CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that we are the authors of this Term Paper on ASSESSMENT OF HOUSING
QUALITY AND LIGHT IN THE INTERIOR SPACE.
we agree to submit this term paper to the department of Architecture, Federal University Oye Ekiti
as a research work in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of Bachelor of Science in
Architecture. We confirm that the paper has not been submitted elsewhere for same purpose.
We further certify that the above term paper is an outcome of our independent and original work. We
have given proper acknowledgement to all the sources from which the ideas and extracts have been taken.
Our paper is free from any plagiarism and we have not violated copyright of others.
we hereby transfer all rights (editing rights, copyright etc.) of the paper to the department of Architecture,
Federal University Oye Ekiti.
S.
Name of Students
Matric
Number
Department
Name of Institution
Contact Number
No.
1.
ABDULRAUF
ABDULBASIT .A
ARC/2020/1001 Architecture
Federal University
Oye Ekiti
08062575125
2.
ARC/2020/1023 Architecture
Federal University
Oye Ekiti
Federal University
Oye Ekiti
08109351350
Federal University
Oye Ekiti
Federal University
Oye Ekiti
09078123794
3.
OKORONKWO
HILARY .C
ONAOLAPO
EMMANUEL .A
ARC/2020/1037 Architecture
4.
OYELAMI ISRAEL ARC/2020/1039 Architecture
5.
ARC/2020/1040 Architecture
SHOSANYA
DAMILARE .J
Signature with Date
09023198547
09135575379
Author 1: ______________________________
Author 2:__________________________
Author 3: ______________________________
Author 4:___________________________
Author 5: ______________________________
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ABSTRACT
This study aimed to assess the quality of housing and the quality of light in the interior spaces of Nigeria
Students’ Accommodation. Data was collected through a combination of surveys, research, and
observations. The results showed that the assessment of light in interior spaces is of paramount importance
as Lighting plays a crucial role in the ambiance, functionality, and aesthetics of a space, influencing
everything from mood and productivity to energy efficiency and sustainability. By assessing the quality
and quantity of light in a space, designers can optimize the design to maximize natural light, reduce energy
consumption, and create a more pleasant and inviting environment.
Additionally, the study found that the assessment of light in interior spaces is the availability of natural
light. Natural light has been shown to have numerous benefits, including improving mood and
productivity, reducing energy costs, and creating a sense of openness and connectivity with the outdoors.
By assessing the amount of natural light available in a space, designers can determine the best placement
of windows, doors, and other openings to maximize daylighting and enhance the overall quality of the
space. Another important consideration in the assessment of light in interior spaces is the quality of
artificial lighting. Artificial lighting is essential for providing illumination in spaces where natural light
may be limited or insufficient. By assessing the quality, color temperature, and intensity of artificial
lighting, designers can ensure that the space is adequately illuminated for its intended use, while also
creating a comfortable and visually appealing environment.
The findings suggest that there is a need for enhancing house quality and light in interior spaces is a
multifaceted endeavor that requires thoughtful planning and attention to detail. By incorporating strategies
such as maximizing natural light sources, implementing a well-designed lighting plan, selecting lightcolored furniture and decor, incorporating plants and greenery, decluttering and organizing the space, and
using mirrors to amplify light, homeowners can create a more comfortable, inviting, and well-lit living
environment. Ultimately, by prioritizing the enhancement of house quality and light in interior spaces,
homeowners can improve their overall well-being and quality of life.
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TABLE OF CONTENT
CERTIFICATION ....................................................................................................................................... i
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................ ii
TABLE OF CONTENT ......................................................................................................................... iii-iv
LIST OF TABLE/IMAGES .........................................................................................................................v
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 1-5
1.0 TOPIC ESTABLISHMENT ..............................................................................................................1
1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION .............................................................................................. 2-3
1.2 IMPORTANCE OF TERM PAPER .................................................................................................3
1.3 AREA OF STUDY.............................................................................................................................4
1.4 RESEARCH PROBLEM ............................................................................................................... 4-5
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTION ..................................................................................................................5
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................................................... 6-10
2.0 WHAT CONSTITUTES OF HOUSING QUALITY? .................................................................. 6-7
2.1 LIGHT AS A TOOL OF EMPHASIS ......................................................................................... 7-10
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY ............................................................................... 11-13
3.0 THE METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................................11
3.0.1 Research Philosophy .................................................................................................................11
3.0.2 Research Type ...........................................................................................................................11
3.0.3 Research Strategy/ Design ........................................................................................................12
3.1 LIMITATIONS ................................................................................................................................13
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CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND FINDINGS ............................................................................................................... 14-19
4.0 ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................ 14-19
4.0.1 Questionnaire Analysis .............................................................................................................14
4.0.2 Analysis of the Quality of Hostel Facilities ......................................................................... 15-16
4.0.3 Analysis of the Quality of the Building Elements and Lighting in the Hostels .........................17
4.0.4 Analysis of the Academic Performance of the Occupants of the University Hostels ......... 18-19
4.1 FINDINGS .......................................................................................................................................19
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................... 20-23
2.0 DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................................................20
2.1 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................21
2.1 RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................................... 22-23
REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................... 24-25
APPENDIX ................................................................................................................................................26
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LIST OF TABLES/FIGURES
TABLE 1 (The List of Undergraduate Hostels in FUOYE, Ikole campus with their Location and
Population.) ......................................................................................................................................... Pg.12
TABLE 2(The Number of Questionnaires Administered and Retrieved.) .......................................... Pg. 14
TABLE 3(Response rate from each hostel) ............................................................................................. Pg. 14
TABLE 4(Students’ Evaluation of the Condition of the Hostel Facilities) ......................................... Pg.16
TABLE 5(Students’ Evaluation of the quality of building elements and lighting.)............................. Pg.17
TABLE 6(Students’ C.G.P.A before moving into the University Hostel) ........................................... Pg.18
TABLE 7(Students’ C.G.P.A after moving into the University Hostel) .............................................. Pg.18
FIGURE 1(Indoor Luminous Lounge elevated by lighting.) ................................................................. Pg.8
FIGURE 2(Indoor Luminous Environment Shaped by Lighting design)............................................... Pg.8
FIGURE 3(A picture of the online questionnaire sent across to the students.) ................................... Pg.13
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
"The sun never knew how great it was until it hit the side of a building". This quote was by one of the
most original and important architects of the 20th Century, Louis Khan.
