Republic of Iraq
Ministry of Higher Education
& Scientific Research
AL-Nahrain University
Information Engineering College
Systems Engineering Department
Footstep Power Generation System
Final year project
In partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor
of Science in Systems Engineering
By
Zaid Ali Isam
Supervised by
Asst. Lec. Khansaa Dheyaa
June 2023
Dhu al-Qi`dah1444
i
Supervisor Certification
I certify that this project entitled “Footstep power generation system” is prepared
under my Supervision at AL-Nahrain University / College of Information
Engineering / Department of Systems Engineering in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Systems Engineering.
Signature:
Name: Asst. Lec. Khansaa Dheyaa
(Supervisor)
Date:
/
/20 23
In view of the available recommendation, I forward this project for debate by the
examination committee.
Signature:
Name:
(Head of Department)
Date:
ii
/
/ 2023
Certification of Examination Committee
We chairman and members of the examination committee certify that we read the
project entitled “Footstep power generation system”, and have examined the
students “Zaid Ali Isam” in its contents and in what is concerned with it, and in our
opinion it meets the standards of a project for the degree of Bachelor of Science in
Systems Engineering.
Signature:
Signature:
Name: Asst.Prof.Dr. Osama A.Awad
Name:
(Chairman)
Date: /
(Member)
/ 2023
Date: /
/ 2023
Signature:
Signature:
Name:
Name:
(Member)
Date: /
(Member)
/ 2023
Date: /
/ 2023
Signature:
Name: Prof. Dr. Hikmat N. Abdullah
(Dean of College)
iii
Date: /
/ 2023
Abstract
The increasing concern over air pollution and the need for sustainable energy sources
have led to the development of innovative approaches for electricity generation. One
such approach is the footstep power generation system, which harnesses the kinetic
energy generated from human footsteps to produce electricity. This system aims to
utilize the piezoelectric effect, converting mechanical stress into electrical energy.
By designing and building a prototype of an energy harvesting module, this project
seeks to demonstrate the viability of this sustainable power generation method. The
system offers numerous applications, including powering street lights, sensors, and
low-power devices in urban areas. Its main objective is to generate electrical energy
from renewable sources while being environmentally friendly. The footstep power
generation system utilizes piezoelectric sensors strategically placed on the
installation surface. These sensors generate voltage when subjected to mechanical
stress, such as footsteps. To convert the AC voltage produced by the sensors into DC
voltage, a bridge rectifier is employed. This rectifier ensures that the electrical
energy can be stored and utilized effectively. A capacitor is incorporated into the
system to smooth out the DC voltage and store the generated energy. The voltage
generated by the sensors is measured using a voltage sensor connected to an Arduino
Nano. The Arduino Nano, programmed accordingly, displays the voltage
measurement on an LCD/12C display. Additionally, when the voltage surpasses a
predefined threshold, the Arduino Nano triggers an LED, ensuring that the generated
energy is not wasted and can be utilized to power other devices.
The successful development of a prototype for the footstep power generation system
highlights its potential as a practical and sustainable alternative to conventional
power generation methods, By efficiently converting mechanical stress from
footsteps into electrical energy using piezoelectric sensors, the system demonstrates
its capability. The generated energy is rectified, smoothed, and stored for later use.
Accurate voltage measurements are displayed on an LCD/12C display through an
Arduino Nano. The system maximizes energy utilization by triggering an LED when
the voltage exceeds a set threshold. Overall, this system shows promise as a
sustainable alternative to traditional power generation, with applications in urban
areas and a positive impact on renewable energy generation and environmental
conservation.
i
List of contents
Abstract
i
List of Contents
ii
List of Figures
iv
List of Tables
iv
List of Symbols and Abbreviations
v
Chapter 1: Introduction
1
1.1 Introduction
1
1.2 Project overview
1
1.3 Problem Statement
2
1.4 Aim of The Project
2
1.5 Project layout
2
Chapter 2: System Hardware Component
3
2.1 Chapter overview
3
2.2 Electronic Component System
3
2.2.1 Arduino nano microcontroller
3
2.2.2 piezoelectric sensor
4
2.2.3 Bridge rectifier
5
2.2.4 LCD Display with I2C
6
2.2.5 Capacitor
6
2.2.6 Voltage sensor
7
2.2.7 Light-emitting diode (LED)
7
ii
2.3 System software
8
2.4 Piezoelectric effect
8
Chapter 3: Design and Implementation
10
3.1 Chapter overview
10
3.2 Hardware Design and Implementation
10
3.2.1 Hardware Implementation
10
3.2.2 Series connection vs Parallel connection
12
3.2.3 Working principle
15
3.3 Software Design and Implementation
15
3.3.1 Flowchart
16
3.3.2 Simulation
17
3.3.3 Block diagram
17
3.3.4 System structure
18
3.4 Result
18
3.5 Discussion
21
Chapter 4: Conclusion and Future work.
