1.​ It can be seen as an objective phenomenon that all members of society believe
to be wrong, harmful or criminal
Ans: Consensus crime
2.​ A subjective phenomenon that only some members of society believe to be
wrong, harmful or criminal depending upon the circumstances
Ans: Conflict crime
3.​ 3 data sources used for homicide?
Ans: 1. Homicide survey 2. Vital statistics death database 3. Uniform crime report
survey
4.​ The UCR’s(Uniform Crime Reports) four violent crimes?
Ans: Murder and non-negligent manslaughter, Rape, Robbery, and Aggravated
assault
5.​ What is UCR?
Ans: The United Crime Report provides police-reported data, the 2 surveys are
the aggregate and incident-based
6.​ What is an aggregate survey?
Ans: Provides aggregated counts of offences such as reported incidents,
unfounded and founded incidents, the people arrested/charged by sex,eyc
7.​ What is an incident-based survey?
Ans: Detailed info on each criminal incident, as well as characteristics of the
victim and offender
8.​ What is VSDD?
Ans: Vital Statistics Death Database, collects demographic and medical info
annually from each province/territory, counts/rates of death, cause-specific death
rates, and life expectancy are all calculated
9.​ What is HS?
Ans: Homicide survey, the primary source of info on homicide in Canada,
administered by Statistics Canada since 1961
10.​ What are the flaws of HS?
Ans: Missing cases: some killings remain undetected(list of death or unfound
body), missing data: info on the victim or cause of death, accuracy of data: use of
old/altered files and data entry errors
11.​What is micro-analysis?
Ans: Focus on individual or situational factors
12.​ What is macro-analysis?
Ans: Focus on community or societal-level factors
13.​ What is the theoretical approach?
Ans: Researchers rely on theories to identify important traits, use of integration
with the different levels of analysis as an attempt to provide a more
comprehensive understanding of homicide through a multi-level framework, a
basic image of society that guides thinking and research
14.​What is the oldest definition of homicide?
Ans: Supernatural in their origins and focused on demonic possession or
inherent evilness
15.​What do the psychological explanations of the crime focus on?
Ans: An individuals psyche, personality structure, personality type, etc
16.​What is the economic-compulsive explanation of crime?
Ans: Addicted/dependent individuals commit crimes in order to fund their
substance abuse
17.​What is the systemic/structural explanation of crime?
Ans: Tied to the illegal drug market and is used to enforce payment resolve
competition and to punish
18.​What are the reasons alcohol increases violence in intimate partnerships?
Ans: Effects cognitive and physical function: reducing inhibition and leaving
people less capable of resolving issues without violence, excessive drinking: can
exacerbate problems in the relationship, societal beliefs: that alcohol causes
aggression can excuse/condone violent behaviour
19.​ What is traumatic bereavement?
Ans: A unique synergy of loss and trauma, the grief that follows homicide differs
from other forms of grief as they don’t necessarily follow the stages of the grief
model
20.​What are the 4 distinctive emotional characteristics of traumatic grief?
Ans: Anger, fear, guilt, shame
21.​What are the major differences found in 1st degree and 2nd-degree murder?
Ans: Intent: 1st degree is planned and deliberate, jail time: 1st degree has life
imprisonment with a chance at parole after 25 years while 2nd degree is only 10
years
22.​ What is Actus Reus?
Ans: The guilty act, in the case of homicide, is the act of one person killing
another
23.​What is Mens Rea?
Ans: “Guilty mind”, the intention or knowledge of wrongdoing that constitutes part
of a crime, as opposed to the action or conduct of the accused
​
24.​What is self-defence?
Ans: A legitimate defence for homicide, as long as the murder was a reasonable
reaction to the threat, required to use the minimum force necessary to defend
yourself in a given situation
25.​What is provocation?
Ans: A partial defence, if the offender's actions were provoked, or a “crime of
passion”
26.​What is manslaughter?
Ans: Unintentional but still culpable homicide, it requires either criminal
negligence or an unlawful act
27.​ What are biological theories?
Ans: Theories that maintain that the basic determinants of human behaviour,
including criminality, are constitutionally or physiologically based and often
inherited. It falls within the theoretical approach of individual positivism, focusing
almost exclusively on the individual offender and sharing a basic premise that the
murderer possesses some of the predisposition to kill
28.​What are Cesar Lombroso’s beliefs?
Ans: Criminals are anatomically or structurally distinct from non-criminals.
Criminals are degenerates(evolutionary throwbacks) with long/low jaws, big ears,
thin lips and curly black hair
29.​What are crime and human nature?
Ans: Personal traits such as genetic makeup, intelligence, and body build may
outweigh the importance of social variables as predictors of criminal activity.
Whether a person commits a crime depends upon the perceived benefits and if
they outweigh the perceived potential costs.
30.​What is the general theory of crime?
Ans: Whether a person commits a crime depends on their level of self-control
31.​What are twin studies?
Ans: Used to determine the relationship between inheritance and criminality,
involved in the comparison of levels of criminality between monozygotic(identical)
and dizygotic(fraternal) twins.
32.​What are the flaws of twin studies?
Ans: Identical twins are more likely to be treated similarly and experience a
similar environment. Criminality may be related to their social experiences
33.​The XXY hypothesis?
Ans: Criminal chromosome, the extra Y was thought to produce a “supermale”
who was more aggressive and criminal than the normal XY male.
34.​What is the relationship between testosterone and criminality?
Ans: Inspired by the knowledge that violent behaviour is predominantly
masculine in nature, some researchers argue that testosterone levels are raised
as a consequence of violent behaviour.
35.​What is the relationship between PMS and criminality?
Ans: Associated with an increased prosperity to violence and anti-social
behaviours in females. Several of the symptoms associated with PMS could
facilitate antisocial and violent behaviour.
36.​What are the 3 distinct levels at which one might uncover a relationship between
drugs and violence?
Ans: Psychopharamacological: the effects upon one's mind and body, Economic
compulsive: individuals commit a violent crime to secure the funds to sustain a
drug habit, Systemic: the violence associated with the supply/distribution of
drugs.
37.​What is a sociological perspective?
Ans: Understanding human behaviour by placing it within its broader social
context. Stresses that people are social beings more so than individuals. Society
profoundly shapes their behaviour, attitudes and life chances.
38.​What is social structure?
Ans: Refers to how a society is organized in terms of social relationships and
social interaction.
39.​What is the horizontal social structure?
Ans: The social and physical characteristics of communities and the networks of
social relationships to which an individual belongs.
40.​What is the vertical social structure?
Ans: How a society ranks different groups of people(race, ethnicity, gender), is
seen as social inequality.
41.​What is deviance?
Ans: Societal norms which have been violated through behaviour and arouses
negative social reactions.
42.​What are norms?
Ans: Remain unwritten and informal(they are customs). They are enforced
through informal social control, such as ostracism and ridicule(people don’t
deviate because they fear these repercussions). Formal norms are called laws.
43.​What is the sociological paradigm?
Ans: A set of assumptions about how society works and influences people.
Deviance will always exist because social norms are never strong enough to
prevent all rule-breaking, deviance is a normal part of every healthy society.
Deviance is necessary for social change to take place, a society without
deviance would be one without freedom of thought.
44.​What is crime?
Ans: A behaviour that is considered so harmful that it is banned by law.
45.​What is the consensus theory?
Ans: Assumes a consensus among people from all walks of life on what the
social norms of behaviour are and should be.
46.​What is the conflict theory?
Ans: Assumes that members of the public disagree on many of societies norms,
with their disagreement reflecting their inequality of wealth and power. Focuses
on how power differentials are created and how these differentials contribute to
the maintenance of social order.
