lOMoARcPSD|19159216 English in the World - Notes Coordinated Sciences (Cambridge College) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by lindi mugasa (lmugasa2@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|19159216 Sophie Gonzales A LEVEL ENGLISH LANGUAGE Section 9 - English in the World NOTES 9.1 THE STATUS OF ENGLISH Language spreads by the power and influence of those who speak it. English plays an essential role in world communications in the 21st Century. It is used as a global language as well as the lingua franca (common language for communication in many countries). Although, the status of English might be challenged byby non-native English countries gaining political and economic power. LOOK AT TIMELINE (notebook) FOR HISTORICAL DEV. OF ENGLISH AS A GLOBAL LANGUAGE David Crystal: - Language is used due to the power of the people who speak it - 1.5 billion people speak English now (¼ native speakers, ½ second language speakers. ½ capable of simple communication- asking for directions) - First became international due to the power of the British Empire - 17th century, power of Industrial Revolution (18th century)- language of science and technology increased - 19th century, power of USA/UK international trading systems - 20th century, globalization of advertising and media, development of internet, radio, television, etc. - English will continue to be a GL if the nations that have power continue to be strong - Spanish is the highest spoken language in regards to population - American English might dominate other forms of English- influencing pronunciation, grammar and spelling (because America is a very powerful English speaking country) - Difference between American/British English: conscious decision from Webster, wanting to have a certain type of English which reflects a cultural and national identity. - Language spreads through contact and accommodation (influencing each other by the way we speak) - Most influence happens through the internet, where native speakers of English begin to pick up ways of speaking from non-native speakers. English is categorized as a GL because: 1. Sheer amount of English speakers throughout the world 2. Extensive geographical area 3. Political and economic affairs: English is used for international trading and communications, scientific research, international organizations, etc. English is used for: Downloaded by lindi mugasa (lmugasa2@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|19159216 Sophie Gonzales - Many countries use it as their second official language, operating as the language of government, education, communication, science and technology. ¾ of the world’s mail 80% of global information stored on computers Songs and films ½ of European business deals 7 largest TV broadcasters (BBC, CNN, etc.) ½ of the world’s newspapers All communication for international air and sea traffic ½ technical and scientific journals English may not always be the most powerful GL, it is predicted that economic growth in the next 50 years might come from non-English speaking countries like Asia and South America. Education trends and studies show that school curriculums now have competition for multilingualism due to globalization. ENGLISH AS MOTHER TONGUE Statistics Canada Native speakers: 74.8% (26 million) Working knowledge: 82.6% - USA English + French (main languages) 14.2% speak another language other than English Many indigenous languages spoken by 0.6% Both English + French are declining Aboriginal languages becoming more popular (disapproved in Quebec) English + French both equal in federal government Natives peakers: 78.1% (239 million) - Spanish rising (13.4%) Second language spoken at home (20%) Some indigenous languages brought from Africa and Asia 430 creoles 52 indigenous languages are now extinct World’s 5th largest Spanish speaking population No official language Education laws enforce the learning of other languages (usually Chinese, Downloaded by lindi mugasa (lmugasa2@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|19159216 Sophie Gonzales - Australia Native speakers: 72.1% (17 million) - - - UK No official language National language since the British European settlements (late 16th early 17th century) 250 indigenous languages, now less than 20 are still in modern daily use 400 Aboriginal languages are now either extinct or moribund (gradually decreasing) Immigration has led to a steady decrease of English speakers Anti-assimilation movements: immigrant students able to choose ESL or foreign language studies instead of English Common languages spoken at home: Mandarin, Cantonese and Arabic Native speakers: 98% (58.9 million) - - Guyana Spanish or French) Native American languages endangered by the globalization of English (e.g Navajo 2000: 72K to 2013: 12K) Hawaiian rising (1993: 8K to current day: 27K) 14 indigenous dialects spoken across the British Isles Scots and Welsh (2.6% and 1.7%) Controversial decrease of Welsh: population increase = a 2% drop in Welsh speakers English speakers have little to no exposure to other languages in the media Norman French is still used in the Houses of Parliament Native speakers: 87% (700,000) - - Only South American country that has English as their official language Guyanese creole spoken widely (English mixed with African and Indian syntax) Spanish is on the rise due to the Downloaded by lindi mugasa (lmugasa2@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|19159216 Sophie Gonzales - migration of Cubans and Venezuelans