22
4.1 Conclusion
22
4.2 Future work
22
References
23
Appendix A
25
iii
List of figures
Figure No.
Title
Page
No.
2.1
Arduino Uno microcontroller
3
2.2
Piezoelectric sensors
4
2.3
Circular diaphragm transducer: (a) Front view; (b) Side
4
view
2.4
piezoelectric transducer under pressure
5
2.5
16x2 LCD with I2c
6
2.6
Voltage sensor
7
2.7
LEDs
8
2.8
Arduino IDE
8
3.1
13
3.3
Piezoelectric sensors voltage for the respective current
generated for 6 sensors connected in parallel
Piezoelectric sensors voltage for the respective current
generated for 6 sensors connected in series
Schematic representing the work of the system
3.4
Flowchart
16
3.5
Simulation of the electronic circuit components.
17
3.6
Block diagram
17
3.7
Structure of the system
18
3.8
System charging result in parallel connection
19
3.9
System charging result in series connection
20
3.2
iv
14
15
List of tables
TableNo.
3-1
3-2
Page
No.
Title
Wire Connection of electronic circuit components pins with
Arduino pins
Series vs Parallel connection
List of Symbols and Abbreviation
Abbreviation
LCD
I2C
LED
SDA
SCL
AC
DC
Original
Liquid-Crystal Display
Integrated Controller
Light-emitting diode
Serial data
Serial clock
Alternate current
Direct current
v
12
14
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
This chapter gave an overview of the project’s basic idea, mentioned the main
problems that led to finding out how to solve these problems by design, and
implemented the Name Of the project.
1.2 Overview
Electricity is a fundamental need for modern human life, and its demand is
increasing day by day. The demand for the energy is increasing constantly as there
is a tremendous increase in the human population. The traditional methods of
electricity generation, such as fossil fuel combustion, have led to significant
environmental degradation and pollution, wherefore the exploration of alternate
sources of energy, including renewable energy, has become crucial to meet the
increasing demand for electricity.
Renewable energy is an increasingly popular and important source of energy that is
derived from naturally replenishing resources. Unlike non-renewable sources of
energy such as fossil fuels, renewable energy sources do not produce harmful
emissions that contribute to climate change and environmental degradation. There
are several types of renewable energy sources, such as solar energy, wind energy
and hydro energy, there are also other ways to generate energy, including generating
energy by footsteps.
Footstep energy generation is an effective method for producing electricity using the
kinetic energy generated from human footsteps. “An average person, weighing 60
kg, will generate only 0.1 watt in the single second required to take two steps across
the tile,” said Yoshiaki Takuya, a planner with Sound power Corp. “But when they
are covering a large area of floor space and thousands of people are stepping or
jumping on them, then we can generate significant amounts of power.” [14]
In this project the student uses an innovative method of energy harvesting that
harnesses the kinetic energy produced by human footsteps to generate electrical
power. The technology relies on the piezoelectric effect, which allows certain
materials to generate an electrical charge when subjected to mechanical stress.
Footstep power generation has enormous potential for a wide range of applications,
1
including powering street lights, sensors, and other low-power devices in urban
areas.
This project will focus on designing and building a prototype of an energy harvesting
module. The module is made up of piezoelectric materials that generate electrical
charge when subjected to mechanical stress. The generated electrical charge is then
conditioned and stored in a storage unit such as batteries and capacitors. The stored
electrical energy can then be used to power low-power devices such as LED lights.
Footstep power generation system is an innovative and sustainable way of
generating electricity that can be used to power low-power devices in public areas.