47.​What are the goals of criminal law?
Ans: 1. Enforce social control, 2. Distribute retribution, 3. Express public opinion,
4. Deter criminal behaviour, 5. Punish wrongdoing, 6. Maintain social order, 7.
Restitution.
-Meant to help keep the public safe from crime and criminals, in other words, to
prevent and control crime and criminal behaviour
-To articulate our society's moral values and concerns
-Protect the rights and freedoms of the nation's citizens by protecting it from
potential government abuses of power
48.​What is mala in se?
Ans: Offences that are wrong by their very nature. Behaviours that violate
traditional norms and moral codes(e.x violent crime).
49.​What is mala prohibita?
Ans: Offences prohibited by law but not wrong in themselves. Behaviours that
violate contemporary standards only(e.x drug use).
50.​What is a felony?
Ans: A crime is typically one involving violence. It is regarded as more serious
than a misdemeanour and is usually punishable by imprisonment for more than
one year or by death
51.​ What is a misdemeanour?
Ans: A crime or offence that is less serious than a felony, any minor misbehaviour
or misconduct, punishable by less than one year in prison.
52.​What are the legal defences of criminal liability?
Ans: Accident/mistake, ignorance, duress, self-defence, entrapment, insanity
53.​What is criminal intent?
Ans: Intent to commit an evil act, knowingly and willingly, in violation of a statute
54.​What is the independent variable?
Ans: The variable that is changed in the experiment
55.​What is the dependent variable?
Ans: A variable whose value depends on that of another
56.​What is criminality?
Ans: The failure of an individual who is morally weak or mentally deficient
57.​What is the psychoanalytic theory?
Ans: Views criminal behaviour to be the result of some mental conflict in the
unconscious or subconscious mind
58.​What is ID(Freud)?
Ans: Part of the mind concerned with self-gratification by the easiest and quickest
available means. An unconscious area of the mind, driven by biological urges
and pleasure.
59.​What is Ego(Freud)?
Ans: The conscious mind(must negotiate the demands of the Id and the
Superego). Largely conscious develops through the learning of the negative
consequences.
60.​What is Superego(Freud)?
Ans: Represents the conscience, holds rules, values for socially acceptable
behaviour, the aspect of personality that has internalized the moral and ethical
rules/regulations of society.
61.​What are the two different models of criminal behaviour?
Ans: Certain forms of criminal behaviour are the result of mental disturbance or
illness developed during psychosexual development. Criminal offenders possess
a weak conscious/conscience.
62.​What is the evolutionary psychological perspective?
Ans: The basic premise of evolutionary psychology(socio-biology) is that
behaviour in large part is inherited and that every organism acts (consciously or
not) to enhance its inclusive fitness.
63.​ What is the personal theory?
Ans: Involves studying violent offenders and comparing them with nonviolent
individuals, with a view to isolating certain psychological traits that differ among
the two groups.
64.​What is instrumental violence?
Ans: Involves some kind of gain and generally begins as a predatory attack(e.x
robbery-homicide)
65.​What is expressive violence?
Ans: Begins as an interpersonal confrontation and is not seen to gain anything
specific or tangible
66.​What are over-controlled individuals?
Ans: Rigidly inhibited against the expression of aggression and violence will only
occur if the provocation is intense or has been endured for a very long time. If
this occurs, any resultant behaviour is likely to take the form of an extreme
assault or homicidal proportions.
67.​Under-controlled individuals?
Ans: Seen as possessing very low inhibitors against aggressive impulses,
therefore frequently resorting to acts of violence under perceived provocation.
68.​What is social psychology?
Ans: Concerned with the effects of social situations on human behaviour. Unlike
sociological theories, it focuses on the individual.
69.​Cognitive psychology?
Ans: Interested in how/why individuals act and react to the environment and
other individuals but pay attention to the actual mental processes of individuals.
70.​What is the social learning theory?
Ans: Argues that the acquisition of any given behaviour occurs through the
process of learning, either through direct experience or by observation.
71.​What are the 3 crucial aspects to understanding aggression?
Ans: The acquisition of the aggressive behaviour, the process of instigation of the
aggression, the conditions that maintain the aggression.
72.​What are the four stages of the violent criminal development process?
Ans: Brutalization, belligerency, violent performance, virulency.
73.​What is brutalization?
Ans: Psychological trauma caused by violent subjugation, personal horrification
and violent coaching.
74.​What is belligerency?
Ans: A brooding period characterized by repressed rage and feelings of
inadequacy and humiliation, when an individual resolves to start hitting back
75.​Violent performance?
Ans: Subject scores his first major victory or violent feat during a physical
altercation
76.​What is virulency?
Ans: Individual becomes conscious that other people’s opinion of them have
suddenly and drastically changed in the wake of their violent feat
77.​Soulliere’s Beliefs?
Ans: Media provides viewers with an inaccurate depiction of murder. Shapes our
beliefs and how often violence and murder actually occurs and to whom.
78.​What does the media teach us?
Ans: Whom and what to fear
79.​We cannot understand ones actions without knowledge of their:
Ans: social background
80.​Crime and victimization are ____ issues
Ans: Public
81.​Crime, victimization, and legal punishments are:
Ans: Important negative life chances for people at the bottom of the
socioeconomic ladder.
82.​True or false: Positions at the top of the socioeconomic ladder contribute to a
greater probability of white collar crime that results in little to no punishment
Ans: True
83.​Formal norms are called:
Ans: Laws
84.​For social change to take place there must be:
Ans: Deviance
85.​High crime rates are related to negative:
Ans: Social conditions
86.​What is criminogenic?
Ans: “Crime causing” conditions such as neighbourhoods can promote criminality
87.​What is Edward Sutherland’s definition of criminology?
Ans: The study of making laws, then breaking said laws, and society’s reaction to
breaking of laws.
88.​True or false: things that are viewed as deviant today will always be viewed as
deviant
Ans: False
89.​What do laws represent?
Ans: Views of the powerful, to help them stay in power
90.​What is a consensual or victimless crime?
Ans: Crimes that do not involve victims(drugs and prostitution)
91.​What are some factors of criminal intent?
Ans: Mentality, Actus Reus, Mens Rea, Evidence
92.​Certain types of legal defences?
Ans: Accident/mistake, ignorance(doing something, not knowing it was lethal),
self-defence, entrapment(forced to do something illegal and then getting into
trouble), insanity(did not have right presence of mind)
93.​(97 on Quizlet) What are research methods in criminology:
Ans: Surveys, experiments, qualitative research, research using existing data,
comparative and historic research
94.​Which is the most used weapon for murder?
Ans: Firearms(men are more likely to use), knife(women are more likely to use)
95.​What is the most likely relationship between the offender and the victim?
Ans: Familial
96.​ __ and ____ use have forever been in importance to the contribution of murder
Ans: Drugs and alcohol
97.​Where do most murders take place?
Ans: Residence or street
98.​__murders are planned
Ans: 1/3
99.​ One going through traumatic grief will commonly struggle with
Ans: Employment, childcare, legal matters
100.​ What are examples of culpable murder?
Ans: Murder, manslaughter, and infanticide
101.​ Non-culpable murder is not an offence:
Ans: False
102.​ What is an exception of non-culpable murder?
Ans: False evidence
103.​ 4 factors that make a death a culpable homicide?
Ans: Unlawful act, criminal negligence, threats of fear or violence, and willfully
frightening a human being in the case of the child or a sick person
104.​ What do the uniform crime reports provide?
Ans: Incidents, charges, and the person arrested
105.​ What does the homicide survey provide?
