REVIEW: CHAPTER 4,5,6
Task 1: Identify the presupposition(s) of the following utterances.
1. ‘John’s sister has been in hospital for a week.’
2. ‘Could you come to our party this weekend?’
3. ‘The book you gave me is worth reading.
4. ‘We imagined that we were in Hawaii.’
5. ‘He pretends to be ill.
6. ‘Can you stop making that noise?
7. ‘How long has your grandfather been in hospital?
8. ‘I don’t know why I’ve got an average mark.
9. If I had enough money, I would buy that house.
10. If we had taken a taxi, we wouldn't have missed the plane.
Task 2: State the logical relations between these pairs of sentences.
1.
a. The girl kissed the boy.
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b. The boy was kissed by the girl.
2
a. He is alive.
b. The exercise is difficult.
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b. He is dead.
3
a. Some boys ran down the street.
a. Today is Monday.
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a. Alfred saw a bear.
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a. a. It is 50 miles to the nearest service
a. a. Alan planted roses.
b. Someone planted flowers.
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b. Alfred saw an animal.
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a. It’s a duck.
b. It’s a swan.
b. Yesterday is Sunday.
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a. He is the father of my mother.
a. He is my maternal grandfather.
b. Some kids ran down the street.
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a. The exercise is easy.
a. John is the father of Neil.
b. Neil is the father of John
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station.
a. Max ate the pizza.
b. Max did something to the pizza.
b. The nearest service station is 50 miles
away.
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a. Jack is here.
b. Jack is not here.
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a. The president was dead.
b. The president was assassinated.
Task 3: State the logical relations between these pairs of words/expressions.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
woman --female adult
bird --duck
duck --swan
member -- non-member
shrink – change
cost a lot – be expensive
bachelor – single man
Task 4: What is the relationship between the words in the following pairs?
Pairs of words
Relations
Pairs of words
1. married - unmarried
17. rise – fall
2. fat - overweight
18. forward – backward
3. old -- young
19. doctor – patient
4. permit - allow
20. hotter -- colder
5. appear -- disappear
21. hand – arm
6. landlord - tenant
22. beer - beverage
7. possible – impossible
23. dress - undress
8. legal – illegal
24. brave – courageous
9. interesting – boring
25. interviewer - interviewee
10. thin – thick
26. wing—bird
11. old – new
27. collar – shirt
12. retreat -advance
28. car – vehicle
13. free – occupied
29. branch- tree
14. arrive – depart
30. wrap -- unwrap
15. even - odd
31. encourage - discourage
16. member – nonmember
32. ceiling - house
Relations
Task 5: T or F?
1. A deictic word is one which takes some element of its meaning from the situation (i.e. the
speaker, the addressee, the time and the place) the utterance in which it is used.
2. All personal pronouns are definite.
3. Proper names are indefinite noun phrase
4. The addressee forms the deictic center.
5. “here, there” are time deixis.
6. Presuppositions are what a speaker or writer assumes that the receiver of the message
already knows.
7. To decide whether a condition is a presupposition or not, we can use 2 tests: negation test
and question test.
8. Presuppositions of a sentence will be different under its negation.
9. The sentences “I like his painting.” and “I don’t like his painting.” have the same
presuppositions.
10a. Presuppositions of a sentence will be the same under its interrogation.
10b. Presuppositions of a sentence are the truth conditions of that sentence.
11. The same attribute cannot at the time both belong and not belong to the same subject in
the same respect.
12. In a given CoU, with a given reading, a declarative sentence is either true, false or both.
13. Negation reverses the truth value of a sentence.
14. A sentence (in a given reading) is contingent iff it is true in all CoUs.
15. A sentence (in a given reading) is logically true iff it is true in some CoUs.
16. A sentence (in a given reading) is logically false iff it is false in all CoUs.
17. The sentence “It’s raining.” logically entails the sentence “It’s raining heavily.”
18. The sentence “It isn’t raining.” logically entails the sentence “It isn’t raining heavily.”
19. The logical relationship between 2 sentences “Today is Monday” and “Tomorrow is
Tuesday” is mutual entailment.
20. We swap the 2 sides of an entailment if we negate both sides.
21. The 2 sentences “The bottle is half empty.” and “The bottle is half full.” are logically
equivalent.
22. The logical relation between 2 sentences “The room is big.” and “The room is small.” is
logical contradiction.