1.3 Problem Statement
As the demand for renewable energy sources continues to rise, there is a need for
innovative methods to harness the power of human energy. Footstep power
generation systems have emerged as a sustainable and cost-effective solution for
generating electricity from the movement of people. In public places such as parks
and shopping malls, the energy from the footsteps of large crowds is currently being
wasted. By utilizing piezoelectric sensors, this energy can be captured and converted
into electrical energy. This system offers a practical alternative to traditional power
generation methods that often come with high costs, environmental impacts, and
limited availability in certain regions.
1.4 Aim of the project
The aim of the footstep power generation system project is to design, develop, and
implement a sustainable and efficient system that harnesses the power of human
footsteps to generate electricity.
1.5 Report Layout
The remaining chapters of this project are arranged as follows:
Chapter 2: System Hardware Component.
Chapter 3: Design and Implementation
Chapter 4: Results and Discussion.
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Future Work.
2
Chapter 2
System Methodology
2.1
Chapter Overview
This chapter presents a general theoretical description of the hardware
components used in this project. It explains Arduino microcontroller,
piezoelectric sensors, bridge rectifier and other hardware components used
in the project.
2.2
Electronic Components System
In this section the Electronic components used in the project are explained.
2.2.1 Arduino Nano
Arduino Nano is a small, open-source electronic board based on the
ATmega328P microcontroller. It is designed for creating and prototyping
various electronics projects, including robotics, sensors, and control systems.
The board features a compact size, low power consumption, and a range of
digital and analog input/output pins that can be programmed using the
Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE).[12]
Figure (2-1): Arduino Nano microcontroller
3
2.2.2 piezoelectric sensor
Piezoelectric Sensor uses piezoelectric effect to measure pressure or mechanical
energy by converting all of it to electrical energy signals. It is a substantial tool that
could be used for the measurement of varying cause. It has very high modulus of
elasticity compared to other metals and it goes up to 10e6 N/m2.
Additionally, piezoelectric sensors are rugged, have high natural frequency.
Figure (2-2): piezoelectric sensor
Figure (2-3): Circular diaphragm transducer: (a) Front view; (b) Side view.
This phenomenon is not affected to Electromagnetic fields and other radiations.
It converts the mechanical stress to electrical voltage. When mechanical stress is
applied onto the sensor, electrical charge is accumulated on the crystal that can be
extracted using a wire. When a piezoelectric material is subjected to stress T, it
4
produces Polarization P which is linear function of T: P=dT (d: piezoelectric strain
constant). For a dielectric
substance, the relationships of electrical displacement D with electric field strength
E is given by D=εE.
Basic Piezoelectric Effect equation:
Dn = dnjTj + εTnm Em (m, n=1,2,3; I, j=1, 2, ...., 6)
Piezoelectric sensor can be considered as a RC Network and an alternating current
source [5]
Figure (2-4): piezoelectric transducer under pressure
2.2.3 bridge rectifier
A bridge rectifier is an electronic component used to convert an AC (alternating
current) voltage to a DC (direct current) voltage. It is a type of rectifier circuit that
uses four or more diodes arranged in a bridge configuration to rectify the AC input
voltage.
The bridge rectifier consists of four diodes arranged in a bridge configuration, with
the AC input voltage applied across the two diagonal ends of the bridge. The output
voltage is taken across the two remaining ends of the bridge, which are now the DC
output terminals. The diodes are arranged such that they conduct in pairs, allowing
5
the current to flow in only one direction through the load, which is connected to the
DC output terminals.[11]
2.2.4 LCD Display with I2C
LCD is a flat panel display that uses liquid crystals to operate so they are called
liquid crystal displays. It is a kind of dot matrix module. It displays numbers, letters,
and characters. Lcd has parallel ports so that it would control several pins at a time.
The LCD is connected with the I2C protocol which is a bus interface connection
protocol incorporated into devices for serial communication.[10]
An I2C LCD advantage is that wiring is straightforward, requiring only two
data pins to control the LCD. A standard LCD requires over ten connections, which
can be a lot to deal with. [11]
In this project the LCD will display the amount of voltages stored inside the
capacitor.
Figure (2-5): 16x2 LCD with I2C
2.2.5 Capacitor
A capacitor is a two-terminal electrical device that can store energy in the
form of an electric charge. It consists of two electrical conductors that are separated
by a distance. The space between the conductors may be filled by vacuum or with
an insulating material known as a dielectric. The ability of the capacitor to store
charges is known as capacitance.[7]
6
In this project Capacitors will act as storage system for the charge produced from
the piezoelectric sensors.
