Java How to Program, 11/e, Global Edition
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 Java is one of the world’s most widely used computer programming
languages.
 You’ll learn to write instructions (指令) in the Java programming
language
 commanding computers to perform tasks.
 Software (i.e., the instructions you write) controls hardware (i.e.,
computers).
 You’ll learn object-oriented programming—today’s key programming
methodology.
 You’ll create and work with many software objects.
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For many organizations, the preferred (偏好的) language for meeting their
enterprise programming needs is Java.
 Java is also widely used for implementing (實作) Internet-based applications
and software for devices that communicate over a network.
 There are billions of personal computers in use and an even larger number of
mobile devices with computers at their core
 According to Oracle’s 2016 JavaOne conference keynote presentation
(http://bit.ly/JavaOne2016Keynote), there are now 10 million Java developers
worldwide and Java runs on 15 billion devices (Fig. 1.1), including two billion
vehicles and 350 million medical devices.
 In addition, the explosive (爆炸性) growth of mobile phones, tablets and other
devices is creating significant (明顯的) opportunities for programming mobile
apps.

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Java Standard Edition (標準版)
 Java How to Program, 10/e is based on Java Standard Edition 8 (Java SE
8) and Java Standard Edition 9 (Java SE 9)
 Java Standard Edition contains the capabilities needed to develop
desktop and server (伺服器) applications.
 Prior to Java SE 8, Java supported three programming paradigms (模式)
◦ Procedural programming (程序程式設計)
◦ Object-oriented programming (物件導向程式設計)
◦ Generic programming (泛形程式設計)
 Java SE 8 added the beginnings of functional programming (函數程式
設計) with lambdas and streams
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Java Enterprise Edition (企業版)
 Java is used in such a broad spectrum of applications that it has two
other editions.
 The Java Enterprise Edition (Java EE) is geared toward developing
large-scale, distributed networking applications and web-based
applications.
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 Java Micro Edition (Java ME) (微型版)
◦ Subset of Java SE.
◦ Geared toward developing applications for resource-constrained embedded
devices, such as
 Smartwatches
 MP3 players
 television set-top boxes
 smart meters (for monitoring electric energy usage)
 and more.
◦ Many of the devices in use Java ME.
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 Computers can perform calculations and make logical decisions
phenomenally faster than human beings can.
 Today’s personal computers can perform billions of calculations in
one second—more than a human can perform in a lifetime.
 Supercomputers are already performing thousands of trillions
(quadrillions) of instructions per second!
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https://top500.org/lists/top500/list/2021/06/
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 Computers process data under the control of sequences of
instructions called computer programs.
 These software programs guide the computer through ordered
actions specified by people called computer programmers (程式設計
師) .
 You’ll learn a key programming methodology (方法) that’s enhancing
programmer productivity, thereby reducing software development
costs—object-oriented programming.
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 A computer consists of various devices referred to as hardware
◦ (e.g., the keyboard, screen, mouse, hard disks, memory, DVD drives and
processing units).
 Computing costs are dropping dramatically (戲劇性的), owing to rapid
developments in hardware and software technologies.
 Computers that might have filled large rooms and cost millions of dollars
decades ago are now inscribed on silicon chips smaller than a fingernail,
costing perhaps a few dollars each.
 Silicon-chip (矽晶片) technology has made computing so economical that
computers have become a commodity.
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 Every year or two, the capacities of computers have approximately
doubled inexpensively.
 This remarkable trend often is called Moore’s Law.
 Named for the person who identified the trend, Gordon Moore, cofounder of Intel.
 Moore’s Law and related observations apply especially to the amount
of memory that computers have for programs, the amount of
secondary storage (such as solid-state drive storage) they have to hold
programs and data over longer periods of time, and their processor
speeds—the speeds at which they execute their programs (i.e., do their
work).
