COUC/CEFS 510
THEORIES CHART ASSIGNMENT
Theoretical
Approach
Founder &
Date Founded
Counselor’s Role
(2)
Client’s Role (2)
Key Concepts
(2)
Therapeutic
Techniques (2)
Multicultural Strengths (2)
Multicultural
Shortcomings (2)
Limitations (2)
Psychoanalytic
Sigmund Fruend
is the founder of
Psychoanalytic
Therapy. This
resulted in
publishing his
first full-length
analysis of
hysteria. He first
used the term
“psychoanalysis”
in 1896 (Tans,
2022).
1. Anonymous,
nonjudgemental
stance providing a
black screen
approach (Corey,
2021).
2. Help clients
acquire freedom to
love, work, and
play (Corey,
2021),
1. Report feelings,
experiences,
associations,
memories, and
fantasies (Corey,
2021).
2. Willing to
commit themselves
to long-term
therapy (Corey,
2021)
1. Structure of the
personality is
made of three
separate parts: the
ID, ego, and
Superego (Tan,
2022)
2. Anxiety is a
dread feeling
from repressed
feelings,
memories,
desires, and
experiences
that emerge to the
surface (Corey,
2022)
1. Free association
permits the client
to say what comes
to mind without
restrictions (Tan,
2022).
2. Therapists use
interpretation to
point out or
explore means of
free association,
dreams, resistance,
and transference
feelings. This can
speed up
the therapy process
(Corey, 2021)
1. Can easily be adapted
to many cultures (Corey,
2021).
2. Helps clients pinpoint
critical moments or times
in their lives and how
they impact them (Corey,
2021).
1. Focuses on aggressive
and sexual drives and
impulses. Other factors
are equal to or more
important to human
behavior than those
concepts (Tan, 2022).
2. Therapy types long
and expensive, not being
accessible to people
from all walks of people
who might need it (Tan,
2022)
1. Non-judgmental
but does not bring
up other topics
such as political
or economic
factors the client
brought with them
(Corey, 2021)
2. Approaches are
natural, but others
might need or, to
the point
therapist(Corey,
2021)
1. The father of
Alfred Adler
separated from
Freud's inner
circle and
opened the
Society of
Individual
Psychology in
1912. He is
noted for
founding
Individual or
Adlerian
Therapy (Tan,
2022).
1. Encourage,
inform, teach, and
guide clients to
change faulty
assumptions and
mistaken goals in
their private logic
(Corey, 2021).
2. Assessments
such as the family
constellation
relationships and
early recollections
(Corey,2021).
1. Focus on workdesired outcomes
and resident
lifestyles, which
can serve as a
blueprint for
actions (Corey,
2021).
2. Explore private
logic and ideals of
things based on
early recollections
(Corey, 2021).
1. Subjective
1. Listen with
empathy
and thoughtfulness
while tracking
clients' subjective
experiences as far as
possible, clarifying
setting goals, with
the possible meaning
behind behaviors
(Tan, 2022)
2. Insight and
understanding.
Therapists interpret
the assessment
results to facilitate
clients' self-
1. Therapy has been used to
treat a wide range of
psychological disorders in
various settings, like race
and age (Corey, 2021).
2. Well suited to counseling
diverse populations in shortterm therapy for several
months (Corey, 2021).
1. Assumptions like birth
order might not apply to all
cultures, such as in family
constellation (Corey, 2021).
2. Some cultures view
therapists as fixed if therapy
does not have the answers
(Corey, 2021).
1. The therapy has
not been
sufficiently
evaluated in wellcontrolled therapy
outcome studies
(Tan, 2022).
2. The amount of
personal
information given
about family,
lifestyle, and so
forth can be too
much for some
(Tan, 2022).
1. Alfred Adler
developed Adlerian
therapy, a nonanalytic
approach that
accentuates
purposefulness, past
lives, and subjective
opinions in addressing
an individual's
personality and
behavior. Despite
limited research in
Turkey, its potential
contributes to mental
health (Erbaş, 2023).
Adlerian
perception of reality
is the primary way
that therapists see
things from the
client's point of
view (Corey, 2021).
2. The life goal is
unity and patterns
of human
personality
holistically (Corey,
2021).