Portuguese used as the second language (bordering Brazil) Native speakers: 90% (4.6 million) New Zealand - Three official languages: English, New Zealand Sign Language and Maori Similar to Australian English Since 1970, revisitation of Maori, increasingly taught in schools Multilingualism has increased due to immigrant languages Mandarin and Maori on the rise while English decreases ENGLISH AS SECOND LANG Statistics Sierra Leone Native speakers: 10% (800K) Working knowledge: 90% - Liberia English speakers: 83% (41.5K) - - - Ghana Multilingual language Krio is widely spoken (English- based creole) Other major languages include Mende and Temne Five varieties of English are spoken Most popular: Standard Liberian English brought to Liberia from African-American settlers Crucial for trade with America and Europe Policy for English Education has allowed for more economic and social progress Adverse effect: stigma for the local languages that are disappearing Protests to protect native languages and their values. Heightened intertribal marriage and travel has increased the amount of children learning English English speakers: 66.7% (27 million) Downloaded by lindi mugasa (lmugasa2@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|19159216 Sophie Gonzales - Nigeria English speakers: 86.4% (206 million) - Sudan - - Medium of instruction in secondary schools English speakers: 9.8% (40.5 million) - Rwanda Inherited during the colonial era 68 languages portray diversity of Kenya Mainly used: British English English speakers: 0.22% (171K) - Tanzania Acknowledged as an official language during the 1990s Arabic spoken by most of the population Secondary school taught in Arabic or English English speakers: 9% (2.3 million) - Ethiopia Language of former colonial British Nigeria Has become more popular in urban and rural areas, due to globalization 525 native languages close to extinction due to Education in English English speakers: 16.5% (1.1K) - Kenya English inherited in the colonial era Multilingual: 8 popular languages French increasing due to the country being surrounded by French speaking countries. Swahili and English inherited in the colonial era More speakers of Swahili than English Swahili used for social and government matters English used for secondary education, technology and universities. 2015, policy of English as a language of Education, discontinued. English speakers: 0.2% (26K) Downloaded by lindi mugasa (lmugasa2@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|19159216 Sophie Gonzales Uganda English speakers: 85% (38.5 million) - Malawi - Major language in business and education Only 2% first language speakers; spoken more commonly as a second language English speakers: 2.8% (70K) - South Africa All elementary students learn in Chichewa, the unofficial national language of Malawi. English speakers: 1.7% (306K) - Botswana English as the official language 43 other living languages English introduced by way of missionary work and education Protests to change the official language were countered with people worried the mispronunciation/lack of grammar in tribes would ruin the reputation. English speakers: 26% (above the age of 14) - Zambia French used as the language of administration during WWI Increased English due to English speaking immigrants Protests to have Swahili as the language for education 2008, education language switched from French to English English and Tswana (official languages) 20 smaller languages are in danger of becoming extinct English used for written and business matters English speakers: 8.1% (4.9 million) - 10 official languages English is the 4th most common language spoken Used in the parliament Downloaded by lindi mugasa (lmugasa2@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|19159216 Sophie Gonzales Zimbabwe English speakers: 5% (750K) - Namibia English speakers: 3% (75K) - Malaysia - - - Compulsory subject in primary and secondary school Widely understood and spoken in service industries National Language Act 1963 strengthened the position of Malay (medium of instruction in school) Indigenous languages also used in schools (kept them strong) Malaysian Standard English derived from British English Predominant language of the government until 1969 (tension changed education of Science and Math from English to Malay) Prime minister wants to change this rule back to English education (important for global matters) English speakers: 58.2 (110 million) - - Sri Lanka Mandela’s Youth League in 1951 spread the use of English English speakers: 63% (27 million) - Philippines Medium of instruction in secondary schools 16 official languages First language for most white Zimbabweans; second language for most black Zimbabweans) Optional education of Spanish and Arabic has increased their usage Spanish used to be the official language until the 19th century (became the lingua franca instead) Filipino and English used for official government matters. American colonization decreased use of Spanish (late 17th early 18th century) English speakers: 23.8% (74K) Downloaded by lindi mugasa (lmugasa2@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|19159216 Sophie Gonzales - Used for government and commercial purposes Strong indigenous language use English speakers: 10% (125 million) India - Continues to be important in India for higher education and some government purposes English speakers: 49% (108 million) Pakistan - - Dozens of languages as the first languages Urdu and English as the co-official languages