What is a space without light? Or how do we assess the quality of a housing without space?
Historically, architects have utilized various methods to manipulate light within buildings to achieve
desired effects. For example, ancient Roman architecture incorporated atriums and clerestory windows to
bring natural light into interior spaces, creating a sense of openness and grandeur. In the Baroque period,
elaborate chandeliers and strategically placed mirrors were used to enhance light levels and create dynamic
visual effects. Modern architects like Le Corbusier embraced new technologies such as artificial lighting
and glass curtain walls to maximize daylight and create seamless transitions between indoor and outdoor
environments. Understanding the historical evolution of light in architecture is essential for contemporary
designers seeking to create spaces that are functional, aesthetically pleasing, and emotionally evocative.
1.0 TOPIC ESTABLISHMENT
The definition of housing quality refers to the standard of living conditions within a residential property,
encompassing factors such as cleanliness, safety, comfort, and functionality. In the context of interior
design, housing quality encompasses the spatial layout, materials used, and overall aesthetic appeal of a
living space.
Light, on the other hand, refers to the amount and quality of natural and artificial light present within an
interior space. The presence of adequate light is essential for creating a comfortable, inviting, and
functional environment. It is believed that the light is the most important part of architecture. Without
light, there is no space.
Housing quality encompasses various factors related to the physical and functional aspects of a living
environment. In the context of interior space, housing quality can be defined by the presence of adequate
lighting, which plays a crucial role in enhancing the overall ambiance and usability of a space. The key
elements that contribute to defining housing quality in terms of light within an interior space include the
quantity, distribution, and quality of light sources. Adequate natural light from windows or skylights,
supplemented by strategically placed artificial lighting fixtures, is essential for creating a well-lit and
visually appealing environment. Proper lighting not only enhances visibility but also affects mood and
comfort levels of occupants. Therefore, when evaluating housing quality in interior spaces, it is imperative
to consider the accessibility and effectiveness of lighting solutions to ensure a conducive living
environment.
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1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Housing quality is a complex concept that encompasses various factors, including physical attributes,
environmental conditions, and social amenities. It significantly impacts the well-being, health, and overall
quality of life of individuals and families. A well-designed and maintained home provides comfort, safety,
and a conducive environment for various activities.
Key Factors Influencing Housing Quality:
•
Physical Attributes:
❖ Structural soundness: The building's integrity and resistance to natural disasters.
❖ Spatial adequacy: Sufficient space for occupants' needs.
❖ Functional design: Efficient layout and organization of spaces.
❖ Material quality: Durability and sustainability of building materials.
❖ Maintenance and repair: Regular upkeep to prevent deterioration.
•
Environmental Conditions:
❖ Indoor air quality: Levels of pollutants and allergens.
❖ Thermal comfort: Adequate heating and cooling systems.
❖ Noise levels: Minimization of disturbances from external and internal sources.
❖ Natural light: Sufficient daylight penetration into interior spaces.
•
Social Amenities:
❖ Accessibility to essential services: Proximity to schools, healthcare facilities, and public
transportation.
❖ Neighborhood safety: Low crime rates and a sense of community.
❖ Green spaces: Access to parks and recreational areas.
Interior lighting plays a crucial role in creating comfortable and functional living spaces. It influences
various aspects of human behavior, including mood, productivity, and overall well-being. Adequate and
well-designed lighting can enhance the visual environment, improve safety, and contribute to a positive
living experience.
Key Factors Influencing Interior Light Quality:
•
Natural Light:
❖ Daylight availability: Amount of natural light entering the space.
❖ Window size and orientation: Factors affecting daylight penetration.
❖ Shading devices: Tools for controlling daylight and glare.
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•
Artificial Light:
❖ Lighting fixtures: Types of lamps and their placement.
❖ Lighting levels: Intensity of light measured in lux.
❖ Color temperature: The warmth or coolness of light, measured in Kelvin.
❖ Color rendering index (CRI): The ability of light to reveal true colors.
Assessment Methods
Various methods are employed to assess housing quality and interior light, including:
•
Visual inspections: Assessing physical conditions, layout, and maintenance.
•
Surveys and questionnaires: Gathering information on occupants' perceptions and satisfaction.
•
Field measurements: Using instruments to measure light levels, temperature, and humidity.
•
Building performance simulations: Modeling the energy performance and daylighting potential
of buildings.
By understanding these factors and employing appropriate assessment methods, it is possible to evaluate
the quality of housing and interior lighting, identify areas for improvement, and design spaces that promote
health, comfort, and well-being.
1.2 IMPORTANCE OF THIS TERM PAPER
Providing high-quality on-campus housing can significantly contribute to student success by fostering a
comfortable and conducive learning environment. Amole (2009) highlighted the importance of student
satisfaction with on-campus housing as a key indicator of overall living environment quality and academic
performance. While several studies in Nigerian higher education institutions, such as those by Mbano,
Alaka, and Ewulum (2012), Mbano, Alaka, and Okeoma (2012), Deji-Folutile and Oketola (2014), and
Oluwunmi, Akinjare, and Izobo (2012), have explored various aspects of student housing, none have
specifically examined the direct impact of housing quality on academic performance.
This study aims to bridge this knowledge gap by expanding upon the work of Oluwunmi, Akinjare, and
Izobo (2012) to investigate the relationship between housing quality and student academic achievement.
The findings of this research will provide valuable insights for academic quality assurance managers and
facility managers at universities, enabling them to make informed decisions about improving housing
services and facilities. Ultimately, this study will contribute to the development of strategic policies that
support the holistic development of 21st-century students.
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1.3 THE AREA OF STUDY
Federal University of Oye-Ekiti (FUOYE) provides a compelling setting for this research endeavor. The
university's diverse student body, comprising individuals from various academic disciplines and cultural
backgrounds, coupled with its on-campus housing facilities, offers a unique opportunity to explore the
intricate relationship between housing quality and student academic performance. As FUOYE strives to
elevate its status as a world-class institution, it is imperative to critically examine the role of student
housing in fostering a conducive learning environment. By delving into the nuances of housing conditions,
such as infrastructure, maintenance, and communal amenities, this study aims to identify potential
correlations between these factors and student outcomes, including academic achievement, satisfaction,
and retention rates. The insights gleaned from this research will empower the university to implement
evidence-based strategies to enhance the quality of student housing and ultimately contribute to the overall
academic success of its students.
