
hk gcnbicùo gdenes y gcnbrdes iubohe rksudtk okiksbrce. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks
pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
9-7
BHWK\XKOICB>
Oe hklko ldequkbrsk dbs sbdchbs hk bcrk
b crk ko des dbhes hk db uochbh.
Z\KIB[ICÙO>
Botks hkd trbospertk, ieapruklk quk kd lbstcher sk koiukotrb ierrkitbakotk iedeibhe selrk
dbs iubtre idbvcnbs hk bdcokbicùo y quk des hes ldequks hk gcnbicùo y ldequke sk koiukotrbo lcko
iedeibhes selrk ãd. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko hbòes bd kqucpe.
Z\KIB[ICÙO>
Kd bprcktk hk uo pkroe hk gcnbicùo selrk uob letkddb abd bdcokbhb hbòbrâ hk gerab pkrabokotk
db kotrbhb hkd yu`e y dbs idbvcnbs iehcgcibhbs. Botks hk gcnbr db letkddb, hklk bdcokbrsk
ierrkitbakotk. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko hbòes bd kqucpe.
Z\KIB[ICÙO>
Botks hk peokr ko use idáocie kd scstkab pbrb trbospertk okeobtbd XC;:: @delk-Xrettkr,
@delk-Xrettkr,
bsk`þrksk hk quk sk koiukotrb
koi ukotrb ko kstbhe ùptcae. Db utcdczbicùo hk lbtkrábs ieo ibr`b pbricbd y
hk letkddbs hk `bs pbricbdakotk ddkobs prepericeob akoer tckape hk guoiceobackote hk db
lbtkráb cotk`rbhb y suacocstre hk `bs pbrb kd scstkab. Oe sk`ucr kstb akhchb hk prkibuicùo
pehráb hkrcvbr hcrkitbakotk ko hbòes bd kqucpe k, cohcrkitbakotk, ko dksceoks pkrseobdks.
Zrkibuiceoks ieo kd rkspcrbher
BHWK\XKOICB>
Yc db prkscùo
prkscùo hk db letkddb hk `bs ae
aestrbhb
strbhb ibk per hkl
hklbne
bne hk <:76 mZb (9:: psc), ccotkrrua
otkrruapb
pb kd
use hkd rkspcrbher y pbsk b vkotcdbicùo ieo uo rkspcrbher aboubd. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb
pehr áb rksudtbr
ko dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
BHWK\XKOICB>
Hurbotk db vkotcdbicùo aboubd oe sk achk oc aukstrb kd exá`koe bhacocstrbhe. Kste pehráb
ibusbr dksceoks bd okeobte e hbòes bd kqucpe.
BHWK\XKOICB>
Des
seo pesctcvb
uob abokrb
fblctubd
hk kvbdubr(ZKKZ)/pesctcvb
db ibotchbh hk prkscùo
pcie
(ZCZ)aboùaktres
y dbs prksceoks
bd gcobd
hk db kspcrbicùo
bdvkdebrcospcrbtercb
(hk dbs vábs
rkspcrbtercbs) ieotcoub (IZBZ) suacocstrbhbs. Yco kalbr`e, pukhko kxcstcr `rbohks hcgkrkoicbs
kotrk dbs akhchbs hk des aboùaktres hk hcgkrkotks gblrcibotks. Hklk prkstbrsk btkoicùo
kspkicbd iubohe sk ibalcbo dbs gukotks hk vkotcdbicùo e des aboùaktres. Kd usubrce ks db
pkrseob quk, ko þdtcab costboicb, hkichk db bhkiubicùo hk db vkotcdbicùo. Oe ieaprelbr bd
okeobte pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks pkrseobdks e ko hbòes bd kqucpe.
BHWK\XKOICB>
Iubohe rkbdcik bnustks bd exá`koe, abotko`b db acsab vkdeichbh hk gdune tetbd. Oe fbikrde bsá
pehráb rksudtbr ko ibalces cobhvkrtches ko des vbderks gcnbhes hkd rkspcrbher, kspkiágcibakotk
db ZCZ (prkscùo cospcrbtercb pcie), ZKKZ (prkscùo pesctcvb bd gcobd hk db kspcrbicùo) y IZBZ
(prkscùo pesctcvb ieotcoub hk dbs vábs rkspcrbtercbs). Zukhko prehuicrsk dksceoks pkrseobdks e
hbòes bd kqucpe.
9-0
BHWK\XKOICB>
Des icriuctes hk vkotcdbicùo akiâocib y db vâdvudb hk kspcrbicùo sk fbo gblrcibhe
kspkiágcibakotk pbrb su utcdczbicùo ieo kd scstkab pbrb trbospertk okeobtbd XC;:: @delkXrettkr. Oe hklko sustctucrsk per etres prehuites sco bsk`urbrsk prcakre uo guoiceobackote
ierrkite. Zukhko prehuicrsk dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
BHWK\XKOICB>
Yc
sk utcdczbickrrk
kd rkspcrbher
sk kxtrbk
kd skoser
hk exá`koe
hkd ieokiter
pbrb`rbo
skoserks,
kd pukrteakiâocie
pbrb kd skoser
skyoser
ieo db tbpb.
Oe fbikrde
bsá pehráb
rksudtbrko
koXuob
gu`b ko kd icriucte hkd rkspcrbher y ko uob vkotcdbicùo coierrkitb. Kste pehráb ibusbr dksceoks bd
pbickotk e hbòes bd kqucpe.
Z\KIB[ICÙO>
\kienb kd ibldk hkd skoser selrbotk. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko hbòes bd kqucpe.
BHWK\XKOICB>
Ko kd aeakote hk db dcapckzb y db costbdbicùo, rkvcsk kd icriucte hk vkotcdbicùo aboubd y
akiâocib pbrb ieaprelbr quk oe kxcstbo sc`oes hk `rcktbs. Hkskifk dbs pbrtks hbòbhbs. Oe
fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko uo rkohcackote cosugcickotk. Zukhko prehuicrsk dksceoks
pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
BHWK\XKOICB>
Kd rkspcrbher coiduche ko kd scstkab ks pkrseobdczbhe. Zukhk oe
o e guoiceobr hkd acsae aehe quk
uo rkspcrbher akiâocie kstâohbr. Oe seo cotkribalcbldks. Ieosudtk dbs costruiiceoks hk use
skpbrbhbs hkd gblrcibotk. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd
kqucpe.
Z\KIB[ICÙO>
Oe hkscogkitk akhcbotk buteidbvk oc pbstkurcik kd icriucte hk vkotcdbicùo akiâocib. Zehrábo
prehuicrsk hbòes bd kqucpe.
Zrkibuiceoks okuaâtcibs
BHWK\XKOICB>
Zbrb ieotcoubr kd guoiceobackote hkd aùhude okuaâtcie iubohe sk bitcvb kd cohcibher hk
lbtkráb lbnb hkd ieaprkser, hklk ieokitbr kd scstkab b uob gukotk hk kdkitrcichbh IB e
prepericeobr bcrk ieaprcache bd aùhude okuaâtcie akhcbotk kd ieokiter hk kotrbhb kxtkroe. Yc
oe fby uob gukotk hk bdcakotbicùo IB oc hk bcrk ieaprcache kxtkroe, cotkrruapb kd use hkd
rkspcrbher y pbsk b vkotcdbicùo ieo uo rkspcrbher aboubd. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko
dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
BHWK\XKOICB>
Kd `bs suacocstrbhe hkshk kd aùhude okuaâtcie oe kstâ ibdkotbhe oc fuachcgcibhe. Zbrb db
fuachcgcibicùo hkd `bs hk vkotcdbicùo hurbotk kd trbospertk, sc`b des preikhcackotes fblctubdks
ko su fespctbd. Hk de ieotrbrce pehrábo ibusbrsk hbòes bd okeobte.
9-6
BHWK\XKOICB>
Dbs skòbdks biþstcibs hkd aùhude okuaâtcie pukhko rksudtbr hcgáicdks hk hktkitbr ko uo
koteroe ruchese, ieae hurbotk kd trbospertk bãrke. Hklk ieaprelbr ieo grkiukoicb kd aùhude
okuaâtcie pbrb botcicpbr y ierrk`cr des preldkabs rksudtbotks hk uo preldkab ko uo rkspcrbher
akiâocie, ieaprkser hk bcrk e akzidbher hk `bs. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks
pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
BHWK\XKOICB>
Iubohe sk prehuzibo kstbhes quk puhckrbo rksudtbr ko uob bdbrab hkd Akzidbher, kd
rkspcrbher akiâocie hkd aùhude okuaâtcie pukhk guoiceobr abd. Ibalck db gerab hk
vkotcdbicùo b rkspcrbher aboubd. B ieotcoubicùo, rkddkok db gukotk hk `bs b`etbhb sustctuykohe
db letkddb vbiáb b lerhe e suacocstrbohe `bs bd ieokiter hk kotrbhb hk `bs hkd aùhude
okuaâtcie quk ierrkspeohb. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd
kqucpe.
Z\KIB[ICÙO>
[tcdcik uo gcdtre y uo iedkiter hk b`ub ko kd tule gdkxcldk hk kotrbhb hk bcrk hkd scstkab. Kd gcdtre y
kd iedkiter hk b`ub rkhuiko bd aáocae db pesclcdchbh hk kotrbhb hk pbrtáiudbs e b`ub
ieohkosbhb ko kd aùhude okuaâtcie. Xbote
Xbote db suickhbh ieae kd b`ub pukhko
pukh ko bgkitbr hk aehe
bhvkrse bd guoiceobackote hkd aùhude okuaâtcie.
Z\KIB[ICÙO>
@ubrhk des tules gdkxcldks hk exá`koe y bcrk hkd aùhude okuaâtcie ko uo koteroe dcapce. Db
kotrbhb hk dáquche e hkskifes ko dbs kotrbhbs hk `bs hkd aùhude okuaâtcie p
pukhk
ukhk rksudtbr ko
hbòes bd kqucpe.
Z\KIB[ICÙO>
Kd guoiceobackote ieotcoubhe hkd aùhude okuaâtcie hurbotk db bdbrab hk gbdde ko kd
suacocstre hk `bs, hkd akzidbher hkd aùhude okuaâtcie, ieosuak uoes 2: dctres per acoute
(dpa). Kd guoiceobackote ieotcoubhe hkd akzidbher ko kstk kstbhe rkhuik hk gerab sustboicbd
kd tckape hk guoiceobackote hkshk uob letkddb ieae gukotk hk suacocstre. Oe sk`ucr kstb
akhchb hk prkibuicùo pehráb hkrcvbr hcrkitbakotk ko hbòes bd kqucpe k, cohcrkitbakotk, ko
dksceoks pkrseobdks.
9-3
Zâ`cob ko ldboie hk gerab cotkoiceobhb.
9 - 2:
Ykiicùo 8
Cost
ostbdbi
bdbiccùo y
ieaprelbicùo guoiceobd
Costbdbicùo
Kd scstkab pbrb trbospertk okeobtbd XC;:: @delk-Xrettkr sk kováb ko hes ibnbs. [ob ieotckok db
coiulbherb y kd aùhude okuaâtcie aeotbhes selrk uo lbstcher aehudbr. Kd ibrre hk bdturb vbrcbldk
bnustbldk sk koiukotrb ko uob ibnb skpbrbhb.
Z\KIB[ICÙO>
Xko`b iuchbhe hk oe brbòbr oc hbòbr ko aehe bd`uoe dbs supkrgcicks oe pretk`chbs.
2. \ktcr
\ktcrkk kd kqucpe hhkk dbs hes ibnb
ibnbs.
s. Xko`b
Xko`b iuchbhe
iuchbhe hk oe brbòb
brbòbrr oc hbòbr ko aehe
aehe bd`uoe dbs
dbs supkrgcicks
supkrgcicks
oe pretk`chbs.
<. Hks
Hkskifk
kifk teh
tehee kd a
abtk
btkrcbd
rcbd hk kalbd
kalbdbnk
bnk..
9. Aeo
Aeotk
tk db uuoch
ochbh
bh (vã
(vãbsk
bsk «Aeot
«Aeotbnk
bnk½½ ko db pâ`co
pâ`cobb 8-2).
8-2).
8. Costbd
Costbdkk dbs let
letkddbs
kddbs hhkk `bs (vãbsk
(vãbsk «Costbdbicùo
«Costbdbicùo hk db letkddb½
letkddb½ ko
ko db pâ`cob
pâ`cob 8-9).
;. \kbdc
\kbdcik
ik dbs ieaprelbice
ieaprelbiceoks
oks guoice
guoiceobdks.
obdks. \kaátbs
\kaátbskk b «Ieaprelb
«Ieaprelbicùo
icùo guoiceobd½
guoiceobd½ ko db pâ`cob
pâ`cob 8-8.
Aeotbnk
BHWK\XKOICB>
Zer rbzeoks hk sk`urchbh, hklche bd pkse y db ieapdknchbh hkd scstkab, sùde hes pkrseobs ieo
db gukrzb sugcickotk hklko aeotbr y aevkr db uochbh Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks
pkrseobdks e ko hbòes bd kqucpe.
2. Blrb kd ppbokd
bokd hk bbiikse
iikse gre
greotbd
otbd hk ddbb iboepcb
iboepcb hk db coiulbher
coiulbherbb y rktcrk
rktcrk des ieapeokot
ieapeokotks.
ks.
<. Bgden
Bgdenkk kd terocd
terocdde
de hk rktkoicùo
rktkoicùo qu
qukk gcn
gcnbb db lbtkráb.
lbtkráb.
BHWK\XKOICB>
Db lbtkráb pksb 26.2 m` (8: dl). Zbrb k
kvctbr
vctbr ddksceoks
ksceoks pk
pkrseobdk
rseobdks,
s, hklk tko
tkokrsk
krsk iuchb
iuchbhe
he bd
rktcrbr db lbohknb hk db lbtkráb.
9. \kt
\ktcrk
crk db lb
lbtkr
tkráb
áb y ieok
ieokitk
itk sus
sus lerok
lerokss tkra
tkracobd
cobdks.
ks.
OEXB>
Db lbtkráb sùde pukhk rktcrbrsk k costbdbrsk ieo kd lbstcher skpbrbhe hkd ibrre WFB.
8. Wukdvb b costbd
costbdbr
br db lbtkrá
lbtkrább y bprc
bprcktk
ktk kd terocd
terocdde
de hk rktkoic
rktkoicùo.
ùo.
;. Gcn
Gcnkk kd lbst
lbstche
cherr ae
aehud
hudbr
br bd ibrr
ibrree WF
WFB.
B.
Zbrb
tehes des ibrres WFB, kxikpte pbrb kd aehkde 280B, ieosudtk dbs costruiiceoks hk use
us e skpbrbhbs
hkd gblrcibotk.
8-2
Zbrb kd ibrre Gkroe-Pbsfco`eo, aehkde 280B, rkbdcik dbs epkrbiceoks quk sk cohcibo b ieotcoubicùo>
b. Iedequ
Iedequkk kd ibrre WFB ffbicb
bicb hkd
hkdbotk
botk ieo db
dbss rukhkicd
rukhkicddbs
dbs coidcobhbs
coidcobhbs fbicb
fbicb btrâs b db
db czquckrhb.
czquckrhb.
l. Xcrk hk db abocnb hk gcnbicùo hk db coiulbherb bd ibrre y pâskdb b db pescicùo hksldequkbh
hksldequkbhb.
b.
i. Ko`boif
Ko`boifkk kd pbsbher hk rktkoicù
rktkoicùoo b ddbb pbrtk
pbrtk supkr
supkrcer
cer hkd
hkd ibrre.
ibrre.
h. Ieo uob ppkrseob
krseob b ib
ibhb
hb kxtrk
kxtrkae,
ae, bsk`
bsk`þrksk
þrksk hk qu
qukk kd lbst
lbstcher
cher sk koiukotrb
koiukotrb lcko koibnbhe
koibnbhe selrk
selrk
dbs iubtre idbvcnbs hk bdcokbicùo y hk quk des hes ldequks hk gcnbicùo kstâo gcnes selrk kd lbstcher.
k. Ied
Iedequk
equk kd lbst
lbstche
cherr se
selrk
lrk kd ibrr
ibrre.
e.
g. Yukdtk kd pbsbh
pbsbher
er hk rkt
rktkoicùo
koicùo y hknk quk ddbb abocnb
abocnb hk ldequke
ldequke hk db coiulbherb
coiulbherb sk hksdcik
hksdcik
dclrkakotk ko su du`br.
`. Ieogcra
Ieogcrakk vcsub
vcsubdakotk
dakotk quk kd lbstc
lbstcher
her fb qqukhbhe
ukhbhe ggcnbhe
cnbhe ko kd ibrre.
7. \ktcrk kkdd aboùak
aboùaktre
tre hk su ibnb
ibnb,, hksdáik
hksdáikde
de ko su sepert
sepertkk y gánkde ie
ieoo db idbvcnb
idbvcnb b prkscùo
prkscùo coiduchb.
coiduchb.
0. Gcnk dbs llealbs
ealbs pbrb ccoguscùo
oguscùo ep
epiceobd
iceobdks
ks bd lbstcher
lbstcher hk aeot
aeotbnk
bnk pbrb dbs lealbs
lealbs c.v.
c.v. y koifugk kd
ibldk hk bdcakotbicùo hk ibhb uob b dbs teabs IB hkd scstkab.
OEXB>
Fby trks brbohkdbs blckrtbs ko kd pbokd hk biikse hkd kxtrkae hkdbotkre. Des tules e ibldks hklko
hksieokitbrsk botks hk rktcrbr e coskrtbr bd okeobte per db pukrtb hkdbotkrb.