English government laws now being re-written in local/provincial languages English being taught in schools (law of 2015) has endangered many other languages Urdu is being introduced and taking the place of English in business English speakers:12% (19.8 million) Bangladesh - Since 1987, English usage has decreased significantly in government issues but continues to be compulsory in schools English speakers: 35.8% (10.7 million) Nepal - 123 mother tongue languages Most spoken languages in the world: 1. English: default language in international business, technology and tourism - Native speakers: 379 million - Non-native speakers: 753 million 2. Mandarin: considered a Chinese dialect - Native speakers: 918 million - Non-native speakers: 199 million 3. Hindi: spoken mainly in India which is the second-most-populous country in the world and linguistically diverse. - Native speakers: 341 million Downloaded by lindi mugasa (lmugasa2@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|19159216 Sophie Gonzales - Non-native speakers: 274 million 4. Spanish: third most popular language on the internet. Increasing in America due to migration - Native speakers: 460 million - Non-native speakers: 74 million 5. French: official language of 29 countries; wide spread due to colonialism - Native speakers: 77 million - Non-native speakers: 203 million Use/importance of English: Early industrial inventions: - England: steam engine 1712 - England: steam engine locomotive 1814 - America: electric telegraph/morse code 1838 - America: sewing machine 1846 - America: telephone 1875 Exploration, discovery and settlement of new countries: - American colonizations: Puerto Rico, Guam and U.S Virgin Islands - English colonizations: New Zealand, Australia and Canada (ruling themselves independently by the late 18th century) Origin and development of laws: - International laws/debates carried out in English - NATO works in English - League of Nations meetings carried out in French and English - Diplomacy during WWII and the Treaty of Versailles Music, film and media industries: - Disney - Netflix - BBC/CNN/FOX News - Paramount Pictures International communications: - Main language used by the United Nations - International language of aviation is English - Walmart and Amazon.com: 1st and 4th largest businesses in the world - AT&T phone company (biggest one in the world) used for data coverage in 190 countries - American Apple Company (largest company in the world) Development of the internet: - Invented in America in 1983 - Social media invented in America: Instagram, Snapchat and Facebook Downloaded by lindi mugasa (lmugasa2@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|19159216 Sophie Gonzales - Invention of Google 1998 Invention of Apple Co. 1976 Stats: English in the internet - English speaking users: 25.9% - English media: 60.4% Politics: - Trump’s administration and control of illegal immigrants has made the spread of other languages dangerous (employers expecting their staff to speak in English). - Roosevelt’s 1919 address, “we have room but for one language here, and that is the English language.” - Korean controversy: parents are having their children undergo surgery to snip off the thin layer of tissue on the bottom of their tongues so they are more able to pronounce English retroflex consonants. - English criticised for being nationalistic and elitist - South African protesting: Afrikaans diminishing/being an important factor of the Apartheid in 1954 - World loses a language every two weeks - English education provided in many European countries 9.2 WHOSE ENGLISH IS IT ANYWAYS? The number of people speaking and learning English as a second language is much larger than the number of people speaking English as their mother tongue. David Crystal feels that by the weight of numbers alone, non-native speakers affect how the language will evolve. Syntax and pronunciation develops within a country through accommodation. 1985 Kachru’s circles model: Central to the norms and standards of English. Norms of correctness come from the Standard British English variety… controversy between whether this should stay true or other groups of English can set their own standards. Inner Circle: - Native language - Approximately 380 million speakers - English dominates communication (used fo administrative/social purposes) in these regions - Little enthusiasm to learn other languages - Traditional bases of English - Norm-providing (English norms develop and spread outwards) Downloaded by lindi mugasa (lmugasa2@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|19159216 Sophie Gonzales Outer Circle: - Regarded as a second language - Administration happens through English (most of it) - Colonial legacy (countries in Asia and Africa) - Lingua franca - English used for: higher education, national commerce, legislature/judiciary, ceremonies - English and other languages are likely to have the same status - Norm-developing (adopt norms and perhaps develop their own) Extending Circle: - English has no historical or governmental role - Used for international communication - Limited purposes: international business and the internet - Learners of English adopt some of its language features (Chinglish/Japlish) - Norm-dependent (relies on standards that are set by native speakers) Example: CHINGLISH - Likely to be more Chinese speakers of English than any other variety - Prolongs some of the vowel sounds of English - Changes some alphabet sounds (Z turns into J) - Actions in the past are