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TEST BANK For Astronomy A Beginners
Guide to the Universe 8th Edition Chaisson
Chapters 1 - 18, Complete
Table of Contents
1. Charting the Heavens: The Foundations of Astronomy
2. The Copernican Revolution: The Birth of Modern Science
3. Light and Matter: The Inner Workings of the Cosmos
4. Telescopes: The Tools of Astronomy
5. The Solar System: Interplanetary Matter and the Birth of the Planets
6. Earth and Its Moon: Our Cosmic Backyard
7. The Terrestrial Planets: A Study in Contrasts
8. The Jovian Planets: Giants of the Solar System
9. Moons, Rings, and Plutoids: Small Worlds Among Giants
10.
The Sun: Our Parent Star
11. Measuring the Stars: Giants, Dwarfs, and the Main Sequence
12. The Interstellar Medium: Star Formation in the Milky Way
13. Stellar Evolution: The Lives and Deaths of Stars
14. Neutron Stars and Black Holes: Strange States of Matter
15. The Milky Way Galaxy: A Spiral in Space
16. Normal and Active Galaxies: Building Blocks of the Universe
16. Hubble’s Law and Dark Matter: The Large-Scale Structure of the Cosmos
17. Cosmology: The Big Bang and the Fate of the Universe
18. Life in the Universe: Are We Alone?
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Chapter 0 Charting the Heavens: The Foundations of Astronomy
1) Right ascension in the sky is very similar to latitude on the Earth.
ANSWER: FALSE
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.1
2) Latitude and right ascension are coordinate systems used to find objects on the celestial
sphere.
ANSWER: FALSE
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.1
3) The celestial sphere is divided into 88 modern constellations.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.1
4) In the sky, declination is measured in degrees north or south of the celestial equator.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.1
5) The south celestial pole is located at a declination of -90 degrees.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.1
6) In general, the brightest star in a given constellation is designated as alpha.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.1
7) Constellations are close clusters of stars, all at about the same distance from the Sun.
ANSWER: FALSE
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.1
8) Over 20,000 stars are visible to the naked eye on the darkest, clearest nights.
ANSWER: FALSE
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 0.1
9) A star with a right ascension of 2.6 hrs will rise 2.6 hours after the vernal equinox.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: More Prec. 0.1
10) A tropical year is the same as a sidereal year.
ANSWER: FALSE
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.2
11) The sidereal day is determined by the Earth's rotation with respect to the stars.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.2
12) The vernal equinox marks the beginning of spring in the northern hemisphere.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.2
13) There are 3,600 arc seconds in a degree.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: More Prec. 0.1
14) An hour of right ascension corresponds to 60 degrees in the sky.
ANSWER: FALSE
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 0.2
15) From Earth, the Sun and Moon have about the same angular diameter.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.2
16) At the solstices, the Sun's declination will be 23.5 degrees from the equator.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 0.2
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17) At the equinoxes, the declination of the Sun must be zero degrees.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 0.2
18) As it orbits the Earth, the Moon appears to move its own diameter (0.5 degrees) eastward
every hour against the background stars.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 0.3
19) From full moon to third quarter moon takes about a week.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.3
20) Only people in the Moon's umbral shadow can see a total solar eclipse.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.3
21) If we are the Moon's penumbra, then we will see a partial lunar eclipse.
ANSWER: FALSE
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.3
22) There is a solar eclipse of some kind every new moon.
ANSWER: FALSE
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.3
23) Eighteen days past new moon, the Moon's phase is waning gibbous.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 0.3
24) A total solar eclipse will only occur when the new moon is both on the ecliptic and at its
greatest distance from Earth.
ANSWER: FALSE
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 0.3
25) The larger the parallax shift, the closer an object is to us.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.4
26) The parallax shift for all stars is very small.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.4
27) Increasing the baseline will increase the parallax angle.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 0.4
28) In the scientific method, it is not necessary to test your theory.
ANSWER: FALSE
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.5
29) Drawing on Eratosthenes' method, if two observers are due north and south of each other and
are separated by 400 km, what is the circumference of their spherical world if they see the same
star on their meridian at altitudes of 23 degrees and 47 degrees respectively, and at the exact
same time?
A) 2,000 km
B) 4,000 km
C) 6,000 km
D) 8,000 km
E) 12,000 km
ANSWER: C
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 0.4
30) The star Wolf 1061 has a parallax of 2.34 arc seconds, while the star Ross 652 has a parallax
of 1.70 arc seconds. What can you correctly conclude?
A) Both stars are outside the Milky Way galaxy.
B) Wolf 1061 must have a larger proper motion than Ross 652.
C) Ross 652 must have a larger proper motion than Wolf 1061.
D) Ross 652 is closer to Earth than Wolf 1061.
E) Wolf 1061 is closer to Earth than Ross 652.
ANSWER: E
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 0.4
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31) The greatest distance above or below the ecliptic the Moon can move is
A) 5.2 degrees.
B) 23.5 degrees.
C) 27.3 degrees.
D) 29.5 degrees.
E) 30 degrees.
ANSWER: A
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 0.3
32) In an annular eclipse,
A) the Sun is totally blocked by the Moon.
B) the Moon is totally blocked by the Earth.
C) the Moon appears as a thin, bright ring.
D) the Sun appears as a thin, bright ring.
E) the Sun is partially blocked by the Earth.
ANSWER: D
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 0.3
33) If you are in the Earth's umbra on the Earth's surface, then
A) it must be a total solar eclipse.
B) it must be a lunar eclipse of some type.
C) it is night time.
D) the Sun is always visible.
E) the Moon is always visible.
ANSWER: C
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 0.3
34) The synodic month is
A) 29.5 days.
B) about two days shorter than the sidereal month.
C) based on the Moon's position relative to the stars.
D) the basis of the year we use in our modern calendar.
E) caused by both the Earth's and Moon's rotations.
ANSWER: A
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 0.3
35) If the Moon appears half lit, and is almost overhead about 6:00 AM, its phase is
A) waxing crescent.
B) first quarter.
C) full.
D) third quarter.
E) waning crescent.
ANSWER: D
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 0.3
36) If new moon fell on March 2nd, what is the Moon's phase on March 14th?
A) waxing crescent
B) first quarter
C) waxing gibbous
D) full
E) waning crescent
ANSWER: C
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 0.3
37) A solar eclipse can only happen during a
A) new moon.
B) solstice.
C) first quarter moon.
D) full moon.
E) perihelion passage of the Sun.
ANSWER: A
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 0.3
38) What will occur when the full moon is on the ecliptic?
A) a total lunar eclipse
B) a total solar eclipse
C) a partial solar eclipse
D) an annular lunar eclipse
E) a partial lunar eclipse if the Moon is at perigee
ANSWER: A
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.3
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39) If you are in the Moon's umbral shadow, then you are witnessing
A) nighttime.
B) a total solar eclipse.
C) a total lunar eclipse.
D) a partial solar eclipse.
E) some kind of lunar eclipse.