Ans: Survey info- variables, summaries, related to homicide
106.​ What are the 3 challenges in homicide data collection?
Ans: missing cases, missing data, inaccuracy of data
107.​ What is the purpose of the homicide survey?
Ans: To collect police-reported data on the characteristics of all homicide
incidents in Canada
108.​ What is the incident questionnaire?
Ans: Details surrounding the circumstance of the incident
109.​ What is the victim questionnaire?
Ans: Information on the victim(the demographics)
110.​ What is the charge/suspect chargeable questionnaire?
Ans: Basic demographic information as well as mental health, substance abuse,
and previous criminal background information
111.​ What is the acceleration of death?
Ans: When a person causes a human being a bodily injury thats results in death,
only to accelerate their death from a disease or disorder arising from some other
cause
112.​ What is the exemption for medical assistance in dying?
Ans: No medical practitioner commits culpable homicide if they provide a person
with medical assistance in dying according to 241.2
113.​ What is killing by influence on the mind?
Ans: No person commits culpable homicide where they cause the death of
another by the influence on the mind alone, by any disorder or disease resulting
from influence on the mind
114.​ What makes murder culpable?
Ans: Causing the death of another person(cause death), means to cause bodily
harm that is likely known could cause death, facilitating the commission of the
offence, facilitating their flight after committing the act, stupefying or
overpowering things, willingly fully stops
115.​ What makes murder first degree?
Ans: It is planned and deliberate
116.​ Who is a peace officer?
Ans: Police officer, police constable, sheriff, maintenance of public peace in the
course of their duties. Can be a warden, instructor, keeper, jailer, guard, or
anyone working in a prison with prison authorities.
117.​ How can murder be reduced to manslaughter?
Ans: If the person who committed it did so in the heat of passion caused by
sudden provocation.
118.​ What is death during an illegal arrest?
Ans: Culpable homicide that otherwise would be murder is not necessarily
manslaughter by reason only that was committed by a person who was being
arrested illegally.
119.​ What is easy to prove? Actus reus or Mens rea?
Ans: Actus reus
120.​ To prove the ____, you must know what is going inside the offender's mind to
determine if the action was intentional.
Ans: Mens rea
121.​ What is duress/coercion/compulsion?
Ans: To be forced by pressure from another into killing another human being
122.​ Over 50% of countries report homicide data, the rest do not(UNOCDC)
Ans: True
123.​ What are the challenges that relate to the lack of homicide data worldwide?
(UNODC)
Ans: 1)Limited capacity to establish or maintain a national registration system of
all crimes and deaths, 2)Weak reporting channel transmitting national data to
international organizations
124.​ How can we improve crime statistics?
Ans: 1)Development of new standards, 2)improvement of national capacity and
coordination, 3)better international data collection and analyses
125.​ Who often makes trends?
Ans: Government, academics, and the media
126.​ In 2012, the homicide rate ___
Ans: fell by 10%
127.​ In 2012, there was a drop in the number for the ____ age group. This made
them comparable to the 25-34 age group.
Ans: 18-24
128.​ In 2012, there was a decrease of homicide in the ______
Ans: West(BC, Alberta, Saskatchewan).
129.​ In general, homicide rates are _____ in the West and North.
Ans: higher
130.​ In 2012, there were ___ homicides in Guelph.
Ans: 0
131.​ ______reported the homicide rates in 2012. Followed by Winnipeg, Regina,
and Halifax
Ans: Thunder Bay
132.​ In 2012, there was an increase in the number of fatal____.
Ans: Shootings
133.​ In 2012, _____also increased slightly.
Ans: Stabbings
134.​ _____are used for the majority of killings.
Ans: Firearms(handguns)
135.​ Saskatchewan has the highest rate for_____.
Ans: Gang homicides(triple the national rate)
136.​ Most homicides are committed by______.
Ans: Someone known to the victim
137.​ In 2012, the number of homicides committed by a _____ decreased, the
lowest it has been in 40 years.
Ans: stranger
138.​ In 2012, there were fewer_____ accused of homicide
Ans: Youth
139.​ Which occupations are at the highest risk for homicide?
Ans: Taxi drivers, police, jewellers, gas station attendants, security guard,
manager(hotel, bar, restaurant, retail), correctional officer, financial agent.
140.​ Intimate partner homicides affect women. ____ of the victims are female.
Ans: 2/3
141.​ Men are less likely to be a victim of homicide.
Ans: False(79%).
142.​ Violent deaths can be divided into:
Ans: killings, non-conflict, self-inflicted
143.​ _____ of homicides are caused by a firearm.
Ans:4/10
144.​ ______has the highest rate of homicide caused by a firearm
Ans: The Americas
145.​ _______ has the highest homicide rate for the “other category”(poison, bat,
rope, suffocation, etc)
Ans: Europe
146.​ ______ has the highest homicide rate for sharp objects.
Ans: Oceania
147.​ _____has the highest rate of conflict leading to homicide
Ans: South Sudan
148.​ What are micro-level analyses on homicide?
Ans: Individual and situational factors that may explain why certain individuals
are at an increased risk for homicide.
149.​ What are macro-level analyses on homicide?
Ans: Community and societal factors that explain why different regions have
higher homicide rates
150.​ There is a single explanation for homicide?
Ans: False
151.​ List factors associated with the risk of homicide:
Ans: Environmental induced biological deficiencies(drugs), poor nutrition, lead
exposure.
152.​ What physical characteristics were seen to be associated with criminality?
Ans: long lower jaws, big ears, thin lips, curly black hair, and aquiline noses.
Lombroso also claimed that a large part of criminal behaviour was inborn.
153.​ In 2011, police found that ___ of offenders had mental disorders.
Ans: 19%
154.​ In 1997,_____ of females had a mental disorder at the time of murder.
Ans: 20% and 13% for males
155.​ What is individual positivism?
Ans: This approach views crimes as being generated primarily by forces located
within the individual
156.​ What did Kretschmer take interest in?
Ans: Relationship between the body and mind. Kretschmer and others have
found that murderers were typically older, heavier, large in the chest, broader in
the jaw, and heavier shoulders in comparison with other criminals.
157.​ What did Wilson and Bernstein believe?
Ans: -That individuals differ in their underlying criminal tendencies and whether a
person chooses to commit a crime in a given situation depends on whether
perceived benefits outweigh the perceived and potential costs
-Other factors taken into account such as physical appearance, genes,
intelligence, personality, developmental factors(broken/abusive families), and
schooling
-That IQ is mainly determined by genes and that people with lower IQ are more
likely to commit a crime as they lack the foresight of right and wrong
158.​ What were the results of the twin and adoption studies?
Ans: Over 13% of adopted children had a criminal conviction where neither
father(biological or adoptive) had a criminal conviction. This rose to 14.7% where
the child’s adoptive parent had a criminal record. The adopted child was more
likely when their natural father(20%) had a criminal record. If the adoptive father
also had a criminal record, the likelihood became 24.5%.
159.​ What do researchers believe about testosterone?
Ans: Levels are raised as a consequence of violent behaviour.
160.​ 46% of cases committed by females were ____ prior to or after their
menstruation.
Ans: 4 days
161.​ Raine found that murders had much lower ____ levels in the prefrontal
complex
Ans: Glucose
162.​ Typically, criminals have ____ heart rate.
Ans: low(65 BPM)
163.​ What is imbalanced levels of neurotransmitters associated with?
Ans: Mood disorders, depression, anger attacks, and aggressive behaviour
164.​ What is psychopharmacology?
Ans: The study of the effects of drugs on the mind and behaviour
165.​ Evidence connects a relationship between _____ and _____ resulting in
violent situations.