1.4 RESEARCH PROBLEM
This study aims at assessing the influence of the quality of accommodation as provided on the academic
performance of the resident students of the Federal University of Oye - Ekiti, Oye - Ekiti, Ekiti, Nigeria.
Quality housing is arguably one of the basic needs of a man. Housing, according to Ebie (2009), used to
be ranked second after food using man’s hierarchy of needs. However, now it is ranked first and is the
most important right of all humans. Hanmer, Booth and Love (2000) observed that qualitative housing
involved the provision of services that could bring about sustainable growth and development through
improved environmental conditions and good livelihood.
Performance assessment in all areas of endeavor has been a topic of serious discussion. The performance
of an individual can be measured based on the outcome/result of his or her job performance; selfsatisfaction, achievements and other factors (Hofstede, 1984). Various studies, including Aluko and Ola
(2011), Owolabi (2015), Adeleye, Akinpelu and Azeez (2018), have examined different aspects of
performance, including student performance, economic performance, organizational performance, and
societal performance.
Only very few studies have examined student’s performance in relation to housing quality. Studies have
shown that much work has not been undertaken in the area of housing facilities that influence the
performance of students (Hunley, 2006).
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Some of the past studies on student’s housing performance include Foubert, Tepper and Morrison (1998)
in the United States of America and Khozaei, Ayub, Hassan, and Khozaei (2010) in Malaysia. Other
similar studies include Kaya and Erkip (2001) who evaluated the satisfaction of students’ housing quality
in Turkey. Similarly, Hassanain (2008) examined the housing quality in terms of thermal, technical, and
functional performances. However, Amole (2009) examined the features of halls of students’ residences
in Nigerian universities that would match the levels of housing satisfaction among students. On the other
hand, Dahlan et al. (2009) adopted a narrow focus on specific aspects of student housing satisfaction that
affected their performance, namely, visual comfort, thermal comfort, etc. Again, Khozaei et al. (2010)
investigated the relationship between students’ satisfaction and sense of attachment to a particular housing
type. Most previous studies did not address a broad spectrum of the influence of housing quality/facilities
on students’ academic performance.
For this reason, the present study takes a holistic approach to examine the influence of housing quality in
interior spaces on students’ academic performance at the Federal University of Oye – Ekiti, Oye Ekiti,
Ekiti State, Nigeria.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTION
The main question addressed in this study is: How does the quality of student housing and light in their
interior spaces influence their overall students’ performance (academics)? The main aim of the study
is to investigate the relationship between students’ housing quality and the overall academic performance,
while the specific objectives are to analyze the condition of facilities provided in the students’ hall of
residence in the study area, and to determine the influence of facilities as provided in the halls of residence
on the students’ academic performance. The outcomes of this study will help educational policy makers
and management in identifying strategic educational facilities to focus in order to actualize their overall
aim.
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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 WHAT CONSTITUTES OF HOUSING QUALITY?
The British Standards Institute (BSI) defines quality as ‘…all those features of a product (or service) which
are required by the customers”. Likewise, The International Organization for Standardization has placed
“customer focus” as the first principle in the list of principles of good quality management in business. In
business management, quality is very important and has been seen as to whether the goods and services
meet the expectations and needs of the consumers.
The meaning of quality and housing quality, it can be described as the provision of housing should meet
the expectations and needs of the customer and the housing delivered should achieve a degree of excellent
standard. In encounter these needs, there is involvement of many actors such as professionals, bureaucrats
and other decision-makers in the formulation of standards, interpretation and implementation of housing
quality (Harrison, 2004). Lawrence (1995) defined housing quality as a very complex concept that is
exposed to debate due to its diverse meanings and perceptions from different background and experience
of people.
A study conducted in Europe on housing quality showed that most of the quality attributes selected were
regarding internal quality (Sheridan, 2001). The attributes of housing quality selected for the study
included space, which focused on the quality of houses concerning the size of the house, size of rooms,
the circulation in the house or aspects that can be defined as interior space in the house. Elements of
accessibility refer to the access to the external space of a house such as external access, size of circulation
spaces, doorways, and so forth. Another aspect of housing quality includes internal services and hygiene,
internal environment and health, safety and neighborhood. The interpretation and understanding of the
quality of houses and its internal layout have gradually broadened to the aspects of environmental quality.
Furthermore, Conway (2000) defined that the quality of housing is not only affected by the physical
quality, but also by its external environments such as location, sense of security and privacy and general
feeling about the area. This understanding is supported by Lawrence (1995) who stated that it is crucial to
consider the mutual connection of the characteristics of residential buildings with its much broader
environmental condition when defining housing quality. Carmona, (2003); Rapoport (1982); and Angel
(2002) agreed that housing quality should not only look at the issues of individual unit quality, but also to
the broader context such as the quality of surrounding environment, the look of buildings (aesthetics), the
amount of greenery, the layout of roads and walkways (layout design), and the way all these factors
contribute to the “feeling” of a place (Karn et al., 1998). As Carmona (2003) suggested, the quality of
housing is mostly determined by the utility and the facility value enjoyed by its owner, and it should offer
a healthy and safe living environment.
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In this context, the understanding of housing quality shows that the quality of living environment does not
depend only on the relationship of the physical factors, but also on personal and social factors. Rapoport
(2001) described that environmental quality is one of the factors that influence the preference of people
to live in suburban and rural areas rather than in the cities.