ANSWER: B
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.3
40) The time for the Moon to orbit Earth, relative to the stars is
A) 23 hours, 56 minutes.
B) about 7 days.
C) 27.3 days.
D) 29.5 days.
E) 18 years, 11.3 days.
ANSWER: C
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.3
41) The interval from new Moon to first quarter is about a(n)
A) hour.
B) day.
C) week.
D) month.
E) year.
ANSWER:
C Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.3
42) The star Thuban in Draco
A) lies as the center of the precession cycle.
B) was an excellent north pole star in 3,000 BC.
C) is brighter than Polaris.
D) lies halfway between the bowls of the Big and Little Dippers.
E) is used to locate the vernal equinox.
ANSWER: B
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 0.2
43) If Scorpius is now prominent in the summer sky, in 13,000 years it will be best seen
A) at the same season; the heavens do not change.
B) in the autumn.
C) in the winter sky.
D) in the spring sky.
E) It will not be visible then at all. All of its stars will have vanished by then.
ANSWER: C
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 0.2
44) If Taurus is now rising at sunset, which constellation will rise at sunset next month?
A) Scorpius
B) Aquarius
C) Gemini
D) Aries
E) Pisces
ANSWER:
C Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 0.2
45) The fact that the Earth has moved along its orbit in the time it took to rotate once is the
reason for
A) the difference between solar and sidereal time.
B) precession.
C) seasons.
D) the position of the Celestial Equator.
E) Earth's 23.5-degree tilt.
ANSWER: A
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 0.2
46) When the Moon is directly opposite the Sun in the sky, its phase is
A) new.
B) waxing or waning crescent.
C) first or third quarter.
D) waxing or waning gibbous.
E) full.
ANSWER:
E Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 0.2
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47) You note that a particular star is directly overhead. It will be directly overhead again in
A) 1 hour.
B) 12 hours.
C) 23 hours 56 minutes.
D) 24 hours.
E) 24 hours 4 minutes.
ANSWER: C
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 0.2
48) As you watch a star, you see it move 15 degrees across the sky. How long have you been
watching it?
A) 1 hour
B) 3 hours
C) 15 minutes
D) 15 seconds
E) 1 minute
ANSWER:
A Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 0.2
49) That Polaris will not always be the pole star is due to
A) the sidereal day being shorter than the solar day.
B) precession shifting the celestial pole.
C) the Moon following the ecliptic, instead of the equator.
D) the Earth's revolution being slightly less than exactly 365.25 days.
E) the Solar winds blowing the Earth farther away from the Sun.
ANSWER: B
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 0.2
50) From the horizon to the observer's zenith is an angle of
A) 30 degrees for observers at a latitude of 30 degrees North.
B) 90 degrees for everyone on the Earth.
C) 23.5 degrees for observers at the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn.
D) 66.5 degrees for everyone on the Earth.
E) 0.0 degrees for an observer at the Earth's north pole.
ANSWER: B
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.2
51) This diagram explains
A) the difference between solar time and sidereal time.
B) precession.
C) the solar day's relation to the Moon.
D) the sidereal day's relation to the seasons.
E) the reason for the solstices.
ANSWER: A
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.2
52) The 26,000 year cycle that changes the poles and equinoxes is called
A) a retrograde loop.
B) the Earth's rotation.
C) precession.
D) regression.
E) revolution.
ANSWER:
C Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.2
53) The twelve constellations the solar system bodies move through are the
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A) equatorial constellations.
B) signs of the zodiac.
C) nodes of the ecliptic.
D) galactic equator.
E) stages of heaven.
ANSWER: B
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.2
54) A star with a right ascension of 1.0 hours will rise
A) 1.0 hours before the vernal equinox.
B) 13.0 hours before the vernal equinox.
C) 1.0 hours after the vernal equinox.
D) 11.0 hours after the vernal equinox.
E) at the same time as the vernal equinox.
ANSWER: C
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 0.1
55) What are constellations?
A) Groups of galaxies gravitationally bound and close together in the sky.
B) Groups of stars making an apparent pattern in the celestial sphere.
C) Groups of stars gravitationally bound and appearing close together in the sky.
D) Ancient story boards, useless to modern astronomers.
E) Apparent groupings of stars and planets visible on a given evening.
ANSWER: B
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 0.1
56) A star with a declination of +60.0 degrees will be
A) east of the vernal equinox.
B) west of the vernal equinox.
C) north of the celestial equator.
D) south of the celestial equator.
E) None of these answers are correct.
ANSWER: C
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 0.1
57) Into how many constellations is the celestial sphere divided?
A) 12
B) 44
C) 57
D) 88
E) 110
ANSWER: D
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.1
58) In general, what is true of the alpha star in a constellation?
A) It is the brightest star in the constellation.
B) It is the easternmost star in the constellation.
C) It is the westernmost star in the constellation.
D) It is the reddest star in the constellation.
E) It is the star that is closest to Earth.
ANSWER: A
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.1
59) Like latitude on Earth,
equator.
ANSWER: declination
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.1
in the sky is measured in degrees north and south of the
60) The twelve constellations through which the Sun passes are signs of the
ANSWER: zodiac
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.2
61) The time interval of 365.242 days is defined as the
ANSWER: tropical year
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.2
.
.
62) The time for the Moon to orbit the Earth, relative to the distant stars is the
ANSWER: sidereal month
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.3
63) The apparent annual path the Sun takes through the sky is called the
ANSWER: ecliptic
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.3
.
.
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64) If the Moon rises at sunset, then its phase must be
ANSWER: full
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 0.3
.
65) If the Moon is on the ecliptic, new, and at its farthest distance from Earth, we will get a(n)
solar eclipse.
ANSWER: annular
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 0.3
66) Our seasons are a consequence of the Earth's 23.5 degree
ANSWER: axial tilt
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.3
.
67) Over the course of the year, the Sun's noon altitude varies by
ANSWER: 47
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 0.3
68) That we do not get eclipses every new and full Moon is due to the
the Moon's orbit, relative to the ecliptic.
ANSWER: 5.2 (or just 5)
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 0.3
degrees.
degree tilt of
69) The apparent angular shift of any object across a distant background, when viewed from two
different places, is called
shift.
ANSWER: parallax or parallactic
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.4
70) Sirius has a parallax of 0.38", while Alpha Centauri's is 0.77." Alpha Centauri is about
as Sirius.
ANSWER: twice as close, or half as far
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.4
71) If one star has a parallax ten times larger than another's, the first star is
ANSWER: ten times closer than the second
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.4
.
72) If two observatories on opposite sides of the Earth were to measure the position of a star to
calculate its parallax, then the diameter of the Earth would be the
.
ANSWER:
baseline Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 0.4
73) One of the requirements of the Scientific Method is that an experiment must be
ANSWER: repeatable
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.5
.
74) What do both latitude on Earth and declination in the sky measure?
ANSWER: Angular distance in degrees above or below the geographical and celestial equators.
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.1
75) How is right ascension similar to longitude on Earth?
ANSWER: Both measure positions east or west from a fixed point; Greenwich on Earth, the
vernal equinox in the sky.