Ans: Cocaine and opiate
166.​ In ____ of cases, both the victim and offender consumed alcohol prior to the
murder.
Ans: 44%
167.​ _____ victims consume alcohol prior to death.
Ans: 2/3
168.​ ____offenders consume alcohol prior to death.
Ans: 1/2
169.​ Higher sugar intake relates to violent behaviours.
Ans: True, could be from sugars in alcohol.
170.​ What did Freud propose for the 2 models of criminal behaviour?
Ans: 1.Criminal behaviour is the result of a mental illness or disturbance. 2. The
offender has a weak conscience, through the lack of socialization as a child.
171.​ What is an ego dystonic murderer?
Ans: Kills against their conscious wishes during an altered state of
consciousness, brought about when part of the psychic structure is split off from
the rest of the personality. This process may be induced by psychological,
physiological, or pharmacological factors.
172.​ What is an ego syntonic murderer?
Ans: Deliberately chooses homicide as a method of coping with and resolving
psychological conflcits
173.​ What is a psychotic murderer?
Ans: An individual who kills in accordance with paranoid delusions and
hallucination.
174.​ What preconditions can lead to murder?
Ans: 1.Shame 2.No other option(without violence) 3.Lack of emotional
capabilities or feelings that normally inhibit violent impulses stimulated by shame
175.​ What is the proximate principle?
Ans: The here and now, try and focus on the immediate causes or factors
responsible for a particular response, such as internal physiology, previous
experience, or conditions in the environment.
176.​ What is the ultimate principle?
Ans: Looks into the evolutionary past, to try and decipher how and why certain
mechanisms or potentials for behaviours have evolved
177.​ What is parricide?
Ans: Killing parents, or other near relatives
178.​ What is femicide?
Ans: Killing females
179.​ What is a psychopathic personality type?
Ans: One of the most widely tested and documented typologies in relation of
crime and personality. It is both genetic and biological. It’s biological-based
personality features in combination with social upbringing(antisocial behaviour).
180.​ What is the role of a social psychologist?
Ans: Look at the power of the situation rather than the power of individuality.
They look at external, situational factors, rather than internal, personality factors.
181.​ What is the role of the cognitive psychologist?
Ans: Look at how and why individuals act and react to the environment and other
individuals, but pay attention to the actual mental processes(cognitive) or
individuals, that is how and why we process information in a particular manner.
182.​ Some suggestions for declining homicide rates?
Ans: 1)Due to improvements in medical technology and emergency response
teams(fewer people passing away)
2)Gun control laws may have an impact
3)When socio-economic variables are controlled by a younger population, there
was a higher homicide rate(baby boomer generation)
4)” Get tough policies”(not true in Canada or the US only)
5)Police enforcement
183.​ What do sociological criminologists look at?
Ans: Faults in society rather than in the individuals
184.​ What are the two most common homicide enablers?
Ans: Substance(drug or alcohol), firearms
185.​ What is the structural and cultural theory of homicide?
Ans: In order to understand crime, they must understand social roots
186.​ ______ or lack of opportunities create conditions that could lead to violent
crime.
Ans: Poverty
187.​ What is absolute deprivation?
Ans: Real poverty(barely having access to basic needs of survival) causes stress
and frustration.
188.​ What is relative deprivation?
Ans: Inequality in terms of resources
189.​ What is social disorganization?
Ans: Inability of a community structure to realize the common values of its
residents and maintain effective social control
190.​ What is the strain theory?
Ans: Blend between structural and cultural theory in which it is argued that crime
arouse due to conflict between the cultural goals of society and the limitations
within the social strata. Ex: someone being prevented from achieving the
success that is expected leading to frustration and deviance.
191.​ What is the sub-culture theory?
Ans: The people who commit violence have different life values
192.​ “Missing link” in structural and cultural theories?
Ans: Models start from the same basic levels of analysis(poverty, inequality,
deprivation, discrimination, unemployment), or cultural and sub-cultural norms of
both.
193.​ What is victimology?
Ans: “Study of the victim” sociodemographics
194.​ Not very many homicides contain a firearm:
Ans:False(41%)
195.​ What is the Homicide Research Working Group?
Ans: International group to which many sociological criminologists belong to.
196.​ The financial cost of homicide?
Ans: $17.25 million costs per murder, $24 million average murderer, includes a
number of offences, victim cost of crime, costs of justice investigation and
adjudication, cost of incarceration, $15 million per homicide in Canada
197.​ Key to violence prevention?
Ans: Well-informed public
QUIZZES
According to the Global Study on Homicide 2019, when examining the
first stage of the criminal justice process – formal contact with police –
those aged _____ represented the highest age group of perpetrators
globally:
Ans: 18-30
In examining the risk factors associated with intimate partner violence
and homicide, Stöckl and her colleagues noted that:
Ans: Men’s alcohol use and abuse is a risk factor
Quizlets:
https://quizlet.com/252919973/soc-2760-final-exam-flash-cards/
https://quizlet.com/285779413/soc-2760-final-flash-cards/
https://quizlet.com/ca/351287015/soc-2760-final-exam-prep-flash-cards/
https://quizlet.com/ca/351226599/soc-2760-exam-review-flash-cards/
Practice Exam 1
1.​ What does Barkan (2014) argue is a major reason for the relevance of or
connection between sociology and criminology?
Ans: the structural basis for criminality
2.​ In his article, Pridemore (2003) more encourages researchers to combine
_______ with ______ to enhance theoretical understandings about homicide an
to enhance interventions aimed at reducing violence and homicides:
Ans: public health research / sociological criminology
3.​ According to Dawson (2017), when it is determined that a killing was commited in
the heat of passion caused by sudden provocation, what is most likely the
charge?
Ans: Manslaughter
4.​ Gabor et al. (2002) attributed the differences between police and health-based
homicide statistics to:
Ans:
Options:
Different data collection procedures
Different opinions by police and coroner regarding cause of death
Data quality issues
the ambiguity surrounding stranger and acquaintance homicides (NOT THIS
ONE)
“Hung's (1987) study of case files indicated that the majority of discrepancies
were due to differences of opinion between police and coroners regarding
the cause of death. Data quality issues and different data collection procedures
accounted for a smaller number of discrepancies.”
5.​ Accoding to Brookman, what was a major criticism of victimology including the
concept of victim-precipitation?
Options:
It ignores the root of social problems (NOT THIS ONE)
Studies are inaccurate because victim information is rarely recorded
It can develop into victim blaming
It creatres too much focus on children
“Victimologists looked less at individual interactions and how they result in
criminal victimisation and more toward structural understandings of the process
of victimisation, for example, by examining the impact of patterns of lifestyle on
patterns of victimisation”
6.​ Pridemore (2003) outlines the public health perspective. What are the four stages
of the public health approach to violence and injury prevention?
Ans: surveillance/discover risk factors/develop and test
interventions/implementation and evaluation
7.​ According to Pridemore (2003), homicide is patterned and is _____.
Ans: preventable
8.​ As discussed in the lecture notes of Unit 2, while homicide data is among the
most reliable crime data, it is not without its challenges. Which of the following is
among those challenges?
Ans: missing data
9.​ According to Dawson (2017), what is the most crucial factor that typically
distinguishes between murder (first-or second-degree) and manslaughter?
Ans: mental element
10.​According to Dawson (2017) and the Criminal Code of Canada, first-degree
murer and second degree murder are distinguished primarily based on wheher
the
Ans: act was planned and deliberate
11.​As discussed by Gabor et. al (2002) criminilogical studies of homicide have relied
overwhelmingly on for data collection and analysis
Ans: police statistics
12.​During the period of 1988 - 2018, in what year was Canada’s homicide rate the
highest?
