Fluid mechanics / Frank M. White, Henry Xue. – Ninth edition.
International student edition. – New York, copyright © 2021
Spis treści
Preface
xi
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Preliminary Remarks
1.2 The Concept of a Fluid
1.3 The Fluid as a Continuum
1.4 Dimensions and Units
1.5 System and Control Volume
1.6 Thermodynamic Properties of a Fluid
1.7 Viscosity and Other Secondary Properties
1.8 Flow Patterns: Streamlines, Pathlines, and Streaklines
1.9 Basic Flow Analysis Techniques
1.10 The Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) Examination
1.11 The History of Fluid Mechanics
Summary
Problems
Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems
Comprehensive Problems
References
2
3
4
6
7
16
18
25
41
44
45
46
46
47
55
55
58
Chapter 2
Pressure Distribution in a Fluid
2.1 Pressure and Pressure Gradient
2.2 Equilibrium of a Fluid Element
2.3 Hydrostatic Pressure Distributions
2.4 Application to Manometry
2.5 Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces
2.6 Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces
2.7 Hydrostatic Forces in Layered Fluids
2.8 Buoyancy and Stability
2.9 Pressure Distribution in Rigid-Body Motion
2.10 Pressure Measurement
Summary
Problems
Word Problems
Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems
Comprehensive Problems
Design Projects
References
60
61
63
64
71
75
82
85
88
93
101
105
105
128
128
129
131
132
Chapter 3
Integral Relations for a Control Volume
3.1 Basic Physical Laws of Fluid Mechanics
3.2 The Reynolds Transport Theorem
3.3 Conservation of Mass
3.4 The Linear Momentum Equation
3.5 Frictionless Flow: The Bernoulli Equation
3.6 The Angular Momentum Theorem
3.7 The Energy Equation
Summary
Problems
Word Problems
Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems
Comprehensive Problems
Design Project
References
134
135
139
147
152
168
178
184
195
196
224
224
225
227
227
Chapter 4
Differential Relations for Fluid Flow
4.1 The Acceleration Field of a Fluid
4.2 The Differential Equation of Mass Conservation
4.3 The Differential Equation of Linear Momentum
4.4 The Differential Equation of Angular Momentum
4.5 The Differential Equation of Energy
4.6 Boundary Conditions for the Basic Equations
4.7 The Stream Function
4.8 Vorticity and Irrotationality
4.9 Frictionless Irrotational Flows
4.10 Some Illustrative Incompressible Viscous Flows
Summary
Problems
Word Problems
Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems
Comprehensive Problems
References
228
230
232
238
245
246
249
255
262
264
270
279
279
290
291
291
292
Chapter 5
Dimensional Analysis and Similarity
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Principle of Dimensional Homogeneity
5.3 The Pi Theorem
5.4 Nondimensionalization of the Basic Equations
5.5 Modeling and Similarity
Summary
Problems
Word Problems
294
295
299
301
312
321
333
334
342
Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems
Comprehensive Problems
Design Projects
References
342
343
344
345
Chapter 6
Viscous Flow in Ducts
6.1 Reynolds Number Regimes
6.2 Internal Viscous Flows
6.3 Head Loss—The Friction Factor
6.4 Laminar Fully Developed Pipe Flow
6.5 Turbulence Modeling
6.6 Turbulent Pipe Flow
6.7 Four Types of Pipe Flow Problems
6.8 Flow in Noncircular Ducts
6.9 Minor or Local Losses in Pipe Systems
6.10 Multiple-Pipe Systems
6.11 Experimental Duct Flows: Diffuser Performance
6.12 Fluid Meters
Summary
Problems
Word Problems
Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems
Comprehensive Problems
Design Projects
References
346
347
352
354
356
359
366
374
380
389
398
404
409
431
432
451
451
452
454
455
Chapter 7
Flow Past Immersed Bodies
7.1 Reynolds Number and Geometry Effects
7.2 Momentum Integral Estimates
7.3 The Boundary Layer Equations
7.4 The Flat-Plate Boundary Layer
7.5 Boundary Layers with Pressure Gradient
7.6 Drag of Two- and Three-Dimensional Bodies
7.7 Forces on Lifting Bodies
Summary
Problems
Word Problems
Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems
Comprehensive Problems
Design Project
References
458
459
463
467
469
479
485
504
513
514
527
527
528
529
529
Chapter 8
Potential Flow
8.1 Introduction and Review
532
533
8.2 Elementary Plane Flow Solutions
8.3 Superposition of Plane Flow Solutions
8.4 Plane Flow Past Closed-Body Shapes
8.5 Other Plane Potential Flows
8.6 Images
8.7 Airfoil Theory
8.8 Axisymmetric Potential Flow
Summary
Problems
Word Problems
Comprehensive Problems
Design Projects
References
536
544
550
559
563
566
574
580
580
590
590
591
591
Chapter 9
Compressible Flow
9.1 Introduction: Review of Thermodynamics
9.2 The Speed of Sound
93 Adiabatic and Isentropic Steady Flow
9.4 Isentropic Flow with Area Changes
9.5 The Normal Shock Wave
9.6 Operation of Converging and Diverging Nozzles
9.7 Compressible Duct Flow with Friction
9.8 Frictionless Duct Flow with Heat Transfer
9.9 Mach Waves and Oblique Shock Waves
9.10 Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Waves
Summary
Problems
Word Problems
Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems
Comprehensive Problems
Design Projects
References
594
596
600
603
609
616
624
629
640
645
655
668
669
682
682
683
684
685
Chapter 10
Open-Channel Flow
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Uniform Flow; The Chézy Formula and the Manning Formula
10.3 Efficient Uniform-Flow Channels
10.4 Specific Energy; Critical Depth
10.5 The Hydraulic Jump
10.6 Gradually Varied Flow
10.7 Flow Measurement and Control by Weirs
Summary
Problems
Word Problems
Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems
686
687
693
699
702
710
714
722
730
730
742
743
Comprehensive Problems
Design Projects
References
743
744
744
Chapter 11
Turbomachinery
11.1 Introduction and Classification
11.2 The Centrifugal Pump
11.3 Pump Performance Curves and Similarity Rules
11.4 Mixed- and Axial-Flow Pumps: The Specific Speed
11.5 Matching Pumps to System Characteristics
11.6 Turbines
Summary
Problems
Word Problems
Comprehensive Problems
Design Project
References
746
747
750
756
767
775
782
796
797
810
810
812
812
Appendix A Physical Properties of Fluids
814
Appendix В Compressible Flow Tables
819
Appendix С Conversion Factors
826
Appendix D Equations of Motion in Cylindrical Coordinates
828
Appendix E Estimating Uncertainty in Experimental Data
830
Appendix F Numerical Methods
832
Answers to Selected Problems
846
Index
853
Conversion Factors
864
Moody Chart
866
oprac. BPK