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.1
76) What are the minimum and maximum values for declination in the sky for both north and
south?
ANSWER: From the equator at 0 degrees, to +90 degrees for the north celestial pole, and down
to - 90 degrees for the south celestial pole.
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.1
77) How are right ascension in the sky and longitude on Earth different?
ANSWER: Right ascension is measured in units of time eastward from the vernal equinox, while
longitude is measured in degrees east or west of the Greenwich meridian.
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 0.1
78) Define the celestial sphere.
ANSWER: An imaginary hollow sphere, with Earth at its center, on which all the stars (and other
celestial bodies) are fixed. As the sphere rotates around the Earth, the stars move across our sky.
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 0.1
79) What are the minimum and maximum values for right ascension in the sky?
ANSWER: From 0 to 24 hours, going eastward from the vernal equinox.
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 0.1
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80) Which is longer, the sidereal or solar day? By how much?
ANSWER: The solar day is approximately four minutes longer than the sidereal
day. Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.2
81) At the solstice, what is the maximum angle the Sun can be above or below the equator?
ANSWER: +23.5 degrees in summer and -23.5 degrees in winter.
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.2
82) How far above or below the ecliptic can the Sun move?
ANSWER: The Sun follows the ecliptic eastward across the sky, never leaving it.
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.2
83) If intending to teach his students the constellations by season, why would an astronomy
instructor be advised to always assign the stars in the current western sky at the beginning of
each term?
ANSWER: As the Earth revolves around the Sun, the Sun appears to move one degree eastward
per day. These stars are, therefore, soon lost in the Sun's glare.
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 0.2
84) Which star shows the least motion in the northern sky over the course of an hour?
ANSWER: Polaris, the North Star, lies within a degree of the celestial pole, and does not
move noticeably with the naked eye over an entire night.
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 0.2
85) Pensacola, Florida lies at a latitude of 30 degrees north. Where is Polaris in its sky?
ANSWER: 30 degrees high in the north
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 0.2
86) How far above or below the equator can the Sun appear to move? Why?
ANSWER: The Earth's axial tilt means the Sun's declination can reach 23.5 degrees north or
south of the equator at the solstices.
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.3
87) What happens on or about March 20th, and what does the name signify?
ANSWER: The vernal equinox, because the days and nights are approximately equal in length.
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 0.3
88) Why are some solar eclipses total, and others annular?
ANSWER: The Moon's orbit is not a perfect circle. When the Moon is closer to Earth, it is big
enough to cover the Sun completely; when it is too far away it appears smaller, so a ring of
sunlight is still seen.
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 0.3
89) What is the length of the sidereal month, and how is it determined?
ANSWER: It takes 27.3 days for the Moon to revolve around us and return to the same position
against the background of stars.
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 0.3
90) How long does the synodic month take, and how it this observed?
ANSWER: The phase cycle of the Moon takes 29.5 days to return to exactly the same
phase. Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 0.3
91) How far above and below the celestial equator can the Sun move?
ANSWER: The Sun never appears more than 23.5 degrees above or the below the celestial
equator. Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 0.3
92) The first quarter moon rises about noon today; what will its phase be, and when will it rise
tomorrow?
ANSWER: It will be waxing gibbous, and rise about 1 PM by the next day.
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 0.3
93) The last quarter moon rises tonight about midnight; when will it rise, and what will its phase
be tomorrow night?
ANSWER: It will rise about an hour later, about 1 AM, and be a waning crescent by then.
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 0.3
94) If the Moon rises exactly at sunset, what will its phase be? Why?
ANSWER: The phase will be full because it is rising opposite the
Sun. Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 0.3
95) Why is Polaris not always the pole star, and when does it get another chance?
ANSWER: Precession of the Earth's axis of rotation takes around 26,000 years.
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 0.3
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96) If Sirius transits my local meridian tonight at 6:43 PM, when will it transit tomorrow?
ANSWER: At 6:39 PM tomorrow night, as the Earth spins once in a sidereal day.
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 0.3
97) Compare and contrast latitude and declination. How does each relate to your position on
Earth?
ANSWER: Both are measured in degrees north or south of the equator, and are used to find
positions on the Earth or in the sky. If you are at latitude 30 degrees north, then the stars that pass
through your zenith (directly overhead) will have a corresponding declination of +30 degrees.
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 0.1
98) Compare and contrast longitude and right ascension.
ANSWER: Longitude is measured in degrees both east and west of the Greenwich meridian, but
right ascension is measured in units of time as the Earth rotates, and goes only eastward from the
vernal equinox.
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 0.1
99) Compare hours of right ascension to time zones on the Earth.
ANSWER: Like time zones, hours of right ascension are 15 degrees wide, and they run eastward
across the sky from the Vernal Equinox, much like the time zones originate from the Prime
Meridian.
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 0.1
100) The Sun and stars rise in the east, and set in the west. Contrast ancient and modern
explanations for this observation.
ANSWER: The ancients thought there was a vast celestial sphere, spinning over our heads once
a day, and that the stars, Sun, Moon, and planets are all carried along for the ride. We now
recognize it is the Earth itself that rotates eastward, creating this apparent westward motion of
celestial bodies.
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 0.2
101) Contrast the sidereal and solar days.
ANSWER: The Earth rotates once on its axis every 23 hours, 56 minutes, and thus turns to face
the same distant star in that interval. But we are also revolving around the Sun at one degree
eastward per day, hence the Sun appears to have moved eastward from one day to the next, and it
takes a full 24 hours to align with the Sun again.
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 0.2
102) Why can many more people witness a total lunar eclipse than a total solar eclipse?
ANSWER: For a total solar eclipse to be seen, the observer must be in the Moon's umbra, a
shadow only about a hundred miles across, while everyone on the night side of the Earth can
look up to witness the full moon moving though our shadow.
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 0.3
103) What conditions are necessary for a total solar eclipse?
ANSWER: The Moon must be at new phase (directly between Earth and the Sun), it must also be
both at the closer distance in its orbit and on the ecliptic (crossing a node). Only people on those
parts of the Earth where the Moon's umbral shadow passes will see a total solar eclipse.
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 0.3
104) What is the astronomical significance of 26,000 years?
ANSWER: The Earth's rotational axis itself rotates over this precession cycle, which also
changes the location of the poles, equinoxes, and solstices in the sky.
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 0.3
105) Describe how Eratosthenes measured the circumference of our planet.
ANSWER: Using the fact that the noon solstice Sun was directly overhead at Syene, on the
Tropic of Cancer, yet was 7 degrees south of the zenith in Alexandria, Eratosthenes realized this
was due to the curvature of the Earth, and that the 7 degrees was about 1/50th of the Earth's total
circumference, so the Earth must be about fifty times larger in circumference than the 800
kilometer separation between Alexandria and Syene, or about 40,000 kilometers around.
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 0.3
106) Which is longer, the sidereal or synodic month? Why?
ANSWER: The synodic month takes an extra two days, because the Earth is also revolving
around the Sun, so after 27.3 days the Moon returns to the same place among the stars, but the
Earth has revolved about 27 degrees ahead of where it was last month; it takes the Moon two
days to catch up to us.