6. Gcnk des a
aeocter
eocterks
ks epiceob
epiceobdks
dks hkd pbi
pbickotk
ckotk ko ddbb lbohkn
lbohknbb y koifþgkd
koifþgkdes
es ko dbs teabs
teabs IB hkd scstkab.
scstkab.
OEXB>
Kd usubrce ks rkspeosbldk hk rkddkobr y kovcbr per ierrke des hcgkrkotks heiuakotes hk rk`cstre hk des
gblrcibotks.
3. Aeotk db iikdhb
kdhb hk exá
exá`koe
`koe selrk kd ibldk hkd sskoser
koser k cost
costâdkdb
âdkdb ko kd ieokiter
ieokiter ko X pbrb kd skoser
skoser hk
exá`koe. Yc ks okiksbrce, ieosudtk dbs costruiiceoks hk use skpbrbhbs hkd gblrcibotk.
2:. Bdabik
Bdabikok
ok kd kxikse hk ibldk ko kd pukrte hkd aùhude okuaâtcie.
okuaâtcie.
8-<
Costbdbicùo hk db letkddb
BHWK\XKOICB>
Oe utcdcik uob letkddb sco fblkr rktcrbhe botks db kovedturb hk vcocde. Ouoib hklk utcdczbrsk uob
letkddb hk tbabòe K e H bd quk dk gbdtk su kovedturb hk sbdchb hk `bs sco fblkr blckrte botks uo
peie hurbotk uo costbotk db vâdvudb hk db letkddb hk `bs pbrb kdcacobr iubdquckr suickhbh. Zbrb
vkr kd aãtehe bhkiubhe, ieosudtk des preikhcackotes hk sk`urchbh pbrb letkddbs hk `bs hk db
costbdbicùo. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
BHWK\XKOICB>
Iubohe kd scstkab sk fb gcnbhe ko uob baludboicb hk tckrrb, bvcùo e fkdciùptkre, oe hklk
iedeibrsk obhb selrk kd dbhe hkrkife hkd lbstcher. Fbikrde pehráb capkhcr kd biikse b dbs
letkddbs b lerhe. Dbs letkddbs sk rktcrbo k costbdbo hkshk kd dbhe hkrkife hkd lbstcher. Hknk kd
kspbice okiksbrce. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
Letkddbs ieo idbvcnbs iehcgcibhbs
Z\KIB[ICÙO>
Xko`b iuchbhe bd iedeibr dbs letkddbs ko su sepertk ierrkspeohckotk. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb
rksudtbr ko hbòes bd kqucpe.
2. Cost
Costbd
bdbic
bicùo
ùo hhkk uo
uobb letk
letkdd
ddb>
b>
b. Bgdenk kd pkroe hk rktkoicùo
rktkoicùo selr
selrkk kd yu`e hk db let
letkddb
kddb pbrb
pbrb iedeibr
iedeibr db vâdvudb
vâdvudb vkrtcibd
vkrtcibd hhkk db
letkddb.
l. Bdcokk ibhb vâdvudb hk letkddb hk aehe quk su sbdchb hk `bs acrk fbicb hkotre.
OEXB>
Des yu`es hk `bs pukhko bdcokbrsk pbrb bikptbr des hcgkrkotks hcâaktres hk dbs letkddbs hk bikre hk kstcde
@L e dbs letkddbs
letkddbs hk bduaco
bduacoce
ce y bikre hk kstcde KK
KK.. [[.
i. B`br
B`brrk
rk ggcra
crakak
kakotk
otk kd ieon
ieonuot
uotee hkd
hkd yu`e.
yu`e.
h. Bdcoãk
Bdcoãkde
de pbrb koib
koibnbr
nbr ieo db pes
pescicùo
cicùo hkd
hkd kstcd
kstcdee e ieapescicùo
ieapescicùo hk db letkddb
letkddb rkspkitcv
rkspkitcvb.
b.
OEXB>
Bd costbdbr db vâdvudb ko kd yu`e, `crk dc`krbakotk db lbsk hk db letkddb bd tckape quk kapunb subvkakotk
fbicb hkdbotk db vâdvudb vkrtcibd ko kd yu`e.
Z\KIB[ICÙO>
Kd bprcktk hk uo pkroe hk gcnbicùo selrk uob letkddb abd bdcokbhb hbòbrâ hk gerab pkrabokotk
db kotrbhb hk yu`e y dbs idbvcnbs iehcgcibhbs. Botks hk gcnbr db letkddb, hklk bdcokbrsk
ierrkitbakotk. Db nuotb hk db letkddb ks db gukotk hkd ickrrk fkraãtcie.
fk raãtcie. [tcdcik sckaprk nuotbs hk
letkddb oukvbs. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko hbòes bd kqucpe.
OEXB>
Zbrb bprktbr kd pkroe hk gcnbicùo hkd yu`e hk db letkddb, utcdcik kd dbhe hk db ddbvk hk trcoquktk ktcquktbhb
«Eo½. Zbrb bgdenbr, utcdcik kd dbhe «Egg½.
k. [sbohe kd ddbhe
bhe «Eo½ hk db dddbvk
dbvk hk trc
trcoquktk,
oquktk, bprcktk
bprcktk kd
kd pkroe hk gcnbicùo
gcnbicùo hkd yu`e hk db letkddb
letkddb
pbrb db sbdchb hk db vâdvudb.
g. Gc
Gcnk
nk db let
letkd
kddb
db ie
ieoo ddbs
bs iierr
errkb
kbs.
s.
8-9
<. \k
\ktc
tcrbh
rbhbb hhkk uob
uob letk
letkdd
ddb>
b>
b. \k
\ktc
tcrk
rk db
dbss ie
ierrk
rrkbs
bs hk ddbb le
letk
tkdd
ddb.
b.
l. Ickrrk db vâdvudb.
i. [tcd
[tcdczbohe
czbohe kd ddbhe
bhe «Eg
«Egg½
g½ hk db ddbvk
ddbvk hk trcoquktk
trcoquktk prepericeobhb
prepericeobhb,, bgdenk kd pkroe hk gcnbicùo
gcnbicùo hkd
yu`e hk db letkddb.
h. \kbdc
\kbdcik
ik kd preikhc
preikhcackot
ackotee hk costbdbicùo
costbdbicùo ko eerhko
rhko covkrse.
covkrse.
Ieaprelbicùo guoiceobd
BHWK\XKOICB>
Oe hklk iedeibrsk kd scstkab pbrb trbospertk okeobtbd XC;:: @delk-Xrettkr ko skrvcice sco quk
ibhb ieapeokotk pbsk kd preikhcackote hk ieaprelbicùo hkd gblrcibotk ierrkspeohckotk.
Zukhko prehuicrsk dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
Botks hk su use, ibr`uk per ieapdkte kd kqucpe kdkitrùocie quk
q uk sk fbddb ko kd scstkab, ieae kd ieaprkser
hk bcrk (sc de fulckrb), dbs lealbs y des aeocterks.
\kbdcik db ieaprelbicùo guoiceobd botks hk utcdczbr per prcakrb vkz kd scstkab pbrb trbospertk okeobtbd
XC;:: @delk-Xrettkrℬ y hkspuãs hk hksaeotbr db uochbh pbrb su dcapckzb y abotkocackote. Zbrb
aboknbr
dessus
ieapeokotks
gblrcibhes per Hrbk`kr Akhcibd Yystkas, Coi., ieosudtk des aboubdks hk
usubrce hk
gblrcibotks oe
ierrkspeohckotks.
Ieaprelbicùo kdãitrcib
ZKDC@\E HK HKYIB\@B KDÃIX\CIB>
Bsk`þrksk hk quk db gukotk hk bdcakotbicùo ks ieapbtcldk ieo dbs kspkicgcibiceoks kdãitrcibs
hk ibhb ieapeokotk. Zbrb uob gcblcdchbh ierrkitb ko db teab hk tckrrb, koifugk kd ibldk hk
bdcakotbicùo hkd scstkab pbrb trbospertk okeobtbd XC;:: @delk-Xrettkr þocibakotk ko uob
teab ierrkitbakotk abribhb hk `rbhe fespctbdbrce. Oe utcdcik bdbr`bherks. Yc kxcstk bd`uob
huhb ko rkdbicùo ieo db ieokxcùo b absb, oe fb`b guoiceobr kd kqucpe. Zukhko prehuicrsk
dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
2. gukotk
Koifugk
iibldk
bldk hk bdc
bdcakotbic
akotbicùo
ùoyhkd
scst
scstkab
kab pbrb
rbospertk
k okeobtb
okeobtbd
d XC;::
@d
rettkr kkoo uob
hkkdbdcakotbicùo
bhkiubhb
ieapruklk
quk ttrbospert
sk
cduacob
kd cohcibher
IB@delk-X
. elk-Xrettkr
<. Ieapruk
Ieapruklk
lk quk des iea
ieapeokotk
peokotkss ieo kstb guo
guoicùo
icùo cohcibo
cohcibo kd aehe
aehe hk ibr`b
ibr`b IB, ieae db
db coiulbherb,
coiulbherb,
db lealb hk coguscùo, bspcrbher hk skirkiiceoks e kd aeocter hk pbickotk.
9. Ieapruk
Ieapruklk
lk quk db pcozb rkt
rktkoterb
koterb kstâ
kstâ gcn
gcnbb selrk kd ibldk hk bdcakotbicùo
bdcakotbicùo..
8. Koredd
Koreddkk kd ibld
ibldkk hk bdc
bdcakotbi
akotbicùo
cùo selrb
selrbotk
otk y gá
gánkde
nkde ko db ierrkb quk ierrkspeohb.
ierrkspeohb.
Ieaprelbicùo akiâocib
Z\KIB[ICÙO>
Ieapruklk quk kd lbstcher sk koiukotrb lcko bskotbhe selrk dbs iubtre idbvcnbs hk bdcokbicùo
y quk des hes ldequks hk gcnbicùo kstão bsk`urbhes botks hk usbr kd scstkab. Oe fbikrde bsá
pehráb rksudtbr ko hbòes bd kqucpe.
2. Bsk`þrks
Bsk`þrkskk hk qu
qukk des a
aeocte
eocterks
rks hkd pbicko
pbickotk
tk sk koiukotr
koiukotrbo
bo lcko gcnes.
8-8
<. Ieapruk
Ieapruklk
lk quk kd scstka
scstkabb sk koiuk
koiukotrb
otrb dc
dcapce
apce y pprevcst
revcstee hk des suacocs
suacocstres
tres okiksbrces.
okiksbrces.
9. Ieapruk
Ieapruklk
lk quk db abo
abocnb
cnb pbrb ld
ldequke
equke hk db coiulbhe
coiulbherb,
rb, ko kd ibrre,
ibrre, sk aukvk dclrkakot
dclrkakotkk hk aehe
quk kd scstkab hk lbstcher aehudbr pukhb rktcrbrsk hkd ibrre ko ibse okiksbrce.
8. \kvcsk qu
qukk dbs ierrkbs hhkk gcnbic
gcnbicùo,
ùo, kd ibld
ibldkk y dbs ierrkbs pbrb
pbrb tules gdkxcldks
gdkxcldks oe
oe prkskotbo
prkskotbo hks`bstk.
hks`bstk.
Iâalckdbs ko ibse okiksbrce.
;. \kvcsk vc
vcsubdako
subdakotk
tk kd scst
scstkab
kab pbrb iea
ieaprelbr
prelbr quk oe fb
fbyb
yb ieapeokotks
ieapeokotks `bs
`bstbhes,
tbhes, sukdtes
sukdtes oc
hbòbhes. Botks hk su use, ibalck e rkpbrk des ieapeokotks hbòbhes.
Ieaprelbicùo okuaâtcib
BHWK\XKOICB>
Botks hk su use idáocie, hklko ierrk`crsk tehbs dbs gukotks hk gu`bs hk `bs. Oe fbikrde bsá
pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes
hbòe s bd kqucpe.
BHWK\XKOICB>
[tcdcik `bs dcapce y skie. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd
kqucpe.
BHWK\XKOICB>
Dbs
letkddbs
K y H sk
kotrk`bo
kstâohbr
ieo uodbkovedterce
vcocderktcrbhe
selrk kdbotks
pukrte
hk sbdchb
hk hk
`bstbabòes
pbrb abotkokr
dcapce
kd pukrte.
Oe utcdcik
letkddb scohkfblkr
db
kovedturb. Zukhko prehuicrsk dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
BHWK\XKOICB>
Ouoib hklk utcdczbrsk uob letkddb hk tbabòe K e H bd quk dk gbdtk su kovedturb hk sbdchb hk `bs
sco fblkr blckrte botks uo peie
p eie hurbotk uo costbotk db vâdvudb pbrb kdcacobr iubdquckr suickhbh.
Zbrb vkr kd aãtehe bhkiubhe, ieosudtk des preikhcackotes hk sk`urchbh pbrb letkddbs hk `bs
hkd ikotre. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
Z\KIB[ICÙO>
@ubrhk des tules gdkxcldks hk exá`koe y bcrk hkd aùhude okuaâtcie ko uo koteroe dcapce. Db
kotrbhb hk dáquche e hkskifes ko dbs kotrbhbs hk `bs hkd aùhude okuaâtcie p
pukhk
ukhk rksudtbr ko
hbòes bd kqucpe.
Z\KIB[ICÙO>
Yk rkieackohb db utcdczbicùo hk uo gcdtre e iedkiter hk b`ub pbrb su utcdczbicùo ko kd tule gdkxcldk
hk kotrbhb hk `bs HCYY e OCYX pbrb bcsdbr des ieotbacobotks botks hk quk pukhbo cotrehuicrs
cotrehuicrsk
k
ko kd aùhude okuaâtcie. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko hbòes bd kqucpe.
Ieaprelbicùo hk dbs gukotks hk `bs b lerhe
OEXB>
Db bdbrab hkd akzidbher ko eibsceoks sk bitcvb hurbotk kstk preikhcackote. Kstb bdbrab sk prehuik
iubohe þocibakotk fby uob letkddb hk `bs blckrtb ko uo aeakote hbhe. Hklk fbikrsk ibse eacse hk kstb
bdbrab, kxikpte
kxikpte hu
hurbotk
rbotk kd pbs
pbsee 29.
2. Hk
Hksie
sieok
okit
itkk kd iieo
eotr
tred
ed hk
hk db gukotk hk `bs hkd rkspcrbher.
<. Ickrr
Ickrrkk ddbb vvâd
âdvu
vudb
db hk
hkdd ieotredbher hk gdune.
8-;
9. Ieapruk
Ieapruklk
lk quk dbs let
letkddbs
kddbs hk `b
`bss sk koiukotr
koiukotrko
ko ierrkitbakotk
ierrkitbakotk costbdb
costbdbhbs
hbs y ieokitbhbs
ieokitbhbs ko sus
sepertks ierrkspeohckotks (vãbsk «Costbdbicùo hk db letkddb½ ko db pâ`cob 8-9).
8. Zbrb uo scst
scstkab
kab ieo uo aù
aùhude
hude okua
okuaâtcie
âtcie hk letkddb
letkddb hk
hk bcrk, hklk
hklk ieogcrabrsk
ieogcrabrsk quk tehbs
tehbs dbs letkddbs
letkddbs
kstâo ddkobs.
ddkobs. Zbrb vkrsceoks ieo ieaprk
ieaprkser
ser,, vbyb bd pbse ;.
OEXB>
2<:: psc ks kd aáoca
aáocaee rkieakohbh
rkieakohbhee pbrb ieakozb
ieakozbrr kd trbospert
trbospertk.
k. 9:: psc ks sugcickotk
sugcickotk pbrb db pruklb.
pruklb.
b. Blr
Blrbb db vâdv
vâdvudb
udb hk ddbb letkd
letkddb
db hk
hk bc
bcrk.
rk.
l. Ieogcrak db prkscùo hk db letkddb quk sk aukstrb ko kd aboùaktre hkd
h kd aùhude okuaâtcie.
i. Bl
Blrb
rb db letk
letkdd
ddbb hhkk E<.
E<.
h. Ieogcra
Ieogcrakk db prksc
prkscùo
ùo hk db letkdd
letkddbb quk sk aukstrb
aukstrb kkoo kd aboù
aboùaktre
aktre hkd
hkd aùhude
aùhude okuaâtcie.
okuaâtcie.
;. Zbrb uo scst
scstkab
kab ieo uo aù
aùhude
hude okua
okuaâtcie
âtcie ieo ieaprkse
ieaprkser,
r, ieo
ieogcrak
gcrak quk ttehbs
ehbs dbs letkddbs
letkddbs kstâo
kstâo
ddkobs.
OEXB>
2<:: psc ks kd aáoca
aáocaee rkieakohbh
rkieakohbhee pbrb ieakozb
ieakozbrr kd trbospert
trbospertk.
k. 9:: psc ks sugcickotk
sugcickotk pbrb db pruklb.
pruklb.
b. Bl
Blrb
rb uob
uob llet
etkd
kddb
db hk E
E<.
<.
l. Ieogcrak db prkscùo hk db letkddb quk sk aukstrb ko kd aboùaktre hkd
h kd aùhude okuaâtcie.
i. Ickrr
Ickrrkk db llet
etkd
kddb
db hhkk E< blc
blckrt
krtb.
b.
h. Bdcvc
Bdcvckk db prkscùo hkd sc
scstkab
stkab blrckoh
blrckohee kd ieotred hk db gukotk hk `bs hkd rkspcrbher y db vâdvudb
hkd ieotredbher hk gdune, fbstb quk db prkscùo
prkscùo quk sk aukstrk ko kd aboùa
aboùaktre
ktre ibc`b b :.
k. Bp
Bpb`
b`uk
uk kd ieo
ieotr
tred
ed hk db gukotk hk `bs hkd rkspcrbher y ickrrk db vâdvudb hkd ieotredbher hk gdune.
g. Blr
Blrbb db sk`u
sk`uohb
ohb le
letkd
tkddb
db hk E< (þ
(þoci
ocibak
bakotk
otk db vk
vkrsc
rscùo
ùo ieo ieaprk
ieaprkser)
ser)..
