CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY ENGLISH 7: TEACHER’S RESOURCE
Glossary
alliterationuse of the same sound, especially consonants, at the
beginning of several close-together words
anecdotea short entertaining story that is usually spoken
annotateto add notes to provide extra explanation
antagonista character who creates problems in a story; a ‘bad’
character who stands in the way of the hero
assonancerepetition of vowel sounds in the middle of words
aural imagean image which appeals to the sense of hearing
autobiographya text in which the writer gives an account of their own
life and experiences
backstorythe fictional history or background created for a character
in a story or film
biasedprejudiced for or against a particular person, group
or idea
clausea group of words that contain a verb
climaxthe most exciting or important part of something
closurethe sense of a complete ending to a story
colloquial languagethe type of informal language people use in everyday
speech when addressing people they know well complex sentencea sentence with one main clause and one or more
dependent clauses
compound sentencea sentence with two main clauses joined by ‘and, ‘but’, ‘or’
compound-complex
a sentence containing a compound sentence that also
sentence
has one or more subordinate clauses
contextthe situation within which something exists or happens
contractionstwo or three words that are combined to make one shorter
word with letters left out; the missing letters are indicated
by an apostrophe (e.g. wouldn’t, shouldn’t, you’ll)
contrastplacing two characters or things together in order to
highlight their differences
conventionsthe ‘rules’ of how a story is told or a piece of writing is
set out
coordinating
joining words such as ‘and’, ‘but’, ‘or’
conjunction
deliberate misspellingwhere a word has been spelt incorrectly for a particular
effect, often to sound like spoken English (e.g. ‘cos’ instead
of ‘because’)
1
21
16
61
216
238
193
16
72
113
19
229
185
47
18
18
38
10
47
35
134
38
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Cambridge Lower Secondary English 7 – Creamer, Williams, Rees-Bidder & Elsdon © Cambridge University Press 2021
CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY ENGLISH 7: TEACHER’S RESOURCE
dialoguea conversation between two or more people or characters,
written as direct speech 39
direct addressspeaking directly to any audience using pronouns such
as ‘you’
160
direct speechthe exact words a person says, marked by speech marks
61
ellipsisa set of three dots ( . . . ) used to indicate that words have
been left out
26
embedded clausea clause placed in the middle of a sentence
151
etymologythe origins of a word
127
evaluateto assess how good or bad something is and identify how to
improve it69
exaggerationmaking something seem worse or better than it really is
66
expanded noun phrasea phrase that adds information and detail to describe a noun 89
expanded verb phrasea phrase that adds information and detail to describe a verb 89
explicit informationideas and details that a writer states directly
11
eye rhymewords that look as if they should rhyme but do not
(e.g. rough and bough)
238
factsomething that is known to have happened or exist
72
fantasyimaginative stories, often set in strange places with unusual
characters163
fictiona story about imaginary characters and events
61
figurative languagewords and phrases with a more imaginative meaning to create
a special effect, such as simile, metaphor and personification 69
first personwritten from a single point of view, using pronouns such
as ‘I’ and ‘we’ 88
flash fictiona very short work of fiction, which still offers character and
plot development
83
flashbacka part of a story that goes back in time to explain an event 173
focal characterthe character who the reader understands and empathises
with the most in a story
33
formal languagethe form of English used in more ‘serious’ texts and situations,
such as news reports or official speeches
47
genrea particular type of text (e.g. adventure, comedy,
crime, science fiction)
9
gesturemovements of the hands or arms to add emphasis to bring
a story to life
16
glossaryan alphabetical list of words or phrases from a text,
with their meanings
202
haikua form of poetry originating in Japan
91
humourwhen things are funny, or things that are funny
26
hyperboleexaggerated statements
114
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CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY ENGLISH 7: TEACHER’S RESOURCE
implicit informationideas and details that readers have to work out for themselves 18
inferto work something out from evidence in a text, rather than
being told it explicitly
60
informal languagea more relaxed form of English, used when speaking or in
more casual written texts, such as emails to friends
47
line of argumenta set of sequenced points intended to persuade
159
literalthe original meaning of a word, as explained in a dictionary 73
lullabya soothing song sung to a baby
137
metaphora type of comparison that describes one thing as if it is
something else
147
minor sentencea sentence that does not contain a main verb
191
monologuea story or speech given by one character
14
moodthe feeling created by the words, sounds and images in a poem 22
narrativea series of connected events that are written or spoken
134
narrative structurethe order in which a writer sets out the events in a story