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 0.3
107) We get a new and full moon every month. Why don't we get two eclipses every month?
ANSWER: The Moon's orbit is tilted 5.2 degrees to the Earth's orbit (the ecliptic), and the disks
of the Sun and Moon are only about .5 degrees wide. Most months the new and full moon pass
too far from the ecliptic for the Earth's and Moon's shadows to make eclipses occur.
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 0.3
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Astronomy: A Beginner's Guide to the Universe, 7e (Chaisson/McMillan)
Chapter 1 The Copernican Revolution: The Birth of Modern Science
1) According to Newton's third law, when the Voyager probes passed Jupiter in 1979, they
exerted exactly the same force on Jupiter as the giant planet did on them.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 1.4
2) Compared to when it was on the surface, a satellite in an orbit whose radius is about 4 times
the Earth's radius will experience about 1/16 the force due to the Earth's gravity.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 1.4
3) According to Newton's second law, if you double the force acting on a body, the acceleration
will double.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 1.4
4) According to Newton's first law, an object traveling in a circle does not have a force acting on
it.
ANSWER: FALSE
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 1.4
5) Kepler's third law allows us to find the average distance to a planet from observing its period
of rotation on its axis.
ANSWER: FALSE
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 1.3
6) According to Kepler's third law, if you know the planet's orbital period, you can find its
average distance from the Sun.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 1.3
7) A planet (or comet) will speed up as it approaches the Sun.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 1.3
8) Kepler found the orbits of planets are ellipses, not circles.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 1.3
9) Kepler relied heavily on the telescopic observations of Galileo in developing his laws of
planetary motion.
ANSWER: FALSE
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 1.3
10) Kepler's third law relates the square of the planet's orbital period in years to the cube of its
average distance from the Sun in astronomical units.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 1.3
11) Among Galileo's discoveries with his telescope were sunspots.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 1.2
12) Galileo's observations of the entire phase cycle of Venus proved that Ptolemy's epicycles
could not be correct in keeping Venus between us and the Sun.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 1.2
13) According to Copernicus, retrograde motion occurs at opposition for the outer planets.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 1.1
14) In Ptolemy's geocentric model, the planet's motion along its deferent is all that is needed to
understand retrograde motion.
ANSWER: FALSE
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 1.1
15) Copernicus believed the Earth was the center of all celestial motion.
ANSWER: FALSE
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 1.1
Full download please email me stoneklopp@gmail.com
16) In Ptolemy's geocentric model, retrograde motion occurs when the planet is closest to us, on
the inside portion of the
A) deferent.
B) ellipse.
C) epicycle.
D) equant.
E) ecliptic.
ANSWER:
C Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 1.1
17) In Ptolemy's geocentric model, the normal eastward motion of the planets was along
A) a deferent.
B) an epicycle.
C) a retrograde loop.
D) an ellipse.
E) the equant.
ANSWER:
A Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 1.1
18) Copernicus' Heliocentric theory explains that
A) planetary orbits are elliptical in shape.
B) the Sun lies at one focus of an ellipse.
C) Venus retrogrades when she overtakes us at inferior conjunction.
D) all planets lie between the Sun and Earth.
E) Mars will retrograde when it reaches a certain position on its epicycle.
ANSWER: C
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 1.1
19) According to Copernicus, retrograde motion for Venus must occur around
A) inferior conjunction, when it passes between us and the Sun.
B) quadrature, when the planet is 90 degrees away from the Sun.
C) greatest elongation, when the planet is farthest from the Sun.
D) superior conjunction, when the planet is on the far side of the Sun.
E) opposition, when the planet lies opposite the Sun in the sky.
ANSWER: A
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 1.1
20) According to Copernicus, the retrograde motion for Mars must occur
A) at inferior conjunction, when Mars laps the Earth and passes between us and the Sun.
B) at superior conjunction, when Mars lies on the far side of the Sun.
C) at quadrature, when Mars lies exactly 90 degrees east or west of the Sun.
D) at greatest elongation, when Mars can get up to 47 degrees from the Sun.
E) at opposition, when the Earth overtakes Mars and passes between Mars and the Sun.
ANSWER: E
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 1.1
21) A fatal flaw with Ptolemy's model is its inability to predict the observed phases of
A) the Sun during an eclipse.
B) the Moon in its monthly cycle.
C) Mercury and Venus.
D) Mars and Jupiter.
E) Jupiter and Saturn.
ANSWER: C
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 1.2
22) Which of these was NOT seen telescopically by Galileo?
A) sunspots
B) Venus' phase cycle
C) Four moons around Jupiter
D) stellar parallax
E) craters and mare on the Moon
ANSWER: D
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 1.2
23) Which of these observations of Galileo refuted Ptolemy's epicycles?
A) the complete cycle of Venus' phases
B) the rotation of sunspots across the Sun's surface
C) the revolution of Jupiter's moons around it
D) the craters on the Moon
E) the visibility of many more stars with the telescope
ANSWER: A
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 1.2
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24) Galileo found the rotation period of the Sun was approximately
A) a day.
B) a week.
C) a month.
D) three months.
E) a year.
ANSWER:
C Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 1.2
25) Tycho Brahe's contribution to Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion were
A) his detailed and accurate observations of the planets' positions.
B) his observations of Jupiter's moons.
C) a mathematical explanation of epicycles.
D) a precise lunar calendar.
E) the correct explanation of lunar phases.
ANSWER: A
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 1.3
26) Kepler's first law worked, where Copernicus' original heliocentric model failed, because
Kepler described the orbits as
A) elliptical, not circular.
B) much larger than Copernicus had envisioned.
C) around the Sun, not the Earth.
D) being on equants instead of epicycles.
E) complex, with epicycles to account for retrograde motions.
ANSWER: A
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 1.3
27) When a planet's orbit takes it closest to the Sun, it's called
A) vernal equinox.
B) aphelion.
C) perihelion.
D) crossing the ecliptic.
E) none of these; a planet's distance from the Sun never changes.
ANSWER: C
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 1.3
28) A planet whose distance from the Sun is 3 AU would have an orbital period of how many
Earth-years?
A) 3
B)
C)
D) 9
E) 81
ANSWER: B
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 1.3
29) The force of gravity varies with the
A) product of the two masses.
B) inverse of the distance separating the two bodies.
C) inverse square of the distance separating the two bodies.
D) Both A and B are correct.
E) Both A and C are correct.
ANSWER: E
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 1.4
30) A circular orbit would have an eccentricity of
A) 0.
B) between 0 and 0.5.
C) between 0.5 and 1.
D) exactly 1.0.
E) infinity.
ANSWER:
A Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 1.4
31) How much stronger is the gravitational pull of the Sun on Earth, at 1 AU, than it is on Saturn
at 10 AU?
A) 5
B) 10
C) 25
D) 100
E) 250
ANSWER: D
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 1.4
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32) If the distance between two asteroids is doubled, the gravitational force they exert on each
other will
A) also be doubled.