`. Ieogcra
Ieogcrakk db prksc
prkscùo
ùo hk db letkdd
letkddbb quk sk aukstrb
aukstrb kkoo kd aboù
aboùaktre
aktre hkd
hkd aùhude
aùhude okuaâtcie.
okuaâtcie.
OEXB>
2<:: psc ks kd aáoca
aáocaee rkieakohbh
rkieakohbhee pbrb ieakozb
ieakozbrr kd trbospert
trbospertk.
k. 9:: psc ks sugcickotk
sugcickotk pbrb db pruklb.
pruklb.
7. Zbrb uo scst
scstkab
kab ieo aùh
aùhude
ude okuaâ
okuaâtcie
tcie ieo ie
ieaprkser
aprkser,, ieogcrak
ieogcrak quk kd ieaprkser
ieaprkser guoiceob.
guoiceob.
b. Ieapruk
Ieapruklk
lk quk kd scstka
scstkabb @delk
@delk-Xre
-Xrettkr
ttkr sk ko
koiukotrk
iukotrk koifugbh
koifugbhee ko db teab
teab kdãitrcib
kdãitrcib IB.
l. Koickohb kd ieaprkser. B ieotcoubicùo, ieapruklk quk kd ieaprkser rkbdczb su icide y sskk
abotckok
abotc
kok koikohc
koikohche
he hurbotk bd ako
akoes
es < aco. Kd iea
ieaprkser
prkser sk bpb`b ko ; acoutes.
acoutes.
OEXB>
Yc kd ieaprkser
ieaprkser oe pkrabok
pkrabokik
ik koikohch
koikohchee hurbotk bd ak
akoes
oes < acout
acoutes
es e oe sk bpb`b ko ; acout
acoutes,
es, fby uo
gbdde ko kd scstkab hkd ieaprkser. Hklk cotkrruapcr kd use hkd scstkab @delk-Xrettkr y peokrsk ko
ieotbite ieo Hrè`krYkrvcik.
0. Ie
Ieoki
okitk
tk kd ieot
ieotre
redd hhkk ddbb gukotk hk `bs hkd rkspcrbher.
6. Bn
Bnus
ustk
tk db vâd
vâdvud
vudbb hhkd
kd ieotredbher hk gdune b 9 dp
dpa.
a.
3. Koic
Koickohb
kohb kd bobd
bobdczb
czbher
her hk exá`
exá`koe.
koe.
2:. Ieapruklk quk kd skoser hk exá`koe sk koiukotrb ko kd ieokiter ko X pbrb kd skoser ko db pbrtk
trbskrb hkd aùhude okuaâtcie.
22. Koickohb kd rkspcrbher y bnustk des vbderks sk`þo de cohcquk
cohcquk kd pkrseobd iubdcgcibhe.
8-7
2<. Ieapruklk db sbdchb hkd rkspcrbher sk`þo dbs costruiiceoks hk use hkd bobdczbher hk exá`koe y kd
rkspcrbher.
29. Ieogcrak kd guoiceobackote hkd akzidbher y hkd bobdczbher hk exá`koe.
b. Bnu
Bnustk
stk kd akzi
akzidbh
dbher
er bd <2 %. Ieogc
Ieogcrak
rak qu
qukk kd bo
bobdc
bdczbh
zbher
er hk exá`k
exá`koe
oe au
aukstr
kstrbb <2% +/+/- 9% ko
< ac
acou
oute
tes.
s.
l. Bnustk kd akzidbher bd 2:: %. Ieogcrak quk kd bobdczbher hk exá`koe aukstrb 2::% +/- 9% ko
< ac
acou
oute
tes.
s.
i. Ickrrk ddbb vâdvud
vâdvudbb hk db le
letkddb
tkddb hk
hk E<. Ieogcrak
Ieogcrak quk
quk db bdb
bdbrab
rab hkd akzidbh
akzidbher
er sk bitcvb
bitcvb ko
< acout
acoutes.
es. Blrb db vâdvu
vâdvudb
db hk db letkddb
letkddb hk E<.
h. Bpb`uk kd iieaprkser
eaprkser,, sc kd aùhude
aùhude okuaâtcie
okuaâtcie kst
kstââ kqucpbhe
kqucpbhe ieo uoe. Ieogcrak
Ieogcrak qu
qukk db bdbra
bdbrabb hkd
akzidbher
akzidbh
er sk bitcv
bitcvbb ko < acout
acoutes.
es. Koickohb kd ieaprkser.
ieaprkser.
k. Ickrrk db vvâdvudb
âdvudb hk ddbb letkdd
letkddbb hk bcrk, sc kd aùhude okuaâtc
okuaâtcie
ie kstâ kqucpbhe
kqucpbhe ieo uob
uob letkdd
letkddbb hk
bcrk. Ieogcrak quk db bdbrab hkd akzidbher sk bitcvb ko < acoutes. Blrb db vâdvudb hk db letkddb
letkddb
hk bcrk.
28. Bpb`uk kd rksp
rkspcrbher
crbher y kd bobdc
bobdczbher
zbher hk exá`koe.
exá`koe.
2;. Ieogcr
Ieogcrak
ak quk guoiceo
guoiceobb db vâdvudb hkd ieotredbher hk gdune.
b. Ickr
Ickrrk
rk ddbb vâ
vâdv
dvud
udbb hkd
hkd ieotredbher hk gdune. Ieapruklk aboubdakotk quk sk pbrb kd gdune hk `bs.
l. Blrb db vâdvudb hkd ieotredbher hk gdune b 9 dpa. Ieapruklk
Ieapruklk aboubdakot
aboubdakotkk kd gdune hk `bs.
i. Bl
Blrb
rb db vâdv
vâdvud
udbb hhkd
kd ieotredbher hk gdune b 2: dpa. Ieogc
Ieogcrak
rak aboubdakotk
aboubdakotk quk kd gdune
gdune hk `bs ks
abyerr hk 9 dpa
abye
dpa..
27. Ickrrk db
dbss vâdvudbs hk teh
tehbs
bs dbs letkd
letkddbs.
dbs.
20. Bpb`uk kd iea
ieaprkser
prkser,, sc de fulckrk.
26. Hkspuãs hhkk quk kd `bs hkn
hknkk hk gducr per ddbb vâdvudb hkd ieotredbher hk gdune, hksieokitk kd ieotred hk
db gukotk hk `bs hkd rkspcrbher y db vâdvudb hkd ieotredbher hk gdune.
Ieaprelbicùo hk dbs gukotks hk `bs kxtkrobs
OEXB>
Db bdbrab hkd akzidbher sk bitcvb hurbotk kstk preikhcackote. Kstb bdbrab sk prehuik iubohe
þocibakotk fby uob letkddb hk `bs blckrtb ko uo aeakote hbhe.
hbhe . Hklk fbikrsk ibse eacse hk kstb bdbrab,
bdbr ab,
kxikpte hurbotk kd pbse 28.
2. Hk
Hksie
sieok
okit
itkk kd iieo
eotr
tred
ed hk
hk db gukotk hk `bs hkd rkspcrbher.
<. Ickrr
Ickrrkk ddbb vvâd
âdvu
vudb
db hk
hkdd ieotredbher hk gdune.
9. Dcapc
Dcapckk des tules gdkxcl
gdkxcldks
dks hk iubdquc
iubdquckr
kr suickhbh
suickhbh pescld
pescldk.
k.
b. Hksieoki
Hksieokitk
tk kkdd ttule
ule gdkxcld
gdkxcldkk hk bcrk hkd aùhude okuaât
okuaâtcie.
cie.
l. Gcnk kd tule gdkxcldk hk bcrk b uob gukotk hk bcrk ieaprcache (0: psc ieae aâxcae) hk `rbhe
aãhcie.
i. Zur`uk lr
lrkvkakot
kvkakotkk kd tule gd
gdkxcldk
kxcldk hk bbcrk
crk abot
abotkockohe
kockohe kkdd kxtrkae
kxtrkae blckrte bdknbhe
bdknbhe hkd pkrseobd.
pkrseobd.
h. Hksieoki
Hksieokitk
tk kd tule gdkxcl
gdkxcldk
dk hk bcrk hk db gukotk hk bc
bcrk.
rk.
k. Zbrb kd tule ggdkxcld
dkxcldkk hk exá`ko
exá`koe,
e, rkpctb kd preikhcackot
preikhcackotee utcdczbohe
utcdczbohe exá
exá`koe
`koe hk `rbhe a
aãhcie.
ãhcie.
8-0
8. Ieokitk iibhb
bhb tule gd
gdkxcldk
kxcldk hk
hkshk
shk kd `bs ikot
ikotrbd
rbd quk ierrkspeohb
ierrkspeohb bd aùhude okuaâtc
okuaâtcie.
ie. Bprcktk
Bprcktk b
aboe kd ieokiter hk ibhb tule gdkxcldk.
;. Ieokit
Ieokitkk kd su
suacocst
acocstre
re hk `b
`bss ikotrbd.
ikotrbd. Ie
Ieogcrak
ogcrak dbs prk
prksceoks
sceoks hk kotrbhb.
kotrbhb.
7. Ie
Ieoki
okitk
tk kd ieot
ieotre
redd hhkk ddbb gukotk hk `bs hkd rkspcrbher.
0. Bn
Bnus
ustk
tk db vâd
vâdvud
vudbb hhkd
kd ieotredbher hk gdune b 9 dp
dpa.
a.
6. Koic
Koickohb
kohb kd bobd
bobdczb
czbher
her hk exá`
exá`koe.
koe.
3. Ieapruk
Ieapruklk
lk quk kd skoser hk eexá`koe
xá`koe sk koiukotrb
koiukotrb ko kd ieokiter
ieokiter ko X pbrb kd
kd skoser ko db pbrtk
pbrtk
trbskrb hkd aùhude okuaâtcie.
2:. Koickohb kd rkspcrbher y bnustk des vbderks sk`þo de cohcquk
cohcquk kd pkrseobd iubdcgcibhe.
22. Ieapruklk db sbdchb hkd rkspcrbher sk`þo dbs costruiiceoks hk use hkd bobdczbher hk exá`koe y hkd
rkspcrbher.
2<. Ieogcrak kd guoiceobackote hkd akzidbher y hkd bobdczbher hk exá`koe.
b. Bnu
Bnustk
stk kd a
akzid
kzidbhe
bherr bd <2 %. Ieogc
Ieogcrak
rak quk kd bobd
bobdczbh
czbher
er hk
hk exá`k
exá`koe
oe a
auks
ukstrb
trb <2 % +/+/- 9 % ko
< ac
acout
outes.
es.
l. Bnustk kd akzidbher bd 2:: %. Ieogcrak quk kd bobdczbher hk exá`koe aukstrb 2:: % +/- 9 % ko
< ac
acout
outes.
es.
29. Bpb`uk kd rksp
rkspcrbher
crbher y kd bobdc
bobdczbher
zbher hk exá`koe.
exá`koe.
28. Ickrrk tehb
tehbss dbs uochbhks tkrac
tkracobdks
obdks hk pbrkh.
2;. Bpb`uk kd iea
ieaprkser
prkser,, sc de fulckrk.
27. Hkspuãs hk qquk
uk kd `bs hknk hhkk gducr per db vâdvudb hkd ieotredbher hk gdune, hksieokitk kd ieotred hk
db gukotk hk `bs hkd rkspcrbher y db vâdvudb hkd ieotredbher hk gdune.
20. Hksieokitk des tules gdkxcldks y hkvuãdvbdes b sus icotbs
icotbs bseicbhbs.
Ieaprelbicùo hkd scstkab
Kd scstkab pbrb trbospertk okeobtbd XC;:: @delk-Xrettkr ks uo scstkab hk ieapeokotks cotk`rbhes quk
sukdk utcdczbrsk pbrb kd trbospertk hk okeobtes `rbvkakotk kogkraes. Yco kalbr`e, kd scstkab
prkieogc`urbhe oe sustctuyk db rkspeosblcdchbh
rks peosblcdchbh hkd usubrce hk coiducr ieo kd scstkab, kd kqucpe okiksbrce
okiksbr ce
pbrb des iuchbhes hkd okeobte.
Zbrb ieapdktbr db ieaprelbicùo hkd scstkab, ibhb prehuite utcdczbhe ieo kd scstkab hk trbospertk hklk
sbtcsgbikr dbs ieaprelbiceoks guoiceobdks hkd gblrcibotk.
Hkspuãs hk ddkvbr b ible ieo ãxcte kd preikhcackote hk ieaprelbicùo hk ibhb ieapeokotk, rkbdcik dbs
biiceoks quk sk cohcibo b ieotcoubicùo>
2. Koifugk kd sscstkab
cstkab ppbrb
brb trbosp
trbospertk
ertk okeob
okeobtbd
tbd XC;:
XC;::: @delk-X
@delk-Xrettkr
rettkr ko uob
uob gukotk hk bdcakot
bdcakotbicùo
bicùo IB
bhkiubhb.
<. Iedequk kd cotkrrupter hk koikohche y bpb`bhe ko db pescicùo koikohchb hk gerab quk dbs lbtkrábs
hk db coiulbherb pukhbo abotkokr uob ibr`b ieapdktb.
9. costruiiceoks
\kbdci
\kbdcikk db ieapre
ieaprelbicùo
lbicùo
guo
guoiceobd
iceobd
pbrb
pbrb db coiu
coiulbherb
lbherb hk tr
trbospertk
bospertk (aehkde
(aehkde XC;::).
XC;::). Ieosu
Ieosudtk
dtk dbs
hk use
skpbrbhbs
hkd gblrcibotk.
8-6
Ykiicùo ;
Costruiiceoks hk use
Ieotredks, cohcibherks y ieokiterks
OEXB>
Kstb vcstb ks tápcib hkd scstkab pbrb trbospertk okeobtbd XC;:: @delk-Xrettkr.
;-2
Ko kstb tbldb sk kouakrbo des ieapeokotks prcoicpbdks hkd scstkab>
\kgkrkoicb
B
L
I
H
K, C
G
@
F
N
M
D
A
;-<
Hksircpicùo
Coiulbherb XC;::
Lbohknb supkrcer pbrb biikserces
Lbstcher pbrb aeotbnk hk db lealb c.v.
Aùhude okuaâtcie
Ldequk hk gcnbicùo
I
brre hk bdturb vbrcbldk (sk aukstrb kd aehkde
280B)
\ukhbs coidcobhbs fbicb btrâs
Zbsbher hk rktkoicùo
Ycstkab hk lbstcher aehudbr
Biepdbackotes hk
hkd ic
icriucte hk
hk vvkkotcdbicùo
akiâocib
Yepertk pbrb db vâdvudb hk kspcrbicùo
Ierrkb pbrb ibldks/tules gdkxcldks
Bdbrabs
Yk bitcvb uob bdbrab sckaprk quk sk hktkitb uo kstbhe petkoicbdakotk pkdc`rese. Ko kstb skiicùo sk
kouakrbo dbs bdbrabs hkd scstkab pbrb trbospertk okeobtbd XC;:: @delk-Xrettkr.
Ieosudtk dbs costruiiceoks hk use skpbrbhbs hkd gblrcibotk pbrb vkr db cogerabicùo rkdbtcvb b dbs bdbrabs
bseicbhbs ieo kd rkspcrbher y des biikserces. Zbrb db coiulbherb, ieosudtk dbs Costruiiceoks hk use hk db
coiulbherb pbrb trbospertk, aehkde XC;:: .
Bdbrabs hkd akzidbher
Iubohe kd akzidbher hktkitb db buskoicb hk uo `bs hk suacocstre e uob hcgkrkoicb sc`ocgcibtcvb ko db
prkscùo hk des suacocstres hk `bs, prehuik
preh uik db bdbrab hk akzidbher e hk gbdde hk suacocstre hk `bs.
Z\KIB[ICÙO>
Kd guoiceobackote ieotcoubhe hkd aùhude okuaâtcie hurbotk db bdbrab per gbdde ko kd
suacocstre hk `bs, hkd akzidbher hkd aùhude okuaâtcie, ieosuak uoes 2: dctres per acoute
(dpa). Kd guoiceobackote ieotcoubhe ko kstk kstbhe rkhuik hk aehe sustboicbd kd pkrcehe hk
guoiceobackote hkshk uob letkddb hk `bs ieae gukotk hk suacocstre. Oe sk`ucr kstb akhchb hk
prkibuicùo pehráb hkrcvbr hcrkitbakotk ko hbòes bd kqucpe k, cohcrkitbakotk, ko dksceoks
pkrseobdks.
Hurbotk uob bdbrab per gbdde hk suacocstre hk `bs, hklk cotkrruapcrsk kd guoiceobackote hkd aùhude
okuaâtcie.
BHWK\XKOICB>
Iubohe sk prehuzibo kstbhes quk puhckrbo rksudtbr ko uob bdbrab hkd Akzidbher, kd
rkspcrbher akiâocie hkd aùhude okuaâtcie pukhk guoiceobr abd. Ibalck db gerab hk
vkotcdbicùo b rkspcrbher aboubd. B ieotcoubicùo, rkddkok db gukotk hk `bs b`etbhb sustctuykohe
db letkddb hk `bs hk b lerhe vbiáb e suacocstrbohe `bs bd ieokiter hk kotrbhb hk `bs hkd
aùhude okuaâtcie quk ierrkspeohb. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks bd pbickotk e
hbòes bd kqucpe.
Hurbotk uob bdbrab hkd Akzidbher>
• Ibalck db gera
gerabb hk vk
vkotcdb
otcdbicùo
icùo b rkspcrbh
rkspcrbher
er aboubd.
aboubd.
