Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com Contents 1Agriculture in a Changing Climate���������������������������������������������������������� 1 1.1Introduction���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 1.2Changing Environmental Constraints Facing Agricultural Systems�������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2 1.3Adaptive Agricultural Practices and Their Intervention at Three Different Levels: Crop/Species, Farm/Field, and Landscape Level�������������������������������������������������������������������������� 6 References���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 8 2Adaptive Agronomic Practices for Sustaining Food Production ���������� 11 2.1Brief Overview of Adaptive Practices������������������������������������������������ 11 2.2Crop Diversification���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 12 2.2.1Intercropping�������������������������������������������������������������������������� 12 2.2.2Crop Rotation and Double/Companion Cropping������������������ 19 2.2.3Perenniation���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 21 2.3Agroforestry: A Farm/Field- and Landscape-Level Practice�������������� 22 2.4Mulching �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 26 2.5Organic Farming �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 30 2.5.1Integration of Livestock into Farm Lands������������������������������ 30 2.5.2Replacement of Chemical Fertilizers by Organic Inputs�������������������������������������������������������������������� 32 References���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 35 3Increasing Resilience in Crops for Future Changing Environment ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 45 3.1Use of Resilient Crop Varieties: A Species-Level Practice���������������� 45 3.2Coping Under Abiotic Stress Environment���������������������������������������� 46 3.2.1Conferring Drought Tolerance������������������������������������������������ 46 3.2.2Conferring Salinity Tolerance������������������������������������������������ 48 3.2.3Conferring Flood Tolerance���������������������������������������������������� 49 xiii Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com We Don’t reply in this website, you need to contact by email for all chapters Instant download. 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Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com xiv Contents 3.3Coping Under Biotic Stress Environment������������������������������������������ 50 3.3.1Crop Weed Resistance������������������������������������������������������������ 50 3.3.2Crop Pests and Disease Resistance ���������������������������������������� 50 3.4Future Crops for Elevated Temperature and CO2 ������������������������������ 53 3.5Use of Climate/Crop Models for Building Adaptive Capacity in Agriculture for a Future Environment ���������������������������� 55 References���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 56 4 Resource Conserving and Innovative Practices for Agricultural Sustainability������������������������������������������������������������������ 63 4.1Increasing Nutrient and Water Use Efficiency������������������������������������ 63 4.2Conservation Agriculture (CA)���������������������������������������������������������� 66 4.3Farm Innovations for Enhanced Production of Major Cereals Crops���������������������������������������������������������������������� 73 4.4Sustainable Agriculture Intensification and Extensification������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 77 4.5Sustainability Issues in Agriculture from the Farmers’ Perspective�������������������������������������������������������������������������� 81 References���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 87 5Adaptive Agricultural Practices Employed in Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 93 5.1Introduction���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 94 5.1.1What Are Adaptive Agricultural Practices?���������������������������� 94 5.1.2Objectives of the Present Study���������������������������������������������� 95 5.2Methodology Employed���������������������������������������������������������������������� 95 5.2.1Study Area: Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India ������������������������������ 95 5.2.2Field Survey���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 96 5.2.3Geographic and Meteorological Conditions of the Study Region���������������������������������������������������������������� 99 5.3Results and Discussion ���������������������������������������������������������������������� 100 5.3.1Challenges and Threats Faced by Farmers ���������������������������� 100 5.3.2Adaptive Agronomic Practices Employed by Local Farmers�������������������������������������������������������������������� 106 5.4Conclusions and Future Policy Implications�������������������������������������� 117 5.4.1Conclusions���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 117 5.4.2Future Policy Implications������������������������������������������������������ 118 References���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 120 6 Policy Implications, Future Prospects and Conclusion�������������������������� 123 6.1Policy Implications and Future Prospects������������������������������������������ 