B) be half as great.
C) be one fourth as great.
D) will be 1/16 as great.
E) be four times greater.
ANSWER: C
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 1.4
33) Because he failed to observe stellar
in orbit around the Sun.
ANSWER: parallax
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 1.1
, Aristotle wrongly concluded we could not be
34) The mean distance between the Earth and Sun is called the
ANSWER: astronomical unit
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 1.1
35) Ptolemy's model was
ANSWER: geocentric
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 1.1
.
, with the Earth fixed in the center of the universe.
36) The model of
used circular deferents and epicycles in a geocentric universe to
explain planetary motions.
ANSWER:
Ptolemy Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 1.1
37) The time for a planet to revolve around the Sun is its
ANSWER: orbital period or year
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 1.1
38) When Earth overtakes Mars, the outer planet retrogrades near
ANSWER: opposition
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 1.1
.
.
39) The "guest star" observed by the Chinese in 1054 is now known to have been a
ANSWER: supernova
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 1.1
.
40) Galileo's discovery of four moons orbiting
Copernicus.
ANSWER: Jupiter
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 1.2
provided new support for the ideas of
41) For Galileo, the observation of the phases of
model with epicycles was wrong.
ANSWER: Venus
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 1.2
proved that Ptolemy's geocentric
42) The
hypothesis is that the Earth does not occupy any special place in the universe.
ANSWER: Copernican
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 1.2
43) The three laws of planetary motion by
ANSWER: Kepler
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 1.3
allowed us to predict planetary motion.
44) While both Ptolemy and Copernicus assumed all orbits were
corrected this and made planetary motion predictable.
ANSWER: circles
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 1.3
, Kepler's first law
45) Kepler's theories were based on the very accurate observations made by
ANSWER: Tycho Brahe
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 1.3
46) According to Newton's laws, the planets orbit the Sun due to
ANSWER: gravity
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 1.4
47) According to Newton, the gravity of the
ANSWER: Sun
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 1.4
48) In Newton's first law, the
ANSWER: inertia
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 1.4
.
.
is needed to explain planetary orbits.
of a body causes it to resist changes in its motion
Full download please email me stoneklopp@gmail.com
49) According to Newton's second law, when the same force acts on two bodies, the body with
the larger mass will have the
acceleration.
ANSWER: smaller
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 1.4
50) Newton found that gravity varied with the
pulling on each other.
ANSWER: inverse
square Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 1.4
of the distance between the two bodies
51) How did Ptolemy explain the retrograde motion of Venus?
ANSWER: The epicycle for both Mercury and Venus is always centered on the Earth-Sun line,
so they always orbit between us and the Sun.
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 1.1
52) How did Ptolemy explain the retrograde motion of Mars?
ANSWER: Mars will retrograde on the inner portion of its epicycle, when it is closest to us and
its motion on the epicycle is more obvious than its motion along its deferent.
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 1.1
53) What "imperfections" on the Moon were visible to Galileo's telescopes?
ANSWER: Impact craters, mountains, and dark lava flows, or mare.
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 1.2
54) What is meant by the astronomical unit?
ANSWER: The astronomical unit, or AU, is the mean distance between the Earth and
Sun. Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 1.2
55) How did Tycho's detailed observations of Mars' brightness help show that its orbit could not
be circular?
ANSWER: Tycho noted that at some oppositions, Mars was much brighter than at others,
suggesting that Mars must be closer to us when it was brighter.
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 1.1
56) What did Galileo discover through his telescope when he looked at Jupiter, and how did it
refute the Ptolemaic model?
ANSWER: That Jupiter had four moons in orbit about it, so Earth was not the center of all things.
Ptolemy contended that all things move around the Earth.
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 1.2
57) The speed of light (and radio waves) is 300,000 km/s. How far away is a spacecraft if its
radio signal takes 10 minutes to reach Earth?
ANSWER: 180,000,000 km
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 1.2
58) What did Galileo discover when looking at the Sun with his telescope, and how did this
support Copernicus?
ANSWER: Sunspots, which rotated across the Sun's face, showing that the Sun was not perfect
and it (and Earth) could rotate on its axis.
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 1.2
59) Explain how the eccentricity describes the shape of an ellipse.
ANSWER: The higher the eccentricity, the more elongated the oval; a circle has an eccentricity of
zero, while very stretched-out comet orbits approach an eccentricity of one.
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 1.3
60) According to Newton's first law, if a body is moving in the absence of any net external force,
describe the continuing motion of the object.
ANSWER: in a straight line at constant speed forever
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 1.4
61) How do the two factors (mass and distance) in Newton's law of gravitation each affect the
force on the two bodies?
ANSWER: The greater the masses of the two bodies, the larger their gravity. The farther apart the
bodies, the weaker this force, by the inverse square of this distance.
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 1.4
62) Why do Newton's Laws show a force must be acting on the planets?
ANSWER: The planets are moving in elliptical orbits (not a straight line). According to First
Law, if no force acts on the body, it must move in a straight line. Since the planets do not, there
must be a force acting on them.
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 1.4
63) Why was Copernicus' model much simpler than Ptolemy's?
ANSWER: To duplicate retrograde motion, Copernicus merely had the planets lapping each
other as they revolved around the Sun at varying speeds. Ptolemy needed a complex set of
deferents and epicycles to explain retrograde motion in his geocentric model.
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 1.1
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64) Why argument did the Aristotelian school present to reject the concept of Aristarchus that
the Earth could be revolving around the Sun? Why was it wrong?
ANSWER: Aristotle correctly concluded that if the heliocentric model were valid, we should
be able to see the closer stars show parallax shift over a six-month interval as we went from one
side of the Sun to the other. He failed to detect any such shifting, and thus concluded we could
not be moving. Now, with powerful telescopes, we do measure the parallax shifts of the nearby
stars, but this is much too tiny to be detected with the naked eye by the ancient Greeks.
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 1.1
65) How would Ptolemy explain the rising of the Sun? Contrast this to Copernicus' explanation
of the same event.
ANSWER: Ptolemy would say that the celestial sphere rotated westward, carrying the Sun over
our eastern horizon. Copernicus said that we, the Earth, rotate eastward once a day, and we turn
to see the Sun on our eastern horizon at sunrise.
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 1.1
66) Explain how the telescopic discoveries of Galileo could be used in support of Copernicus.
ANSWER: He found spots on the Sun, which moved across its face as the Sun spins; if the
Sun could rotate on its axis, so could the Earth. He found craters and mare on the Moon,
imperfect against the perception of heavenly perfection described by the Greeks. He noted that
Venus showed an entire cycle of phases as it revolved completely around the Sun, not confined
to Ptolemy's epicycles always between us and the Sun. He found four moons around Jupiter,
moving fastest when closest, and slower farther out in their orbits; this was a model of the
Copernicus solar system. He resolved the Milky Way into many faint, distant stars, showing the
"Celestial Sphere" of the Greeks was much vaster than Ptolemy had envisioned.
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 1.2
67) While the Copernican model was simpler than Ptolemy's, it was no more accurate in
predicting planetary behavior at first. How did Kepler improve it?