Research
(1)
Psychotherapy, Sigmund
Freud, laid the
groundwork for what his
later students would
contribute to diverse
viewpoints to the current
theories. Then, the
article compares the
theories to one another,
notating the overviews
of each (Tarzian et al.,
2023).
COUC/CEFS 510
Existential
PersonCentered
Founded in the
early 1800s,
Soren
Kierkegaard and
Fredrick
Nietzsche are
noted for the
main ideas of
such therapy
(Tan, 2022).
1. Have the client
accept their
responsibility for
current life
choices.
2. Assist clients in
resolving their
restricted existence
to address issues
(Corey, 2021).
1. Responsible for
how they are
choosing to be in
the world
(Corey,2021)
2. Talking about
what is sacred to
them to wedge
open the doors,
making it no
longer scary (Tan,
2022).
1. Awareness of
death and nonbeing.
It is understood that
death is a primary
human condition
and gives
significance to
living (Tan, 2022)
2. Striving for
identity and
relationship with
others, clients want
to have their own
identity but still do
people things (Tan,
2022).
Formerly
known as nondirective
therapy, Carl
Rodgers
created it in
the 1940s, and
then the name
changed to
PersonCentered
therapy in the
1950s (Tan,
2022).
1. Be present and
accessible to
clients and focus
on their immediate
experience (Corey,
2021).
2. The therapist's
attitude facilitates
change in clients
Rather than
theories or
techniques (Corey,
2021).
1Theapy largely
depends on their
experience and
perception of
therapy
(Tan,2022).
2. Discrepancy in
self-perception and
experience in
reality (Tan,2022)
1. Experiencing and
expressing
congruence is when
the therapist is real,
open, genuine, and
honest with the
client within a
professional means
(Tan, 2022).
2. Empathic
Understanding is
the therapist's
attempt to do their
best to experience
and express
understanding of
the client’s frame of
mind (Tan, 2021)
understanding.
Formed in openended questions.
(Tan, 2022).
1. Confrontation
helps clients face
what they are running
away from, such as
freedom and
responsibility (Corey,
2021).
2. Dereflection turns
from what is
upsetting to
something else more
pleasant (Corey,
2021).
1. Unconditional
Positive Regard is a
primary regard for
therapeutic change in
therapy. It involves a
warm, respectful,
deeply caring, and
accepting attitude
toward being a
person (Tan,2022).
2. Motivational
Interviewing is a
complementary
approach that
includes special
techniques to
enhance a client's
intrinsic motivation
(Tan, 2022).
1. It does not dictate
viewing or highly relevant
reality. It might be the most
useful approach focused on
life issues (Corey, 2021).
2. Deals with existing issues
and life dilemmas no matter
where you can face them
(Corey, 2021).
1.Ignores social cause of
Human problems (Corey,
2021).
2. In Some cultures, certain
people do not have freedom
or choice and are not fit for
therapy (Corey, 2021).
1. In the 1970s, workshops
were held worldwide to
promote cross-cultural
communication using PCT
(Corey, 2021).
2. Using techniques like MI,
seamless culturally sensitive
therapy can be conducted,
avoiding hot topics (Corey,
2021).
1. Some people come for
guidance but are put off by
the therapy approach
(Corey, 2021).
2. With empathy being such
a large part, it may cause a
cultural barrier to
understanding (Corey, 2021)
1. Terminology
can sometimes be
confusing, making
research difficult
(Tan,2022).
2. There is an
emphasis on
subjective
understanding
through clients.
Techniques come
from various
therapies
approaching
limitations (Tan,
2022).
1. The article provides a
comprehensive overview
of the empirical
literature on existential
therapies, focusing on
existential practices, key
concepts, critical
therapeutic
competencies, and
outcomes (Vos, 2023).
1. It disregards other
factors, such as
biology, society, and
culture, that may
change
psychopathology
(Corey, 2021).
2. Does not formally
diagnose or use
assessments; some
may look for answers
(Tan, 2022).
1. Person-centered
therapy, founded by Carl
Rogers in the 1940s, is a
psychotherapy approach
in which the client is the
expert and the therapist
takes a non-directive
role. It emphasizes the
interprofessional team's
role in improving patient
care by addressing core
conditions, therapeutic
processes, benefits, and
criticisms in treating
common psychiatric
illnesses (Yao & Kabir,
2023).