Evans and Kantrowitz (2002) argued that housing quality should include both the quality of internal and
external of the housing. The authors’ defined internal housing attributes as a space capacity in the house
indicated by the space standard or number of rooms per person, the degree of sharing, self-containment,
privacy, exposure to safety hazards, structural quality, ventilation and natural lighting. These attributes of
internal quality do not only include the physical aspects but also on social and personal aspects. This
means that housing quality extends beyond the elements of internal and external quality but also the
elements of social and personal aspects such as privacy, safety and self-containment. This understanding
has similarity with the idea of Goodchild (1997) who suggested that housing quality is related with the
issues of safety, durability and environmental impact, as well as a series of components, which are
interrelated consisting of social, personal and physical factors. On the other hand, the external living
environment includes cleanliness in the neighborhood, access to open space and community facilities, air
quality, noise level and exposure to crime (Rahman et al., 2015; Chiu, 2003; Evans & Kantrowitz, 2002.
2.1 LIGHT AS A TOOL OF EMPHASIS
Lighting plays a pivotal role in interior design, acting as a powerful tool to emphasize specific features
within residential buildings. This discussion explored the significance of light as a tool of emphasis,
drawing insights from reputable sources in the field. According to Gellings (2009), the measurement of
illumination is expressed in footcandles or lux. However, assessing the quantity of illumination involves
more than simply turning on the lights.
It's essential to understand that the eye perceives brightness. not just illumination. This reflected light is
termed brightness and is measured in foot-lamberts (or candela per square meter).
According to Cadena, Poli, Kosir, Lobaccaro, Mainini & Speroni (2022), the indoor luminous
environment is shaped by the interplay between the building's surrounding context and the strategic
measures incorporated during the design phase. Enhanced visibility and/or clarity and its influence on the
mood and perception of a space are critical aspects of effective lighting design (Gemelli, Shiratuddin &
Kemp, 2013). Flynn et al., (1973) highlight the influence of light on some overt behaviors such as
circulation pattern, seat selection pattern, posture, comments, gestures, facial expressions, etc., They
further emphasize the nature of the activity in the occupied space as being the corresponding factor to it.
In the context of architecture and interior design, visibility goes beyond mere illumination; it encompasses
the deliberate use of light to reveal the features and characteristics of a space, as shown in Fig 2.1 below.
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Source: Pinterest, (2024)
Fig 1: Indoor Luminous Lounge elevated by lighting.
Gemelli et al., (2013) emphasize that visibility is not just about making a space brighter, but creating an
environment that evokes clarity, spaciousness, relaxation, privacy, pleasantness, and order; where every
clement is seen and appreciated. This heightened visibility is not just about the quantitative aspect of
lighting but also the qualitative (how light interacts with surfaces, creating shadows and highlights that
define the spatial characteristics). According to Durak, Olguntürk, Yener, Güveng & Gürcinar (2007), the
organization of lighting, in connection with the colour temperature of light, the kinds and positions of light
sources are factors associated with the qualitative elements of lighting, which impacts the mood, as it
elicits distinct impressions through the utilization of various lighting setups at varying levels of
illumination as illustrated in figure below.
Source: Big Pockets Real Estate, (2019)
Fig 2: Indoor Luminous Environment Shaped by Lighting design.
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Gellings (2009), asserts that when defining lighting needs, it is essential to ascertain the nature of expected
activities, their duration, the density of people, and their specific locations. In essence, whenever there is
a concentration of people such that the tasks are not separated, it is usually reasonable to light such an area
with a uniform lighting system. However, the concept of filling a space with uniform light levels may
often be an inefficient lighting approach, as the nuances of visibility extend beyond mere clarity (Gemelli
et al., 2013). The conventional understanding of a visual task encompasses the entirety of elements
requiring visibility at a given moment and its effects on user impression and behavior (Flynn et al., 1973)
With the nature of a visual task changing from one moment to the next, it can be much more productive
to graduate illumination as required by the task at hand and to keep the surroundings in appropriate
balance; providing adequate lighting for the seeing tasks with less light on surrounding non-working areas
such as corridors, storage, and pedestrian or vehicular areas (Gellings, 2009). Flynn and Spencer
(2013) emphasize on the distinct emotional responses evoked by different lighting schemes, from warm
and soft to cool and bright. Highlighting a cozy and intimate atmosphere, often associated with the lower
color temperatures of warm lighting. Conversely, cooler lighting tends to open up a space, giving it a more
expansive and refreshing feel.
Understanding the importance of the color rendering properties of different light sources cannot be overemphasized, as the color temperature of light can influence the perceived colors of architectural materials
by significantly influencing spatial perception; enhancing or diminishing the depth perception and interest
in a space, thereby contributing to the overall emphasis on certain aspects of a space (Enwin, kiriko &
Jonathan-Ihua, 2023). The color rendering index, CRI of a light source serves as a metric for gauging how
closely the colors of objects illuminated by a test source align with those of the same objects illuminated
by a standard source, like an incandescent light source (Wyszecki & Styles, 1982). Narendran and Deng
(2002) "highlighted the varying opinions of different authors on the inadequacies of the CRI metric,
concluding that CRI does not correlate with peoples' color preferences.
However, Yizhong (1984) experimented to measure the acuity of distinct lighting sources with different
color rendering properties to illuminate two kinds of visual tasks. It was discovered that increased color
contrast significantly advanced the visual acuity of the light sources. Thus, the varying degrees of
reflectivity of different materials can contribute to a brighter ambience within a space as opposed to a
different mood created with materials that absorb light.
Yizhong (1984) elucidated the value of high-pressure sodium lamps as the best lighting source for raising
visual acuity and saving electric energy despite their lower color rendering properties. As such, it is
advised to use low-pressure sodium lamps for improved color rendering in interior spaces. This insight is
crucial for architects aiming to emphasize specific color palettes or material textures, to curate specific
emotional experiences within different areas of a building. Flynn et al., (1973) and Gemelli et al., 2013
talk about the psychological aspect of lighting in influencing the perception of a space. In essence, by
cleverly designing lighting, attention can be drawn to specific areas as focal points, as well as altering the
perceived size of a room. Together with shadows and highlights, carefully orchestrated through lighting
choices, visual hierarchy can be achieved as a deliberate way of guiding occupants through the spaces.