ANSWER: Like Ptolemy, Copernicus believed all orbits to be perfectly circular; Kepler's ellipses,
combined with the heliocentric model, made planetary motion much more predictable.
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 1.3
68) Explain how Kepler's laws allow us to use the motion of an asteroid to find its average
distance from the Sun.
ANSWER: By watching it long enough to find its period of revolution around the Sun, we can
use Kepler's third law to get the average distance by squaring the period in years, then finding
the cube root of this value for the average distance of the asteroid from the Sun in astronomical
units.
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 1.3
69) According to Newton's third law, the Voyager probes pulled just as hard on Jupiter as it did
on them when they flew past it. Why were they accelerated enough to leave the solar system but
Jupiter still is in orbit about the Sun?
ANSWER: Jupiter was much more massive than the Voyagers, so by the second law, they slowed
Jupiter down a tiny bit, but it accelerated the probes so much they escaped the gravity of the Sun
itself.
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 1.4
70) How can astronomers determine the mass of the Sun?
ANSWER: Using Newton's Laws, we know that gravity keeps the Earth in orbit around the
Sun. Since the Earth's path is nearly circular, we can determine the size of the force keeping it
on this path. Combining this equation (for centripetal force) with the gravity equation allows
astronomers to calculate the Sun's mass.
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 1.4
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Chapter 2 Light and Matter: The Inner Workings of the Cosmos
1) Radio waves, visible light, and X-rays are all types of electromagnetic radiation.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 2.1
2) The frequency of a water wave gives us its height.
ANSWER: FALSE
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 2.1
3) If a new wave arrives on shore every two seconds, then its frequency is 2 Hz.
ANSWER: FALSE
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.1
4) The greater the disturbance of the medium, the higher the amplitude of the wave.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.1
5) While gravity is always attractive, electromagnetic forces are always repulsive.
ANSWER: FALSE
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 2.2
6) Changing the electric field will have no effect on the magnetic fields of a body.
ANSWER: FALSE
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 2.2
7) As they move through space, the vibrating electrical and magnetic fields of a light wave must
move perpendicular to each other.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 2.2
8) Wave energy can only be transmitted through a material medium.
ANSWER: FALSE
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.2
9) As white light passes through a prism, the red (longer) wavelengths bend less than the blue
(shorter) wavelengths, so forming the rainbow of colors.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.3
10) Observations in the X-ray portion of the spectrum are routinely done from the surface of the
Earth.
ANSWER: FALSE
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.3
11) In blackbody radiation, the energy is radiated uniformly in every region of the spectrum, so
the radiating body appears black in color.
ANSWER: FALSE
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.4
12) According to Wein's law, the larger the blackbody, the shorter its peak wavelength.
ANSWER: FALSE
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 2.4
13) A blue star has a higher surface temperature than a red star.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 2.4
14) According to Wein's law, the higher the surface temperature of a star, the redder its color.
ANSWER: FALSE
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.4
15) Doubling the temperature of a blackbody will double the total energy it radiates.
ANSWER: FALSE
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.4
16) As a star's temperature increases, the frequency of peak emission also increases.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.4
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17) The spectral lines of each element are distinctive to that element, whether we are looking at
emission or absorption lines.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 2.5
18) An absorption line spectrum, with dark lines crossing the rainbow of the continuum, is
produced by a low-density hot gas.
ANSWER: FALSE
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.5
19) An emission line results from an electron falling from a higher to lower energy orbital
around its atomic nucleus.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 2.6
20) The shorter a wave's wavelength, the greater its energy.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 2.6
21) Spectral lines are produced when an electron makes a transition from one energy state to
another.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 2.6
22) In the Bohr model of the atom, an electron can only exist in specific, well-defined energy
levels.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.6
23) When an electron in a hydrogen atom drops from the second to the first excited energy state
it emits a bright red emission line called hydrogen alpha.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.6
24) The Zeeman effect reveals the presence of strong magnetic fields by the splitting of spectral
lines.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.8
25) The broader the spectral line, the higher the pressure of the gas that is creating it.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.8
26) In the Doppler effect, a red shift of spectral lines shows us the source is receding from us.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 2.7
27) The larger the red shift, the faster the distant galaxy is rushing toward us.
ANSWER: FALSE
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 2.7
28) If a fire truck's siren is rising in pitch, it must be approaching us.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 2.7
29) You would perceive a change in a visible light wave's amplitude as a change in its color.
ANSWER: FALSE
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 2.3
30) Spectroscopy of a star can reveal its temperature, composition, and line-of-sight motion.
ANSWER: TRUE
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 2.8
31) The Doppler effect can reveal the rotation speed of a star by the splitting of the spectral lines.
ANSWER: FALSE
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.8
32) Which of these is not a form of electromagnetic radiation?
A) DC current from your car battery
B) light from your camp fire
C) X-rays in the doctor's office
D) ultraviolet causing a suntan
E) radio signals
ANSWER: A
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 2.1
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33) A wave's velocity is the product of the
A) frequency times the period of the wave.
B) period times the energy of the wave.
C) amplitude times the frequency of the wave.
D) frequency times the wavelength of the wave.
E) amplitude times the wavelength of the wave.
ANSWER: D
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 2.1
34) Consider this diagram. Which statement is true?
A) The amplitude is 4 and the wavelength is 6.
B) The amplitude is 6 and the wavelength is 4.
C) The amplitude is 8 and the wavelength is 6.
D) The amplitude is 4 and the wavelength is 12.
E) The amplitude is 8 and the wavelength is 12.
ANSWER: A
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.1
35) If a wave's frequency doubles and its speed stays constant, its wavelength
A) is halved.
B) is also doubled.
C) is unchanged, as c is constant.
D) is now 4× longer.
E) becomes 16× longer.
ANSWER: A
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.1
36) The speed of light in a vacuum is
A) 300,000 km/sec.
B) 768 km/hour.
C) 186,000 miles per hour.
D) h = E/c.
E) not given.
ANSWER:
A Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 2.2
37) Which of these is the same for all forms of electromagnetic (E-M) radiation in a vacuum?
A) amplitude
B) wavelength
C) frequency
D) speed
E) photon energy
ANSWER: D
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 2.3
38) The two forms of electromagnetic (E-M) radiation that experience the least atmospheric
opacity are
A) visible light and radio waves.
B) visible light and infrared waves.
C) microwaves and radio waves.
D) X and gamma radiation.
E) ultraviolet and infrared waves.
ANSWER: A
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.3
39) The radiation our eyes are most sensitive to is the color
A) red at 6563 Angstroms.
B) yellow-green at about 550 nm.
C) violet at 7,000 Angstroms.
D) blue at 4,321 nm.
E) black at 227 nm.
ANSWER: B
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.3
40) Medium A blocks more of a certain wavelength of radiation than medium B. Medium A has
a higher
A) transparency.
B) seeing.
C) clarity.
D) opacity.
E) albedo.
ANSWER:
D Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.3
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41) In the Kelvin scale, absolute zero lies at
A) zero K.