2.2.6 Voltage Sensor
A voltage sensor is a device that measures voltage. Voltage sensors can
measure the voltage in various ways, from measuring high voltages to detecting low
current levels. These devices are essential for many applications, including industrial
controls and power systems.
In this project the voltage sensor is used to measure the output voltage generated by
the system and provide feedback for monitoring and control purposes.[8]
Figure (2-6): voltage sensor
2.2.7 Light-emitting diode (LED)
semiconductor light source that emits light when current flows through it.
LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources, including lower power
consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster
switching.[9]
In this project the LED provide physical representation that an electrical energy has
been produced.
7
Figure (2-4): Leds
2.3 System Software:
Arduino integrated
Arduino.cc.[13]
development
environment
(IDE/
C++)
program
by
Figure (2-5): Arduino IDE
2.4
piezoelectric effect
Piezoelectric effect is the ability of certain materials to generate an electric charge
in response to applied mechanical stress. The phenomenon was first discovered in
1880 by Pierre and Jacques Curie, who found that certain crystals, such as quartz,
produced an electric potential when subjected to mechanical stress. This effect is
also reversible, meaning that these materials can also produce mechanical stress
when subjected to an electric field.
Piezoelectric materials are classified as either natural or man-made. Natural
piezoelectric materials include quartz, tourmaline, and topaz, while man-made
materials include ceramics, polymers, and composites.
A piezoelectric substance is one that produces an electric charge when a mechanical
stress is applied (the substance is squeezed or stretched). Conversely, a mechanical
deformation (the substance shrinks or expands) is produced when an electric field is
applied. This effect is formed in crystals that have no center of symmetry.
8
The piezoelectric effect occurs due to the presence of polar molecules in the crystal
structure of the material. When the material is subjected to mechanical stress, the
polar molecules are displaced, creating a separation of positive and negative charges,
resulting in an electric potential. Conversely, when an electric field is applied to the
material, the polar molecules align themselves and cause the material to expand or
contract, resulting in a mechanical deformation.[4]
9
Chapter 3
Design and Implementation
3.1
Chapter Overview
In this chapter, implementation, programming, interfacing with flowchart and
result will be explained: The Footstep Power Generation System based on
piezoelectric sensors is a promising method for harvesting energy from human
motion. The system is designed to generate electricity through the conversion
of mechanical energy produced by footsteps into electrical energy using
piezoelectric sensors.
3.2
Hardware Design and Implementation
3.2.1 hardware Implementation
The implementation of the system involves the use of piezoelectric sensors, which
are capable of generating a voltage when subjected to mechanical stress. These
sensors are carefully mounted in designated locations within the walking path. The
sensors are securely affixed to the ground or flooring material to ensure stability and
accuracy during footstep energy capture.
The positive terminals of the sensors are connected together and soldered to a
common point. Similarly, the negative terminals are connected and soldered to
another common ground point. These connections enable the parallel connection of
the sensors, facilitating the combined output of electrical charges generated by the
footstep-induced mechanical stress.
The bridge rectifier is connected to the positive terminal of the combined sensor
output and the common ground. This arrangement allows the rectifier to convert the
AC voltage generated by the sensors into a rectified DC voltage, which is essential
for subsequent energy storage and utilization.
The rectified DC voltage is then connected to the positive terminal of the capacitor,
while the negative terminal of the capacitor is connected to the common ground. The
capacitor serves as an energy storage device, smoothing out voltage fluctuations and
10
providing a stable power source for the system., which smoothens out the DC
voltage and stores the electrical energy generated by the sensors. The voltage
generated by the sensors is measured using a voltage sensor, which is connected to
an Arduino Nano. The voltage measurement is displayed on an LCD/12C display,
and the energy generated can also be used to power other devices.
The Arduino Nano microcontroller is a central component responsible for
controlling, monitoring, and regulating the footstep power generation system. The
Arduino Nano is connected to the parallel output of the sensors, allowing it to
measure the voltage across the capacitor.
The microcontroller is programmed using the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development
Environment). The programming code includes algorithms for reading the voltage
from the capacitor, monitoring the system voltage, and controlling the LED based
on a predetermined threshold of capacitance.
The Arduino Nano also interfaces with the voltage sensor, enabling real-time
monitoring and adjustment of the system voltage within the desired range. The
programming code incorporates appropriate control loops and feedback mechanisms
to maintain optimal power generation and stability.