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Visibility and/or clarity should not have to be uniform but can be selectively enhanced to draw attention
to specific elements (Gemelli et al., 2013). This can include architectural features, artworks, or design
elements. The integration of contemporary lighting design in residential settings is highlighted, with a
focus on achieving desired effects based on the type of space. Montjoy (2022) in 'When Light Tells a
Building's Story: What is Architectural Lighting?' provides an understanding of how different types of
lighting can be strategically employed to emphasize architectural elements and contribute to the overall
design. Distinguishing architectural lighting from general lighting design by its focus on architectural
elements, aiming to showcase, accentuate, or emphasize a building's aesthetic, history, and purpose. This
nuanced approach to visibility is integral to the principle that not every corner of a space needs the same
level of illumination (Flynn et al., 1973).
Decorative fixtures, beyond their utilitarian function, can serve as design elements in their own right,
contributing to the overall design scheme (Montjoy, 2022). Chandeliers, pendant lights, or unique
sculptural fixtures can become focal points within a space, contributing to the overall aesthetic,
emphasizing specific design features and contributing to the visual narrative of a space.
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CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
This focus of the study is assessing the influence of the quality of accommodation as provided on the
academic performance of the resident students of the Federal University of Oye - Ekiti, Ikole Campus,
Ekiti, Nigeria. This study will further enable not only Federal University Oye Ekiti but other universities
to improve their services and offer better on-campus housing facilities in years to come. The results will
also help the management team to develop strong strategic policies that will provide world-class students
in the 21st century.
All aspects of the methodology and design of this project research will be clarified in this chapter. Ranging
from Research Philosophy, Research Type, Research Strategy, Time Horizon, Sampling Strategy, Data
Collection Method, Data Analysis Methods/Techniques amongst others will be extensively explained.
3.0 THE METHODOLOGY
3.0.1 Research Philosophy
The research philosophy adopted for this research project is a “Positivism Philosophy” which states that
researcher can observe reality objectively and that there is only one reality, which exists independently of
the observer. As a consequence, it is quite commonly the underlying research philosophy
in quantitative studies just like the research problem of this research project. Positivism adheres to the
view that only “factual” knowledge gained through observation (the senses), including measurement, is
trustworthy. In positivism studies the role of the researcher is limited to data
collection and interpretation in an objective way. In other words, the researcher is an objective analyst
and she distances herself from personal values in conducting the study. In these types of studies research
findings are usually observable and quantifiable.
3.0.2 Research Type
This research project embraces an inductive type of research, where we, the researcher begins with specific
observations or data and then draws general conclusions or theories from those observations. Therefore,
these research project tends to be exploratory in terms of approach.
This approach aims to generate meanings from the data set collected in order to identify patterns and
relationships to build a theory; however, inductive approach does not prevent us from using existing theory
to formulate the research question to be explored. Inductive reasoning is based on learning from
experience. Patterns, resemblances and regularities in experience (premises) are observed in order to reach
conclusions (or to generate theory).
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3.0.3 Research Strategy/ Design
The methodology utilized in this study involved obtaining primary data from undergraduate residents of
the Federal University Oye Ekiti, Ikole Campus, Nigeria. Secondary data was gathered from peerreviewed journals and the university library to supplement the findings.
Upon conducting a thorough examination of the study area, it was determined that the six hostels observed
exhibited varying degrees of quality characteristics. The analysis indicated that a total of 330
undergraduate students were being accommodated across the six hostels, specifically Block A (Female),
Block B (Female), Block C (Male), Block D (Male), Block E (Male), and Block F (Male), as detailed in
Table 1.
The study's sample frame consisted of 330 undergraduate students assigned to bed spaces. A total of 120
students were purposefully selected using a simple random technique, with 20 students chosen from each
hostel to ensure representation across populations with assumed similar general characteristics. A
systematic approach of selecting every fifth room in each hostel was employed for conducting the survey.
Exclusion criteria included first-year students who had not yet obtained a cumulative grade point average
(CGPA). Questionnaires were administered to legal occupants of each sampled hostel to gather
information on their length of stay, academic level, opinions on hostel facilities, and academic
performance before and during their residence.
A total of 120 questionnaires were distributed, with 102 valid responses (85%) utilized for analysis (refer
to Table 2).
This placed a non-response rate at 15 % of the targeted respondents who were either not available or
refused to supply information related to issues of their academic performance. Data collected were
analyzed using Weighted Mean Score (WMS), frequency distribution and regression analysis. The quality
of the housing units was assessed using a Housing Quality Index as identified by Goodman (1978).
S/N
Names of Hostel
Gender
Population
Location
1.
Block A
Female
52
School Premises
2.
Block B
Female
52
School Premises
3.
Block C
Male
52
School Premises
4.
Block D
Male
52
School Premises
5.
Block E
Male
52
School Premises
6.
Block F
Male
52
School Premises
Table 1: The List of Undergraduate Hostels in FUOYE, Ikole campus with their Location and
Population.
Page | 12
3.1 LIMITATIONS
There are some challenges we went through for the success of this research project in the process of data
collections both from the students and the school authority i.e The Library. Here are some of the obstacles
encountered:
1. The major challenges we faced is the issue of confidentiality and ethics. We must ensure that the
identities of participants are protected and that their privacy is respected. This can be difficult in a
school hostel setting where students are living in close quarters and may have limited privacy. We
must take steps to ensure that the data collected is kept confidential and that participants are not
put at risk of harm or distress.
This impediment was resolved by introducing anonymity in our online questionnaire which
entrusted all participating students with confidential data.
2. Also, we faced challenges in conducting interviews or surveys in a school hostel setting. Students
may be busy with their academic and extracurricular activities, and it may be difficult to schedule
interviews or administer surveys at a convenient time. We must be flexible and accommodating in
our approach and must work closely with school authorities to coordinate data collection efforts.
This hindrance was resolved by introducing an online questionnaire which saved us cost of printing
and equally privacy to all intending students.
3. Another barrier faced was the issue of responsiveness in the online questionnaire shared to the
students. Earlier when the online questionnaire was sent across to the students, Lackadaisical
attitude was shown as the response rate was very low and slow.
This issue was solved by a daily reminder on their whatsapp application, also we collaborated with
those that have done theirs in persuading others to fasten up with the questionnaire. Amongst
others.
Fig 3: A picture of the online questionnaire sent across to the students.