Ans: 1991
13.​ As discussed in Chapter 20 ‘Homicide in Canada’, female victims of homicide
are more likely to be killed by a/an
Ans: intimate partner
14.​Similar to the past 30 years as discussed in Chapter 20 ‘Homicide in Canada’,
the two most common methods used to commit homicide in Canada in 2018
were:
Ans: stabbings and shootings
15.​In 2018, rates of gang-related homicide continued to be typically highest in which
region of the country?
Ans: West
16.​In which of the following situations it it not possible to complete the
charged/suspect-chargeable questionnaire?
Ans: case is unsolved → Verified with google
17.​Daly and Wilson (1988) predicted that the greater than the genetic relationship
between two individuals, the less likely they will be to kill one another and vice
cersa, with the exception of what type of killing?
Ans: Infanticide
18.​In the chapter on biological theories by Brookman, a study of death row inmates
was descrcibed in which four distinct “ecological” levels were examined sa
potential precursors of lethal violence among this sample. All og the respondents
had experienced:
Ans: family violence and individual impairement
19.​ According to Brookman, what theory is most capable of explaining and
understanding homicides?
Ans: structural + cultural + interactional
20.​Psychoanalytic theorists view criminal behaviour to be the result of a (an)
Ans: mental conflict
21.​Which of the following is not a criticism of twin and adoption studies?
Ans: non-identical twins are more likely than identical twins to be treated
similarly
22.​Classic biological theories of homicidal and crminal behaviour viewed criminals
as _______ whereas later research suggested that criminals were in fact
_______
Ans: physically inferior; physically superior
23.​ According to Debra Neihoff, author of the Biology of Violence, why do bad
neighborhoods, bad homes, and bad relationships breed violence?
Ans: the effects of long-term stress
24.​According to the Global Index on Homicide 2019, in Canada, firearms are more
closely associated with homicidescommitted in the context of
Ans: gang-related homicide
25.​According to Brookman, what theory suggests that crime is learned behaviour
through the transmission of favourable definitions to law-breaking and deviance?
A: Sutherland's (1939) ‘differential association theory’ focused upon the
transmission of definitions favourable to law-breaking as well as the
specific content of what is learned, such as the techniques for committing crime
and the rationalisations that accompany criminality (in this respect it transgresses
both social learning and cultural theories).
26.​According to Brookman, Robert Park’s theory of social organization states that
conflict and struggle over space has an effect on the ______ of the community
Ans: equilibrium
27.​According to Brookman, with the rise of victimology, key research on which of the
following concepts was conducted by Marvin Wolfgang?
Ans: victim precipitation
28.​Discussing the number of unsolved serial homicides, Levin and Fox refer to the
concept of ____ to describe investigators who are not always able to connect
homicides, separated over time and space to the activities of a single perpetrator
Ans: linkage blindness
29.​According to Levin and Fox, the majority of serial killings and a substantial
number of mass killings have which of the following motivations?
Ans: power
30.​While acknowledging the variations in a ‘minimum victim count’ which is used to
distinguish a multiple or mass homicide event from other homicides, Levin and
Fox contend that the once standard ____ minimum is the most useful for
researchers.
Ans: 4-victim
31.​According to Levin and Fox, when researchers focus on similarities in motivation
rather than differences based on timing in multiple killings, distinctions across the
various sub-forms of multiple homicide become less importnant and, in fact,
eliminates the need for the _______ killer designation.
Ans: spree
32.​According to Levin and Fox, there are certaindemographic characteristics that
are shared among typical multiple killers. These are,
Ans: white, middle-aged males
33.​ As discussed in the article on ‘Homicide on Indigenous peoples in North
America’ explanations for the ongoing phenomenon of missing and murdered
Indigenous women and girls cannot omit the impact of ongoing colonialism as
well as which of the following?
Ans: patriarchal societal structures
34.​In ‘Colonialism and Cold Genocide’ by Anderson, hot and cold genocides are
distinguished. Which of the following best reflects characteristics of hot
genocide?
Ans: Annihilation
35.​As argued by Anderson in ‘Colonialism and Cold Genocide’, key features of
colonial genocides include which of the following?
Ans: Characterization of the colonized as primitive and inferior + seizure of
territory and resources + deterioration of life conditions of those colonized
36.​In the course notes on mass homicide, two social types of mass homicide were
highlighted which focus on the relationships between the victims and the
perpetrators. Which of the following are those two social types?
Ans: Familial mass homicide and non-familial mass homicide
37.​In ‘Making a murderer’, Marganski outlines various commonalities across mass
murders, beyond being almost exclusively male perpetrators. Which of the
following does she argue has been underexplored?
Ans:
Options:
Their support an adherence to traditional gender scripts
Their history of violence/regression ( i think this one)
Their access to firearms
Their belief in violence as an appropriate solution to their perceived suffering
(NOT THIS ONE)
38.​In Dawson’s (2015) article on filicide trends in Canada, which of the following is
not one of the emerging trends identified?
Options:
none of these - NOT THIS ONE
Increases in accused who commit suicide after filicide
The gap between male and female accused is growing wider
A growing number of cases involving family violence
“Five possible emerging trends were identified: an increasing gender gap in
accused, increasing presence of relationship breakdown, growing number of
cases involving stepfathers and a prior history of family violence, and declines in
accused who committed suicide.”
39.​According to Brookman, what is a major criticism of early sociological theories of
crime (i.e. structural and cultural)
Ans: they tend to over predict individuals’ involvement in crime
40.​According to the Woodworth et al. (2013) study on youth-perpetrated homicide in
Canada, the most frequent youth homicide perpetrators were _____ years old
Ans: 16
41.​According to the Woodworth et al. (2013) article on youth-perpetrated homicide
in Canada, which of the following statements is false?
Ans: Canada is more urbanized than the United States
42.​According to Heide (2017), adolescent parricide offenders are more likely to be:
Ans: severely abused
43.​Compared to previous studies, the Woodworth et al. (2013) study of
youth-perpetrated homicides found that
Ans: youth are more likely to engage in homicides involving beatings
44.​When examining the typical parricide, which of the following statements is true as
discussed by Heide (2017)?
Ans: most involve single victim, single offender insights
45.​In the article by Spencer and Stith (2018), a key theory explaining intimate
partner homicide emphasizes men’s belief that they have a right to control
women. What is the name of this theory?
Ans: male sexual proprietariness theory
46.​In documenting the global prevalence of intimate partner homicide, Stockl and
her colleagues noted that a key challenge was:
Ans: All of these (The underrepresentation of studies in lower-income countries +
The lack of information on male intimate partner homicide + The
overrepresentation of studies in high-income countries)
“intimate partner homicide data lacking in low-income settings, especially in Asia
and Africa.”
“In regions such as the Americas, where male homicides are among the highest
globally, the prevalence of intimate partner homicide was not among the highest
reported.”
●​ Throughout the article, it showed a lot of proof that there was an
overrepresentation of studies in high-income studies. So, I believe it’s all
of these
47.​In the article by Spencer and Stith (2018) on risk factors for male
perpetrator-female victim intimate partner homicide (IPH), they found that various
risk factors increased the likelihood of IPH victimication. Which of the following is
NOT one of those factors?
Ans: the victim was married to the perpetrator
48.​According to the Global Study on Homicide 2019, there are various statistical
indicators that capture the criminal justice response to homicide globally. Which
is not one of those indicators?
A: Probation Rate
49.​According to the Global Study on Homicide 2019, despite the relative reliability of
homicide data, there are some homicides that remain undetected. Which of the
following captures why this might be the case?