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Moore’s Law (摩爾定律)
Electronics Magazine雜誌在1965年4月 19日發表戈登摩爾撰寫的一篇專文，他在文中歸納預測
積體電路的複雜度每年會增加一倍，且成本將持續下降。這項被稱為摩爾定律的預測促使科技
普遍推廣至世界每個角落，如今更成為科技快速變遷的代名詞。摩爾在1975 年修正他的預測，
預估晶片內部電晶體的數量每兩年會增加一倍，其效力一直延續今。 除了預測晶片複雜度的成
長速度外(以電腦晶片內含電晶體為基準)，摩爾定律亦預估成本 將持續下降。
就摩爾定律延伸，IC技術每隔一年半推進一個世代。但最新的研究發現,“摩爾定律“的時代快將結
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束。因為建造研究和實驗室的成本需求十分高,而有財力投資建立和維護晶片工廠的企業有限。
14
 Similar growth has occurred in the communications field.
 Costs have plummeted as enormous demand for communications
bandwidth (i.e., information-carrying capacity) has attracted intense
competition.
 Such phenomenal improvement is fostering (促成) the Information
Revolution (資訊革命) .
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 Computers can be envisioned as divided into various logical units or
sections.
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 Data items processed by computers form a data hierarchy that
becomes larger and more complex in structure as we progress from the
simplest data items (called “bits”) to richer ones, such as characters
and fields.
數位化
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Bits (位元)
 The smallest data item in a computer can assume the value 0 or the value 1.
 Such a data item is called a bit (short for “binary digit”—a digit that can
assume either of two values).
 Remarkably, the impressive functions performed by computers involve only
the simplest manipulations of 0s and 1s—examining a bit’s value, setting a
bit’s value and reversing a bit’s value (from 1 to 0 or from 0 to 1).
Bytes (位元組)
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Characters
 We prefer to work with decimal digits (0–9), uppercase letters (A–Z),
lowercase letters (a–z), and special symbols (e.g., $, @, %, &, *, (, ), –, +, ", :, ?
and / ).
 Digits, letters and special symbols are known as characters. The computer’s
character set is the set of all the characters used to write programs and
represent data items on that device.
 Computers process only 1s and 0s, so every character is represented as a
pattern of 1s and 0s.
 Java uses Unicode® characters that are composed of one, two or four bytes
(8, 16 or 32 bits).
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 Unicode contains characters for many of the world’s languages.
 See Appendix B for more information on the ASCII (American Standard Code
for Information Interchange) character set—the popular subset of Unicode
that represents uppercase and lowercase letters in the English alphabet,
digits and some common special characters.
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Fields (欄位)
 Just as characters are composed of bits, fields are composed of characters or
bytes.
 A field is a group of characters or bytes that conveys meaning.
 For example, a field consisting of uppercase and lowercase letters could be
used to represent a person’s name, and a field consisting of decimal digits
could represent a person’s age.
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Records (紀錄)
 Several related fields can be used to compose a record (implemented as a
class in Java).
 In a payroll system, for example, the record for an employee might consist of
the following fields (possible types for these fields are shown in
parentheses):
◦ Employee identification number (a whole number)
◦ Name (a string of characters)
◦ Address (a string of characters)
◦ Hourly pay rate (a number with a decimal point)
◦ Year-to-date earnings (a number with a decimal point)
◦ Amount of taxes withheld (a number with a decimal point)
 Thus, a record is a group of related fields.
 In the preceding example, all the fields belong to the same employee.
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Files (檔案)
 A file is a group of related records.
 More generally, a file contains arbitrary data in arbitrary formats.
 In some operating systems, a file is viewed simply as a sequence of bytes—
any organization of the bytes in a file, such as organizing the data into
records, is a view created by the application programmer.
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Database (資料庫)
 A database is a collection of data that’s organized for easy access and
manipulation.
 The most popular database model is the relational database in which data is
stored in simple tables.
 A table includes records and fields.
◦ For example, a table of students might include first name, last name, major, year, student
ID number and grade point average fields.
◦ The data for each student is a record, and the individual pieces of information in each
record are the fields.
 You can search, sort and otherwise manipulate the data based on its
relationship to multiple tables or databases.
Data warehouse(資料倉儲)
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Big Data (大數據)
 The amount of data being produced worldwide is enormous and
growing explosively.