Page | 13
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND FINDINGS
4.0 ANALYSIS
4.0.1 Questionnaire Analysis
The data collated for this study comprises the primary data which were collated online with the use of
questionnaires administered to the undergraduate students occupying hostels of the Federal University
Oye Ekiti, Ikole Campus, Ekiti. The distribution and retrieval of the questionnaires are as shown below.
Respondents
Numbers Distributed
Numbers Retrieved
Total Population
Bonafide Occupants
120
102
330
(Students)
Table 2: The Number of Questionnaires Administered and Retrieved.
Percentage
85%
From the total number of 120 questionnaires administered, 102 were retrieved, representing 85%. It shows
a good response from the respondents following the Population/Sample Size Theory.
To further break down the respond rate from each hostel, the table below shows a total number of the six
(6) hostels with various rates of responses. All the responses were found valid and thus suitable for
analysis. It shows a very good rate of response as it enables access to a wide range of data, thus resulting
in fair research findings.
Hostels
Frequency
Percentage
Block A
15
14.71
Block B
17
16.67
Block C
18
17.65
Block D
16
15.68
Block E
20
19.61
Block F
16
15.68
TOTAL
102
100
Table 3: Response rate from each hostel.
Page | 14
4.0.2 Analysis of the Quality of Hostel Facilities
In accordance with the research made by the world construction symposium (NN Wimalasena 2022),
The quality of housing is measured by the following categories, which are;
1. Dwelling unit architectural design characteristics and features (25%) - Measure the quality of
adopted architectural design features and standards.
2. User comfort (22%) - Measure the indoor environment parameters that make occupants
comfortable and healthy.
3. Housing site location and neighborhood (20%) - Measure the condition, as well as the security
of housing neighborhoods and proximity to main amenities.
4. Building services (15%) – Measure the design, installation and operation of principal utilities in
a dwelling.
5. Construction quality and stability (9%) - Measure the quality and stability of structural work
and non-structural related work.
6. Economic aspects (4%) - Measure commercial aspects of dwellings that account for housing
quality.
7. Building maintenance (3%) - Measure the acceptable standard and technical performance of
building elements.
8. Sustainability (2%) - Measure the adaptation of sustainable measures in housing construction to
reduce environmental impacts of dwellings.
For clarification and easy understanding for the students because most of them do not understand the
architectural jargons. So, we reconstituted the whole categories in just eight (8) categories to give them a
direct question which will not bore them or take their time and at the same achieving our objectives. The
simpler categories are; 1. Security, 2. Power, 3. Water, 4. Proximity to School Clinic, 5. Drainage, 6.
Sewage Management, 7. Recreational Facility, and 8. Waste management. As shown in the table below
with statistics of student responses and the weighted mean value (WMV).
Page | 15
S/No
Facilities
VB
1
B
2
F
3
G
4
VG
5
WMV
1
Security
_
_
9
28
65
4.5490
Ranking
of the
WMVs
2ND
2
Power
1
1
19
59
21
3.9313
4TH
3
Water Supply
5
3
3
32
59
4.3431
3RD
4
5
6
7
8
Proximity to
_
4
4
19
75
4.6176
1ST
School Clinic
Drainage
55
26
9
11
1
1.7941
8TH
System.
Sewage
10
26
35 19
12
2.9706
5TH
Management.
Recreational
16
21
33
29
3
2.8235
6TH
Facilities.
Waste
11
39
27
18
7
2.7157
7TH
Managements.
Table 4: Students’ Evaluation of the Condition of the Hostel Facilities.
Note: VB= Very Bad, B= Bad, F= Fair, G= Good, VG= Very Good.
Table 4 above shows the analysis of the students’ perception of various hostel facilities in the
undergraduate hostels at the Federal University Oye Ekiti, Ikole Campus. We carried out an investigation
on the Housing Quality Index (HQI) of the undergraduate hostel facilities to estimate their impact on the
overall academic performance of the occupants (students). Data were collated via questionnaires and a 5point Likert scale was used. Weighted Mean Value (WMV) was applied to estimate the current quality
index of the hostel facility. From this analysis gotten, the lowest-ranked facility is drainage system service,
with the weighted mean values of 1.7941. These three (3) facilities fell within the range of 2.0, i.e., three
(3) facilities were of bad condition. The power supply was found to be of fair condition with weighted
mean values of 3.9313. The proximity to clinic was ranked first among the investigated facilities with a
weighted mean value of 4.6176, i.e., Proximity to clinic in the undergraduate hostels is reasonably good.
The overall Housing Quality Index of the undergraduate hostels, which is the mean of the summation of
the weighted mean values of the facilities considered, was 3.47. However, it is just an average figure and
thus not good enough to lead to serious improvement on the students’ academic performance. According
to the data obtained from the questionnaires, the condition of the student hostel is in a fair condition and
is a big dictator in the academic performance of students.
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4.0.3 Analysis of the Quality of the Building Elements and Lighting in the Hostels
Following a thorough evaluation of the school hostel's amenities, we proceeded with our research by
gathering feedback from the students (occupants) regarding their perceptions of the quality of the building
elements in the hostels.
S/No
VB
1
B
2
F
3
G
4
VG
5
WMV
1
Building
Elements/
Lighting
Roof
_
_
13
17
72
4.5784
Ranking
of the
WMVs
1ST
2
Ceiling
_
5
38
31
28
3.8039
2ND
3
Floor
_
27
41
22
12
3.1863
5TH
4
Wall
3
25
39
18
16
3.1569
6TH
5
Door
28
36
30
5
3
2.2059
10TH
6
Window
13
17
35
27
10
3.0392
7TH
7
Paintings
5
19
40
26
12
3.2059
4TH
8
18
39
34
7
4
2.4118
9TH
9
Population in a
room
Ventilation
7
12
48
28
7
3.1569
6TH
10
Lighting
6
18
44
30
4
3.5098
3RD
11
Noise Level
9
24
55
12
1
2.6961
8TH
Table 5: Students’ Evaluation of the quality of building elements and lighting.
Note: VB= Very Bad, B= Bad, F= Fair, G= Good, VG= Very Good.