A: All of these (inconsistent counting standards, flawed population data and data
tampering)
50.​According to the article by Pastia and colleagues (2017) on homicide clearance
rates in Canada, they examined time to clearance for various demographic
groups and found that
Ans: cases involving married victims were cleared faster than never married
victims
51.​Examining no-body or body-absent homicides, the study by Ferguson and
Pooley (2019) concluded that which of the following factors may prevent missing
murdered cases from being solved?
Ans: All of these (Lack of physical evidence, ongoing ambiguity about victim’s
fate, delays in police investigation)
52.​According to Mitchell and Roberts (2012), what problems exist i using mandatory
sentences for murder?
Ans: all of these (inaccurate labeling + it violates the principle of proportionality in
sentencing + undermines public confidence in sentencing)
53.​As discussed by Gabor et al. (2002), criminological studies of homicide have
relied overwhelmingly on for data collection and analysis:
Ans: police statistics
54.​As discussed in the lecture notes for Unit 2, while homicide data is among the
most reliable crime data, it is not without its challenges. Which of the following is
among those challenges?
Ans: missing data
55.​According to Gabor et al. (2002), Canada’s most populous jurisdictions show
______ disparities in homicide counts than less populated regions.
Ans: greater
56.​As discussed in the lecture notes for Unit 2, when homicide is perceived as an
objective phenomenon which all members of society believe is wrong, harmful or
criminal, this is described as a:
Ans: consensus crime
57.​Research by Gabor et al. (2002) revealed differences between police and
health-based homicide statistics. Which of the following was one of the key
differences?
Ans: Police-based data yielded higher homicide counts than health-based data
58.​As discussed in Chapter 20 'Homicide in Canada', in what year did Statistics
Canada begin to collect data on murder using the Homicide Survey?
Ans: 1961
59.​Studies and data on the link between homicide and mental disorder have
generally found that,
Ans: individuals suffering from mental disorder are responsible for a relatively
small proportion of all homicide
60.​According to the Global Study on Homicide 2019, the distribution of criminal
justice resources globally is difficult to capture but, based on available data,
which of the following countries/world regions has the highest share of criminal
justice personnel (e.g. police, prosecutors, judges)?
Ans: “Europe, for example, has the highest share of police, prosecutors and
judges”
61.​Mitchell and Roberts (2012) explored public reactions to a mandatory sentence
of life imprisonment and asked each respondent to choose a sentence for three
homicide case scenarios. They found that:
Ans: only a minority of respondents favoured imposing natural life sentences
62.​Mitchell and Roberts (2012) tested the assumption that nothing less than a
mandatory sentence of life imprisonment would be an acceptable replacement
for the death penalty for murder in England and Wales. They found that:
Ans: All of these (the public are not opposed to a fixed-term alternative to the
mandatory life sentence + mispeceptions of murder trends are associated with
harsher recommended sentences + sentences are favoured that result in the
release of an offender in less than 20 years)
“The evidence demonstrates that the public are not opposed to a fixed-term
alternative to the mandatory life sentence. In fact, when asked to impose
sentence in a range of cases, they often favoured imposition of a fixed term
that would ultimately result in the release of the offender in less than 20
years.”
“This table confirms the predicted role of misperceptions about murder trends
and statistics; misperceptions about murder trends were associated with
harsher recommended sentences, independently of the influence of other
predictors.”
63.​Which of the following is not one of the three reasons outlines by Professor
Dawson as to why it is important to study homicide?
Ans: a need to understand appropriate sanctions for homicide
64.​According to Dawson (2017), when it is determined that a killing was committed
in the heat of passion caused by sudden provocationb, what is the most likely
charge?
Ans: manslaughter
65.​According to Dawson (2017) and the Criminal Code of Canada,
first-degreemurder and second-degree murder are distinguished primarily based
on whether the
Ans: act was planned and deliberate
66.​According to Pridemore (2003), homicide is patterened and is ____
Ans: preventable
67.​Pridemore (2003) gives two specific examples of burden of homicide. In his ifirst
example, he discusses how one particular group of individuals in the United
States has received widespread attention as a serious public health issue due to
their violence-related morbidity and mortality. WHat group has exhibited high
levels of excess mortality due to homicide?
Ans: African americans
68.​The Homicide Survey is comprised of three main questionnaires. Which of the
following are the three questionnaires?
Ans: incident; victim; charge/suspect-chargeable
69.​Similar to the past 30 years as discussed in Chapter 20 ‘Homicide in Canada’,
the two most common methods used to commit homicide in Canada in 2018
were:
Ans: stabbings and shootings
70.​Which of the following is not a criticism of twin and adoption studies?
Ans: non-identical twins are more likely than identical twins to be treated
similarly
71.​Psychoanalytic theories view criminal bejaviour to be the result of a (an)
Ans: mental conflict
72.​According to Debra Neihoff, author of the Biology of Violence, why do bad
neighbourhoods, bad homes, and bad relationships breed violence?
Ans: effects of long term stress
73.​According to Brookman, Merton’s strain theory uses the concept (s) of _______?
Ans: Relative Deprivation
74.​Accordin to Brookman, which of the following is not one of the mechanisms of
adaptation identified in Merton’s strain theory?
Ans: realism
75.​According to Global Index on Homicide 2019, in Canada, firearms are more
closely associated with homicides committed in the context of
Ans: gang-related homicide
76.​According to Brookman, with the rise of victimology, key research on which of the
following concepts was conducted by Marvin Wolfgang?
Ans: victim precipitation
77.​In Confessions of a Serial Killer, when the offender tells the police during his
interview that his main purpose was never to kill anyone, but to “have a good
drink” and he was usually drunk when he killed his victims, which of the following
neutralization techniques is he using?
Ans: Denial of responsibility
78.​According to Levin and Fox, the majority of serial killings and a substantial
number of mass killings have which of the following motivations
A:Power
79.​ Levin and Fox use multiple murderer Charles Manson and the many role models
for violent crime that he was exposed to from a young age to illustrate which of
the following explanations for multiple homicide?
A: Social Learning Theory
80.​An explanation for serial killers is that, when motivated, they have access to
appropriate targets who do not have effective guardians and victims are selected
for these reasons
A: Routine Activity Theory
81.​In ‘Colonialism and Cold Genocide’ by Anderson, hot and cold genocides are
distinguished. Which of the following best reflects characteristics of hot
genocide?
A: Annihilation
82.​As argued by Anderson in ‘Colonialism and Cold Genocide’, key features of
colonial genocides include which of the following?
A: All of these (the seizure of territory and resources + deterioation of life
conditions of those colonized + characterization og the colonized as primitive and
inferior)
83.​In ‘A Crime by Any Other Name”, Reiman and Leighton argue that those who
believe ‘Crimes of the rich’ are not the same as the ‘crimes by the poor’ because
A: Harms that occur from legitimate, socially productive activities are less serious
84.​In the course notes for Unit 7 on mass homicide, one motivation is highlighted
that is not captured well in Levin and Fox’s typology. Which of the following best
represents that motivation
A: Misogyny
85.​ According to Heide (2017), adolescent parricide offenders are more likely to be:
A: Severely abused
86.​When examining the typical parricide, which of the following statements is true as
discussed by Heide (2017)?
A: Most involve single victim, single offender incidents
87.​According to the Woodworth et al. (2013) study on youth-perpetrated homicide,
the normalization of violence means that,
A: Being exposed to violence regularly may make violence appear normal
88.​According to Woodworth et al. (2013) article on youth-perpetrated homicide in
Canada, which of the following statements is false?