 According to IBM, approximately 2.5 quintillion bytes (2.5 exabytes)
of data are created daily
 According to Salesforce.com, as of October 2015 90% of the world’s
data was created in just the prior 12 months
 Big data applications deal with such massive amounts of data and
this field is growing quickly, creating lots of opportunity for software
developers.
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Software systems that make using computers more convenient.
 Provide services that allow each application to execute safely, efficiently and
concurrently (i.e., in parallel) with other applications.
 The software that contains the core components of the operating system is
called the kernel.
 Popular desktop operating systems include Linux, Windows 7 and macOS.
 The most popular mobile operating systems used in smartphones and tablets
are Google’s Android and Apple’s iOS (for its iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch
devices)

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 The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is the most widely used
graphical scheme for modeling object-oriented systems.
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1.6 Operating Systems (作業系統)
Software systems that make using computers more convenient.
 Provide services that allow each application to execute safely, efficiently and
concurrently (同步的，i.e., in parallel) with other applications.
 The software that contains the core (核心) components of the operating system is
called the kernel.
 Popular desktop operating systems include Linux, Windows 10 and Mac OS X.
 Popular mobile operating systems used in smartphones and tablets include Google’s
Android, Apple’s iOS (for its iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch devices), Windows
Phone and Blackberry OS.

集中式批次處理、multiprogramming作業系統
1969
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1971
1.6 Operating Systems

Personal computing (個人電腦)
◦ 1970年代研發出矽晶片(silicon chip) 技術，使電腦能夠更「小」與更「經濟」
◦ Computers for personal use
◦ 1977年Apple II開始將個人電腦普及化
◦ 1981年IBM將個人電腦導引應用到一般企業、工業、與政府

分散式資料處理 (Distributed computing)
◦ 電腦經網路連結在一起
◦ 運算分散至多台電腦進行

主從式運算 (Client/server computing)
◦ 伺服器(Servers) 儲存共同使用的程式 (programs)和資料 (data)
◦ 客戶端(Clients) 從伺服器使用程式和資料
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二層式主從架構：
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區域網路
LAN (local area network)
LAN
Internet
AP伺服器
n階式主從運算
Internet
AP伺服器
網頁伺服器
Web Server
DB伺服器
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DB伺服器
雲端運算
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing
雲端運算是一種以網際網路為基礎的資料處理，藉網際網路上共享的資源、軟體、
與資訊取得所需求的資料。
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雲端計算不僅是技術問題，更是一種「商業模式」與「管理
模式」的創新。
資料來源： 胡興耀 (2011)，企業雲計算之未來趨勢及鼎捷如何佈局雲計算
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SaaS, PaaS, & IaaS
「雲端應用服務」或稱「軟體即服務」(SaaS)係將軟體經由網際網路以服務型式
提供給使用者，讓使用者不需在個人電腦安裝軟體及執行，簡化了維護與支援
作業。
「雲端平台服務」或稱「平台即服務」(PaaS)係將電腦平台及/或軟體以服務型式
提供給使用者，讓使用者藉雲端設備使用雲端應用程式。PaaS省去購買和管理軟
硬體的複雜度與成本，協助應用程式的部署。
「雲端基礎設施服務」或稱「基礎設施即服務」(IaaS)係將電腦基礎設施及儲存
空間與網路以服務型式提供給使用者，達成平台環境虛擬化，亦即讓使用者將伺
服器、軟體、資料儲存中心或網路完全「委外」而不需自行購置。IaaS提供者根
據設施的使用量收取服務費用。設施資源的耗用量或所付服務費用通常反應了使
用活動的多寡。
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 Mid-1980s: Microsoft developed the Windows operating system,
consisting of a graphical user interface built on top of DOS—an
enormously popular personal-computer operating system that users
interacted with by typing commands.
 Windows borrowed from many concepts (such as icons, menus and
windows) developed by Xerox PARC and popularized by early Apple
Macintosh operating systems.
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 Windows 10 is Microsoft’s latest operating system
 Features include enhancements to the Start menu and user interface,
Cortana personal assistant for voice interactions, Action Center for
receiving notifications, Microsoft’s new Edge web browser, and more
 Windows is a proprietary operating system—it’s controlled by
Microsoft exclusively.