An LED is integrated into the system to provide visual feedback on the power
generation status. The LED is connected to a digital output pin of the Arduino Nano.
Based on the programmed threshold of capacitance, when the measured voltage
across the capacitor reaches or exceeds the predetermined value, the Arduino Nano
activates the LED, indicating successful power generation. This visual feedback
serves as a user-friendly indicator and validates the system's operation.
The effectiveness of the system depends on the placement of the piezoelectric
sensors and the number of sensors used. The system works best when the sensors
are placed in high traffic areas, such as public parks, train stations, and shopping
malls.
The Footstep Power Generation System has several advantages over traditional
power generation methods. It is environmentally friendly, as it generates electricity
without the use of fossil fuels or other non-renewable resources. It is also costeffective, as the system can be installed in public areas where foot traffic is high, and
the electricity generated can be used to power lighting or other devices.
11
One potential limitation of the system is its reliance on foot traffic. If foot traffic is
low, the system may not generate enough electricity to power devices efficiently.
Additionally, the system may require frequent maintenance to ensure the sensors and
other components are working correctly.
Wire connection of electronic circuit components pins as figure (3-4)
Electronic component name
Electronic components pin
Arduino number Pin
LCD 2x16 Module SCL
with I2C (2)
SDA
Voltage sensor
Input
A5
A4
A1
LEDS:
BLUE
6
Input
Table (3-1) Wire Connection of electronic circuit components pins with Arduino pins
3.2.2 Series connection VS Parallel connection
In a parallel connection, multiple piezoelectric sensors are connected side by side in
parallel to increase the total generated current. In this configuration, the voltage
output remains constant, but the current output increases. One of the main
advantages of parallel connection is that it allows for easy expansion of the system
by adding more sensors in parallel. Another advantage is that if one of the sensors
fails, the overall output of the system is not significantly impacted.
However, parallel connection has some drawbacks. One issue is that the impedance
of each sensor needs to be carefully matched to ensure that the current is evenly
distributed across all the sensors. If the impedance is not well-matched, one sensor
may generate more current than the others, which can lead to overheating and
damage to the system. Additionally, if the sensor output is not linear, the parallel
connection may result in an uneven distribution of power across the system.
12
Figure (3-1): Piezoelectric sensors voltage for the respective current generated for 6 sensors
connected in parallel.
In a series connection, multiple piezoelectric sensors are connected end to end in
series to increase the total generated voltage. In this configuration, the current output
remains constant, but the voltage output increases. One of the main advantages of
series connection is that it enables higher voltages to be generated, which can be
useful for applications that require higher voltage output. Additionally, series
connection ensures that the current is evenly distributed across all the sensors,
regardless of their individual impedance.
However, series connection also has some drawbacks. One issue is that if one sensor
fails, the entire system will stop generating power. Another issue is that the output
of the system can be sensitive to changes in temperature, which can affect the output
voltage.
13
Figure (3-2): Piezoelectric sensors voltage for the respective current generated for 6 sensors
connected in series
System Outputs
Output voltage
Output current
Output energy
Parallel connection
generates a higher output
voltage
generates lower output
current
Generates lower energy
Series connection
generates lower output
voltage
generates a higher output
current
Generates higher energy
Table (3-2) comparison between parallel and series connection
14
3.2.3 Working principal
The pressure applied to the piezo electric material convert it into electrical energy.
The pressure can be given by the people walking over it. The output of the piezo
electric material is not stable. Bridge circuit converts the variable voltage into a
linear voltage. AC ripple filter is used to filter any fluctuations in output. The output
of the DC voltage is stored in a rechargeable battery. The output from a single piezo
tile was extremely low, so combination of piezo tile is connected. The output voltage
can be seen in a LCD. For this purpose, ARDIUNO Nano is used.
Figure (3-3): Schematic representing the work of the system
3.3 Software design and Implementation
In this section, implementation, programming and interfacing with flowchart and
Block Diagram of footstep power generation system.
15
3.3.1 Flowchart of the system
In figure (3-4) that shown the flowchart design footstep power generation system.
Figure (3-3): Flowchart
16
3.3.2 Fritzing Simulation
In figure (3-5) that show the simulation of the electronic circuit.
