RESPIRATORY
2 REGIONS
1. Conducting passages
a. Trachea
b. Primary bronchi
c. Secondary bronchi
d. Conducting bronchi
2. Respiratory passages
a. Respiratory bronchioles
b. Alveoli
TRACHEA
1. Trachealis muscle – smooth
2. mucosa
a. E: pseudostratified
columnar
b. Basement membrane
c. Lamina propria
3. Submucosa
a. Glands – seromucinous
glands
4. C-shaped hyaline cartilage
BRONCHI
1. Epithelium
a. Primary – psedotratified
columnar
b. Secondary: cilitated
simple columnar
2. Glands
3. Smooth muscle
4. Cartilage plate
CONDUCTING BRONCHIOLES
1. Epithelium
a. Ciliated simple columnar
2. Smooth muscle
RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES
1. Epithelium
a. Cuboidal with ciliated &
club cells
ALVEOLI
1. Resident cells
a. Pneumocytes
b. Endothelial cells
c. Fibroblast
2. Transient cells
a. Dust & immune cells
3. Alveolar sac
4. Alveolar duct
5. Alveoli
6. Respiratory bronchioles
7. Terminal bronchioles
PNEUMOCYTES
1. Epithelium
a. 1: simple squamous
b. 2: cuboidal
2. Type 1 & 2 pneumocytes
3. Capillaries
4. Air
ALL
1. Alveoli
2. Bronchiole
a. Pulmonary vessel
3. Bronchus
a. Cartilage plate
b. Pulmonary vessel
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
GLANDS
1. Intrinsic glands
2. Extrinsic glands
a. Major salivary glands
GI TRACT
1. Lumen
2. GI tract wall
a. Mucosa
i. Epithelium
ii. Lamina
propria
iii. Muscularis
mucosae
b. Submucosa
c. Muscularis
i. Longitudinal
ii. Circular
d. Serosa/adventitia
MUCOSA
1. Mouth/pharynx/anal canal
a. Non-keratinized stratified
squamous eoithelium
2. Stomach/intestines
a. Simple colulmnar
3. Lamina proprial
4. Muscularis mucosa
5. Goblet cells
6. Enteroendocrine cells
SUBMUCOSA
1. Dense CT w/ blood and lymphatic
vessels
2. Submucosal glands
3. Submucosal plexus
MUSCULARIS
1. Inner circular
2. Outer longitudinal layer
3. Stomach: + oblique
4. Ends: skeletal muscle
SEROSA
1. Loose CT
2. Serosa: abdominal cavity
3. Adventitia: mouth, pharynx,
esophagus
ALL
1. Mucosa
a. Epithelium
b. CT papillae
c. Lamina propria
d. Muscularis mucosae
2. Submucosa
3. Muscularis externa
ORAL CAVITY & LIPS
1. Gingiva & hard palate
a. Stratified squamous
keratinized
2. Soft p;late, mouth floor, cheeks, lips
a. Stratified squamous
nonkeratinized
3. Lips
a. Straited muscle
b. Oral nonkeratinated –
keratinized
c. Skin
d. Vermillion zone
e. Oral mucosa
f.
Glands
TONGUE
1. Filiform papillae
2. Epithelium
3. Adipose tissue
4. Lingual salivary glands
5. Skeletal muscle
TEETH
1. Socket
2. Periodontal ligaments
3. Crown & root
4. Pulp cavity
5. Dentin
6. Enamel
ESOPHAGUS
1. Mucosa
a. Non-keratinized suqmous
epithelium
b. Muscualris mucosae
2. Submucosa
3. Muscularis
a. Skeletal/skeletal &
smooth/smooth
4. Adventitia
5. Ducts
6. Glands
STOMACH
1. Mucosa
a. Gastric pits
2. Cardia
3. Fundus
4. Pylorus
5. Gastric rugae
6. Gastric glands - Gastric juice
a. Parietal cells
b. Chief cells
c. Mucous neck cells
d. Enteroendocrine cells
7. Blood vessels
8. Submucosa
9. Muscularis externa
a. + oblique
10. Serosa
11. Gastroesophageal junction
12. ECG
SMALL INTESTINE
1. Circular folds, villi, microvilli
2. Intestinal glands
a. Intestinal juice
3. Duodenal glands
a. Alkaline mucus s
4. Intestinal malt
5. Ducts
6. Mucosa
a. Muscularis mucosa
LARGE INTESTINE
1. Epithelium
a. Simple columnar
2. Mucosa
a. Intestinal galnds
i. Goblet cells
3. Submucosa
4. Muscularis externa
5. Taenia coli
ANAL CANAL
1. Internal anal sphincter
2. External anal sphincter
3. Adipose tissue
4. Goblet cells
5. Intestinal gland
6. Lamina propria
7. Anus
8. Skin
9. 4cm
a. Upper 3
i. Upper 15
ii. Lower 15mm
b.