described by adverbs Downloaded by lindi mugasa (lmugasa2@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|19159216 Sophie Gonzales - “The” can be used as a filler Expressions of surprise, anger, disgust, etc can be summarized with “Aiya” Literal translations such as “Slip and fall over carefully” and “Deformed man’s toilet” 9.3 VARIETIES OF ENGLISH Accent = pronunciation Dialect = vocabulary + grammar Idiolect: speech habits of a particular person Sociolect: dialect of a particular social class - Standard English originated in the UK- taken political and economic hold between Oxford, Cambrdige and London. It is said to be the accepted form of English (also learnt by non-native speakers), spoken by educated people. Undergone substantial regularization (codification of grammar and usage). Used in formal education, official publications and language assessments. Non-standard English considers varieties of English which use forms of grammar, syntax and lexis that are socially unacceptable. Accents of English: people unconsciously or consciously converge their speech to fit in with other accent circles. The UK has the largest number of varying accents. 1. Received pronunciation: - Closely associated with SE - Indicator of status - Used to teach non-native speakers - Emerged during the 19th century in private schools (when middle/upper class families could pay for their children’s education) - Known for being prestigious - Neutral- not possible to link it to a geographic or social origins. - Spread though the BBC (1922) - Spread through the television and radio in 1936 (known as the “voice of Britain”) - Criticized for being exaggerated: sounding artificial and comical - Current day: many more accents can be heard on the BBC - Attitudes of English speakers reflects social status - Since 1960s, more acceptance for regional accents (RP is now seen as oldfashioned) Number of non-native speakers of English will contribute to the development of accents. Regional accents have decreased due to wide travel (individuals are less likely to stay in their hometowns). Downloaded by lindi mugasa (lmugasa2@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|19159216 Sophie Gonzales Due to travel, accents have become an amalgamation of each other (mixing and combining together). 2. Cockney - Known for frequent use of slang - The /th/ sound is pronounced with an /f/ 3. MLE: Multicultural London English - Incorporates slang from African-Caribbean communities - Rich, dynamic, varied accent - Expresses economic, cultural and international background to London - Negative connotations: intimidating and frequent use of slang - Associated with young, working-class ethnic minorities - Developed due to close contact between differing ethnic and linguistic groups (London is multicultural) 4. Estuary English: - Region of Southeast England - Relatively recent accent - 1980s: mainly spoken in London - Sociolect: traditional working-class accent - Popular accent, linguistics believe it will take over Southern SE International English varieties: - Varieties of English evolve when the standard form merges with elements of the local language. - Japlish, Singlish, Spanglish, Deutschlish - Debate: are these varieties a different language or an evolving dialect of English - Process of creolisation VARIETIES OF ENGLISH + CHARACTERISTICS BACKGROUND INFORMATION South African English (SAE) - - - Adopted Dutch Afrikaans words to describe social features and landscape Afrikaans has enormous influence on lexis and syntax (e.g “ja” is “yes”) Borrowed words (e.g lekker, rooibos) Borrowed words from African regional languages Malay words: slave communities from - - Separate from English spoken by Zambians, Zimbabweans and Namibians. Date: British colonization 1795 @ the Cape of Good Hope Introduced by soldiers and administrators (Crystal’s “power” concept) More established during the 19th century (new British settlers) Conflict: English speaking settlers and Downloaded by lindi mugasa (lmugasa2@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|19159216 Sophie Gonzales - Indonesia/Malaysia (17th/18th century) Indicator of social status - - New Zealand English (NZE) - - those of Dutch descent (created Afrikaans) Lead to the Boer War in early 1900s Coexisted through the 20th century Afrikaans replaced English (due to its role in the Apartheid 1954) English used for international communication, higher education and business Current day: some believe it would be helpful to increase English (therefore, developing society) Established by the colonialism during the 19th century First language spoken by most of the population Mixture of Australian English and Southern England English Australian English Nigerian English Japlish Deutschlish Hinglish Spanglish Singlish New Englishes: - Includes Indian English, Pakistani English and Nigerian English - Relatively new varieties of english (NVEs) - Countries that have had some exposure to UK or USA colonialism - Developed through media, education and government rather than native speakers - Alongside other languages (works as the lingua franca) Debate: - Some believe that English will split into mutually incomprehensible languages (like what happened with Latin, providing Latin-based languages) - On the other hand, English seems to be cemented as the global communication language and important in the 21st century for businesses and media (people desire to learn it so they can fully engage with the world) Downloaded by lindi mugasa (lmugasa2@gmail.com)