Figure (3-4): Simulation of the electronic circuit components
3.3.3 Block diagram of the system
In figure (3-5) that show the Block diagram of the system.
Figure (3-5): Block diagram
17
3.3.4 System Structure
Figure (3-6): System structure
3.4 Results
In this project two types of connection were tested to find the most suitable
connection to generate energy. One of The purposes of this experimentation was to
evaluate the performance and efficiency of each connection method in terms of
power output and overall system effectiveness.
1-parallel connection:
After this connection was implemented, all the positive terminals of the sensors were
connected together and all the negative terminals were connected together. This
parallel configuration allowed for an additive effect in terms of current output, where
the currents from individual sensors combined to produce a higher total current
output. It was observed that the parallel connection exhibited a higher rate of
charging capacitor compared to the series connection.
18
Figure (3-7): System charging results in parallel connection
2-Series connection:
After this connection was implemented, where the positive terminal of one sensor
was connected to the negative terminal of the adjacent sensor, forming a continuous
chain. This arrangement in theory results in an additive effect, where the voltages of
individual sensors added up to produce a higher total voltage output across the
system, but by experiment the voltage that was generated was less than parallel
connection.
19
Figure (3-8): System charging results in series connection
After choosing the parallel connection:
If in a square meter. Area 30 piezo sensor are used. As piezo sensors power
generating varies with different steps, get Minimum voltage=1 V per step Maximum
voltage=10V per step If an average of 50 Kg weight pressure from single person is
taken, Considering the steps of a 50 Kg weighted single person, the average
calculation is: It takes 800 steps to increase 1 V charge in battery. So, to increase 12
V in battery Total steps needed = (12 × 800) =9600 steps As this project is
implemented in a populated area where foot step as source are available, if an
average of 2 steps in 1 second are taken. For 9600 steps time needed 9600/(60× 2)
=80 minutes. (Approximately)
20
3.5 Discussion
From the all presented results and test one can concluded that the footstep power
generation system can produce electric energy for the kinetic energy produced from
footstep, this power generation system is renewable and has no negative
environmental effect, which is why it has contributed to the direction of sustainable
alternative energies
21
Chapter 4
Conclusions and future work
5.1
Conclusion
1-The proposed system suggests that individual potential energy could be
transformed by piezoelectric materials into electrical power.
2- By doing a comparison of series and parallel connections, the parallel connection
is seen to be the most suitable for the system to charge the capacitor
3- This system is ideally suited in which there is a large density of traffic and people
and particularly small business firms such supermarkets, and religious centers,
shopping centers, transport hubs, etc. We can also use it in a street lighting without
the help of power lines, charging ports, lighting of pavement side buildings.
4-This power generation system is renewable and has no negative environmental
effect, which is why it has contributed to the direction of sustainable alternative
energies
5.2 Future Work
1-IoT integration: The system could be integrated with the Internet of Things (IoT)
to enable remote monitoring and control of the power generation and storage
systems. This could allow for more efficient use of the energy generated and help to
optimize the system for specific environments or use cases.
2-Real-World Testing: While the simulation results are promising, real-world testing
of the system is necessary to validate the performance of the system under different
conditions and to identify any potential issues that may arise.
3-Scale Up: While the current system is designed for individual use, there is potential
for scaling up the technology to power larger devices or even entire buildings. This
could involve designing more powerful and robust piezoelectric sensors and
integrating them into larger systems.
22
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Engineering and Technology, volume 8 (2021).