B) 273 degrees C
C) -373 degrees C.
D) Both A and B are correct.
E) Both A and C are correct.
ANSWER: A
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 2.4
42) What is true of a blackbody?
A) It appears black to us, regardless of its temperature.
B) Its energy is not a continuum.
C) Its energy peaks at the wavelength determined by its temperature.
D) If its temperature doubled, the peak in its radiation curve would be doubled in wavelength.
E) It has a complete absence of thermal energy.
ANSWER: C
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 2.4
43) What is the name of the temperature scale that places zero at the point where all atomic and
molecular motion ceases?
A) Fahrenheit
B) Celsius
C) Kelvin
D) Centigrade
E) Ransom
ANSWER:
C Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.4
44) The total energy radiated by a blackbody depends on
A) the fourth power of its temperature.
B) the square of its temperature.
C) the square root of its temperature.
D) the fourth root of its temperature.
E) the cube of its temperature.
ANSWER: A
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.4
45) Increasing the temperature of a blackbody by a factor of 3 will increase its energy by a factor
of
A) 3
B) 6
C) 9
D) 12
E) 81
ANSWER: E
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 2.4
46) If a star was the same size as our Sun, but was 81times more luminous, it must be
A) twice as hot as our Sun.
B) three times hotter than the Sun.
C) four times hotter than the Sun.
D) nine times hotter than the Sun.
E) 81 times hotter than the Sun.
ANSWER: B
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 2.4
47) The Sun's observed spectrum is
A) a continuum with no lines, as shown by the rainbow.
B) a continuum with emission lines.
C) only absorption lines on a black background.
D) a continuum with absorption lines.
E) only emission lines on a black background.
ANSWER: D
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 2.5
48) The element first found in the Sun's spectrum, then on Earth 30 years later, is
A) hydrogen.
B) helium
C) solarium.
D) technicum.
E) aluminum.
ANSWER:
B Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.5
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49) A jar filled with gas is placed directly in front of a second jar filled with gas. Using a
spectroscope to look at one jar through the other you observe dark spectral lines. The jar closest
to you contains
A) the hotter gas.
B) the cooler gas.
C) gas at the same temperature as the other jar.
D) the exact same gas as the other jar.
E) gas at very high pressure.
ANSWER: B
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 2.5
50) Which of these is emitted when an electron falls from a higher to lower orbital?
A) another electron
B) a positron
C) a neutrino
D) a photon
E) a graviton
ANSWER:
D Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.6
51) In Bohr's model of the atom, electrons
A) only make transitions between orbits of specific energies.
B) are not confined to specific orbits.
C) are spread uniformly through a large, positive mass.
D) can be halfway between orbits.
E) move from one orbit to the next orbit in many small steps.
ANSWER: A
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.6
52) In general, the spectral lines of molecules are
A) more complex than those of atoms.
B) the same as the atoms they contain.
C) only absorption lines.
D) less complex than those of atoms.
E) nonexistent.
ANSWER: A
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.6
53) Electromagnetic radiation
A) can only travel in a dense medium.
B) has only the properties of waves.
C) can behave both as a wave and as a particle.
D) is the same as a sound wave.
E) has nothing in common with radio waves.
ANSWER: C
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.6
54) In a hydrogen atom, a transition from the 2nd to the 1st excited state will produce
A) the bright red Balmer alpha emission line.
B) no emission line.
C) a dark absorption line.
D) an ultraviolet spectral line.
E) three different emission lines.
ANSWER: A
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 2.6
55) For hydrogen, the transition from the first to third excited state produces
A) a red emission line.
B) a blue green absorption line.
C) a violet emission line.
D) an infrared line.
E) an ultraviolet line.
ANSWER: B
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 2.6
56) The observed spectral lines of a star are all shifted towards the red end of the spectrum.
Which statement is true?
A) This is an example of the photoelectric effect.
B) This is an example of the Doppler effect.
C) The second law of Kirchhoff explains this.
D) The star is not rotating.
E) The star has a radial velocity towards us.
ANSWER: B
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.7
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57) If a source of light is approaching us at 3,000 km/sec, then all its waves are
A) blue shifted by 1%.
B) red shifted by 1%.
C) not affected, as c is constant regardless of the direction of motion.
D) blue shifted out of the visible spectrum into the ultraviolet.
E) red shifted out of the visible into the infrared.
ANSWER: A
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.7
58) If the rest wavelength of a certain line is 600 nm, but we observe it at 594 nm, then
A) the source is approaching us at 1 % of the speed of light.
B) the source is approaching us at 0.1 % of the speed of light.
C) the source is receding from us at 10% of the speed of light.
D) the source is getting 1% hotter as we watch.
E) the source is spinning very rapidly, at 1% of the speed of light.
ANSWER: A
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.7
59) According to the Zeeman effect, the splitting of a sunspot's spectral lines is due to
A) their rapid rotation.
B) temperature variations.
C) their magnetic fields.
D) their radial velocity.
E) a Doppler shift.
ANSWER: C
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.8
60) The distance from a wave's crest to its undisturbed position is the
ANSWER: amplitude
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 2.1
.
61) The product of the wavelength times the frequency of a wave is its
ANSWER: velocity
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 2.1
62) A wave with a period of .01 seconds has a frequency of
ANSWER: 100
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.1
.
Hz.
63) A frequency of one hundred
means the wave is vibrating one hundred million
times per second; this is a typical carrier frequency for FM (frequency modulation) radio.
ANSWER: megahertz or million hertz
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.1
64) A wave with a frequency of 2 Hz will have a period of
ANSWER: one half second (0.5 s)
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.1
.
65) An FM station broadcasts at a frequency of 100 MHz. The wavelength of its carrier wave is
.
ANSWER: 3
meters
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 2.1, 2.3
66) In electromagnetic waves, the electric and magnetic fields vibrate
ANSWER: perpendicular
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.2
67) A featureless spectrum, such as a rainbow, is said to be
ANSWER: continuous
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 2.4
68) Stars that appear blue or white in color are
ANSWER: hotter
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 2.4
to each other.
.
than our yellow Sun.
69) According to Wein's law, the wavelength of the peak energy will be
temperature of the blackbody is doubled.
ANSWER: halved
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 2.4
70) The Sun's blackbody curve peaks in the
ANSWER: visible
Section Ref.: 2.4
portion of the spectrum.
if the
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Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 2.4
71) Knowing the peak emission wavelength of a blackbody allows you to determine its
.
ANSWER:
temperature Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.4
72) Stefan's law notes that total energy radiated is proportional to the
temperature of the blackbody.
ANSWER: fourth
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.4
73) A dense, hot body will give off a(n)
ANSWER: continuous
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 2.5
power of the
spectrum.
74) Fraunhofer was the German astronomer who first noted
spectrum.
ANSWER: absorption
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.5
lines in the Sun's
75) The common element with bright red, blue-green, and violet emission lines is
ANSWER: hydrogen
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.5
.
76) The common element discovered in the Sun's spectrum before it was found here is
.