lower 1
OTHER DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
SALIVARY GLANDS
1. serous cells – pyramidal
2. mucous cells – cuboidal to columnar
3. major
a. parotid
b. submandibular
c. sublingual
4. minor
a. labial
b. lingual
c. buccal
d. palatine
5. stroma
a. CT capsule
b. CT septa
c. Reticular CT
6. Parenchyma
a. Acini
b. Duct system
TYPES OF SALIVARY ACINI
1. Serous
2. Mucous
3. Mucoserous
SALIVARY ACINI CELLS
1. Serous
2. Mucous
3. Myoepithelial
DUCT SYSTEM FO SALIVARY GLAND
1. Intralobular
a. Intercalated
b. Striated
2. Interlobular
3. Main ducts
SALIVARY GLAND
1. Serous acini
2. Striated & intercalated
MAJOR SALIVARY ACINI
1. Parotid
a. Myoepithelial cell
b. CT septum
c. Serous acini
2. Submandibular
a. Striated duct
b. Sermicuous acinus
c. Serous demilunes
3. Sublingual
a. Mucous acinus
b. Basal nucleus
c. Seromucous acinus
GALLBLADDER
1. E: simple columnar
2. Cholecystokinin
3. NO SUMMUCOSA & MUSCULARIS
EXTERNA
4. Mucosa
a. E, LP (elastic fibers &
BV), microvilli
5. Muscularis
a. Smooth muscle fibers w/
CT *rich in elastic fibers)
6. Serosa
a. Fundus, mesothelium
(LCT)
7. Adventitia
a. DCT
LIVER
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Parenchyma: hepatocytes
Stroma
a. Capsule of Glisson
b. CT – type 3 collagen –
reticulin, vessels
c. Mesothelium
Sinusoids
Spaces of Disses
Capsule
CT septa
Hepatic lobule
a. Central vein
b. Portal canal – portal triad
Portal lobule
a. Central vein
Liver acinus
a. Short axis
b. Long axis
c. Peripheral zone 1
d. Intermediate zone 2
e. Central zone 3
URINARY
Kidney
1. Fibrous capsule
2. Perinephric fat
3. Renal fascia
4. Cortex
5. Medulla
6. Ernal pyramid
7. Minor calyx
8. Major calyx
9. Renal column
10. Renal pelvis
11. Ureter
NEPHRON
1. Renal corpuscle
a. Glomerulus
b. Glomerular
capsule/bowman’s
capsule
c. Macula densa
d. Urinary space
e. Glomerular capillaries
f.
2 layers
i. Parietal
ii. Visceral
2. Tubular system
a. Proximal convoluted
tubule
b. Nephron loop
c. Distal
d. Collecting ducts
3. Proximal CT
a. Simple cuboidal
b. Glomerulus
c. Bowman’s capsule
d. Bowman’s space
4. Distal CT
a. Shorter
5. Thin limbs of loop of Henle
a. Like capillaries
6. Collecting duct
a. Domed-shape
b. Clear lumen
7. ALL
a. Proximal & distal CT
b. Renal corpuscle
c. Medullary ray
d.
e.
f.
g.
Collecting ducts
Arcuate artery
Cortex
Medulla
UROTEHLIUM
1. Superficial
2. Intermediate regions
3. BM
4. LP – loos CT
URETER
1. Lumen
2. Transitional epithelium
3. Dome cells
4. Mucosa
a. Transitional epithelium
b. LP
5. Muscularis
a. Inner longitudinal
b. Outer circular
6. Adventitia
URINARY BLADDER
1. Mucosa
a. Transitional
epithelium/urothelium
b. LP
2. Submucosa
3. Muscularis
a. Detrusor muscles on
walls
b. Internal urethral orifice
i. External US
ii. Smooth
c. External uerthral
sphincter
i. Skeletal
d. Bundles of smooth
muscles
e. Dense irregular CT
4. Internal/middle/outer layers
URETHRA
1. Male
a. Prostatic
b. Membranous
c. Spongy
2. Female
a. 4-5 cm
b. Transitional
c. Stratified squamous
d. Pseudostratified
columnar
e. External straited muscle
sphincter
f.
Lumen