 Windows is by far the world’s most widely used operating system.
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 The Linux operating system is perhaps the greatest success of the
open-source movement
 Open-source software (開源軟體) departs from the proprietary
software development style that dominated software’s early years
 With open-source development, individuals and companies
contribute their efforts in developing, maintaining and evolving
software in exchange for the right to use that software for their own
purposes, typically at no charge
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 Open-source code is often scrutinized (審查) by a much larger
audience than proprietary software, so errors often get removed
faster
 Open source also encourages innovation. Enterprise systems
companies, such as IBM, Oracle and many others, have made
significant investments in Linux open-source development
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 Some key organizations in the open-source community are
 the Eclipse Foundation (the Eclipse Integrated Development Environment
helps programmers conveniently develop software)
 the Mozilla Foundation (creators of the Firefox web browser)
 the Apache Software Foundation (creators of the Apache web server used to
develop web-based applications)
 GitHub (which provides tools for managing open-source projects—it has
millions of them under development).
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 Rapid improvements to computing and communications, decreasing
costs and open-source software have made it much easier and more
economical to create a software-based business now than just a
decade ago
 A great example is Facebook, which was launched from a college
dorm room and built with open-source software
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 The Linux kernel is the core of the most popular open-source, freely
distributed, full-featured operating system
 Developed by a loosely organized team of volunteers and is popular
in servers, personal computers and embedded systems (such as the
computer systems at the heart of smartphones, smart TVs and
automobile systems)
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 Linux source code (the program code) is available to the public for
examination and modification and is free to download and install
 Linux users benefit from a huge community of developers actively
debugging and improving the kernel, and the ability to customize the
operating system to meet specific needs.
 Linux has become extremely popular on servers and in embedded
systems, such as Google’s Android-based smartphones.
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 Apple, founded in 1976 by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, quickly
became a leader in personal computing
 In 1979, Jobs and several Apple employees visited Xerox PARC (Palo
Alto Research Center) to learn about Xerox’s desktop computer that
featured a graphical user interface (GUI)
 That GUI served as the inspiration for the Apple Macintosh, launched
with much fanfare in a memorable Super Bowl ad in 1984
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 The Objective-C programming language, created by Brad Cox and Tom
Love at Stepstone in the early 1980s, added capabilities for objectoriented programming (OOP) to the C programming language
 Steve Jobs left Apple in 1985 and founded NeXT Inc.
 In 1988, NeXT licensed Objective-C from StepStone and developed an
Objective-C compiler and libraries which were used as the platform for
the NeXTSTEP operating system’s user interface, and Interface
Builder—used to construct graphical user interfaces
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 Jobs returned to Apple in 1996 when Apple bought NeXT.
 Apple’s macOS operating system is a descendant of NeXTSTEP.
 Apple’s proprietary operating system, iOS, is derived from Apple’s
macOS and is used in the iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch, Apple Watch and
Apple TV devices.
 In 2014, Apple introduced its new Swift programming language, which
became open source in 2015.
 The iOS app-development community is shifting from Objective-C to
Swift.
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 Android—the fastest growing mobile and smartphone operating
system—is based on the Linux kernel and Java.
 One benefit of developing Android apps is the openness of the
platform—the operating system is open source and free.
 The Android operating system was developed by Android, Inc., which
was acquired by Google in 2005.
 In 2007, the Open Handset Alliance was formed to develop, maintain
and evolve Android, driving innovation in mobile technology and
improving the user experience while reducing costs
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 According to Statista.com, as of Q3 2016, Android had 87.8% of the
global smartphone market share, compared to 11.5% for Apple
 Android is used in smartphones, e-reader devices, tablets, in-store
touch-screen kiosks (資訊機), cars, robots, multimedia players and
more.
 We present an introduction to Android app development in our
textbook, Android How to Program, Third Edition, and in our
professional book, Android 6 for Programmers: An App-Driven
Approach, Third Edition.
 After you learn Java, you’ll find it realtively straightforward to begin
developing and running Android apps.