• Ibalck db
db letkddb hk `b
`bss vbiáb e suacoc
suacocstrk
strk `bs bd ieoki
ieokiter
ter hk kotrbh
kotrbhbb hk `bs kxtkroe quk ierrkspeohb.
ierrkspeohb.
;-9
Bdbrab per lbtkráb hkd ieaprkser lbnb
BHWK\XKOICB>
Zbrb quk kd aùhude okuaâtcie ieotcoþk guoiceobohe iubohe kd cohcibher hk lbtkráb lbnb hkd
ieaprkser sk bitcvb, ieokitk kd scstkab b bdcakotbicùo IB e suacocstrk bcrk ieaprcache bd
aùhude okuaâtcie. [sk kd ieokiter hk kotrbhb OCYX e HCYY. Yc oe fby uob gukotk hk
bdcakotbicùo IB oc hk bcrk ieaprcache kxtkroe, cotkrruapb kd use hkd rkspcrbher y pbsk b
vkotcdbicùo
ieo uo rkspcrbher aboubd. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks pkrseobdks e
hbòes bd kqucpe.
Kd ieaprkser hkd scstkab pbrb trbospertk okeobtbd XC;:: @delk-Xrettkr
@delk-Xrettkr usb uob lbtkráb hk <: bap/ferb.
Db hurbicùo hkd guoiceobackote hk db lbtkráb hkpkohk hk `rbo oþakre hk gbiterks, ieae>
• kstb
kstbhe
he coc
cocicb
icbdd hk ibr
ibr`b
`b hk db lbt
lbtkráb
kráb,,
• vbd
vbder
er hhkk ex
exá`k
á`koe
oe ggcnb
cnbhe
he e
• vkd
vkdeich
eichbh
bh hhkk gd
gdune
une hkd `bs.
Iubohe qukhbo akoes hk 9: aco hk guoiceobackote hk db lbtkráb, sk `kokrb db bdbrab Lbtkráb lbnb> sk
cduacob pbrpbhkbohe uo cohcibher DKH y sk bitcvb uob skòbd hk bdbrab biþstcib.
Costruiiceoks hk use
Ieosknes k cogerabicùo `kokrbdks
;-8
•
Iubohe sk utc
utcdczbo
dczbo yu`es hhkk exá`koe
exá`koe e hk
hk bcrk
bcrk,, utc
utcdcik
dcik kd
kd scstkab
scstkab hk
hk sk`urchbh
sk`urchbh akhcbotk
akhcbotk áohciks
áohciks hk
dbs idbvcnbs (ZCYY) pbrb kvctbr kd kapbrknbackote kqucveibhe
kqucvei bhe hk des tcpes hk `bs ko dbs vâdvudbs hk
dbs letkddbs
letkddbs b bdtb prkscù
prkscùoo hk kstcde hk \[ y KK. [[.
•
Yk eg
egrkiko
rkiko ieokit
ieokiterks
erks kkspkiágc
spkiágcies
ies ppbrb
brb dbs
dbs hhcvkrsbs
cvkrsbs oerabs cotkrobiceob
cotkrobiceobdks.
dks. Des ieokite
ieokiterks
rks
coiduyko kd scstkab hk sk`urchbh akhcbotk áohciks hk des hcâaktres (HCYY), resib
r esib hk sk`urchbh oe
cotkribalcbldk (OCYX) y des ieokiterks ikrtcgcibhes per db bseicbicùo hk oerabs ibobhckosk
(Ibobhcbo Ytbohbrhs Bsseicbtceo, IYB).
•
Iubohe kd `b
`bss hk db letkddb
letkddb sk cotrehuik
cotrehuik ko kd aùhude okuaâtc
okuaâtcie,
ie, kd exá`koe
exá`koe cotkroe
cotkroe y des
•
rk`udbherks hk bcrk rkhuiko db prkscùo.
Dbs le
letkddb
tkddbss hk `bs ieo
ieotcoþbo
tcoþbo vbicâo
vbicâohesk
hesk iubohe
iubohe sskk hknbo
hknbo blckrtbs
blckrtbs y db prkscùo quk bdcakotb
bdcakotb dbs
kotrbhbs hk `bs ks cogkrcer b db prkscùo hk des rk`udbherks hkd aùhude okuaâtcie.
Ycstkab
Z\KIB[ICÙO>
Botks hk peokr ko use idáocie kd scstkab pbrb trbospertk okeobtbd XC;:: @delk-Xrettkr,
@delk-Xrettkr,
bsk`þrksk hk quk sk koiukotrb
koi ukotrb ko kstbhe ùptcae. Db utcdczbicùo hk lbtkrábs ieo ibr`b pbricbd y
hk icdcohres hk `bs pbricbdakotk ddkoes prepericeob akoes tckape hk guoiceobackote hk db
lbtkráb cotk`rbhb y hk des suacocstres hk `bs pbrb kd scstkab. Oe sk`ucr kstb akhchb hk
prkibuicùo
pkrseobdks.pehráb hkrcvbr hcrkitbakotk ko hbòes bd kqucpe k, cohcrkitbakotk, ko dksceoks
Zbrb rkhuicr bd aáocae kd tckape okiksbrce botks hk hkvedvkr bd scstkab b use idáocie, sc`b db skiukoicb
pbrb db rkibr`b hk des suacocstres tkaperbdks pbrb kd scstkab. Des suacocstres coiduyko lbtkrábs y letkddbs
hk `bs.
Botks hk su use idáocie, bsk`þrksk hk quk ibhb hcspesctcve e ieapeokotk supkrb su preikhcackote hk
ieaprelbicùo rkieakohbhe.
[tcdczbicùo hk uob gukotk kdãitrcib IB kxtkrob
ZKDC@\E HK HKYIB\@B KDÃIX\CIB>
Botks hk su use, hklk ieaprelbrsk db ieotcouchbh b tckrrb kotrk des scstkabs y db idbvcnb hk
teab hk tckrrb hkd koifugk IB. Zbrb `brbotczbr db gcblcdchbh hk db teab hk tckrrb, koifugk kd
ibldk hk bdcakotbicùo hkd scstkab kxiduscvbakotk b uob teab hk `rbhe e use fespctbdbrce hk
trks ibldks ieo teab hk tckrrb bhkiubhb ieo kd vedtbnk y db grkiukoicb bprepcbhes. Oe utcdcik
bdbr`bherks. Zukhko prehuicrsk dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
ZKDC@\E HK HKYIB\@B KDÃIX\CIB>
Yc sk bitcvb kd iertbicriuctes hkd scstkab, hknbo hk guoiceobr tehbs dbs pbrtks hkd kqucpe quk oe
guoiceobo ieo lbtkráb. Zbrb kvctbr db bitcvbicùo hkd iertbicriuctes, des ieapeokotks ieokitbhes
oe hklko kxikhkr kd tetbd aâxcae hk teab hk ierrckotk hkd scstkab. Ieapruklk db teab hk
ierrckotk hk ibhb ieapeokotk hkd scstkab y quk su tetbd oe kxikhk kd aâxcae kspkicgcibhe.
Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
ZKDC@\E HK HKYIB\@B KDÃIX\CIB>
Bsk`þrksk
hkbdcakotbhe
quk db petkoicb
hk IB
kd vedtbnk
y db
db gukotk
ibpbichbh
kohk
bapkrces
bhkiubhes.
Bd`þo kqucpe
akhcbotk
IBtckok
hkpkohk
hk uob
hk IB
eohb scousechbd.
Des
covkrserks pukhko prepericeobr uob eohb scousechbd, iubsc scousechbd e iubhrbhb. Db
coiulbherb, db lealb hk bspcrbicùo, kd ibr`bher hkd ieaprkser y kd aeocter okiksctbo bd akoes
uob eohb iubsc scousechbd. Etre kqucpe pukhk skr skoscldk b uob gukotk hk IB hk eohb oe
scousechbd. Zehrábo prehuicrsk hbòes bd kqucpe.
OEXB>
Dbs baludboicbs vckoko b akouhe kqucpbhbs ieo uo covkrser pbrb suacocstrbr bdcakotbicùo IB.
Iubohe kd scstkab sk koiukotrb koifugbhe ko uob gukotk
gu kotk hk bdcakotbicùo IB bhkiubhb, sk koickohk db duz
cohcibherb IB koikohche (sc db fulckrb). Yc db lbtkráb okiksctb rkibr`br y kd scstkab sk koiukotrb
koifugbhe ko uob gukotk hk bdcakotbicùo IB, sk koickohko tbote db duz cohcibherb DKH IB koikohche
ieae Ko use. Iubohe kd scstkab sk koiukotrb koifugbhe ko uob gukotk hk bdcakotbicùo IB bhkiubhb,
sckaprk
sk koifugb
koickohkb db
duzgukotk
cohcibherb
duz cohcibherb
sk cduacob
sc kd
IB koikohche
Ko use
scstkab sk
uob
hk bdcakotbicùo
IB y. Db
db lbtkráb
rkquckrkDKH
ibr`brsk.
Xbalcão
sk cduacob
iubohe kstâ usâohesk kd ieaprkser hk bcrk.
;-;
[tcdczbicùo hk db teab hk bdcakotbicùo buxcdcbr
BHWK\XKOICB>
Oe rkcocick uo iertbicriuctes oc ibalck uo guscldk sco kvbdubr y ierrk`cr prcakre db ibusb hk su
bitcvbicùo. Zukhko prehuicrsk dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
Db teab hk bdcakotbicùo IB sk koiukotrb ko db pbrtk trbskrb hkd aùhude okuaâtcie. Ko db teab hk
bdcakotbicùo
bdcako
tbicùo hk des sc
scstkabs
stkabs hk 2<: W vckok cot
cotk`rbhe
k`rbhe uo iertb
iertbicriuct
icriuctes
es hk 2: B, y ieo des scstkabs
scstkabs hk
<9: W, uo iertbic
iertbicriucte
riuctess hk ; B.
2. Ko
Koifu
ifugk
gk db coiul
coiulbh
bherb
erb,, kd aeocter hk pbickotk y dbs lealbs hk bspcrbicùo k coguscùo ko kstbs teabs
pbrb bdcakotbicùo IB ko kd fespctbd e db baludboicb.
ZKDC@\E HK HKYIB\@B KDÃIX\CIB>
Iubohe sk koifugko brtáiudes hcgkrkotks b des quk bieapbòbo bd scstkab, ieapruklk db
ierrckotk hk gu`b tetbd. Ieapruklk quk oe kxikhk des dáactks bikptbldks. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb
rksudtbr ko dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
<. Zbrb hcspe
hcspesctcv
sctcves
es oe suacocstrbhe
suacocstrbhess ieo kd scstkab,
scstkab, bsk`þrksk
bsk`þrksk hk quk db ie
ierrckot
rrckotkk hk gu`b tetbd
tetbd oe
supkrb des dáactks bikptbldks.
9. Bsk
Bsk`þrk
`þrksk
sk hk qquk
uk sk ccdua
duacob
cob kkdd cohci
cohcibher
bher IB.
OEXB>
Zbrb ibr`br des hcspesctcves koifugbhes ko dbs teabs, kd cohcibher IB hklk kstbr cduacobhe.
Zrkpbrbicùo hkd scstkab pbrb kd trbospertk
Kd scstkab okuaâtcie pukhk bdcakotbrsk hk suacocstres tkaperbdks, cotk`rbhes, kdãitrcies y okuaâtcies,
ieae lbtkrábs y letkddbs hk `bs. Bhkaâs, kd scstkab okuaâtcie pukhk bdcakotbrsk hk gerab kdãitrcib y
okuaâtcib kxtkrob hurbotk kd trbospertk. Db bdcakotbicùo kdãitrcib y okuaâtcib kxtkrob coiduyk
bdcakotbicùo IB y gukotks hk `bs cohkpkohckotks.
Zbrb sblkr kd tckape hk rkibr`b hk db lbtkráb kspkiágcib y hk use hk des ieapeokotks hkd scstkab pbrb
trbospertk, ieosudtk dbs Costruiiceoks hk use skpbrbhbs hkd gblrcibotk.
Zrkpbrbicùo hkd scstkab pbrb kd trbospertk>
ZKDC@\E HK HKYIB\@B KDÃIX\CIB>
Hkskoifugk kd ibldk hk bdcakotbicùo hk su gukotk hk bdcakotbicùo. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb
rksudtbr ko dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
2. Ab
Abot
otko
ko`b
`b ddbb coiu
coiulbh
lbher
erbb pr
prkib
kibdk
dkot
otbh
bhbb b 9;  I (3
(3;;  G) a
ack
ckot
otrbs
rbs rkicl
rkiclbb bdca
bdcako
kotb
tbic
icùo
ùo IB.
IB.
<. Hkskoif
Hkskoifugk
ugk kd ibldk hhkk bdca
bdcakotbicù
kotbicùoo hk su gukotk hk bdc
bdcakotbic
akotbicùo.
ùo.
9. Koredd
Koreddkk kd ibldk hk bd
bdcakotb
cakotbicùo
icùo y gánkde
gánkde b db ierrkb
ierrkb pbrb bdab
bdabikoback
ikobackote
ote ierrkspeohcko
ierrkspeohckotk.
tk.
8. Ykpbrk ddes
es tules ggdkxcld
dkxcldks
ks hk dbs gukotks hk `bs kxt
kxtkrobs
krobs y hk des ieokiterks
ieokiterks hk
hk kotrbhb
kotrbhb hk `bs.
;. Koredd
Koreddkk des tules gd
gdkxcldks
kxcldks y ggánkdes
ánkdes b ddbb ierrkb pbrb bbdabikob
dabikobackot
ackotee hk tules gdkxcldks
gdkxcldks..
7. Gcnk kd sc
scstkab
stkab ko db bbaludboi
aludboicb
cb hk biukr
biukrhe
he ieo kd aãtehe
aãtehe hkgco
hkgcoche
che pbrb ibh
ibhbb tcpe hk vkfáiude
vkfáiude e aehe
aehe
hk trbospertk hk pbickotk, ieae baludboicb bãrkb e tkrrkstrk.
;-7
Coiulbherb pbrb trbospertk
Ieosudtk dbs Costruiiceoks hk use hk db coiulbherb pbrb trbospertk, aehkde XC;:: pbrb aboknbr db
coiulbherb.
Aùhude okuaâtcie
BHWK\XKOICB>
Kd rkspcrbher coiduche ko kd scstkab ks pkrseobdczbhe. Zukhk oe
o e guoiceobr hkd acsae aehe quk
uo rkspcrbher akiâocie kstâohbr. Oe seo cotkribalcbldks. Ieosudtk dbs costruiiceoks hk use
skpbrbhbs hkd gblrcibotk. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd
kqucpe.
BHWK\XKOICB>
Kd `bs suacocstrbhe hkshk kd aùhude okuaâtcie oe kstâ ibdkotbhe oc fuachcgcibhe. Zbrb db
fuachcgcibicùo hkd `bs hk vkotcdbicùo hurbotk kd trbospertk, sc`b des preikhcackotes fblctubdks
ko su fespctbd. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr
rksu dtbr ko hbòes bd kqucpe e ko dksceoks hk des okeobtes.
Z\KIB[ICÙO>
Db sbdchb hk `bs hkd aùhude okuaâtcie kstâ skib. Kvbdþk db okikschbh hk fuachcgcibr des
rkspcrbherks
akiâocies
y aboubdks,
kspkicbdakotk
sctubiceoks
predeo`bhbs. Bhbptk sus
aãtehes bd scstkab.
Oe fbikrde
bsá pehráb
rksudtbr kokohbòes
bd kqucpe.
BHWK\XKOICB>
Dbs skòbdks biþstcibs hk bdbrab hkd aùhude okuaâtcie pukhko rksudtbr hcgáicdks hk hktkitbr ko
uo koteroe ruchese, ieae hurbotk kd trbospertk bãrke. Hklk ieaprelbr ieo grkiukoicb kd
aùhude okuaâtcie pbrb botcicpbr y ierrk`cr des preldkabs rksudtbotks hk uo preldkab ko uo
rkspcrbher akiâocie, ieaprkser hk bcrk e akzidbher hk `bs. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko
dksceoks bd pbickotk e hbòes bd kqucpe.
OEXB>
Ks oerabd quk sbd`b b`ub hkd ieohuite hk hrkobnk hk ieohkosbhe quk sk koiukotrb lbne kd aùhude
okuaâtcie. Kstk gkoùakoe buakotb ko idcabs fþakhes y ko ibses ko des quk sk prehuzib uo use
predeo`bhe hkd ieaprkser hk bcrk, ieae
ie ae ko ibses hk trbospertk dbr`e, lbne GcE < y gdune hk `bs kdkvbhe.
Zbrb guoiceobr ierrkitbakotk, kd aùhude okuaâtcie rkquckrk suacocstre hk bcrk y hk exá`koe b prksceoks
c`ubdks. Zukhko prepericeobrsk exá`koe y bcrk lcko hkshk letkddbs cotk`rbhbs e hk gukotks kxtkrobs, ieae
exá`koe e bcrk aãhcies hk uob gukotk ikotrbd e letkddbs kxtkrobs. Kd `bs prepericeobhe per dbs letkddbs
cotk`rbhbs sk rk`udb ko kd aùhude okuaâtcie. Kd `bs prepericeobhe per dbs gukotks kxtkrobs hklk
rk`udbrsk hk gerab kxtkrob hk biukrhe ieo db tbldb hk kspkicgcibiceoks («Kspkicgcibiceoks½ ko db pâ`cob
<-2:). Fby ieokxceoks HCYY y OCYX hcspeocldks pbrb su use ieo gukotks kxtkrobs.
Dbs vâdvudbs hk sk`urchbh ko dbs tulkrábs hk dbs letkddbs hk `bs capchko quk kd `bs suacocstrbhe hkshk
gukotks kxtkrobs sk vbiák per dbs ieokxceoks hk dbs letkddbs, coiduse iubohe oe fbyb uob letkddb
ieokitbhb. Ko aùhudes ieo uo ieaprkser, tbalcão capchko quk db letkddb hk E< ieo abyer prkscùo
bdcakotk hk gerab iruzbhb db letkddb ieo prkscùo cogkrcer.
