READING AND
WRITING
SKILLS
Reading and Thinking Strategies Across Text Types
Table of Contents
Reading as a Skill
Levels of
Comprehension
Text as Connected
Discourse
Summarizing and
Paraphrasing
Reading Process
Distinguishing Facts
From Opinion
Techniques in
Reading
Outlining
Contextual Clues
Graphic Organizers
READING AS
A SKILL
Why is reading a skill?
BER
M
E
M
RE
!
According to Fisher and Frey (2008)
Students of the 21st century must
be able to locate, understand, evaluate
and use written information in their
personal and academic lives.
REMEMBER!
TEXT AS A
CONNECTED
DISCOURSE
Why is reading a text
considered as a form of
discourse?
Text as
se
Discour
It is considered a connected discourse
between the reader and the text. There
has to be a connectedness among the
three: Author, reader and text
Text as Discourse
THE
READING
PROCESS
PRE-REDING
DURING READING
POST READING
PRE-READING
DURING READING
POST READING
Reading
Process
• The purpose of reading is set
• Schema of the reader is
activated
• Meaning of unfamiliar word is
deciphered
Pre-Reading
Reading
Process
• The reader grasp the meaning of
the new material
• Connects the new meaning the
his/her schema
During Reading
Reading
Process
• The reader predicts, evaluates,
guesses
and
analyzes
information whether to accept
or reject it.
Post Reading
TECHNIQUES
IN READING
Different Reading
Strategies
Skimming
Scanning
Comprehensive
Critical
Reading
es
Strategi
This is a strategy used to get only the main ides of a
written text in order to know what the material is all
about. There are three styles for this:
1. Previewing – it involves giving the material a
general look in order to know what the material
contains.
2. Overviewing – This makes use of taking a look
at the title, chapter or heading.
3. Surveying – This involves giving the text a
rundown from first section to the last section.
Skimming
Reading
es
Strategi
This is used to search only
for specific information
needed
Scanning
Reading
es
Strategi
This technique requires processing of the text for full
understanding
of
the
material.
Comprehensive
Reading
es
Strategi
It is a technique which
involves an analysis of the
claims presented in the text.
Critical
CONTEXTUA
L CLUES
Usage of contextual clues
in unlocking difficulties
Contextual Clues
ua
t
x
e
t
n
o
C
Clues
l
These are words, phrases and
sentences that would help
you to decipher the meaning
of difficult words in the
selection
Contextual Clues
Different ways of
using context clues
ua
t
x
e
t
n
o
C
Clues
l
1.
2.
3.
4.
Use synonyms as context clues
Use antonyms as context clues
Use examples as context clues
Structural analysis as context clues
Contextual Clues
Synonyms appear in a sentence in the following
way:
By dashes
She finds solace –comfort- in the country side
ua
t
x
e
t
n
o
C
Clues
l
By Commas to separate appositive
The advocates, supporters of anti-mining fomed a
picket outside the building
By parenthesis
The local residents among the hordes (a large group of
people) who line up to take their chance in the contest
Synonyms as Context Clues
ua
t
x
e
t
n
o
C
Clues
l
Examples:
1. His siblings are generous and giving but
she is so stingy
2. As an optimist, Lara looks for a brighter
future. However, there are times due to
the problems she cannot help but to
become a pessimist
Antonyms as Context Clues
ua
t
x
e
t
n
o
C
Clues
l
Examples:
1. His siblings are generous and giving but
she is so stingy
2. As an optimist, Lara looks for a brighter
future. However, there are times due to
the problems she cannot help but to
become a pessimist
Antonyms as Context Clues
ua
t
x
e
t
n
o
C
Clues
l
Lyn is on a diet. However, she still ate a
portion of everything served like a small
piece of meat, a small piece of bread and a
small piece of cake.
Nutritious food such as fruits and vegetables
help our bodies grow.
Examples as Context Clues
ua
t
x
e
t
n
o
C
Clues
l
This technique looks into the root word and
affixes of the unfamiliar word. The root word
is the base form of the word. An affix is a
letter, sound or syllable added to the initial
(Prefix) or last (suffix) part of the word to
form another word.
Structural analysis as context clues
ua
t
x
e
t
n
o
C
Clues
l
1.
2.
3.
4.
Disagree
International
Precision
Windy
Structural analysis as context clues
LEVELS OF
COMPREHENSIO
N
THE THREE LEVELS
OF COMPREHENSION
Literal Comprehension
Inferential Comprehension
Applied Comprehension
f
Levels o n
hensio
e
r
p
m
o
C
It involves understanding of the
message directly stated in the text.
Literal Comprehension
f
Levels o n
hensio
e
r
p
m
o
C
It means that you as a reader can
make
inferences,
draw
conclusions and predict outcomes
from information implicitly stated
in the text.
Inferential Comprehension
f
Levels o n
hensio
e
r
p
m
o
C
It is how you are able to use your
experience and prior knowledge
into the written text in making an
evaluation.
Applied Comprehension
SUMMARIZING
AND
PARAPHRASING
Synthesizing text through
summarizing and
paraphrasing
rizing
a
m
m
u
S
The process of condensing the text
into a shorter form. It involves
getting only the most important
parts of the material.
Summarizing
rizing
a
m
m
u
S
The ancient masters might not have known it,
but studying their teachings can increase
one’s intelligence quotient. Pondering over
what they said, which had been passed on to
us through their writings, as well as from
other sources compiled by scribes and
chronicles, could greatly benefit us who are
living in today’s technically driven society
Summarized: Reflecting on these teachings of
the ancient masters written and compiled by
writers help us in this modern world.
Summarizing
rasing
h
p
a
r
a
P
Entails the use of rewording and
rephrasing of the original text to
achieve clarity.
Paraphrasing
The ancient masters might not have known it, but
studying their teachings can increase one’s
intelligence quotient. Pondering over what they
said, which had been passed on to us through their
writings, as well as from other sources compiled by
scribes and chronicles, could greatly benefit us who
are living in today’s technically driven society
rasing
h
p
a
r
a
P
Paraphrased: An analysis and study on these
teachings of the most ancient masters can improve
our intellectual aspect. Reflecting on these
teachings which were compiled by writers could
benefit us in this modern world
Paraphrasing
ORGANIZING
INFORMATION THORUGH
OUTLINING AND
GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS
OUTLINING AND
GRAPHIC
ORGANIZERS
Outline
Outline
It is the skeletal structure of a text.
It uses a numbering system in
order for one to arrange ideas,
details
and
examples
chronologically.
Outline
Outline
2 kinds of numbering system in an
outline:
1. Traditional
2. Modern
Outline
Outline
2 kinds of numbering system in an
outline:
1. Traditional
2. Modern
Outline
Outline
2 kinds of outline according to
structure:
1. Topic outline
2. Sentence Outline
Outline
Outline
Topic Outline
Outline
Sentence Outline
Graphic Organizers
Graphic
er s
Organiz
Techniques
in
organizing
information that involves the use
of symbols. These symbols
represents knowledge, concepts,
thoughts,
ideas
or
even
relationships between them.
Graphic Organizer
Graphic
er s
Organiz
Valuable tool in coming up with a
structured representation of the specific
topic needer for your purpose. By merely
looking at the visual representation, you
are able to establish a clear train of
thought which makes it easy to grasp the
entire topic.
Graphic Organizer