COUC/CEFS 510
Cognitive
Behavioral
Over the
1960s, Aaron
Beck
developed
cognitive
behavior,
establishing
three main
types (Tan,
2022).
1. Show clients
irrational absolutes
in their thinking.
Replace with
preferences
(Corey, 2021).
2. Get beyond
irrational thoughts.
Help clients think
past and minimize
their irrational
ideas (Corey,
2021).
1. Work towards
and review
progress, make
plans, and identify
strategies to
prevent and cope
with new
challenges as they
arise (Corey,
2021).
2. Encouraged to
actively use tools
out of sessions,
including and often
will have mutually
agreed upon
homework
(Corey,2021)
1. The ABC
Framework is used
in REBT theory to
understand clients'
feelings, thoughts,
events, and
adversity (Tan,
2022).
2. Through
emotional
disturbance,
therapists can learn
about irrational
beliefs a client has
that stem from
childhood and carry
thoughts until that
very day
(Tan,2022).
1. Rational Emotive
1. The therapist and client
Imagery is an intense
mental process that
establishes new
emotions instead of
disruptive ones by
thinking healthily
(Tan, 2022).
2. Shame-attacking
exercises reduce
shame and anxiety.
They encourage
clients to do things
they are fearful of
due to
foolishness and teach
that one can still
function even if
judged(Tan,2022).
Choice/Reality
Choice/Reality
therapy was
founded in the
1960s by
William
Glasser (Tan,
2022).
1. Consider a
mentored mentoring
process; the therapist
is the teacher and
helps the client learn
self-evaluation
(Corey, 2021).
2. Assist clients in
evaluating their
behavioral direction,
specifications, wants,
etc. (Corey, 2021).
1. There is an
emphasis on actions.
Clients must change
their actions and how
they feel and/or think
(Corey, 2021).
2. Time is essential,
and urgency is
present since each
lesson could be the
last should the client
be able to apply the
session to life
(Corey,2021).
1. In life, we all
have behaviors that
have four key,
inseparable
components: acting,
thinking, feeling,
and physiology
(Tan,2022).
2. Focus on current,
not past, issues, and
the sessions can be
shortened (Tan,
2022).
1. WDEP wants,
direction,
evaluation, and
planning help
clients identify
goals (Tans,2022).
2. Using
metaphors,
precisely
symbolism, when
speaking to clients
shows compassion
and understanding
(Tan,2022).
come together to explore
and address cultural needs
based on the IP's reality
(Coery, 2021).
2. Share common
assumptions that make
integration possible.
Cultural influences
contribute to the client's
uniqueness (Corey, 2021).
1. The Therapist needs to be
culturally aware of the
client's background (Corey,
2021).
2. By only focusing on
current problems, we might
ignore larger, more pressing
current or previous
conditions (Corey, 2021).
1. This form of therapy is
considered a universal
change to fit the cultural
context (Corey, 2021).
2. Based on free will and
choice, this therapy method
provides tools for all diverse
backgrounds (Corey, 2021).
1. Some people who are
clients in this setting may
not be comfortable sharing
their cultural goals
2. This form of therapy does
not address all
environmental factors
(racism, sexism) for some
cultures that work against
them every day
(Corey,2021).
Solution-focused
brief therapy was
founded by
Insoo Kim Berg
and Steve de
Shazer while
attending the
Brief Family
Therapy Center
in the 1980s
(Corey, 2021).
1. The therapist's role
is not as the expert
since they are not the
most knowledgeable
in their relationship
with the client
(Corey, 2021).
2. A critical way that
therapists help clients
through this form of
therapy is by asking
questions based on
1. Clients are
considered the
experts in the
therapeutic
relationship since it is
based on the client's
view of their life
(Corey, 2021).
2. Clients are the
experts, and knowing
why they want to
change, their
cooperation is vital
1. One Key concept
in SFBT is that it is
solution-focused
instead of problems
(Tan, 2022).
2. All clients can,
do, and will change
so the therapist can
trust the client to
solve their problems
(Tan,2022).