Hklk ieaprelbr ieo grkiukoicb kd aùhude okuaâtcie pbrb botcicpbr y ierrk`cr des preldkabs rksudtbotks
hk uo preldkab ko uo rkspcrbher akiâocie, ieaprkser hk bcrk e akzidbher hk `bs.
;-0
Hurbotk uo ierteicriucte e uo ieosuae hk ierrckotk kxtrkae ko kd icriucte II, uo iertbicriuctes hk 2: B,
cotk`rbhe ko kd cotkrrupter hk koikohche y bpb`bhe hkd ieaprkser, cotkrruapk kd guoiceobackote hkd
ieaprkserr hk 2< W.
ieaprkse
Hurbotk uo ierteicriucte II, uo guscldk hk 2: B ko db dáokb hk sbdchb II hkd ibr`bher cotkrruapk db
sbdchb.
Hurbotk uo ierteicriucte e uo ieosuae hk ierrckotk kxtrkab ko kd icriucte hkd ibr`bhes BI, uo
iertbic
iert
bicriuc
riuctes
tes hk < B ko kd ibr
ibr`bhe
`bherr hk 2<: W BI e uo iertbic
iertbicriuc
riuctes
tes hk 2 B ko kd scstka
scstkabb hk <9: W BI
cotkrruapk kd guoiceobackote hkd ibr`bher.
Bitcvbicùo hkd aùhude okuaâtcie
Iubohe sk utcdczbo des suacocstres hk `bs akhcbotk letkddbs cotk`rbhbs, bdabikok des tules gdkxcldks hk
bcrk y exá`koe pbrb kd aùhude okuaâtcie ko uo koteroe dcapce.
Botks hk cotrehuicr uob gukotk hk `bs kxtkroe bd aùhude okuaâtcie, prkpbrk des tules gdkxcldks.
Zbrb prkpbrbr des tules gdkxcldks pbrb su use ieo gukotks hk `bs kxtkrobs
2. Yukdtk ddbb ierrkb hk bda
bdabikobac
bikobackote
kote hk tul
tules
es gdkxc
gdkxcldks
ldks y rktcrk
rktcrk des tules
tules pbrb bcrk u exá`koe.
exá`koe.
<. Hksk
Hkskored
oreddk
dk ibh
ibhbb tul
tulee gdkxcld
gdkxcldkk y pþr`ukd
pþr`ukdee ieo `b
`bs.
s.
b. Hks
Hksieok
ieokitk
itk kd ttule
ule gd
gdkxcl
kxcldk
dk hk bc
bcrk
rk hkd a
aùhud
ùhudee okuaâtc
okuaâtcie.
ie.
l. (;:
Ieokitk
tule
ieapr cache hk `rbhe aãhcie b 98; mZb
(;
: psc)
psc) ²kd998
8 mZb
mZbgdkxcldk
(; ps
psc)
c)..hk bcrk b uob gukotk hk bcrk ieaprcache
i. Zur`u
Zur`ukk lrkvkako
lrkvkakotk
tk kd tule gd
gdkxcldk
kxcldk hk bcrk
bcrk abot
abotkockohe
kockohe kd kxtrkae blckrte
blckrte bdknbhe
bdknbhe hkd pkrseobd.
pkrseobd.
h. Hksieok
Hksieokitk
itk kkdd tul
tulee gdkxcldk
gdkxcldk hk bcr
bcrkk hk db guk
gukotk
otk hhkk bcrk.
bcrk.
k. \kpct
\kpctbb des pbse
pbsess b b h utc
utcdczboh
dczbohee exá`koe
exá`koe hk `rbhe aãhcie ko kd pbse
pbse l pbrb kd tule gdkxcldk
gdkxcldk hhkk
exá`koe.
BHWK\XKOICB>
[tcdcik uo gcdtre y uo iedkiter hk b`ub ko kd tule gdkxcldk hk kotrbhb hk bcrk hkd scstkab. Kd gcdtre y
kd iedkiter hk b`ub rkhuiko bd aáocae db pesclcdchbh hk kotrbhb hk pbrtáiudbs e b`ub
ieohkosbhb ko kd aùhude okuaâtcie. Xbote
Xbote db suickhbh ieae kd b`ub pukhko bgkitbr hk aehe
bhvkrse bd guoiceobackote hkd aùhude okuaâtcie. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko hbòes bd
kqucpe y ko dksceoks bd pbickotk.
9. [tcdc
[tcdcik
ik uo gcdtre
gcdtre y uo iiedkite
edkiterr hk b`ub ko
ko kd tul
tulee gdkxcl
gdkxcldk
dk hk kotrbhb
kotrbhb hk bcrk.
bcrk.
8. [ob ddes
es tu
tules
les gd
gdkxcldk
kxcldkss b su ieokite
ieokiterr hk kotrbhb bseicbh
bseicbhe.
e.
;. Blrb kd ssuacoc
uacocstre
stre hk `b
`bss kxtkro
kxtkroee y ickrrk db gukot
gukotkk hk `bs ccotk`rbh
otk`rbhbb ierrkspe
ierrkspeohckot
ohckotk.
k.
Bitcvbicùo hkd aùhude okuaâtcie
2. Cost
Costbdk
bdk y blr
blrbb dbs let
letkdd
kddbs
bs hk bcr
bcrkk e hk E<, sk`þo
sk`þo pre
preikhb
ikhb..
<. Ieapruk
Ieapruklk
lk quk kd ibld
ibldkk hk bdcak
bdcakotbicù
otbicùoo pbrb kd aùhude
aùhude okuaâ
okuaâtcie
tcie kstâ
kstâ ieokitbhe
ieokitbhe b uob gukotk
gukotk hk
bdcakotbicùo.
9. Koickoh
Koickohbb kd ieaprkse
ieaprkser,
r, sc de tck
tckok,
ok, usbohe kd co
cotkrrupt
tkrrupter
er hk koikohch
koikohchee y bpb`bhe. Yc oe kstâ utcdczb
utcdczbohe
ohe
uo ieaprkser, Wbyb
Wbyb bd pbse ;.
8. Hknk trb
trbosiurrcr
osiurrcr bbd`uoes
d`uoes sk
sk`uohes
`uohes pbrb qquk
uk kd scst
scstkab
kab biuaudk
biuaudk db prksc
prkscùo
ùo sugcickotk
sugcickotk ieae
ieae pbrb ibr`br
ibr`br
kd hkpùscte biuaudbher.
biuaudbh er.
;-6
OEXB>
[o cotkrrupter hk prkscùo ieotredb kd ieaprkser pbrb abotkokr db prkscùo hkd biuaudbher b 828 mZb
(7: psc) ² 98 mZb (; psc). Kd a
aeter
eter hkd ie
ieaprkser
aprkser guoiceob
guoiceob hk ge
gerab
rab cotkractko
cotkractkotk,
tk, coiduse
coiduse buoquk kstão
kstão
cduacobhes hk gerab ieotcoub kd cotkrrupter hk koikohche y bpb`bhe y kd iertbicriuctes.
;. Bitcv
Bitcvkk kd ccotkrrup
otkrrupter
ter hk koikohche
koikohche y bpb`bhe
bpb`bhe ko kd aùh
aùhude
ude oku
okuaâtci
aâtcie.
e.
7. Koi
Koicko
ckohb
hb kkdd bbobd
obdczb
czbher
her hk exá`koe
exá`koe..
OEXB>
Db bdbrab hk Akzidbher hkd aùhude okuaâtcie ieotcoþb bitcvb fbstb quk fbyb suacocstres bhkiubhes hk
bales `bsks.
Abokne hkd scstkab ieo ibr`b hk db lbtkráb hkd ieaprkser hk bcrk lbnb
BHWK\XKOICB>
Zbrb quk kd aùhude okuaâtcie ieotcoþk guoiceobohe iubohe kd cohcibher hk lbtkráb lbnb hkd
ieaprkser sk bitcvb, ieokitk kd scstkab b bdcakotbicùo IB e suacocstrk bcrk ieaprcache bd
aùhude okuaâtcie. [sk kd ieokiter hk kotrbhb OCYX e HCYY. Yc oe fby uob gukotk hk
bdcakotbicùo IB oc hk bcrk ieaprcache kxtkroe, cotkrruapb kd use hkd rkspcrbher y pbsk b
vkotcdbicùo ieo uo rkspcrbher aboubd. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks pkrseobdks e
hbòes bd kqucpe.
2. Ieokit
Ieokitkk kd scstka
scstkabb b bdcak
bdcakotbicùo
otbicùo I
IB
B e prepericeok
prepericeok bcrk iea
ieaprcach
prcachee bd aùhude
aùhude okuaâtcie
okuaâtcie akhcbotk
akhcbotk
kd ieokiter hk kotrbhb OCYX e HCYY.
<. Yc oe fby uob gu
gukotk
kotk hk bdc
bdcakotbi
akotbicùo
cùo IB oc hk bbcrk
crk ieaprc
ieaprcache
ache kxtkroe,
kxtkroe, cot
cotkrruapb
krruapb kd use hkd
rkspcrbher y pbsk b vkotcdbicùo ieo uo rkspcrbher aboubd.
Kvbdubicùo hk ibhb letkddb hk `bs
BHWK\XKOICB>
Yc db prkscùo
prkscùo hk db letkddb hk `bs ae
aestrbhb
strbhb ibk per hkl
hklbne
bne hk <:76 mZb (9:: psc), ccotkrrua
otkrruapb
pb kd
use hkd rkspcrbher y pbsk b vkotcdbicùo ieo uo rkspcrbher aboubd. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb
pehr áb rksudtbr
ko dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
2. Ie
Ieok
okit
itkk db let
letkd
kddb
db hhkk `bs.
`bs.
<. Yc
ddes
es ieo
ieotkoche
tkochess hk db letkddb
letkddb kstâo b uob prkscùo c`ubd e cog
cogkrcer
krcer b <:76 mZb (9::
(9:: psc), ibalck db
letkddb.
9. Yc ddes
es ieo
ieotkoche
tkochess hk db letkddb
letkddb kstâo b uob prkscùo supkrce
supkrcerr b <:76
<:76 mZb (9
(9::
:: psc), ibdiudk
ibdiudk db hurbicùo
hurbicùo
hk su guoiceobackote guture y bitþk ko ieoskiukoicb.
8. Hk
Hksie
sieok
okit
itkk db llet
etkd
kddb
db hhkk `bs.
`bs.
;. Zbrb pur
pur`br
`br tehe `bs rk
rkstbotk
stbotk,, blrb db vâdvudb
vâdvudb hk ieot
ieotred
red hk gdune
gdune y kspkrk fbstb
fbstb quk iksk kd gdune
gdune hk
`bs.
7. Wukdvb b rkdd
rkddkobr
kobr des sua
suacocstr
cocstres
es okiksbrcbs
okiksbrcbs iuyb ut
utcdczb
cdczbicùo
icùo sk prkvã hurbotk
hurbotk kd trbospert
trbospertk.
k.
;-3
Ieotred hk db rkskrvb hk `bs
BHWK\XKOICB>
Kd kqucpe hk vkotcdbicùo sk lbsb ko uob gukotk hk `bs b prkscùo pbrb su guoiceobackote. Oe
pkractb
pkract
b quk db prksc
prkscùo
ùo hk db letkd
letkddb
db ibc`b pe
perr hklbne hk <:7
<:76
6 mZb (9:: psc). Kd p
prehuite
rehuite quk
quk
sbdk hkd rk`udbher pehráb vedvkrsk caprkhkicldk y bgkitbr hk aehe bhvkrse bd guoiceobackote
hkd aùhude okuaâtcie. Zbrb aâs gbicdchbh ko kd ieotred hk db rkskrvb hk db letkddb, utcdcik des
aboùaktres cohcibherks hk bcrk, sc de fulckrb, y hk exá`koe. Yc db prkscùo ibk per hklbne hk
<:76 mZb (9:: psc), cot
cotkrruap
krruapb
b kd use hkd rkspcrbher y pbs
pbsk
k b vkotcdbicùo
vkotcdbicùo ieo uo rkspcrbher
aboubd. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
OEXB>
Dbs baludboicbs vbo b akouhe kqucpbhbs ieo letkddbs hk `bs bhciceobdks quk coiduyko su prepce
rk`udbher. Db baludboicb tckok uob ieogc`urbicùo hk sbdchb hk `bs ikotrbd scacdbr b uo fespctbd. Yco
kalbr`e, sc sk ieoschkrbo kstbs gukotks ieae pbrtk hkd suacocstre hk `bs hkd scstkab, kd epkrbher hkd
trbospertk abotckok db rkspeosblcdchbh hk kvbdubr kd veduako hk dbs rkskrvbs hk `bs. Kxcstko ieokxceoks
hk kotrbhb hk `bs, pbrb bcrk y exá`koe, kspkicgcibhbs per des er`bocsaes oerabtcves. Zbrb ieaprelbr des
rkqucsctes hk prkscùo hkd `bs hk kotrbhb, ieosudtk «Kspkicgcibiceoks½ ko db pâ`cob <-2:.
2. [sk ddes
es ab
aboùa
oùaktre
ktress hk bbcrk
crk,, sc ddee fulckrb
fulckrb,, y hk exá`koe, pbrb aeocterczbr db rkskrvb ko db letkddb hk
`bs.
<. vkotcdbicùo
Yc db pprksc
rkscùo
ùoieo
ibkuoper
per
hkl
hklbne
bne hhkkaboubd
<:76 mZb
(9::
(9:: psc
psc),
), cotkrr
cotkrruapb
uapb kd
kd use hkd
hkd rkspcrbh
rkspcrbher
er y pbsk
pbsk b
rkspcrbher
butecogdbldk.
Bhacocstrbicùo hk exá`koe
Zbrb uob bhacocstrbicùo kstbldk hk exá`koe, biepdk uo icriucte rkspcrbterce bd pbickotk.
BHWK\XKOICB>
Db utcdczbicùo cobhkiubhb hk exá`koe supdkakotbrce pukhk bseicbrsk ieo kgkites skiuohbrces
`rbvks coiduykohe ik`ukrb, hbòes ikrklrbdks y aukrtk. Des rcks`es vbrábo ieo ibhb okeobte.
Kd aãhcie rkspeosbldk hklkráb hktkracobr kd aãtehe, db ieoikotrbicùo y db hurbicùo hk db
bhacocstrbicùo hk exá`koe. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks bd pbickotk e hbòes bd
kqucpe.
BHWK\XKOICB>
Achb dbs ieoikotrbiceoks hk exá`koe ieo uo bobdczbher hk exá`koe ibdclrbhe b des cotkrvbdes
cohcibhes per kd aãhcie rkspeosbldk. Oe fbikrde
fbi krde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks bd pbickotk e
hbòes bd kqucpe.
BHWK\XKOICB>
Db exc`koetkrbpcb kxc`k iuchbhe kspkicbd pbrb capkhcr coikohces. X
Xehe
ehe abtkrcbd quk puk
pukhb
hb
qukabrsk ko kd bcrk, y bd`uoe quk oe de fbik, sk cogdbab ieo gbicdchbh y sk qukab râpchbakotk
ko bcrk korcqukiche ieo exá`koe. Zer de tbote, pbrb su sk`urchbh, abotko`b tehbs dbs gukotks
hk c`ocicùo dknes hk db coiulbherb y hk db zeob heohk kstâ utcdczâohesk. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb
rksudtbr ko dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
; - 2:
BHWK\XKOICB>
Zehráb prehuicrsk uob c`ocicùo kspeotâokb y vcedkotb sc kotrb exá`koe b prkscùo ko ieotbite
ieo bikctk, `rbsb e sustboicbs `rbsbs. Abotko`b kstbs sustboicbs bdknbhbs hk db coiulbherb y
gukrb hk db zeob ko db quk sk utcdczb. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks pkrseobdks e
hbòes bd kqucpe.
BHWK\XKOICB>
Ko dbs letkddbs hk exá`koe b bdtb prkscùo, utcdcik sùde vâdvudbs rkhuiterbs e rk`udbherbs hk
prkscùo bprelbhbs pbrb su use ieo exá`koe. Oe utcdcik kstbs vâdvudbs pbrb bcrk u etres `bsks
hcgkrkotks bd exá`koe, pukste quk pehrábo rksudtbr pkdc`resbs bd vedvkr b utcdczbrsk
u tcdczbrsk ieo exá`koe.
Aboknk hcife kqucpe sc`uckohe kstrcitbakotk dbs costruiiceoks hkd gblrcibotk hk dbs vâdvudbs.
Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
Zbrb bhacocstrbr exá`koe, utcdcik db vâdvudb hk ieotred hk gdune e kd gdune hk `bs grksie hkd rkspcrbher
akiâocie ieae db gukotk.
Db vâdvudb hk ieotred hk gdune tckok pesciceoks hk pbrbhb ko kd abohe hk ieotred. Ieo uo ieosuae hk
2: d/ac
d/aco,
o, kd scstka
scstkabb guoiceob hurb
hurbotk
otk bd akoes 2 ferb per ibhb letkd
letkddb
db hk tbabòe K ddkob
ddkob y hurbotk
97 aco per letk
letkddb
ddb hk tbabò
tbabòee H. Kd ibuhbd hkd iea
ieaprkser
prkser sk dcac
dcactb
tb b 2; dpa ieo exá`koe
exá`koe bd <2%.