ANSWER:
helium Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.5
77) When an electron moves from a lower to a higher energy state, a photon is
ANSWER: absorbed
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 2.6
78) An electron has a
ANSWER: negative
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 2.6
electric charge.
.
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79) The most energetic photons are
ANSWER: gamma rays or gamma
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.6
80) The energy of the photon depends on its
ANSWER: frequency or wavelength.
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.6
.
.
81) Why can't we be certain that the Andromeda Galaxy exists today?
ANSWER: Since it lies 2.5 million light years distant, the most recent image we have is still 2.5
million years out of date, so we cannot prove it is still there. It probably is, though.
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.1
82) How do sound and light waves differ?
ANSWER: Sound waves travel much slower, and need a physical medium, such as air, to be
transmitted. Light travels best in the vacuum of space.
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.1
83) An AM station is broadcasting at 980 kHz, while an FM station up the road is assigned 98
MHz. How do their carrier waves compare?
ANSWER: As the frequency of the FM station is 100 times higher than the AM station, the FM
carrier wave must be 100 shorter in wavelength.
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 2.1
84) No one can hear you scream (or fire a weapon) in space, regardless of the Hollywood special
effects. Explain why.
ANSWER: Sound waves must travel though a material medium, and cannot pass through a
vacuum. The blast might be seen, but the boom will not be heard.
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 2.2
85) What two regions of the electromagnetic spectrum are best utilized by ground-based
astronomers, and why?
ANSWER: The atmosphere is opaque to most radiation except visible and radio waves.
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.3
86) How can you determine the distance to a spacecraft from the time it takes its radio signal to
reach Earth?
ANSWER: In a vacuum, all electromagnetic radiation, including radio waves, travel at the same
speed: 300,000 km/s. Measuring the time it takes the radio signal to reach us and multiplying by
300,000 km/s gives the distance to the spacecraft.
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 2.2
87) Newton found that when light passed through a prism, it was dispersed into the component
colors. Which bent the least, and why?
ANSWER: The red waves are bent less by the glass than are the other colors because they have
the longest wavelength. Shorter wavelengths bend more than longer wavelengths.
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.3
88) What do infrared and ultraviolet waves have in common? How do they differ?
ANSWER: Both are forms of electromagnetic radiation, both travel at c in a vacuum, and both are
largely absorbed by our atmosphere. They differ greatly in frequency, wavelength, and photon
energy, however, with UV much more energetic than IR.
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.3
89) What do gamma rays, X-rays, light, and radio waves all have in common?
ANSWER: While they vary widely in wavelengths and frequencies, they are all forms
of electromagnetic radiation and all travel at c, the speed of light, in a vacuum.
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.3
90) How does human vision's peak in color sensitivity relate to the Sun?
ANSWER: Our eyes are tuned to utilize best the type of radiation our star produces the most of,
and yellow lies in the middle of the visible spectrum.
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.3
91) Give at least two advantages of the Kelvin temperature scale for astronomers.
ANSWER: It is an absolute scale, so there are never any negative readings. Wein's and Stefan's
laws are only mathematically correct if Kelvin temperatures are used.
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 2.4
92) The Great Nebula in Orion, M-42, is a low-density cloud of hot gas. Use Kirchhoff's laws to
describe its spectrum.
ANSWER: Kirchhoff's second law notes that a hot thin gas will create an emission spectrum of
bright lines through the spectroscope.
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.5
93) According to Kirchhoff's first law why do dense, hot bodies create the type of spectrum they
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do?
ANSWER: Kirchhoff's first law states that a dense, hot medium emits light of all wavelengths,
creating a continuous spectrum.
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 2.5
94) If the magnetic fields are very strong, such as around sunspots, how are spectral lines
affected by the Zeeman effect?
ANSWER: A strong magnetic field will cause the lines to appear split apart.
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 2.6
95) State the relationship between frequency, photon energy, and wavelength.
ANSWER: The higher the frequency, the greater the energy the photon carries, but the shorter its
wavelength.
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.3, 2.6
96) Explain how the Zeeman effect allows us to study stellar magnetic fields.
ANSWER: The Zeeman effect causes spectral lines to appear split into two. This tells us magnetic
fields are present. The greater the observed splitting, the stronger the magnetic fields are.
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 2.8
97) Explain how Bohr's model creates emission and absorption lines in the spectrum.
ANSWER: Bohr's model has the electron orbitals quantized into discrete energies. Each
upward transition to a higher energy state produces an absorption line (energy is absorbed).
Each downward transition produces an emission line (energy is emitted). The energy
absorbed or emitted is exactly equal to the difference in energy levels.
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 2.6
98) What information about a star can be inferred from its Doppler shift?
ANSWER: The Doppler shift gives the star's radial velocity, either towards or away from
us. Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.7
99) A binary star system is one with two stars orbiting each other. How can the Doppler Effect
be used to find binary stars whose orbital plane is along our line of sight and determine their
periods?
ANSWER: As the two stars orbit each other rapidly, one will approach us, creating a blue shift
of its spectral lines, while its retreating companion shows a red shift. The time to go through
two splits and recombinations of their lines is their orbital period.
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 2.7
100) Explain what types of information can be obtained from a line spectrum.
ANSWER: The element which created it, the line-of-sight velocity of the source, its rotation
speed,
temperature, the pressure of the gas emitting the radiation, and even its magnetic field may also
be found.
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.8
101) If we increased the pressure in a gas, how will its spectral lines be affected?
ANSWER: The lines will broaden (or even disappear if the density becomes too
great) Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.8
102) Contrast the speeds of sound and light in watching a flash of lightning, then listening for the
thunder to follow.
ANSWER: Light travels at 300,000 km/sec, so the flash of light is almost instantaneous from a
few miles away; sound travels at about a fifth of a mile per second, so if the thunder follows the
lightning by five seconds, the bolt hit about a mile away.
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 2.2
103) How can Wein's law be used to determine the temperature of a star?
ANSWER: Careful analysis of the blackbody curve of the star's entire radiation spectrum will
reveal a peak that is unique to a given temperature. Basically, the bluer the star's radiation, the
hotter its surface will be.
Diff: 1
Section Ref.: 2.4
104) Why would a hotter star appear blue-white while a cooler star appear red or not be visible at
all?
ANSWER: Stefan's law notes that the higher the temperature, the more luminous the body is, so
such stars produce great amounts of visible light. The hotter the star the shorter the wavelength it
peaks at. A star that emits light across the entire visible spectrum would appear white. One that
peaked beyond the visible would appear blue-white. A cooler star may peak in the red part of the
spectrum, or even in the infrared.
Diff: 2
Section Ref.: 2.4
105) How does Stefan's law and a knowledge of Earth's history tell us that the Sun's temperature
cannot have varied much in the last 3.5 billion years?
ANSWER: Since even a small change in temperature, raised to the fourth power, would result
in a large change in the total solar energy radiated, if the Sun had cooled much, our oceans
would have frozen and life would have ceased to exist here.
Diff: 3
Section Ref.: 2.4
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CHAPTERS IN PDF FORMAT