23. The 2 sentences “It’s hot.” and “It’s not hot.” are logical contradictories.
24. The 2 sentences “Everyone will win” and “Someone will lose” are logical contradictories.
25. Two predicate terms (in given readings) are logically equivalent iff they necessarily yield the
same truth value for the same arguments.
26. Two predicate terms A and B are logically complementary if they cannot both be true of the
same arguments.
27. A predicate term A is a logical subordinate of B iff B is true of some arguments whenever A
is true of them.
28. Negation of a declarative sentence A is true whenever A is is False and false whenever A is
true.
29. Logical subordination is the relationship between a general term and a specific term.
30. “beautiful” and “gorgeous” are total synonyms.
31. “horse” is the hyperonym of “animals”.
32. Two expressions are antonyms iff they express the same relation between 2 entities, but
with reversed roles.
33. Two expressions are complementaries iff they express two opposite extremes out of a
range of possibilities.
34. Two expressions are converses iff they express opposite cases with respects to a common
axis.
Task 6: Complete.
1. “This, that” are ___________________.
2. Pronominal demonstratives are ____________ noun phrases.
3. “Nobody, somebody, something” are _______________
4. Personal pronouns are mainly used ___________________
5. In the sentence “If you like the dress, I will buy it for you”, the dress is the _____________, it
is the ____________.
6. ______________ relates to the spatial situation in which an utterance takes place.
7. _______________ relates to the time when an utterance is produced.
8. “Now, then, yesterday” are the lexical means of __________________.
9. The most salient linguistic means of person deixis are system of ____________________.
10. To decide whether a condition is a presupposition or not, we can use 2 tests:
______________, _________________
11.____________________ of a sentence are those conditions pertaining to the CoU which it
must meet in order for an utterance of the sentence TO MAKE SENSE in that CoU.
12. A sentence (in a given reading) is ______________ iff it is true in some CoUs and false in
others.
13. A sentence (in a given reading) is __________________ iff it is true in all CoUs.
14. A sentence (in a given reading) is ________________ iff it is false in all CoUs.
15. The sentence “ Two times seven equals fourteen.” is _________________.
16. The sentence “Duck are plants.” is ____________________ .
17. The sentence “There is a cat in the garden.” is ____________.
18. According to ________________________, the same attribute cannot at the time both
belong and not belong to the same subject in the same respect.
19. According to the _____________________, in a given CoU, with a given reading, a
declarative sentence is either true or false.
20. A ____________________ B iff: necessarily, if A is True, B is True.
21. The logical relation between 2 sentences “He bought a red bike” and “He bought a bike” is
_______________________.
22. A and B are logically equivalent iff: necessarily, A and B have ________ truth values.
23. The 2 sentences “He’s the father of my mother” and “He’s my maternal grandfather” are
__________________.
24. A is logically contrary to B iff: necessarily, A and B are not both _______
25. The logical relation between 2 sentences “It’s cold.” and “It’s hot.” is
____________________.
26. The 2 sentences “He’s dead.” and “He’s alive.” are ______________________.
27. Two predicate terms (in given readings) are ________________ iff they necessary yield the
same truth value for the same arguments.
28. A predicate term A is a ____________________ of B iff B is true of some arguments
whenever A is true of them.
29. Two predicate term A and B are ______________________ if they cannot both be true of
the same argument.
30. Two predicate term A and B are _________________________ if they necessarily have
opposite truth values for all arguments.
31. ____________ is a relation in which various words have different (written & sound) forms
but have the same or nearly the same meaning
32. ________________ is relation in which the referent of a word is totally included in the
referent of another word.
33. Two expressions are _______________ iff they express two opposite out of a range of
possibilities.
34. Two expressions are ____________________________iff (if and only if) they express
opposite cases with respect to a common axis.
35. Two expressions are _____________________ iff they express an either-or alternative in
some domain.
36. Two expressions are ______________ of each other iff they express the same relation
between two entities, but with reversed roles.
37. The word “carrots” is the _____________ of the word “vegetables”.
38. The meaning relation between broad and wide is ________________.
39. The meaning relation between single and married is _______________________.
40. {Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday …} is a _________________________.
41. Two expressions are ___________________ iff they express opposite extremes out of a
range of possibilities.
42. Two expressions are ___________________ iff they express opposite cases with respect to
a common axis.
43. Two expressions are complementaries iff they express an ___________________
alternative in some domain.
44. Expressions are ___________________ iff they denote alternatives in some domain of more
than 2 possibilities.
45. Two expressions are converses iff they express the same relation between 2 entities, but
with ____________________.