The study conducted an assessment of the core building elements and lighting features in the hostels to
evaluate their current quality. The analysis revealed that the doors, room occupancy, and noise levels in
the buildings were determined to be in poor condition based on their weighted mean values. Conversely,
the lighting, flooring, walls, ceilings, ventilation, doors, and windows were all rated as being of moderate
quality. Notably, the roofs in the hostels received the highest weighted mean value of 4.5784, indicating
good quality. However, the doors were identified as the lowest quality element, with a weighted mean
value of 2.2059. The overall Housing Quality Index for the hostels, calculated as the mean of the weighted
mean values, was determined to be 3.18.
These findings suggest that the building elements and lighting features in the undergraduate hostels at
Federal University Oye Ekiti, Ikole Campus are of moderate quality, potentially having a limited impact
on the academic performance of students.
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4.0.4 Analysis of the Academic Performance of the Occupants of the University Hostels
The final section of the questionnaire, Section Three (3), pertains to the enhancement in student grades
before and after obtaining accommodation in the school hostel. 80% of the student occupants provided
feedback for this section, while the remaining 20% opted not to respond in order to maintain
confidentiality. The table below illustrates the evaluation of responses:
C.G.P.A
Frequency
Percent
4.50 - 5.00
16
19.5
3.50 – 4.99
38
46.3
2.50 – 3.49
28
34.2
1.00 – 2.49
_
_
Total
82
100
Table 6: Students’ C.G.P.A before moving into the University Hostel.
C.G.P.A
Frequency
Percent
4.50 - 5.00
24
29.3
3.50 – 4.99
50
61.0
2.50 – 3.49
8
9.7
1.00 – 2.49
_
_
Total
82
100
Table 7: Students’ C.G.P.A after moving into the University Hostel.
Based on an analysis of the academic performance of undergraduate students residing in university hostels,
it was found that out of 102 students with valid data, 82 disclosed their CGPA before moving to the
hostels. It is noteworthy that none of these students had a CGPA below 1.0. Among the respondents,
twenty-eight (28) students were identified in the Second Class (2.2) grade, with CGPAs ranging from 2.50
to 3.49, accounting for 34.2% of the total. Additionally, thirty-eight (38) students were classified in the
Second Class Upper (2.1) grade, with CGPAs between 3.50 to 4.49, representing 46.3%. Furthermore,
sixteen (16) students were positioned in the First-Class division, boasting CGPAs of 4.50 to 5.00,
constituting 19.5% of the analyzed population.
Page | 18
Upon evaluating the current academic performance of students residing in the university hostels, it was
noted that all students have a minimum CGPA of 1.0, with none falling into the Third-Class category
(CGPA between 1.0 to 2.49). A total of eight (8) students achieved a Second Class Lower (2.2) with
CGPAs ranging from 2.50 to 3.49, representing 9.7% of the population. Additionally, fifty (50) students
attained a Second Class Upper (2.1) with CGPAs ranging from 3.50 to 4.49, making up 61.0% of the
group. Lastly, twenty-four (24) students excelled in the First-Class division, achieving CGPAs between
4.50 to 5.00, constituting 29.3% of the student body.
4.1 FINDINGS
Based on the analysis of the data collated, the major findings as deduced from the results are summarized
below;
The assessment of the Housing Quality Indices of the on-campus hostels showed that the quality of the
hostels was fair with the weighted mean value of the hostels being 3.18. In a similar vein, the quality index
of the hostel facilities was deduced to be 3.47. This was estimated via the weighted mean value of the
facilities in the nine undergraduate on-campus hostels investigated.
The study findings indicate a correlation between the quality of housing and facilities in the university's
undergraduate hostel and the positive impact on students' academic performance. This connection can be
attributed to the reliable power supply at the university and the high housing quality standards identified
in the research.
Based on thorough analysis and feedback from university hostel residents, it is evident that the quality of
the accommodations is average and significantly impacts student academic performance. By enhancing
the housing quality and increasing lighting in interior spaces, there is potential for substantial improvement
in the academic achievements of students, as well as increasing demand for accommodations in the
university hostel. These enhancements will also elevate the reputation of the hostel, further attracting
students seeking prestigious housing options.
One significant factor that led to the enhancement of academic performance among students living in oncampus hostels was the consistent and reliable security service. This element was rated as "good", second
highest ranking among all reviewed building elements and hostel facilities, with a weighted mean value
of 4.5490. This result is expected as students heavily rely on security for various academic tasks such as
studying, research, completing assignments, and other activities essential for their academic success.
Page | 19
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter will delve into a thorough discussion of the findings, the drawing of conclusions, the
implications of the study, recommendations for future research, the contribution to existing knowledge,
and proposals for further study.
5.0 DISCUSSION
Delivering top-notch on-campus housing is instrumental in promoting student success by cultivating a
welcoming and optimal learning atmosphere. Various studies, including findings by Emmanuel Erinle in
2022, underscore the significant impact that housing quality has on the well-being and academic
achievements of its occupants. Our research project further explores this correlation, specifically
examining the influence of university dormitory housing on the academic performance of student
residents. Numerous studies indicate that the quality of university housing plays a pivotal role in shaping
the academic success of its occupants.
Moreover, the study analyzed the academic performance of students based on their past and current
performance before and after relocating to university hostels. The findings indicated that prior to moving
to the hostel, 19.5% of students were in the First-Class category, 46.3% were in the Second-Class Upper
category, and 34.2% were in the Second-Class Lower category, with no students falling into the ThirdClass classification.
After moving to the university hostels, the study showed that 8 students (representing 9.7%) improved
their academic performance to the Second-Class Lower division with CGPAs ranging from 2.50 to 3.49.
Additionally, 50 students (61.0%) progressed to the Second-Class Upper division with CGPAs between
3.50 to 4.49, and 24 students (29.3%) attained a First-Class division with CGPAs ranging from 4.50 to
5.00.
A regression analysis was conducted to determine the correlation between housing quality, hostel
facilities, and academic performance among university hostel students. The results indicated a positive
relationship between academic performance, housing quality, and hostel facilities, with facilities having a
greater impact on academic success than housing quality.
Upon spending at least one semester in the hostel, there was a noteworthy enhancement in academic
performance. The percentage of students achieving first-class honors increased to 29.3%, while those
obtaining Second Class Upper rose to 61.0%. The number of students in the Second-Class Lower category
decreased to 9.7%, and there were no students sampled with a CGPA below 2.49 in the university hostel.