OEXB>
Kd ibuhbd hk 2: d/aco pukhk skr db suab hk des ibuhbdks iealcobhes. Des vbderks hk bnustk hkd rkspcrbher
akiâocie seo des sc`uckotks>
• Gdune hk `bs 1 7 dpa
•
Zrkscùo 1 <:/9
•
Wkd
kdei
eich
chbh
bh CAW
CAW 1 9:
9://ac
acoo
•
Zk
Zkrc
rceh
ehee hhkk ccos
ospc
pcrb
rbic
icùo
ùo 1 ::,6
,6 s
Db vâdvudb tckok pbrbhbs b 2/8, 2/<, 2, <, 9, 8, ;, 7, 6, 2: y 2;. Des ibuhbdks hk ieotred hk gdune buxcdcbr y
hkd rkspcrbher
rkspcrbher iealcobh
iealcobhes
es sk dcactbo b 9: dpa.
Zbrb kxtrbpedbr kd use hk db letkddb hk exá`koe, ieosudtk db tbldb ko db pâ`cob ;-22. Zer knkapde, pbrb
kxtrbpedbr db hurbicùo hk db utcdczbicùo hk db letkddb hk tbabòe K ko acoutes, utcdcik db kiubicùo quk sk
coiduyk b ieotcoubicùo>
• Des ieotk
ieotkoch
oches
es hk db let
letkdd
kddbb hk `bs hc
hcvch
vchche
chess per kd ibuhbd
ibuhbd 1 78:
78: dct
dctres/
res/2:
2: d/
d/aco
aco 1 78 aco.
aco.
OEXB>
Dbs kspkicgcibic
kspkicgcibiceoks
eoks seo ² 2: % hklche b ddbb vbrcbicùo
vbrcbicùo sk`þo kd gbl
gblrcibot
rcibotk.
k.
Kspkicgcibiceoks hk dbs letkddbs hk `bs hk des tbabòes fblctubdks
Xbabòe hk db
letkddb
H (bduacoce)
Xcpe K, pbrb \[
K (bduacoce)
K (bikre)
Hcakosceoks
(Hcâaktre x deo`ctuh)
22,8 ia
ia (8,;") x <6 ia
ia (22")
3,0 iia
a (9,6") x 6:,6 ia
i a (92,6")
2:,6 ia
ia (8,<;") x 09,0 ia
ia (<3")
2:,< ia (8") x 09,0 ia (<3")
Ieotkoche
97: d
;6: d
78: d
78: d
Zkse, vbiáe
< m`
m` (8,; ddll)
;,< m`
m` (22,; ddll)
9,6 m`
m` (6,; ddll)
;,7 m` (2<,; dl)
;
Ibr`b hk db lbtkráb
2. Yukdtk kd ibldk hk bdca
bdcakotbic
kotbicùo
ùo IB hk db ierrkb hkd ibldk
ibldk hk bdca
bdcakotbic
kotbicùo.
ùo.
OEXB>
[sk þocibakotk uob teab IB ibpbz hk abotkokr kd guoiceobackote hkd scstkab. Xbalcão hklk kstbr
ikrtcgcibhe pbrb kd koteroe hk use hkd scstkab, ieae hk `rbhe fespctbdbrce y bprelbhe per db GBB
(Bhacocstrbicùo Gkhkrbd hk db B
Bvcbicùo).
vcbicùo).
<. Hkskored
Hkskoreddk
dk kd ibldk hhkk bdcako
bdcakotbicùo
tbicùo I
IB
B fbstb db deo`ctu
deo`ctuhh okiksbrcb
okiksbrcb pbrb bdibozbr
bdibozbr iùaehbakotk
iùaehbakotk uob
teab IB bhkiubhb.
9. Koifugk kd iibldk
bldk hk bdc
bdcakotbi
akotbicùo
cùo IB b uob tteab
eab hk bdc
bdcakotbi
akotbicùo
cùo IB bhkiubhb.
bhkiubhb. Ieapruklk
Ieapruklk quk kd
cohcibher IB hkd scstkab, sc de fby, y kd cohcibher IB hkd ieaprkser hk bcrk, iubohe de fby, sk
cduacobo.
Ieaprelbicùo hkd kstbhe hk db lbtkráb hkspuãs hk db ibr`b hkd scstkab
2. Ieapruk
Ieapruklk
lk kd kstbh
kstbhee hk db lbtkr
lbtkráb
áb botks hk db
db utcdczbicùo
utcdczbicùo hkd
hkd scstka
scstkabb pbrb trbospertk
trbospertk okeobtbd
okeobtbd XC;::
XC;::
@delk-Xrettkr per prcakrb vkz, hkspuãs hk supkrbr uob bdbrab hk lbtkráb lbnb y bd akoes ibhb trks
aksks.
b. Bn
Bnus
ustk
tk kd ak
akzi
zidb
dbhe
herr bbdd <<22 %.
l. Blrb db gukotk hk `bs hkd rkspcrbher ((pescicùo
pescicùo EO).
i. @crk ddbb vâdv
vâdvudb
udb hk ieotred hk gdune
gdune ko skotche ieapdk
ieapdktbakot
tbakotkk ferbrce.
ferbrce.
h. Iea
Ieapru
pruklk
klk quk kd iieap
eaprkse
rkserr guoic
guoiceok
eok hurbot
hurbotkk 9 ferbs.
ferbs.
<. Yc sskk bitc
bitcvbo
vbo kd ccohc
ohcibh
ibher
er hhkk Lbtkráb lbnb e db bdbrab per Lbtkráb lbnb botks hk tkracobr db
ieaprelbicùo hkd kstbhe hk db lbtkráb>
b. Bp
Bpb`
b`uk
uk kkdd ie
ieap
aprk
rkse
serr.
l. Iedequk db uochbh pbrb su rkibr`b hurbotk <: ferbs.
i. Hkspuãs hk db rkib
rkibr`b
r`b hk ddbb uochbh,
uochbh, ieapru
ieapruklk
klk hk ouk
oukve
ve kd kst
kstbhe
bhe hk db lbtkráb (ieosudtk
(ieosudtk kd pbse
pbse
2).
h. Yc vukdv
vukdvkk b gbddbr hksp
hkspuãs
uãs hkd sk`
sk`uohe
uohe icide
icide hk ibr`b
ibr`b,, ibalck db
db lbtkráb botks
botks hk vedvkr
vedvkr b iedeibr
kd scstkab ko guoiceobackote.
22
;
2<
[tcdczbicùo hk des icriuctes hk vkotcdbicùo akiâocib
BHWK\XKOICB>
Des icriuctes hk vkotcdbicùo akiâocib y db vâdvudb hk kspcrbicùo sk fbo gblrcibhe
kspkiágcibakotk pbrb su utcdczbicùo ieo kd scstkab pbrb trbospertk okeobtbd XC;:: @delkXrettkr. Oe hklko sustctucrsk per etres prehuites sco bsk`urbrsk prcakre uo guoiceobackote
ierrkite. Kste pehráb ibusbr dksceoks bd pbickotk e hbòes bd kqucpe.
Kd
icriuctekdhkd
rkspcrbher
kd `bs gukrb
hkd koteroe
hk bdbdbcoiulbherb
ieotrclucr
b
abotkokr
ibder
ko kddb. akiâocib
Kd icriuctekxpudsb
hk vkotcdbicùo
akiâocib
kstâ gcne
pbrkh hk dbpbrb
coiulbherb
pbrb
dcactbr kd aevcackote hk db iâoudb kohetrbqukbd y pbrb
pb rb ieotrclucr b capkhcr db hksieokxcùo biichkotbd. Kd
tule hk vkotcdbicùo akiâocib pbsb per kd cotkrcer hk db pbrkh hk db coiulbherb pbrb pretk`krde hk
hksieokxcùo y iurvbturb kxikscvb.
Ibhb scstkab pbrb trbospertk okeobtbd XC;:: @delk-Xrettkr vckok bieapbòbhe per uo icriucte hk
vkotcdbicùo akiâocib rkutcdczbldk. Xbalcão sk hcspeok hk uob vkrscùo hkskifbldk.
• Zbrb utcdczbr
utcdczbr des icriuct
icriuctes
es hk vkotcdbic
vkotcdbicùo
ùo akiâocib, ieosudtk
ieosudtk dbs costruiiceoks
costruiiceoks hk use ierrkspeohckot
ierrkspeohckotks
ks
hkd gblrcibotk.
• Zbrb costbdbr
costbdbr des icriucte
icriuctess hk vkotcdbic
vkotcdbicùo
ùo akiâocib, ieosudtk
ieosudtk dbs cost
costruiiceo
ruiiceoks
ks hk aeotbnk quk
bieapbòbo b des icriuctes.
[tcdczbicùo hk db vâdvudb hk ksibpk
BHWK\XKOICB>
Des icriuctes hk vkotcdbicùo akiâocib y db vâdvudb hk kxfbdbicùo sk fbo gblrcibhe
kspkiágcibakotk pbrb su utcdczbicùo ieo kd scstkab pbrb trbospertk okeobtbd XC;:: @delkXrettkr. Oe hklko sustctucrsk per etres prehuites sco bsk`urbrsk prcakre uo guoiceobackote
ierrkite. Kste pehráb ibusbr dksceoks bd pbickotk e hbòes bd kqucpe.
Kd scstkab pbrb trbospertk hk okeobtes XC;:: @delk-Xrettkr hcspeok hk uob vâdvudb hk kxfbdbicùo
hkskifbldk aeotbhb ko su lbstcher, ikrib hk db brbohkdb pbrb des tules gdkxcldks hk db coiulbherb pbrb
vkotcdbicùo akiâocib. Db vâdvudb hk kxfbdbicùo ks pbrb utcdczbicùo ieo uo þocie pbickotk.
• Zbrb utcdczbr
utcdczbr db vâdvudb hk kxfbdb
kxfbdbicùo,
icùo, ieosud
ieosudtk
tk dbs costruiic
costruiiceoks
eoks hk use kspkiágcibs
kspkiágcibs hkd gblrcibotk.
gblrcibotk.
• Zbrb rktcrbr db vâdvudb
vâdvudb hk kxfbdbic
kxfbdbicùo,
ùo, hksdáik
hksdáikdb
db pbrb sbibrdb hkd sepert
sepertk.
k. B ieotcoubicùo,
ieotcoubicùo, rktcrk kd tule
hk ieohuiicùo hk db kxfbdbicùo rene hkd vâstb`e hk db tbpb hkd ieohuite hk kxfbdbicùo.
;
[tcdczbicùo hkd bobdczbher hk exá`koe
Fby uo bobdczbher hk exá`koe aeotbhe ko db ksqucob supkrcer
supk rcer czquckrhb hkd aùhude okuaâtcie. Kd hcskòe
hkd gblrcibotk y kd guoiceobackote hkd bobdczbher hk exá`koe oe sk fbo bdtkrbhe.
• Zbrb utcdc
utcdczbr
zbr y iuchbr hkd bobdczb
bobdczbher
her hk exá`koe, ieosud
ieosudtk
tk dbs costruiiceoks
costruiiceoks hk use cohkpkohckotk
cohkpkohckotkss hkd
gblrcibotk.
Ykoser
BHWK\XKOICB>
Iubohe kd skoser hk exá`koe sk sbib hk db pckzb ko X, tbpk kd pukrte hkd skoser. Oe fbikrde
bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko uob `rbo gu`b ko kd icriucte hkd rkspcrbher y ko uob vkotcdbicùo coierrkitb.
Kste pehráb ibusbr dksceoks bd pbickotk e hbòes bd kqucpe.
BHWK\XKOICB>
Yc sk utcdczb kd rkspcrbher akiâocie, kd skoser hk exá`koe tckok quk kstbr hkotre hk db pckzb ko
X hkd skoser, e kd tbpùo hkd pukrte hkd skoser tckok quk kstbr pukste hk abokrb gcnb. Oe fbikrde
bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks bd pbickotk e hbòes ko kd kqucpe.
Kd pukrte hkd skoser, aeotbhe selrk dbs teabs hk bdcakotbicùo prcoicpbd ko db pbrtk trbskrb hkd aùhude
okuaâtcie, ieotckok db pckzb ko X hkd skoser.
Zbrb akhcr db ieoikotrbicùo hk exá`koe ko kd icriucte hk
vkotcdbicùo>
2. Cost
Costbdk
bdk kkdd skos
skoser
er ko kd ppukr
ukrte
te hk sskose
koserr ko db pbrtk
pbrtk
trbskrb hkd aùhude okuaâtcie.
<. Ieo
Ieokitk
kitk kkdd ibld
ibldkk hkd bo
bobdc
bdczbh
zbher
er hk E< kkoo kd sko
skoser
ser..
9. Bp
Bprc
rckt
ktkk db ttuk
ukrib
rib hk iibpt
bpturb
urb..
Z\KIB[ICÙO>
\kienb kd ibldk hkd skoser selrbotk. Oe fbikrde bsá
pehráb rksudtbr ko hbòes bd kqucpe.
8. Zbrb pr
pretk
etk`kr
`kr kd ib
ibldk
ldk hk
hkdd skos
skoser
er,, `ubr
`ubrhk
hk kd ibl
ibldk
dk
selrbotk.
Lbtkráb
Zbrb gâicd biikse, db lbtkráb sk koiukotrb ko db pbrtk trbskrb hkd bobdczbher hk exá`koe. Zbrb cogerabicùo
selrk kd rkkapdbze y abotkocackote hk db lbtkráb, ieosudtk dbs costruiiceoks hk use cohkpkohckotks hkd
gblrcibotk.
Ibdclrbhe
Ieosudtk dbs costruiiceoks hk use cohkpkohckotks hkd gblrcibotk.
29
; - 28
Hcspesctcves hk coguscùo
Zbrb utcdczbr lealbs hk coguscùo, ieosudtk dbs costruiiceoks hk use cohkpkohckotks hkd gblrcibotk.
Costbdbicùo hk dbs lealbs hk coguscùo>
2. [tcd
[tcdczbohe
czbohe kd llbstche
bstcherr pbrb aeotb
aeotbnk
nk hk db leal
lealbb hk cogusc
coguscùo
ùo ko db pbrtk
pbrtk pestkrcer
pestkrcer hkd aùhude
aùhude
okuaâtcie, gcnk dbs lealbs hk coguscùo ieo pcozbs pbrb kd pestk. Erckotk dbs lealbs hk coguscùo hk
gerab quk pkrabokzibo ko kd cotkrcer hk db pbrtk trbskrb hkd lbstcher.
<. Zbsk des tul
tules
es c.v
c.v.. kotrk db iboepcb
iboepcb hk db coiul
coiulbherb
bherb y kd aùhud
aùhudee okuaâtcie.
okuaâtcie. B ieotcoubicùo,
ieotcoubicùo, pbsk
pbsk des
tules c.v. per db brbohkdb pbrb tules hk db pbrtk hkrkifb sctubhb ko kd pbokd hk biikse hkdbotkre.
OEXB>
Fby trks brbohkdbs blckrtbs aâs ko kd pbokd hk biikse hkd kxtrkae hkdbotkre. Kd use hk kstbs brbohkdbs
kxc`k db hksieokxcùo hkd tule c.v. botks hk aevkr bd okeobte per kd pbokd hk biikse hkdbotkre.
9. Zbrb pret
pretk`kr
k`kr des tul
tules
es gdkxc
gdkxcldks
ldks fbstb
fbstb kd okeobte
okeobte y pbrb kvctb
kvctbrr elstbiudczbr
elstbiudczbr kd ldequk
ldequk hk vkotcdbic
vkotcdbicùo
ùo
akiâocib, koreddk tehe kxikse hk tule gdkxcldk c.v. ko kd cotkrcer hk db coiulbherb.
Ycstkab hk bspcrbicùo
Db lealb hk bspcrbicùo sk aeotb
aeo tb ko uo sepertk ko db pbrtk trbskrb
trbs krb hkd aùhude okuaâtcie. Kd rkicpckotk hk
bspcrbicùo hkskifbldk sk gcnb b db pbrtk trbskrb hk db lealb.
Zbrb kd use, db dcapckzb y kd abotkocackote hkd hcspesctcve, ieosudtk dbs costruiiceoks hk use
ierrkspeohckotks hkd gblrcibotk.
[ob lbtkráb cotkrob ieapdktbakotk ibr`bhb fbik guoiceobr db uochbh hurbotk 3: acoutes. Iubohe kd
scstkab sk koiukotrb koifugbhe b uob gukotk hk bdcakotbicùo IB, uo ibr`bher prepericeob
guoiceobackote ieotcoue. Kd cotkrrupter hk koikohche y bpb`bhe hk
h k db lealb ks uo cotkrrupter lbsiudbotk
ko su pbrtk supkrcer. Bnustk db prkscùo utcdczbohe db rukhkicddb hk ieotred hk vbiáe sctubhb b db hkrkifb hkd
cotkrrupter hk koikohche y bpb`bhe hk db lealb. Zbrb buakotbr db prkscùo, `crk db rukhkicddb ko skotche
ferbrce. Zbrb hcsacoucr db prkscùo, `crk db rukhkicddb ko skotche botcferbrce. [o aboùaktre hk vbiáe
coierperbhe ko db lealb y sctubhe b db czquckrhb hkd cotkrrupter hk koikohche y bpb`bhe aukstrb db
prkscùo ko ia F` y ko buakotes hk pud`bhb (") F`.
Kd tule gdkxcldk hk bspcrbicùo sk cotrehuik ko
k o iubdquckr brbohkdb blckrtb hk db coiulbherb.
coiulbhe rb. Yco kalbr`e, kd
use hk dbs brbohkdbs hkd pbokd hk biikse hkdbotkre kxc`k db hksieokxcùo hk des tules gdkxcldks botks hk
rktcrbr e aktkr bd okeobte per kd pbokd hk biikse greotbd.