11
narratorthe person telling the story
18
neutralnot biased or not having an opinion one way or another
114
non-fictionwriting that is about real events and facts
16
non-standard Englishwords and grammatical patterns that fall outside the
conventional forms of English
42
noun phrasea phrase that contains an adjective and describes the
qualities of an object
176
olfactory imagean image which appeals to the sense of smell
193
opiniona personal view or judgement about something,
not necessarily based on fact or knowledge
11
pacethe speed at which someone speaks or how quickly events
take place in a story
40
personal pronouna word used to replace a proper noun, such as ‘he’, ‘she’
and ‘they’
160
personificationa type of figurative language in which an object is described
as if it has human characteristics
154
perspectivethe ‘angle’ that a story or account is told from − whose
‘eyes’ the reader sees it through
183
plotthe main events of a story, film, novel or play in sequence
from beginning to end
72
podcasta spoken recording made available to download from
the internet, often part of a series
201
predictsay what you think might happen in the future
11
prefixletters added to the beginning of a word to make a new
word with a different meaning
101
prepositiona word or group of words used before a noun or pronoun to
show place, direction, time (e.g. ‘above’, ‘below’, ‘under’, ‘in’) 151
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CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY ENGLISH 7: TEACHER’S RESOURCE
prepositional phrasea phrase that contains a preposition and describes
the physical location of an object
176
proper nounthe name of a specific thing, place or person, marked by
an initial capital letter
59
props
articles or objects used on the set of a play or film
133
prosethe form of language found in novels and non-fiction texts
such as articles, written in paragraphs rather than verse
130
proverba short, well-known saying, stating a general truth or piece
of advice
82
registerhow formal or informal written or spoken English is
121
reporting verba verb that conveys the action of speaking – used with
both direct and reported speech
98
resolutiona feeling that all problems have come to an end
186
rhetorical questionsquestions designed to make a point rather than expecting
an answer
114
rhymewords where the end part sounds the same (e.g. ‘feet’ rhymes
with ‘meat’)66
rhythma regular, repeating pattern of sound or ‘beat’, common
in music and poetry
137
root wordthe basic form of a word that other words with related
meanings are based on
101
scanto look through a text quickly to find particular details
51
scriptthe words in a play, film, etc.
27
second personwritten as if addressing the reader, using the pronoun ‘you’
(e.g. ‘You leap out of bed and get dressed.’)
212
secondary charactera supporting character in the story; not the main character 179
sequencethe order of events in a story
35
settingthe location of where a story takes place
9
sibilanceuse of repeated soft consonant sounds for emphasis
21
similea type of figurative language in which one thing is compared
to something else, using the words ‘as’ or ‘like’
173
simple sentencea sentence with one main clause
18
slanginformal use of language, usually in speech (e.g. ‘lemme’
instead of ‘let me’)
66
stage directionswords in a script that explain what is happening on stage or
tell the actors how to move and speak
133
standard Englishthe most widely accepted form of English that is not specific
to a particular region
42
stanzaa group of lines of poetry, sometimes called a verse
21
stereotypea familiar but simplified character type
42
storyboarda series of drawings or images showing the planned
order of images in frames (in films and television)
25
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CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY ENGLISH 7: TEACHER’S RESOURCE
stressplace emphasis on (certain words)
structural featuresthe way that a text is ordered and organised
subordinate clausein grammar, a clause that cannot form a sentence alone
but adds information to the main clause
suffixletters added to the end of a word to make a new word
with a different meaning
summariseexplain the main points in a few words
syllablea word or part of a word that has one vowel sound
symbola literal object that stands for or represents something else
sympathetic charactera character that the reader identifies with and has a positive
response to
synonyma word or phrase with the same or similar meaning to
another word or phrase
themethe main subject of a talk, book, film, poem, etc.
third personwritten from an observer’s point of view, using pronouns
such as ‘he’, ‘she’ and ‘they’
time connectiveswords and phrases used to show how events in a story are
sequenced and linked by time
tonethe way that someone speaks or how a piece of writing
sounds, which helps suggest mood and feelings
visual imagean image which appeals to the sense of sight
voicethe way a particular character speaks or thinks in fiction,
or the writer’s tone and point of view in non-fiction
5
138
67
19
207
35
90
84
230
101
51
212
88
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137
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Cambridge Lower Secondary English 7 – Creamer, Williams, Rees-Bidder & Elsdon © Cambridge University Press 2021