Page | 20
5.1 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
This study has evaluated the current housing quality indices of university hostel facilities and building
elements at the Federal University Oye Ekiti, Ikole Campus, Nigeria. Additionally, it has analyzed the
academic performance of undergraduate students both before and after residing in on-campus hostels to
determine the impact of housing quality on academic success.
Using regression analysis and Weight Mean Value (WMV), the study has examined the relationship
between housing conditions, facility quality, lighting in the interior spaces and academic performance.
The findings indicate a correlation between academic success, housing quality, lighting in the interior
spaces and facility conditions, with the quality of facilities having a greater influence on students'
academic performance compared to the housing elements themselves.
Providing high-quality on-campus housing is crucial for promoting student success by creating a
welcoming and conducive learning environment. Research, including a study by Emmanuel Erinle in
2022, highlights the significant impact of housing quality on the well-being of its occupants.
A study on university dormitory housing further explores this link, showing that students' academic
performance improves after moving into university hostels. The study found that after relocating to
university hostels, more students achieved higher academic divisions, with a positive correlation between
housing quality, hostel facilities, and academic success. Spending time in the hostel led to an increase in
the number of students achieving top honors, demonstrating the positive impact of university housing on
student achievement.
Furthermore, the study also revealed that students living in university hostels reported feeling more
connected to their peers and the campus community. This sense of belonging and community support
plays a crucial role in student retention and overall satisfaction with their college experience. By providing
high-quality on-campus housing, universities can not only enhance academic performance but also foster
a sense of community and support among students. This holistic approach to student success emphasizes
the importance of creating a well-rounded environment that supports students both academically and
socially.
Therefore, it is recommended that the university administration and other stakeholders, including the
federal government and private organizations, prioritize the provision of adequate and quality on-campus
housing with effective management programs to enhance academic achievement among students at the
university.
Page | 21
5.1 RECOMMENDATION
The quality of student housing and the availability of natural light are crucial components in ensuring a
conducive learning environment for the residents. The significance of well-maintained student housing
cannot be overstated, as it directly impacts the overall well-being and academic performance of students.
By providing safe, comfortable, and functional living spaces, universities can support the holistic
development of their students and create a sense of community on campus.
Moreover, the provision of natural light in student housing plays a vital role in promoting physical and
mental health. Natural light has been proven to enhance mood, productivity, and cognitive function,
making it an essential element in fostering a positive living environment. By optimizing the design of
student housing to maximize natural light exposure, universities can create spaces that are not only
aesthetically pleasing but also contribute to the overall well-being of their residents.
Furthermore, the quality of student housing and access to natural light can also impact the overall
sustainability of a university campus. Sustainable design practices, such as energy-efficient lighting and
ventilation systems, can reduce energy consumption and minimize the environmental impact of student
housing facilities. By promoting sustainable living practices, universities can instill a sense of
environmental responsibility in their students and contribute to a more sustainable future.
In addition, the availability of natural light in student housing can have a direct impact on the mental
health and well-being of residents. Studies have shown that exposure to natural light can help regulate
sleep patterns, reduce stress levels, and improve overall mental health. By prioritizing natural light in the
design of student housing facilities, universities can create spaces that support the mental health and wellbeing of their students.
Also, the quality of student housing and access to natural light can also impact the overall academic
success of students. A well-designed living space that is conducive to studying and relaxation can help
students focus, retain information, and perform better academically. By providing comfortable and
functional living spaces with ample natural light, universities can support the academic success of their
students and promote a culture of learning on campus.
Moreover, the quality of student housing and access to natural light can also influence the social dynamics
of a university campus. Well-designed living spaces that promote interaction and community engagement
can help foster a sense of belonging among students and create a supportive and inclusive campus
environment. By prioritizing social spaces and communal areas in student housing facilities, universities
can encourage collaboration, communication, and friendship among their residents.
Additionally, the quality of student housing and the availability of natural light can also impact the
recruitment and retention of students. Prospective students and their parents often consider the quality of
campus facilities when making decisions about which university to attend. By investing in wellmaintained student housing and prioritizing natural light in the design of campus facilities, universities
can attract and retain high-caliber students who value a supportive and conducive learning environment.
Page | 22
Additionally, investing in student housing and maximizing access to natural light can also contribute to
overall student satisfaction and happiness. Studies have shown that well-designed living spaces and
exposure to natural light can have a positive impact on mental health, productivity, and overall well-being.
By creating a campus environment that prioritizes these factors, universities can help students feel more
comfortable, motivated, and engaged in their academic pursuits. Ultimately, by focusing on the quality of
student housing and natural light provision, universities can create a supportive and nurturing environment
that enhances the overall student experience.
In addition to promoting student well-being, incorporating green spaces and outdoor recreational areas
into campus design can also have positive effects on academic performance. Studies have shown that
exposure to nature can enhance cognitive function, creativity, and problem-solving skills. By providing
students with opportunities to study and engage with their surroundings outdoors, universities can create
a stimulating learning environment that fosters academic success. Encouraging outdoor learning
experiences and incorporating nature into the curriculum can help students develop a deeper connection
with their studies and improve their overall academic performance.
Penultimately, incorporating green spaces and outdoor recreational areas into campus design can also play
a significant role in enhancing student well-being. Research has shown that access to nature and outdoor
activities can reduce stress, improve mood, and increase physical activity levels among students. By
creating a campus environment that promotes outdoor engagement and connection with nature,
universities can further support the holistic development and happiness of their student body. Encouraging
students to spend time outdoors, whether studying, socializing, or exercising, can foster a sense of
community and belonging, ultimately contributing to a positive and fulfilling university experience.
Lastly, the quality of student housing and access to natural light are essential factors in creating a positive
and supportive living environment for university students. By prioritizing sustainable design practices,
promoting mental health and well-being, supporting academic success, fostering social connections, and
enhancing recruitment and retention efforts, universities can create a campus environment that empowers
students to thrive and succeed. As such, it is imperative for universities to prioritize the quality of student
housing and the provision of natural light in their campus planning and development initiatives.
Page | 23
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APPENDIX
QUESTIONNAIRE SAMPLE
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