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 Programmers write instructions in various programming languages,
some directly understandable by computers and others requiring
intermediate translation steps.
 These may be divided into three general types:
◦ Machine languages
◦ Assembly languages
◦ High-level languages
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Machine Languages
 Any computer can directly understand only its own machine language, defined by its
hardware design.
◦ Generally consist of strings of numbers (ultimately reduced to 1s and 0s) that instruct
computers to perform their most elementary operations one at a time.
◦ Machine dependent—a particular machine language can be used on only one type of computer.
Assembly Languages and Assemblers
 English-like abbreviations that represent elementary operations formed the basis
of assembly languages.
 Translator programs called assemblers (組譯器) convert early assembly-language
programs to machine language.
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High-Level Languages and Compilers
 High-level languages
◦ Single statements accomplish substantial tasks.
◦ Compilers convert high-level language programs into machine language.
◦ Allow you to write instructions that look almost like everyday English and contain commonly
used mathematical notations.
◦ A payroll program written in a high-level language might contain a single statement such as
 grossPay = basePay + overTimePay
Interpreters (直譯器)
 Compiling a high-level language program into machine language can take
considerable computer time.
 Interpreter programs, developer to execute high-level language programs
directly, avoid the delay or compilation, although they run slower than compiled
programs.
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 Figure 1.6 provides brief comments on several popular programming
languages. In the next section, we introduce Java.
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• Internet 前 身 係 在 1960 年 代 後 期 ， 由 美 國 國 防 部 (DOD) 資 助 的 ARPA (Advanced
Research Projects Agency) 開 發 ， 原 用 以 連 結 少 數 大 學 與 研 究 機 構 的 電 腦 ， 稱 為
ARPAnet ，預防通訊在冷戰被破壞
• ARPAnet快速簡易的通訊即是現今使用的電子信件 (electronic mail，e-mail)
• ARPAnet的通訊協定 (protocol，set of rules)即是 TCP ( Transmission Control Protocol)，
TCP 確保訊息封包(packets)能從發送端正確(接力)傳送到接收端
• In parallel with the early evolution of the Internet, organizations worldwide were
implementing their own networks for both intraorganization (within an organization) and
interorganization (between organizations) communication.
• ARPA 開發了網際網路通訊協定(Internet Protocol，IP)克服不同網路間的通訊，建構
了網路的網路(a network of networks)
• TCP/IP 是一複合通訊協定組
• Each Internet-connected- device has an IP address—a unique numerical identifier
used by devices communicating via TCP/IP to locate one another on the Internet.
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歐洲核子研究組織
1989年，Tim Berners-Lee 在CERN開發了經由超文字標籤語言(HyperText
Markup Language HTML)分享資訊，他也設計HyperText Transfer Protocol
(HTTP), 是網際網路的主要通訊協定。
 Berners-Lee在1994成立World Wide Web Consortium (組織) (W3C)，致力發展
World Wide Web技術，The World Wide Web is a collection of hardware and
software associated with the Internet that allows computer users to locate and
view documents with various combinations of text, graphics, animations, audios
and videos on almost any subject.
 W3C目標在連結全球性網頁，不分語言與文化
 World Wide Web (WWW全球資訊網)
◦ 用以搜尋與檢視多媒體(multimedia)文件
◦ 過去，大部分的應用程式都在未彼此連接的電腦上執行，今天的應用程式可
以連結到全世界的電腦

 HTML因標籤的限制，因此W3C繼續制定了XML
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1.11 Internet and the World Wide Web (Cont.)
• XML可彈性自訂各種資料，是其最重要的特色
– 任何應用程式都能處理XML所描述的資料
– 軟體開發者逐漸將XML與其應用程式結合以改善其網頁功能與資料的交換性
– XML 亦被應用在資料庫(database)
• 使用XML文件的應用程式彼此可以溝通，如果它們都能了解共同的XML字彙
• 簡易物件通訊協定( Simple Object Access Protocol， SOAP) 是一種以XML與
HTTP為基礎的通訊協定，多用於實作網路服務(web service)。SOAP以XML為
訊息的「格式」，而以HTTP或SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol，簡易郵件
傳送協定)為訊息的「傳送協定」。SOAP的作用是傳送編譯網路服務所需的
「要求」給應用程式，再將應用程式處理後的結果送回，亦即是應用程式和使
用者之間傳輸資料的一種機制，可以在不同的作業系統與網路獨立運作。
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 In parallel with the early evolution of the Internet, organizations
worldwide were implementing their own networks for both
intraorganization (that is, within an organization) and
interorganization (that is, between organizations) communication.