A: Canada is more urbanized than the United States
89.​In the article by Dawson and Gartner (1998) on intimate femicide, they argue that
there may be differences in violences across relationship types because:
A: All of these
90.​In examining the risk factors associated with intimate partner violence and
homicide, Stockl and her colleagues noted that:
A: Men’s alcohol use and abuse is a risk factor
91.​In the article by Dawson and Gartner (1998) on intimate femicide, when
examining relationship status, they found victims were more likely to be sexually
assaulted when killed:
A: In common-law and dating relationships
92.​Examining no-body or body-absent homicides, the study by Ferguson and
Pooley (2019) found that:
A: Cases were less likely to be solved if the victims were less than 24 years of
age
93.​According to the Global Study on Homicide 2019, when examining conviction
rates globally, there were variations across world regions with —---- reporting the
lowest convictions rates based on available data:
A: Americas
94.​According to the Global Study on Homicide 2019, despite the relative reliability of
homicide data, there are some homicides that remain undetected. Which of the
following captures why this might be the case?
A: All of these (data tampering + flawed population data +inconsistent counting
standard)
95.​Dawson (2013) found that defendants who killed intimate partners were treated
differently than others at some stages of the criminal justice process. Which of
the following is not one of the findings?
A: Intimate partner killers were less likely to have their cases resolved with guilty
pleas
96.​According to Mitchell and Roberts (2012), what problems exist if using mandatory
sentences for murder?
A: All of these
97.​In which of the following situations is it not possible to complete the
charged/suspect-chargeable questionnaire?
A: Case is unsolved
98.​Similar to past trends as described in Chapter 20 'Homicide in Canada', homicide
victims in 2018 continue to most likely be killed by those with whom they share
which of the following two relationships:
A: acquaintance and family member
Recent Canadian figures indicate that most solved homicides continue to involve
victims killed by someone they know (87%), primarily acquaintances and family
members
99.​Studies and data on the link between homicide and mental disorder have
generally found that,
A: Individuals suffering from mental disorder are responsible for a relatively small
proportion of all homicides
100.​ What cautions/criticisms have been raised about research on brain and
biochemical dysfunction and its links to violent offending?
A: All of these (Results are not generalizable beyond the apprehended violent
offenders + Most Studies suffer from small sample sizes + Inconsistency in
results)
101.​ According to the Global Index on Homicide 2019, when focusing only on
intimate partner/family-related homicides, where data available, such killings are,
A: more likely to involve firearms when victims are female
homicide is more likely to be perpetrated with a firearm, and less likely to be
perpetrated by means of a sharp object, when the victim is female.
102.​ According to Brookman, Elliot Leyton focuses on the _______ differences that
keep the English homicide rate one of the world's lowest.
A: Leyton focuses upon the cultural differences that keep the English homicide
rate one of the world's lowest
103.​ According to Brookman, which of the following broad theoretical perspectives
would argue that "murder is impossible without the union of an offender and a
victim in time and space"?
A: Cultural + Interactional + Structural
104.​ According to Brookman, who states that violence and homicide arise from
incidents that are relatively trivial in origin?
A: Wolfgang and Ferracuti claim that many acts of violence, including homicide,
arise from incidents that are relatively trivial in origin — such as minor insults or
scuffles.
105.​ In Confessions of a Serial Killer, three of the five neutralization techniques
were identified as being relevant in the words of the offender being interviewed.
Which of the following was not identified?
Ans: denial of injury
106.​ In the course notes for Unit 7 on mass homicide, various reasons are
identified that may explain why corporate homicide and/or genocide are less
often thought of when thinking about homicide. Which is not one of those
reasons?
Ans: lack of consensus on whether they are homicide
NOT power or difficulty linking
“Part of the reason for this is that the parameters of genocide – often still
debated – largely fall outside what we normally perceive of as homicide,
given they are typically acts perpetrated by states, governments, and/or other
legitimate authorities”
107.​ According to the Woodworth et al. (2013) study on youth-perpetrated
homicide in Canada, multiple-perpetrator homicides were more likely to involve,
Ans: strangers
108.​ According to the Woodworth et al. (2013) study on youth-perpetrated
homicide in Canada, which of the following is not true?
A: white offenders primarily victimized members of other ethnic groups
109.​ Which of the following statements best reflects how Canada's homicide rate
compares to its peer countries as discussed in Chapter 20 'Homicide in Canada'
and the Homicide report
Ans: Canada’s rate remains higher than the majority of the peer countries
110.​ According to the Woodworth et al. (2013) study on youth-perpetrated
homicide in Canada, the most frequent youth homicide perpetrators were ____
years old.
Ans: 16
111.​ Examining the global prevalence of intimate partner violence, Stöckl and her
colleagues noted world regions where lifetime experiences of physical and/or
sexual violence from a partner were highest. Which of the following 4 is the
lowest?
Ans: Western Pacific
112.​ According to the article by Pastia and colleagues (2017) on homicide
clearance rates in Canada, the majority of homicide cases in Canada are
cleared:
Ans: within the first week
113.​ When analyzing individuals' perceptions of murder trends in England and
Wales compared to actual homicide statistics, Mitchell and Roberts (2012) found
that the majority of respondents believed:
Ans:
Options:
none of these (NOT THIS ONE)
the murder rate is lower in their country compared to other western jurisdictions
the murder rate had increased in their country when it had actually
declined
the murder rate had declined in their country when it had actually increased
114.​ Mitchell and Roberts (2012) explored whether misperceptions of trends in
crime and punishment were associated with more punitive attitudes. Their
research revealed that:
Ans Options:
less informed respondents held more punitive attitudes but believed sentencing
was appropriate (NOT THIS ONE)
Less informed respondents held more punitive attitudes and believed sentencing
was too lenient
Informed respondents help more punitive attitudes and believed sentencing was
too lenient
No differences between knowledge of murder trends and respondants’ attitudes
“Perceptions of sentencing trends were clearly more negative in the
misinformed group: slightly over half (52 per cent) of this group perceived
sentencing in general to be too lenient, compared to only one-third of the
informed respondents (p < 0.001).”
115.​ Dawson (2013) found that defendants who killed intimate partners were
treated differently than others at some stages of the criminal justice process.
Which of the following is not one of the findings?
Ans: intimate partner killers were less likely to have their cases resolved with
guilty pleas
116.​ Dawson (2013) identifies three factors that may determine culpability in
homicide cases that were not possible to examine in this study. Which of the
following is not one of those factors?
Ans: self-defense
117.​ Dawson (2013) examined the role played by victim-defendant relationship in
court decisions in homicide cases focusing on which relationship categories:
Ans: intimate partners/other relationships
118.​ Dawson (2013) found that couer outcomes changed over time when
responding to homicide in Toronto such that:
Ans: accused killers of intimate partners were more likely to be found guilty at
trial in more recent period, but not in the early perio of the study
119.​ According to the Global Study on Homicide 2019, many countries have
adopted special legal provisions to reduce one very specific and prevalent form
of homicide. Which of the following is that type of homicide?
Ans: gender related killings of women/girls
120.​ According to the most recent statistics from the Homicide Survey and Chapter
20 ‘Homicide in Canada’, which region of Canada experience the highest
homicide rates?
Ans: North
121.​ According to the Global Study on HOmicide 2019, when examining the first
stage of the criminal justice process - formal contact with police - those aged
____ represented the highest afe group of perpetrators globally
Ans: 18-30
122.​ According to the article by Pastia and Colleagues (2017) on homicide
clearance rates in Canada, the greatest disparities in clearance times were found
where cases involved:
Ans: illegal drug trade/gangs
123.​ According to the Global Study on Homicide 2019, despite the relative
reliability of homicide data, there are some homicides that remain undetected.