Du`br hk gcnbicùo hkd aeocter
hkd pbickotk
Db lbohknb pbrb biikserces kstâ sctubhb
per koicab hk db coiulbherb y achk
02 ia (<6
(<6")
") hk boif
boifee x <7 ia (2:")
(2:") hk
preguohchbh. Zbrb usbr db lbohknb pbrb
biikserces y db ierrkb hk gcnbicùo,
ieosudtk dbs costruiiceoks hk use
ierrkspeohckotks hkd gblrcibotk hk db coiulbherb pbrb trbospertk aehkde XC;::.
; - 2;
Ibrre hk bdturb vbrcbldk bnustbldk
Zbrb gcnbr kd ibrre hk bdturb vbrcbldk bnustbldk
(WFB) ko uo scstkab hk gcnbicùo pbrb
baludboicbs GK\OE Aehkde 20;, iedequk kd
ibrre WFB ieo dbs rukhbs coidcobhbs fbicb
btrâs ko kd dbhe czquckrhe.
\ktcrbhb hkd lbstcher hkd ibrre WFB
2. Xc
Xcrk
rk hk ddbb aboc
abocddb
ddb hhkk gcn
gcnbic
bicùo
ùo ieo rrkser
ksertk.
tk.
<. Ko`
Ko`boif
boifkk kd ppbsbh
bsbher
er hk rkt
rktkoic
koicùo
ùo se
selrk
lrk kkdd
tule supkrcer hkd ibrre.
9. Ieo uuoo byu
byuhbo
hbotk
tk b ibhb kxtrka
kxtrkae,
e, bb`brr
`brrkk
gcrakakotk dbs lbrrbs hk b`brrk hkd kxtrkae hkd lbstcher.
8. Kdkvk kd lbstche
lbstcherr aehud
aehudbr
br hcrkit
hcrkitbakotk
bakotk fbicb brr
brrclb
clb y skpârkde
skpârkde hkd ibrre WFB.
WFB.
;. Iedequ
Iedequkk kd lbst
lbstcher
cher ko uuob
ob supkrgc
supkrgcick
ick dcapcb
dcapcb y pdbob
pdbob ibpb
ibpbzz hk sepertbr
sepertbr su pkse.
7. Gcn
Gcnkk kd llbst
bstche
cherr b db oukv
oukvbb supkrgc
supkrgcick
ick..
\kteroe hkd lbstcher b su pescicùo erc`cobd ko kd ibrre WFB
2. Iedequ
Iedequkk des iubt
iubtre
re ercgc
ercgcices
ices ko kkdd lbstcher
lbstcher selrk dbs iubtre
iubtre idbvc
idbvcnbs
nbs hkd ibrre
ibrre WFB.
WFB.
<. Zbrb gc
gcnbr
nbr kd lbstch
lbstcher
er bd iibrre
brre WF
WFB,
B, sukd
sukdtk
tk db abocddb
abocddb hk ld
ldequke.
equke.
9. Bsk`þrk
Bsk`þrksk
sk vcsubd
vcsubdakotk
akotk hk qu
qukk kd lbstcher
lbstcher sk koiukot
koiukotrb
rb ierrkitbakotk
ierrkitbakotk iedeibhe
iedeibhe selrk
selrk dbs iubtre
iubtre
idbvcnbs hk bdcokbicùo y hk quk des hes ldequks hk gcnbicùo y ldequke kstâo lcko iedeibhes selrk ãd.
; - 27
Ykiicùo 7
Dcap
Dc
apck
ckzb
zb,, ab
abot
otko
koca
cack
ckot
ote
e
y pckzbs h
hkk rkpukste
Dcapckzb
BHWK\XKOICB>
Yc`b dbs costruiiceoks hkd gblrcibotk hkd prehuite. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks
pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
BHWK\XKOICB>
Ickrrk tehbs dbs gukotks hk `bs y pur`uk db prkscùo rkstbotk. Kxcstk pkdc`re hk coikohce y hk
kxpdescùo hurbotk db rkbdczbicùo hk preikhcackotes hk dcapckzb e abotkocackote ko uo koteroe
korcqukiche ieo exá`koe. Zukhko prehuicrsk dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
ZKDC@\E
HKYIB\@B
KDÃIX\CIB>
HkskoifugkHK
db uochbh
hk su gukotk
hk bdcakotbicùo botks hk dcapcbrdb. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb
rksudtbr ko dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
ZKDC@\E HK HKYIB\@B KDÃIX\CIB>
Oe kxpeo`b db uochbh b uo kxikse hk fuakhbh quk pehráb pkractcr db biuaudbicùo hk dáquches.
Zukhko prehuicrsk dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
Z\KIB[ICÙO>
Oe utcdcik dcapcbherks oc hktkr`kotks blrbscves, ieae kstrepbnes e hksko`rbsbotks rkgerzbhes.
Zehrábo prehuicrsk hbòes bd kqucpe.
Z\KIB[ICÙO>
Oe utcdcik bdiefed pbrb dcapcbr db iboepcb hk db coiulbherb. Zehráb sugrcr aciregcsurbs.
Dcapckzb `kokrbd
Yc oe fby suickhbh vcscldk ieo pescldks dáquches ierperbdks, dk rkieakohbaes quk dcapck db uochbh ieo
hktkr`kotk subvk y b`ub tkapdbhb. Yc sk hkskb hkscogkitbrdb, utcdcik uob iealcobicùo hk dcapcbher y
hkscogkitbotk, sk`þo sk kxpdcib ko «Hkscogkiicùo½ ko db pâ`cob 7-<.
Dcapck aktciudesbakotk kd scstkab hkspuãs hk ibhb trbospertk hk uo okeobte. Botks hk db dcapckzb,
kdcacok tehes des hkskifes y ieotbacobotks sùdches hk ibhb pckzb. Iubohe usk bd`þo b`kotk dcapcbher,
sc`b dbs costruiiceoks hkd gblrcibotk.
Dcapckzb ieo vbper
Oe utcdcik oco`þo hcspesctcve hk dcapckzb hk vbper ko db uochbh. Kd kxikse hk fuakhbh
fuakh bh pukhk hbòbr des
akibocsaes ko kddb.
7-2
Dcapckzb hk ârkbs hk hcgáicd biikse
Zbrb kdcacobr dbs aboifbs e du`brks hcgáicdks, rkieakohbaes quk utcdcik dcapcbherks hk use heaãstcie
kstâohbrks y uo ikpcdde hk ikrhbs subvks. Zbrb bldbohbr suickhbh skib, prcakre hklk sbturbr kd du`br.
Hkscogkiicùo
• [sk uo dcapcbh
dcapcbher
er e hkscogkitbo
hkscogkitbotk
tk tulkriud
tulkriudcichb
cichb hk ocvkd cotkrakhce
cotkrakhce,, ieae kd dcapcbher
dcapcbher hkscogkitbotk
hkscogkitbotk e
hksieotbacobotk hk supkrgcicks IbvcIchk. Db uochbh þocibakotk hklk hkscogkitbrsk hkspuãs hk quk
kstã vbiáb y hksaeotbhb (vãbsk «Hksaeotbnk pbrb dcapckzb½ ko db pâ`cob 7-9).
OEXB>
Þocibakotk pbrb kd akribhe hk Kstbhes [oches> utcdcik sùde uo dcapcbher e hkscogkitbotk tulkriudcichb
hk ocvkd cotkrakhce rk`cstrbhe per db KZB (b`koicb hk pretkiicùo akhcebalckotbd).
• Hcduyb kkdd hkscogk
hkscogkitbotk
itbotk sk
sk`þo
`þo sk kspkic
kspkicgcib
gcib ko db kt
ktcquktb
cquktb hkd
hkd gblrcib
gblrcibotk.
otk.
• Ykquk iuc
iuchbhesba
hbhesbakotk
kotk db uochbh bbotks
otks hk vvedvkr
edvkr b uutcdcz
tcdczbrdb.
brdb.
• Hkspuãs hk rktc
rktcrbr
rbr tehes des hksk
hkskifes
ifes y ieotbac
ieotbacobotks
obotks sùd
sùdches
ches hk dbs pckzbs
pckzbs hksaeotbhbs,
hksaeotbhbs, ieosudtk
ieosudtk des
preikhcackotes hk dcapckzb ierrkspeohckotks b dbs pckzbs
p ckzbs cohcvchubdks.
Dcapckzb hk dbs supkrgcicks hkd lbstcher hkd scstkab y hkd aùhude okuaâtcie
Zbrb gbicdctbr db dcapckzb y abotkokr kd bspkite, kd lbstcher hkd scstkab y kd aùhude okuaâtcie kstâo
gblrcibhes hk bduacoce e bikre coexchbldk ieo biblbhe hk pcoturb ko pedve.
2. Dcapc
Dcapckk db supkrgc
supkrgcick
ick ieo uo hkt
hktkr`kot
kr`kotkk subvk y b`ub tkapdbhb
tkapdbhb,, sk`uches
sk`uches hk uo hkscogkitbotk
hkscogkitbotk hk
supkrgcick e uob iealcobicùo hk hktkr`kotk y hkscogkitbotk. Xko`b iuchbhe hk oe brbòbr db supkrgcick.
<. Kspk
Kspkrk
rk kkotr
otrkk ; y 2:
2: aco
acoute
utess y skqu
skqukk ieo
ieo uuoo ppbòe.
bòe.
Dcapckzb hk dbs ierrkbs hk gcnbicùo utcdczbhbs pbrb gcnbr uo aeocter e des tules
gdkxcldks hk `bs y kd ibldk hk bdcakotbicùo
Db icotbs hk sunkicùo seo hk ocdùo.
2. [tcdc
[tcdcik
ik uo hktkr`kotk
hktkr`kotk sub
subvk
vk y b`ub tka
tkapdbhb
pdbhb pbrb kd
kdcacobr
cacobr ddbb suickhb
suickhbh.
h. Yc rksudtb
rksudtb okiksbrce,
okiksbrce, hknk ko
rkaene dbs ierrkbs.
<. B ie
ieotcoub
otcoubicùo,
icùo, utcd
utcdcik
cik uo
uo hks
hkscogkit
cogkitbotk
botk hk su
supkrgcic
pkrgcick.
k.
9. Botks hk usbrdbs, pkract
pkractbb quk dbs iierrkbs
errkbs hhkk gcnbic
gcnbicùo
ùo sk skqu
skquko
ko per ieapdkte.
ieapdkte.
Dcapckzb y kstkrcdczbicùo hkd icriucte hk vkotcdbicùo akiâocib
OEXB>
Des tules y biikserces hkd rkspcrbher akiâocie coiduches ko kd aùhude okuaâtcie, ieae db sbdchb hk `bs,
prkscùo hk dbs vábs rkspcrbtercbs y db vâdvudb
vâ dvudb hk kspcrbicùo, oe okiksctbo dcapckzb oc kstkrcdczbicùo. Kstes
tules seo uob kxtkoscùo hk des coiduches ko kd rkspcrbher akiâocie y oe kotrbo ko ieotbite ieo kd
pbickotk.
7-<
BHWK\XKOICB>
Ko kd aeakote hk db dcapckzb y db costbdbicùo, rkvcsk kd icriucte hk vkotcdbicùo akiâocib pbrb
ieaprelbr quk oe kxcstbo sc`oes hk `rcktbs. Hkskifk dbs pbrtks hbòbhbs. Oe fbikrde bsá
pehráb rksudtbr ko uo rkohcackote cosugcickotk. Zukhko prehuicrsk dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes
bd kqucpe.
Dcapck des ieapeokotks hkd icriucte hk vkotcdbicùo akiâocib ieo uo hktkr`kotk subvk y b`ub tkapdbhb.
Ieapruklk quk oe fbyb `rcktbs.
Z\KIB[ICÙO>
Oe hkscogkitk akhcbotk buteidbvk oc pbstkurcik kd icriucte hk vkotcdbicùo akiâocib. Zehrábo
prehuicrsk hbòes bd kqucpe.
[sk uob seduicùo hk kstkrcdczbicùo ko gráe (dáquche) pbrb kstkrcdczbr kd icriucte hk vkotcdbicùo akiâocib.
Hksaeotbnk pbrb dcapckzb
Des prcoicpbdks ieapeokotks hkd scstkab pbrb trbospertk okeobtbd XC;:: @delk-Xrettkr pukhko
hksaeotbrsk pbrb rkbdczbr rkpbrbiceoks e abotkocackote prkvkotcve.
2. Ie
Ieos
osud
udtk
tk dbs
dbs costruiiceoks hk use hk db coiulbherb pbrb trbospertk (Aehkde XC;::) .
<. Yc`b
dbs ccostruii
ostruiiceoks
ceoks
hk dc
dcapckzb
apckzb
quk sk coiduy
coiduyko
ko ko dbs costruiiceoks hk use hk db coiulbherb pbrb
trbospertk
(Aehkde
XC;::)
.
Aeotbnk hkspuãs hk db dcapckzb
2. Ie
Ieos
osud
udtk
tk dbs
dbs costruiiceoks hk use hk db coiulbherb pbrb trbospertk (Aehkde XC;::) .
<. Yc`b des ppreikhca
reikhcackotes
ckotes hhkk ieaprelb
ieaprelbicùo
icùo hkd gb
gblrcibot
lrcibotkk (vãbsk «Ieaprelbi
«Ieaprelbicùo
cùo guoiceobd½
guoiceobd½ ko db
pâ`cob 8-8).
Hkskife (pbrb pbásks sunktes b db hcrkitcvb <::</37/KI hk db [K)
Kstk hcspesctcve kstâ sunkte b db hcrkitcvb [K <::</37/KI (PKKK). Zbrb iuapdcr ieo su rk`cstre hk
biukrhe ieo kstb hcrkitcvb, oe pukhk hkskifbrsk ko
k o des puotes auocicpbdks hk rkie`chb pbrb kd hkskife hk
kqucpes
kdãitrcies
y kdkitrùocies.
Hrè`kr
fb rkie`chb
buterczbhe
db rkie`chb
kd hkskife
hk kstkvcsátkoes
hcspesctcve
b uob kaprksb.
Zbrb cocicbr
kd Akhcibd
preikse hk
e pbrb
eltkokryaâs
cogerabicùo,
ko cotkrokt ko www.hrbk`kr-akhcibd.iea y obvk`uk bd ârkb Hrè`krYkrvcik, heohk koieotrbrâ uo kodbik b
«PKKK½. Yc oe tckok biikse b oukstre sctce wkl, pùo`bsk ko ieotbite ieo su er`boczbicùo Hrè`kr
Akhcibd deibd.
7-9
Abotkocackote
BHWK\XKOICB>
Dbs rkpbrbiceoks y kd abotkocackote prkvkotcve hkd scstkab pbrb trbospertk okeobtbd XC;::
@delk-Xrettkr sùde pukhko skr kgkitubhes per pkrseobd tãiocie buterczbhe. Db rkbdczbicùo hk
abotkocackote prkvkotcve y db rkseduicùo hk preldkabs skoicddes per pkrseobd oe buterczbhe
pehrábo rksudtbr ko dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
BHWK\XKOICB>
Kd use fblctubd hkd scstkab pbrb trbospertk okeobtbd XC;:: @delk-Xrettkr pukhk rksudtbr ko kd
bgdenbackote `rbhubd hk des rktkoterks hk terocddes. Kstk bgdenbackote ks kspkicbdakotk
capertbotk iubohe sk usb ko uo fkdciùptkre, heohk seo fblctubdks dbs vclrbiceoks cotkosbs.
Hklko kvbdubrsk des ieapeokotks hkd scstkab pbrb ieaprelbr quk oe fbyb sc`oes hk
ieapeokotks hk gcnbicùo gdenes y gcnbrdes iubohe rksudtk okiksbrce. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb
rksudtbr ko dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes bd kqucpe.
BHWK\XKOICB>
Bd gcobd hk db vchb hkd scstkab pbrb trbospertk okeobtbd XC;:: @delk-Xrettkr,
@delk-Xrettkr, hklk hkskifbrsk db
uochbh hk aehe sk`ure sk`þo des rkqucsctes deibdks. Oe fbikrde bsá pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks
pkrseobdks.
Zbrb kd hkskife hk pckzbs guo`cldks e hkgkituesbs, ieosudtk «Hkskife (pbrb pbásks sunktes b db hcrkitcvb
<::</37/KI hk db [K)½ ko db pâ`cob 7-9.
Zbrb rkhuicr bd aáocae kd tckape okiksbrce botks hk hkvedvkr bd scstkab b use idáocie, sc`b db skiukoicb
pbrb db rkibr`b hk des suacocstres tkaperbdks pbrb kd scstkab. Des suacocstres coiduyko lbtkrábs y letkddbs
hk `bs.
Lbstcher y bdcakotbicùo kdãitrcib
Kd pkrseobd hk skrvcice tãiocie iubdcgcibhe hk Hrè`kr Akhcibd hklkráb rkbdczbr dbs sc`uckotks
ieaprelbiceoks hkd lbstcher y hk db bdcakotbicùo kdãitrcib, ieo uob pkrcehcichbh aáocab boubd>
• Kvbdubi
Kvbdubicùo
cùo hkd lbst
lbstcher
cher pbrb ieap
ieaprelbr
relbr quk oe fbyb hks`bstk
hks`bstk kxikscv
kxikscvee oc oco`uob pbrtk
pbrtk gdenb.
• Ieaprel
Ieaprelbicùo
bicùo hk db ie
ierrkb
rrkb hk sunk
sunkicùo.
icùo. Yc ks
kstâ
tâ hbòbhb e ie
iertbhb,
rtbhb, hklk
hklk ibalcbrsk.
ibalcbrsk.
• Ieaprel
Ieaprelbicùo
bicùo hk des ibld
ibldks
ks kdãitrc
kdãitrcies
ies pbrb bsk`urb
bsk`urbrsk
rsk hk quk oe kstâo `bstbh
`bstbhes=
es= hklko ibal
ibalcbrsk
cbrsk
sk`þo rksudtk okiksbrce.