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S R and Chaitra C,(Students 8th Semester) Department of ECE, P.E.S. Institute of
Technology and Management, Shivamogga, Karnataka, India, "Piezo Electric
Based Energy Harvesting From Footsteps", International Journal of Trend in
Research and Development, Volume 4(3), ISSN: 2394-9333, June 2017
24
Appendix A
#include <Wire.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27,16,2); // Set the LCD address to 0x27 for a 16 chars and 2 line display
int sensorPin = A0; // Define the analog input pin for the voltage sensor
int LedPin = 4;
float voltage; // Variable to store the voltage value
float R1 = 30000.0;
float R2 = 7500.0;
float threshold = 0.3;
float in_voltage;
void setup() {
lcd.init(); // Initialize the LCD
lcd.backlight(); // Turn on the backlight
lcd.clear(); // Clear the LCD screen
lcd.setCursor(0,0); // Set the cursor to the first row, first column
lcd.print("WELCOME"); // Display text on the first row
}
void loop() {
// Read the voltage from the sensor
int sensorValue = analogRead(sensorPin);
lcd.setCursor(0,0); // Set the cursor to the second row, first column
lcd.print("Voltage sensor"); // Display the text "Voltage: "
voltage = sensorValue * (5.0 / 1023.0); // Convert the sensor value to voltage
// Calculate voltage at divider input
in_voltage = voltage / (R2/(R1+R2)) ;
lcd.setCursor(0,1); // Set the cursor to the second row, first column
lcd.print("Voltage: "); // Display the text "Voltage: "
lcd.print(in_voltage); // Display the voltage value
lcd.print("V"); // Set the cursor to the second row, first column
if(in_voltage>threshold){
digitalWrite(LedPin,HIGH);
}
else{
digitalWrite(LedPin,LOW);
}
delay(1000); // Wait for 1 second
}
25
‫الملخص‬
‫الخالصة‬
‫بالنظر إلى الوضع الحالي لتلوث الهواء وإيجاد طرق أخرى لتوليد الطاقة الكهربائية ‪ ،‬فإن نظام توليد الطاقة‬
‫على خطى هو نهج مبتكر ومستدام لتوليد الكهرباء من خالل االستفادة من الطاقة الحركية المتولدة من خطى‬
‫اإلنسان‪ .‬تتمثل فكرة هذا المشروع في تصميم وبناء نموذج أولي لوحدة تجميع الطاقة التي تستخدم التأثير‬
‫الكهروإجهادي لتحويل الضغط الميكانيكي إلى طاقة كهربائية‪ .‬يوفر هذا النظام بديالا عملياا ألساليب توليد‬
‫الطاقة التقليدية ولديه إمكانات هائلة لمجموعة واسعة من التطبيقات ‪ ،‬بما في ذلك إضاءة الشوارع وأجهزة‬
‫االستشعار وغيرها من األجهزة منخفضة الطاقة في المناطق الحضرية‪ .‬الهدف الرئيسي للنظام هو إنتاج‬
‫الطاقة الكهربائية من مصادر متجددة وصديقة للبيئة‪ .‬في هذا المشروع ‪ ،‬ستُبذل محاولة لتطوير نموذج أولي‬
‫لنظام توليد الطاقة من خطى االقدام ‪ ،‬يستخدم النظام مستشعرات كهروضغطية تولد جهداا عند تعرضها‬
‫لضغط ميكانيكي ‪ ،‬مثل خطوات األقدام‪ .‬يتم وضع هذه المستشعرات على سطح مثبت وتوصيلها بمقوم‬
‫قنطري للموجة الكاملة ‪ ،‬والذي يحول جهد التيار المتردد من المستشعرات إلى جهد تيار مستمر‪ .‬يستخدم‬
‫‪.‬المكثف لتخفيف جهد التيار المستمر وتخزين الطاقة الكهربائية الناتجة عن المستشعرات‬
‫لقياس الجهد الناتج عن المستشعرات ‪ ،‬يتم توصيل مستشعر الجهد بـ االردوينو نانو‪ .‬تمت برمجة االردوينو‬
‫ضا لعرض قياس الجهد على شاشة الكرستال‪ .‬باإلضافة إلى ذلك ‪ ،‬عند الوصول إلى جهد معين ‪ ،‬يقوم‬
‫نانو أي ا‬
‫اردوينو نانو بتشغيل الثنائي الباعث للضوء ‪ ،‬مما يضمن عدم إهدار الطاقة المولدة ويمكن استخدامها لتشغيل‬
‫‪.‬األجهزة األخرى‬
‫‪26‬‬
‫جمهورية العراق‬
‫وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي‬
‫جامعة النهرين‬
‫كلية هندسة المعلومات‬
‫قسم هندسة المنظومات‬
‫نظام توليد الطاقة عن طريق خطى االقدام‬
‫قدم هذا المشروع كجزء من متطلبات نيل شهادة البكلوريوس في علوم هندسة المنظومات‬
‫‪In partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of‬‬
‫‪Science in Systems Engineering‬‬
‫مقدمة من قبل‬
‫زيد علي عصام‬
‫باشراف‬
‫م‪.‬م خنساء ضياء‬
‫‪ 2023‬حزيران‬
‫‪ 1444‬ذي القعدة‬
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