Which of the following caputes why this might be the case?
Ans: inconsistent counting standards + flawed population data + data tampering
124.​ In tthe article by Spencer and Stith (2018) on risk factors for male perpetrator
female victim intimate partner homicide (IPH), they found that various risk factors
increased the likelihood of IPH victimization. WHich of the following is NOT one
of those risk factors?
Ans: the victim was married to the perpetrator
125.​ In the article by Spencer and Stith (2018), a key theory explaining intimate
partner homicide emphasizes men’s belif that they have a right to control women.
What is the name of this theory?
Ans: male sexual proprietariness theory
126.​ In the article by Dawson and Gartner (1998) on intimate femicide, when
examining relationship status: they found victims were more likely to be sexually
assaulted when killed:
Ans: in common-law and dating relationships
127.​ In the article by Dawson and Gartner (1998) on intimate femicide, they argue
that there may be differences in violence across relationship types because:
Ans: frequency of interactions differ across relationships + lengths of
relationships vary + there are variations in the level of investment
128.​ According to the Woodwroth et al. (2013) study on youth-perpetrated
homicide in Canada, ____ is the primary motive for youth homicide
Ans: instrumentality
129.​ According to Heide (2017), adolescent parricide offenders are more likely to
be:
Ans: severely abused
130.​ Heide (2017) identifies a typology of parricide in which _____ are most
common among adult parricide offenders
Ans: severely mentally ill and dangerously antisocial
131.​ According to Marganski in Making a Murderer, research shows that mass
murder is typically
Ans: expressive act + instrumental act + premeditated, pre-planned killing
132.​ According to Brookman, structural theories focus on
Ans: the social conditions that help to foster crime and violence
133.​ As discussed in the article on ‘Homicide and Indigenous peoples in North
America’, the authors argue that _______ are the central tool used by the
colonial state to advance colonialism
Ans: police
134.​ In ‘Colonialism and Cold Genocide’ by Anderson, hot and cold genocides are
distinguished. Which of the following best reflects characteristics of cold
genocide?
Ans: structural violence + supremacy + disappearance
135.​ In the course notes for Unit 7 on mass homicide, one motivation is
highlitghted that is not captured well in Levin and Fox’s typology. Which of the
following best represents that motivation?
Ans: misogyny
136.​ An explanation for serial killers is that, when motivated, they have access to
appropriate targets who do not have effective guardians and victims are selected
for these reasons. This theory is referred to as:
Ans: routine activity theory
137.​ According to the lecture notes in Unit 2, there are three main sources of data
on homicide in Canada. WHich of the following has both an aggregate survey
and an incident-based survey?
Ans: the uniform crime report surveys
138.​ WHat does Barkan (2014) argue is a major reason for the relevance of or
conviction between sociology and criminology?
Ans: structural basis for criminality
139.​ According to the lecture notes in Unit 2, the primary source of information on
homicide in Canada is gathered using the:
Ans: homicide survey
140.​ According to the Ontario Public Health Association (OPHA), violence is a
public health issue because it can be fostered by the absence of various
preconditions for health, including:
Ans: Peace and Income
141.​ According to the Ontario Public Health Association (OPHA), some types of
violence can be underreported. Which of the following types of violence were
identified?
Ans: All of these (Harassment, Homophobic violence, Racist violence)
142.​ Barkan (2014) argues that crime and victimization are public issues that are
rooted in various structuralfactors. Which of the following is not one of those
factors identified?
Ans: Individual pathology
143.​ As discussed in Statistics Canada’s 2018 Homicide report, where does the
information for the Homicide Survey come from?
Ans: Police Services
144.​ In 2018, rates of gang-related homicide continued to be typically highest in
which region of the country?
Ans: West
145.​ In 2018, which statement best describes patterns demonstrated in the
number of homicides in census metropolitan areas:
Ans: The numbers decreased in the largest number of census metropolitan areas
146.​ In Confessions of a Serial Killer, when the offender refers to his victims as
‘fringes of life’, ‘alcoholics or drug addicts’, he is using which of the following
neutralization techniques?
Ans: Denial of victim
147.​ In ‘Making a murderer’, Marganski outlines various commonalities across
mass murders, beyond being almost exclusively malk perpetrators. Which of the
following does she agree has been underexplored?
Ans: Their history of violence/aggression
148.​ According to Brookman, what cultural theory is most widely-known for dealing
specifically with violent crime and homicide?
Ans: Sub-culture of violence
149.​ In the article by Dawson and Gartner (1998), the jealousy motive was higher
in couples that were:
Ans: Dating
150.​ In the article by Spencer and Stith (2018) on risk factors for male perpetrator
female victim intimate partner homicide (IPH), they found that the risk factor that
increased the likelihood of IPH perpertration the most was:
Ans: Perpetrator had direct access to guns
151.​ In Dawson’s (2015) article on filicide trends in Canada, when examining
cause of death, females accused of filicide outnumbered male accused only in
cases involving:
Ans: Strangulation/suffocation
152.​ According to Pridemore (2003), what country had the highest estimated
homicide mortality rate (per 100,000)?
Ans: Columbia
153.​ Athens’ (1989) research into the creation of dangerous violent criminals has
revealed four experimental stages that criminal pass through. Which of the
following is not one of the stages?
Ans: None of those (belligerency, Brutalisation, Violent performances)
154.​ According to the Global Index on Homicide 2019, Goldstein’s triparitite
framework identifies three mechanisms by which drugs can be linked to violent
crime. Which of the following is not one of those mechanism?
Ans: structural link
155.​ As discussed in the article on ‘Homicide and Indigenous peoples in North
America’, the ongoing phenomenon of missing and murdered indigenous women
and girls was first brought to light by the,
Ans: sisters in spirit initiative
156.​ In examining the risk factors associated with intimate partner violence and
homicide, Stockl and her colleagues noted that:
Ans: risk was lower among those with longer relationship durations
157.​ According to Levin and Fox, many researchers who narrowly define mass
homicide as those that "occur in public places by an assailant who selects his
targets completely at random", leave out which of the following types of mass
killings?
Ans: all of these (Not gang-related + family annihilation + robberies)
158.​ According to Marganski (2019) in '€˜Making a murderer'€™, the portrayal of
mainstream media headlines covering mass homicide events primarily focus on
individual-level factors which leads to,
Ans: overemphasizing the link between mental illness and violence
159.​ According to the Woodworth et al. (2013) study on youth-perpetrated
homicide in Canada, since the early 1990s, there has been a general increase in
youth-perpetrated homicides,
Ans: all of these (with accomplices + involving instrumentality + against
strangers)
160.​ When compared to the previous study by Meloff and Silverman (1992), the
Woodworth et al. (2013) study concluded that,
Ans: youth homicides are more readily committed against strangers
161.​ According to the Global Study on Homicide 2019, what is a possible
contributor to high levels of impunity in various world regions?
Ans: overburdened police
162.​ According to the article by Pastia and colleagues (2017) on homicide
clearance rates in Canada, they examined time to clearance for various
situational factors and found that:
Ans: urban homicides took longer to solve than rural homicides
163.​ According to the article by Pastia and colleagues (2017) on homicide
clearance rates in Canada, ____ were more important than demographic
characteristics in explaining time to clearance:
Ans: situational characteristics
164.​ According to the Global Study on Homicide 2019, the overall prison mortality
rate globally is most often due to which of the following?
Ans: natural causes/accidents
165.​ Dawson (2013) examined the criminal justice outcome for homicides in
Toronto at various decision points in the criminal justice system. Which of the
following was not one of those decision stages?
Ans: not criminally responsible
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