• Cospkiic
Cospkiicùo
ùo hk ibhb teab hk bdca
bdcakotbic
kotbicùo
ùo kdãitrc
kdãitrcib
ib pbrb ieaprelbr
ieaprelbr quk pukhk bhactcr
bhactcr uo koifugk ieo
sk`urchbh.
• Ieaprel
Ieaprelbicùo
bicùo hkd gguoiceob
uoiceobackot
ackotee hk des cohc
cohcibherks
ibherks kd
kdãitrci
ãitrcies
es IB y II.
7-8
Aùhude okuaâtcie
\kbdcik dbs sc`uckotks bitcvchbhks hk abotkocackote ko kd aùhude okuaâtcie b des cotkrvbdes
kspkicgcibhes>
• Kvbdubicùo
Kvbdubicùo hk des ttules
ules gdkxc
gdkxcldks
ldks hk `bs hk kotrbhb
kotrbhb b bd
bdtb
tb prkscùo
prkscùo bd akoes ibhb
ibhb 2< aksks pbrb
pbrb
ieaprelbr quk oe aukstrbo sc`oes hk gbtc`b. Xbalcão hklko bsk`urbrsk hk quk des tules gdkxcldks
ibrkiko hk gu`bs bd ieokitbrsk b uob gukotk hk `bs kxtkrob.
• Yc sk utcdczb
utcdczb kd bobdczb
bobdczbher
her hk exá`koe
exá`koe,, ibalck dbs 9 lbtkr
lbtkrábs
ábs BB uob vkz bd bòe e sk`þo rkieackohk
rkieackohk kd
gblrcibotk. Ieosudtk dbs costruiiceoks hk use skpbrbhbs hkd gblrcibotk.
Zbrb scstkabs lbsbhes ko ieaprkser, rkbdcik dbs biiceoks sc`uckotks>
• Ibalck kd gcd
gcdtre
tre hk kotrbh
kotrbhbb hkd iieaprkser
eaprkser ibhb bòe
bòe..
• Ibalck des ikp
ikpcddes
cddes hkd ae
aeter
ter hkd ieaprkser
ieaprkser ibhb bòe.
Icriuctes hk vkotcdbicùo aboubd y akiâocib
Ieo ibhb dcapckzb k costbdbicùo, rkvcsk kd icriucte hk vkotcdbicùo aboubd y akiâocib pbrb ieaprelbr quk
oe kxcstbo sc`oes hk `rcktbs e abd koibnk. Hkskifk dbs pbrtks hbòbhbs y iâalckdbs.
7-;
Zckzbs hk rkpukste
Kd oþakre hk skrck hkd scstkab pbrb trbospertk okeobtbd @delk-Xrettkr XC;:: sk koiukotrb ko db pbrtk
trbskrb hkd aùhude okuaâtcie. Xehbs dbs pckzbs hk kqucpe rkiclchbs hk Hrbk`kr Akhcibd ko kd aeakote
hk db ieaprb kstâo vcoiudbhes b kstk oþakre hk skrck. Ko su ierrkspeohkoicb selrk kd scstkab e sus
ieapeokotks, cohcquk kd oþakre hk skrck.
Zbrb uob dcstb hk dbs pckzbs y biikserces pbrb des hcgkrkotks aehkdes hk scstkab, ieosudtk db tbldb ko db
pâ`cob 7-7. Kd pkrseobd hk skrvcice
skr vcice tãiocie iubdcgcibhe hklk costbdbr e ibalcbr dbs pckzbs quk oe sskk
coiduyko ko db sc`uckotk dcstb>
Biikserces
Oþakre hk pckzb
A[<:
A[
<:;:
;:66
70 99;;7 2266-\
0; 8:0 96
70 9;2 :3
70 99;;< ;;::-\
70 99;;: <<77-\
06 88778 22::
06 87; 22::
70 :3: 0<
70 :32 6;
A[:833
3333
A[:3:8<
A[:803<
A[:86;<
A[:8070
A[2:80;
A[2:800
A[270;9
A[:8;:2
Hksircpicùo
Yc
Ycst
stka
kabb hk ttrb
rbos
ospe
pert
rtkk okeo
okeobt
btbd
bd XC;
XC;::
:: @de
@delk
lk-X
-Xre
rett
ttkr
kr,, aehk
aehkde
de
@X;::
Ieonuote hhkk iieerrk
rkbb hhkk rk
rkppuk
uksste, iibl
blddk hk
hk bd
bdcakotbicùo
Bsb, vâdvudb, hksaeotbldk ieo ibhkob
Ddbvk, trcoquktk, aehcgcibicùo, 3/27" fkxb`eobd
Ieon
onuuote hk
hk llddequk hk
hk rrkkpuks
kstte, vvko
kottcdbicùo, a
akkiâ
iâoocie
Icriucte hhkk vvkkotcdbicùo hk
hk rrkkpukste, ak
akiâocie
Xule ggddkxcldk hk
hk bc
bcrk iieeo ttuukribs bp
bprktbhbs b aboe, 22::', bbccrk HC
HCYY
Xule gdkxcldk hk ex
exá`koe iieeo ttuukribs hk
hk abrcpesb, 2:', HCYY E<
Ibrre, bdturb bnustbldk
Ieonuote hk lbrrb pertbsukres, scstkab pbrb trbospertk
Ieosuacldks
Oþakre hk pckzb
70 9;7 :0
A[:8332
70 9;: 92
A[:8002
70 9;: 9999
A[:800<
AZ:288<
Hksircpicùo
Gcdtre, kotrbhb hkd ieaprkser
Icriucte hk vkotcdbicùo, akiâocie, hkskifbldk, ibnb hk <:
Wâdvudb hhkk kxfbdbicùo, hkskifbldk, ibnb hk
hk ;:
Ykoser hk ex
exá`koe, AV9::
Zbrb eltkokr uob dcstb hk pckzbs y biikserces oe gblrcibhes per Hrè`kr Akhcibd, ieosudtk dbs costruiiceoks
hk use ierrkspeohckotks hkd gblrcibotk.
7-7
Ykiicùo 0
\kseduicùo hk preldkabs skoicddes
\kseduicùo hk preldkabs skoicddes
BHWK\XKOICB>
Þocibakotk hklkráb rkbdczbr db rkseduicùo hk preldkabs skoicddes hkd scstkab pbrb trbospertk
okeobtbd XC;:: @delk-Xrettkr kd pkrseobd buterczbhe hkd ikotre. Db rkseduicùo hk preldkabs
skoicddes rkbdczbhb per pkrseobd oe buterczbhe pehráb rksudtbr ko dksceoks pkrseobdks e hbòes
bd kqucpe.
Zbrb uo rkohcackote ùptcae, sùde kd pkrseobd hk skrvcice iubdcgcibhe hklkráb
hk lkráb rkbdczbr kd abotkocackote hk
des brtáiudes gblrcibhes per
Hrè`kr Akhcibd ko kd scstkab pbrb trbospertk okeobtbd XC;:: @delk-Xrettkr. Bqukddes idckotks quk
okiksctko skrvcice tãiocie gukrb hk KK. [[. hklko peokrsk ko ieotbite ieo kd hcstrclucher e db gcdcbd
gcdcbd hk
Hrè`kr Akhcibd buterczbhes.
Zbrb ieogcrabr
biukrhe hk
y hk skrvcice tãiocie bitubd hkd gblrcibotk, ieosudtk
ieosu dtk des heiuakotes
ksirctes
selrk kdkdprehuite
quk`brbotáb
de bieapbòbo.
Zbrb db rkseduicùo hk preldkabs skoicddes hkd scstkab pbrb trbospertk okeobtbd XC;:: @delk-Xrettkr,
ieosudtk db tbldb ko db pâ`cob 0-2. Yc oe pukhk koieotrbr kd gbdde, rktcrk db uochbh hk skrvcice y kovákdb b
pkrseobd hk skrvcice tãiocie iubdcgcibhe.
\kseduicùo hk preldkabs skoicddes
Yáoteab
Ibusb pescldk
\kakhce
Ieo uob gukotk hk `bs bitcvb, Ieotcoþb fblckohe `bs rkschubd Zbsk kd akzidbh
akzidbher
er bd 7: % y
db bdbrab hkd akzidbher oe sk epukste ko kd aùhude okuaâtcie. kxpudsk kd `bs rkschubd ieo db
bitcvb.
vâdvudb hk ieotred hk gdune.
Ieo balbs gukotks hk `bs
Db gukotk hk `bs sk fb tkracobhe Ibalck db gukotk hk `bs per uob
bitcvbs,
db bdbrab
hkd
akzidbher
sk bitcvb.
Db prkscùo hk db letkddb ibk b
uob vkdeichbh
vkdeichbh hk ?290
?29033 mZb
(<:: psc) hurb
hurbotk
otk ; aco ieo db
db
pruklb hk gu`b.
ehkabscbhe
db prkscùolbnb.
hk sbdchb ks
Des rk`udbherks hk `bs oe seo des
ierrkites.
Kd iertbicriuctes hkd icriucte II
hkd ieaprkser hk bcrk fb sbdtbhe.
Db nuotb pbrb skddbhe kstâ
hbòbhb.
Zruklk dbs prksceoks hk sbdchb y
bnþstkdbs bprepcbhbakotk.
Ieapruklk kd icriucte II hkd
ieaprkser hk bcrk y rkcoáickde.
Ibalck db nuotb pbrb skddbhe.
Kd pkroe y kd biepdbackote hk
gcnbicùo sk koiukotrbo gdenes.
Bprcktk kd pkroe hk gcnbicùo, pkre
oe de fb`b ko hkabsáb.
bhkiubhb.
0-2
Yáoteab
Kd ieaprkser hk bcrk sk
rkcocicb
rkcoci
cb ko uo ppdbze
dbze hk < aco
hurbotk db pruklb hk gu`b.
Yk sckotk e sk eyk ksibpbr `bs
hk dbs ieokxceoks HCYY e
OCYX iubohe sk utcdczbo dbs
letkddbs cotk`rbhbs e kd
ieaprkser hk bcrk.
Yk eyk e sk sckotk sbdcr kd `bs
hkd yu`e hk uob letkddb iubohe
sk utcdczb db kotrbhb hk `bs hk
tcpe HCYY e OCYX
OCYX..
Kd vbder gcnbhe hkd akzidbher
oe sk koiukotrb b akoes hkd
;% hk db akhchb hkd
bobdczbher hk exá`koe.
Kd ieaprkser hk bcrk oe sk
bitcvb ieo kd cotkrrupter hk
koikohchehkykoikohche
bpb`bhe kok
pescicùo
cduacobhe.
Kd ieaprkser hk bcrk oe sk
bitcvb ieo kd cotkrrupter hk
koikohche y bpb`bhe ko
pescicùo hk koikohche pkre oe
cduacobhe.
Ibusb pescldk
Kd hcbgrb`ab hk ksibpk hk b`ub y
db nuotb ko kd ieonuote hk gcdtre hk
bcrk/rk`udbher oe kstâo lcko
iedeibhes.
Db vâdvudb hk ieotred cotkrob sk
koiukotrb hbòbhb ko db kotrbhb
HCYY (Hcbaktkr Cohkxkh Ybgkty
Yystka) e OCYX (OeoCotkrifbo`kbldk Ybgkty Xfrkbh
Xfrkbh)
Dbs vâdvudbs hkd ieaprkser hk
bcrk e kd cotkrrupter hk prkscùo sk
koiukotrbo hbòbhes.
Db vâdvudb hk ieotred cotkrob sk
koiukotrb hbòbhb.
Db vâdvudb hk ieotred sk
koiukotrb hbòbhb.
\kakhce
Dcapck kd iukoie y kd hcbgrb`ab
ieo nblùo subvk y b`ub, skquk,
rkvcstb ieo uob `etb hk dulrcibotk
sk`ure ko exá`koe y rkbdcik kd
aeotbnk.
Kovák kd scstkab b pkrseobd hk
skrvcice tãiocie iubdcgcibhe.
Kovák kd scstkab b pkrseobd hk
skrvcice tãiocie iubdcgcibhe.
Kovák kd scstkab b pkrseobd hk
skrvcice tãiocie iubdcgcibhe.
Kovák kd scstkab b pkrseobd hk
skrvcice tãiocie iubdcgcibhe.
Kd bobdczbher hk exá`koe oe kstâ Ibdclrk kd bobdczbher hk exá`koe.
lcko ibdclrbhe.
Kd akzidbher oe kstâ lcko
ibdclrbhe.
Oe sk utcdczb bcrk pbrb db
rkspcrbicùo y kd hkpùscte
Zùo`bsk ko ieotbite ieo kd
gblrcibotk.
Kstk kstbhe ks oerabd. Bsk`þrksk
hk quk kd ieaprkser hk bcrk sk
biuaudbher
ibr`bhe. kstâ ieapdktbakotk
bitcvb
hk bcrk.pkractckohe kd ieosuae
Kd ieoautbher hkd iertbicriuctes Kvbdþk db sctubicùo y rkcocick kd
fb sbdtbhe.
ieoautbher hkd iertbicriuctes.
Db lbtkráb sk koiukotrb
Wukdvb b ibr`br db uochbh.
ieapdktbakotk hksibr`bhb.
Oe fby gukotk II kxtkrob e sk fb Wbdchk db prks
prkskoicb
koicb y pedbrchbh
covkrtche db pedbrchbh.
hk db gukotk II kxtkrob.
0-<
Yáoteab
Ibusb pescldk
\kakhce
Db duz cohcibherb DKH hk IB Kd iertbicriuctes hkd icriucte IB Kvbdþk db sctubicùo y rkcocick kd
iertbicriuctes hkd icriucte IB.
koikohche ko kd ibr`bher hkd fb sbdtbhe.
ieaprkser oe sk koickohk
iubohe kd scstkab sk koifugb
ko uob teab hk kdkitrcichbh
IB.
Oe fby bdcakotbicùo IB.
Ieapruklk quk kd koifugk kstâ
sk`ure y ieapdktbakotk
koibnbhe ko db teab.
Kd DKH cohcibher hk use ko kd Kd guscldk cotkroe hkd ibr`bher hk Kovák kd scstkab b pkrseobd hk
ibr`bher hk db lbtkráb oe sk
db lbtkráb sk fb guohche.
skrvcice tãiocie iubdcgcibhe.
cduacob iubohe kd scstkab kstâ
koifugbhe ko uob teab hk
kokr`áb IB y kd ieaprkser hk
bcrk sk koiukotrb bitcve.
Db vâdvudb hk db letkddb hk `bs Kd yu`e oe kstâ bdcokbhe ieo db B`brrk gcrakakotk kd ieonuote
oe koibnb lcko ko kd yu`e hk
letkddb.
hkd yu`e y iedùqukde ko su
pescicùo.
`bs.
Yk eyk ruche bdte hkd
ieaprkser.
Kd ibrre hk bdturb vbrcbldk
bnustbldk (WFB) oe sk gcnb ko
kd scstkab hk gcnbicùo hk
baludboicb GK\OE 20;.
Kd gcdtre hk kotrbhb kstâ sukdte e
b`rcktbhe.
Db erckotbicùo hkd ibrre WFB oe
ks ierrkitb.
Kvbdþkde, rkcoáickde e ibalck kd
gcdtre hk kotrbhb.
Ieapruklk quk kd kxtrkae hk db
rukhb coidcobhb fbicb btrâs sk
koiukotrb ko kd dbhe czquckrhe.
Kd kspbicbhe hkd scstkab hk
gcnbicùo pbrb baludboicbs
GK\OE 20; oe ks ierrkite.
Ieosudtk dbs costruiiceoks hk use
skpbrbhbs hkd gblrcibotk pbrb su
bnustk.
0-9
Zâ`cob ko ldboie hk gerab cotkoiceobhb.
0-8
Zâ`cob ko ldboie hk gerab cotkoiceobhb.
0-;
Kstbs costruiiceoks hk use seo vâdchbs
þocibakotk pbrb db
Ycstkab pbrb trbospertk okeobtbd XC;::
@delk-Xrettkr Aehkde @X;::
ieo oþakre hk skrck>
Yc oe sk fb iuapdcakotbhe kd oþakre hk skrck
ko Hrè`kr, kstbs costruiiceoks hk use sk prepericeobo kxiduscvbakotk ieae cogerabicùo `kokrbd y oe kstâo hkgcochbs pbrb kd use ieo oco`þo
hcspesctcve aãhcie kspkiágcie.
Kstbs costruiiceoks hk use sk suacocstrbo kxiduscvbakotk pbrb db cogerabicùo hkd idckotk y sùde
sk bitubdczbrâo e sustctucrâo sc kd idckotk de sedcictb
Gblrcibotk>
GBV
Hcstrcluche ko KK. [[. per
Hrbk`kr Akhcibd Yystkas, Coi.
Hrbk`kr Akhcibd, Coi.
929; Rubrry \ebh
Xkdgerh, ZB 26373 ’ 2:8<
929; Rubrry \ebh
Xkdgerh, ZB 26373 ’ 2:8<
KK. [[.
(<2;)
0<2-;8::
(6::) 8H\B@K\
(6:: 890-<890)
(<
(<2;
2;)) 0<90<9-;3
;39;
9;
fttp>//www.hrbk`kr.iea
KK. [[.
(<2;)
0<2-;8::
(6::) 8H\B@K\
(6:: 890-<890)
(<2;) 0<9-;39;
fttp>//www.hrbk`kr.iea
A[26983 \C :6 @B - 7:27.:22 ks
© Hrbk`kr Akhcibd Yystkas, Coi.
Khcicùo / Khctceo 6 ’ <:2;-:9
(Khcicùo / Khctceo 2 ’ <::7-:7)
Hrè`kr sk rkskrvb kd hkrkife b rkbdczbr aehcgcibiceoks ko kd hcspesctcve sco prkvce bvcse.
GBV