1. At the end of each
session, techniques
for therapist feedback
to clients may take
place. This is when
the therapist takes a
few minutes to
reflect, affirm, give
rationale, and assign
homework (Tan,
2022).
2. The miracle
question helps the
SolutionFocused
1. SFBT accepts various
realities and does not
believe that each person
needs to conform to the
ideal of one culture (Corey,
2021).
2. Despite the culture,
clients can lead and make
significant progress in
having a fulfilling life in a
short period (Corey, 2021).
1. A shortcoming is not
knowing where the therapist
1. This type of
therapy lacks a key
aspect of the
therapeutic bond
that many look
forward to in
therapy
(Tan,2022).
2. Cognitive
Behavioral does
not deal with past
trauma (Tan,2022)
1. Cognitive behavior
therapy (CBT) was
developed to merge
behavioral and cognitive
traditions, but recent
developments have led
to more divergences than
convergences. The 9th
World Congress of
Behavioral and
Cognitive Therapies in
Berlin aimed to address
these questions and
explore the future of
CBT, including its
potential unified field
(Blackwell &
Heidenreich, 2021).
1. Choice/Reality
is not good at
addressing the
unctuous state
(Tan, 2022).
2. In some cases,
1. The meta-analysis of
seven experimental
studies found that reality
therapy significantly
enhances students'
learning motivation and
discipline. The study's
pre-post contrast metaanalysis revealed a
positive post-test score,
indicating its
effectiveness in
enhancing these aspects.
This research contributes
to understanding reality
counseling and can be
used for university-level
guidance and counseling
services (Nurjanah et al.,
2020).
1. this review
synthesized solutionfocused approaches in
adult mental health
literature over five
decades. Using a
systematic search and
narrative synthesis
approach, it included 56
papers published
between 1993 and 2019.
Five key themes were
identified, providing
therapists can push
the clients to change
too fast. (Corey,
2021).
1. Although
claiming to be
anti-technique,
there are still
questions, and a
letter has been
outlined in the
treatment model.
This can often be
overlooked or
COUC/CEFS 510
the client's answers
(Corey, 2021).
from the beginning.
If so, the therapy will
likely succeed
(Corey, 2021).
client determine what
goal they would like
to accomplish (Tan,
2022)
stands or the client's
assumptions (Casey, 2021).
2. The therapist must be able
to utilize the correct
interventions to stay within
the framework of SFBT
(Corey, 2021).
misused (Tan,
2022).
2.No well-working
theory leaves more
severe mental
health or
psychological
issues (Tans,2022).
clinicians with a
coherent understanding
of these approaches,
their mechanisms, and
how they can be utilized
in adult mental health
settings (Jerome et al.,
2023).
COUC/CEFS 510
References
Blackwell, S. E., & Heidenreich, T. (2021). Cognitive behavior Therapy at the crossroads. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 14(1), 1–22.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s41811-021-00104-y
Corey, G. (2021). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy (10th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Erbaş, M. (2023). Adlerian Therapy: A General Review. International Journal of Innovative Approaches in Education. 7. 79–90.
10.29329/ijiape.2023.567.3.
Jerome, L., McNamee, P., Abdel-Halim, N., Elliot, K., & Woods, J. (2023). Solution-focused approaches in adult mental health research: A
conceptual literature review and narrative synthesis. Frontiers in psychiatry, 14, 1068006. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1068006
Nurjanah, A. S., Sanyata, S., & Zatrahadi, M. F. (2020). The effectiveness of reality therapy in improving learning motivation and discipline.
PSIKOPEDAGOGIA Jurnal Bimbingan Dan Konseling, 9(2), 87. https://doi.org/10.12928/psikopedagogia.v9i2.19470
Tan, S.-Y. (2022). Counseling and psychotherapy: A Christian perspective. (2nd ed.).Baker Academic. ISBN: 9781540962904.
Tarzian, M., Ndrio, M., & Fakoya, A. O. (2023). An Introduction and Brief Overview of Psychoanalysis. Cureus, 15(9), e45171.
https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.45171
Vos, J. (2023). Existential psychological therapies: An overview of empirical research. Pratiques Psychologiques, 29(4), 211–229.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prps.2023.06.001
Yao, L., & Kabir, R. (2023, February 9). Person-Centered therapy (Rogerian therapy). StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK589708/