 One challenge was to enable these different networks to communicate
with each other.
 The Internet Protocol (IP) created a true “network of networks,” the
current architecture of the Internet.
 The combined set of protocols is now called TCP/IP.
 Each Internet-connected- device has an IP address—a unique
numerical identifier used by devices communicating via TCP/IP to
locate one another on the Internet.
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 Businesses rapidly realized that by using the Internet, they could
improve their operations and offer new and better services to their
clients.
 This generated fierce (殘忍的) competition among communications
carriers and hardware and software suppliers to meet the increased
infrastructure(基礎設施) demand.
 As a result, bandwidth (頻寬) —the information-carrying capacity of
communications lines—on the Internet has increased tremendously,
while hardware costs have plummeted.
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The web exploded in the mid-to-late 1990s, but the “dot com” economic bust
brought hard times in the early 2000s.
 Resurgence that began in 2004 or so has been named Web 2.0.
 Google is widely regarded as the signature company of Web 2.0.
 Some other companies with “Web 2.0 characteristics” are YouTube (video sharing),
FaceBook (social networking), Twitter (microblogging), Groupon (social
commerce), Foursquare (mobile check-in), Salesforce (business software offered
as online services), Craigslist (free classified listings), Flickr (photo sharing),
Second Life (a virtual world), Skype (Internet telephony) and Wikipedia (a free
online encyclopedia).

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1.11.2 Web 2.0: Going Social (Cont.)
 Google
◦ In 1996, Stanford computer science Ph.D. candidates Larry Page and Sergey Brin began
collaborating on a new search engine.
◦ In 1997, they changed the name to Google—a play on the mathematical term googol
◦ Google’s ability to return extremely accurate search results quickly helped it become the most
widely used search engine and one of the most popular websites in the world.
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 Web Services and Mashups (混搭)
Mashup is an applications-development methodology in which you can
rapidly develop powerful and intriguing (有吸引力的) applications by
combining (often free) complementary web services and other forms of
information feeds.
 A mashup is an applications-development methodology in which you
can rapidly develop powerful software applications by combining
(often free) complementary web services and other forms of
information feeds.
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The Internet is no longer just a network of computers—it’s an Internet of Things (IoT)
 A thing is any object with an IP address and the ability to send data automatically over the
Internet:

 a car with a transponder for paying tolls,
 monitors for parking-space availability in a garage,
 a heart monitor implanted in a human,
 monitors for drinkable water quality,
 a smart meter that reports energy usage,
 radiation detectors,
 item trackers in a warehouse,
 mobile apps that can track your movement and location,
 smart thermostats that adjust room temperatures based on weather forecasts and activity in the
home
 intelligent home appliances
 and many more.
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At the convention on 6 February about “Companies, Consumers, Citizens: the
Internet of Things is growing” the results of research into the new and vast world
of the Internet of Things or Intelligent Objects, or Connected or Interconnected, or
the possibility of communicating machine-to-machine (M2M) and the resulting
potential offering of new services for the consumer/citizen were presented.
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1.11.4 Internet of Things (cont.)
http://www.satiztpm.it/internet-things/?lang=en
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1.11.4 Internet of Things (cont.)
Big Data
巨量數據
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1.12 Software Technologies
敏捷軟體開發
重構
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設計標準類型
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1.13 Keeping Up-to-Date with Information Technologies
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 There are many online forums in which you can get your Java
questions answered and interact with other Java programmers.
 Some popular Java and general programming forums include:
 StackOverflow.com
 Coderanch.com
 The Oracle Java Forum—
https://community.oracle.com/community/java
 </dream.in.code>—
http://www.dreamincode.net/forums/forum/32-java/
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