123 6.2Conclusions���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 125 References���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 128 Index������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 129 Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com xvi About the Authors knowledge (ILK), and ecosystem-based approaches for managing agrobiodiversity for food and nutritional security. He is an expert member of four IUCN commissions (CEM, CEC, SSC, & CEESP), IUCN Task Force on Oil Palm & Biodiversity, UN-FAO, UN-IPBES, UNDP-BES Network, UNFCCD, and International Resource Panel of UNEP. He is also serving on the editorial board of the journals Agronomy, Biodegradation, Biomass & Bioenergy, Energy, Ecology & Environment, Environmental Management, Land Degradation & Development, Land, Restoration Ecology, Sustainable Earth, and Tropical Ecology. Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com Abbreviations and Acronyms ABA ACC APSIM AFOLU AMF APX BPH CA CAFOs CAM CERES DAP DSSAT EBL EPS EUE FACE FYM GHGs GIS GSH GWP ICM IDM IGP INM IPM IRM IWM LUE NPK Abscisic acid 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate Agricultural production systems sIMulator Agriculture, Forestry or Other Land Use Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Ascorbate peroxidase Brown plant hopper Conservation agriculture Concentrated animal feeding operations Crassulacean acid metabolism Crop environment resource synthesis Diammonium phosphate Decision Support System for Agro-Technology Transfer 24-Epibrassinolide Exopolysaccharides Energy use efficiency Free air CO2 enrichment Farm yard manure Greenhouse gases Geographic Information System Glutathione reductase Global warming potential Integrated crop management Integrated disease management Indo-Gangetic Plain Integrated nutrient management Integrated pest management Integrated rice management Integrated weed management Land use efficiency Nitrogen/phosphorus/potassium xvii Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com xviii NUE OTC PGPM PGPR PSB PSM REDD+ RM system ROS RR system RW system RWCS SCI SOC SOD SOM SRF SRI SWAT UN-FAO UPAF VOCs VPD WUE Abbreviations and Acronyms Nutrient use efficiency Open top chamber Plant growth-promoting microorganism Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria Phosphate-solubilizing microorganism Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation Rice–maize system Reactive oxygen species Rice–rice system Rice–wheat system Rice–wheat cropping system System of crop intensification Soil organic carbon Superoxide dismutase Soil organic matter Short rotation forestry System of rice intensification Soil and Water Assessment Tool Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation Urban and peri-urban agriculture and forestry Volatile organic carbon Vapour pressure density Water use efficiency Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com We Don’t reply in this website, you need to contact by email for all chapters Instant download. Just send email and get all chapters download. Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com You can also order by WhatsApp https://api.whatsapp.com/send/?phone=%2B447507735190&text&type=ph one_number&app_absent=0 Send email or WhatsApp with complete Book title, Edition Number and Author Name. Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com Chapter 1 Agriculture in a Changing Climate Abstract Maximizing agricultural production for ensuring the food and nutritional requirements of a rapidly growing human population is a major sustainability challenge of this twenty-first century. This introductory chapter briefly address the various environmental challenges faced by agricultural system such as overgrowing human population, climate change, biotic and abiotic stress in crop plants etc., and the need of transition towards a resilient farming practices for feeding a growing population. In this backdrop, the sustainable execution of adaptive agricultural practices at different levels i.e. crop/species, farm/field, and landscape levels are imperative to meet the food and nutritional security of the growing human population. Keywords Adaptive agriculture · Climate change · Food security · Resilience 1.1 Introduction Global food security is at the crossroads as our ever-growing population (Godfray et al. 2010; UNDES 2013) and changing climatic conditions (IPCC 2014) exert tremendous pressure on agriculture systems worldwide. For one example, an increasing population leads to decreased land holdings per person (Abegaz and Keulen 2009; Abhilash et al. 2016) and thereby has resulted in continuous exploitation of croplands without any fallow periods. Consequently, the soil does not have enough time to recuperate its fertility, thus showing nutrient loss. These stresses ultimately enhance the process of land degradation and may lead to reduction in average cultivated land per person to less than 0.17 ha (FAO 2011; Abhilash 2015). Apart from that, the changing climatic conditions also pose serious threats to agriculture and food security (Dubey et al. 2016a, b; Dubey and Singh 2017). The threat to ‘food security’ is also threatening ‘good quality of life’ at various levels and scales (i.e., local, regional, global) with the ultimate results of poverty and unequal sharing of food resources among the rich and poor peoples in the world. Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com 2 1 Agriculture in a Changing Climate Even today, nearly one billion people are not so fortunate to have two full meals per day (Sheeran 2011). Developing countries are most vulnerable to food security and poverty (IPCC 2014), and millions of poor and smallholder farmers are prone to malnutrition and hunger. Without immediate interventions, the problem will persist for the coming decades (Godfray et al. 2010; Abhilash et al. 2015) and will seriously undermine the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) framed by the UN as their 2030 agenda for development. In particular, 1.5 billion people in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa are under the grind of food poverty, a number expected to reach 3.9 billion by middle of this century (Wheeler and von Braun 2013). The global population is projected to increase to 9 (Godfray et al. 2010) or 9.6 billion (UNDES 2013) by mid-century, and therefore feeding this overgrowing population in the near future using the existing land area and also by current agricultural practices seems unimaginable. Moreover, the lack of information, knowledge sharing, and extension services provided to farmers also have a major effect in narrowing the agricultural yield in developing countries. Climate scientists have already predicted that if immediate adaptation (particularly crop-level adaptation) strategies are not properly implemented (Challinor et al. 2014; Abhilash et al. 2016), the agriculture sector is going to witness severe repercussions in coming decades. To feed this rapidly growing population, at least 60% additional agricultural extensification must happen by 2050 (Alexandratos and Bruinsma 2012). However, land is a limited resource, and apart from agricultural activities, the growing population also needs land for habitation and other developmental activities. Therefore, adopting systemic and transformational practices based on the adaptive capacity of farms and fields are imperative for ensuring food availability in coming decades (Morton 2007; Challinor et al. 2014; Dubey et al. 2016a) (Fig. 1.1). 1.2 C hanging Environmental Constraints Facing Agricultural Systems As we mentioned earlier, the agriculture sector is badly impacted by changing environmental conditions, facing various biotic and abiotic stresses daily. Major biotic stress includes herbivore or pathogen attack and crop pests and diseases (Figs. 1.2 and 1.3). Abiotic stress includes drought, flood, salinity, heat shock, chilling stress, and UV radiations (Fig. 1.4) (Wani et al. 2016; Schwalm et al. 2017). Although crop plants bear a self-defence mechanism against these stresses and tend to show tolerance or sensitivity during different stages of growth and development (Chinnusamy et al. 2004; Abhilash et al. 2012), they are vulnerable to multiple stresses. The plants either release phytohormones such as abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene or express multiple traits (e.g., volatile-based emissions to repel pests/pathogens, etc.) to ­combat various abiotic and biotic stresses (Barrett and Heil 2012; Wani et al. 2016). Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com 1.2 Changing Environmental Constraints Facing Agricultural Systems 3 Need of adaptive agricultural practices •Overpopulation •Climate change •Erratic weather changes or climate variability’s. •Biotic and abiotic stress in different agro-climatic regions of the world. •Rising food demand and change in dietary preferences. •Use of land and water resources for non-agricultural purposes and everyday increasing rivalry for it. •Constrain in agricultural land capacity to produce substantial amount of food to feed overgrowing population. •Soil degradation due to pollution by anthropogenic activities. •Need of higher input cost in agricultural sector. •Need of mitigating GHGs emissions from agricultural lands Advantages of Adaptive Agricultural practices •Conserve soil and improve its fertility. •Ensure carbon sequestration •Improve water availability. •Increased nutrient use efficiency of crops •Cope with events such as drought, flood/submergence, pest diseases or salinity stress etc. in crop plants. •Increased crop yield •Enhancement of nutritional quality in crops or crop improvements. •Preservation of landscapes, rivers, streams, marshes and mangroves. •Conservation of natural resources, natural habitats and associated biodiversity. •Reduce greenhouse gas emissions into atmosphere. Fig. 1.1 Why do we need adaptive agricultural practices? Indeed, adaptive practices are the need of the hour. Pictorial representation of the need as well as the benefits of various adaptive agricultural practices For example, several crops such as cereals (wheat and maize; Kong et al. 2010; Chen et al. 2014), oilseeds (soybean; Komatsu et al. 2015), vegetables (tomato and cucumber; Ahsan et al. 2007; He et al. 2012), condiments (cacao; Bertolde et al. 2014), and spices (red/white clover; Stoychev et al. 2013) have been seen to show adaptation under flood conditions by expressing diverse traits. However, because of continuous, long-time domestication, most of the species have lost their natural traits (Stenberg et al. 2015). In addition, intermittently occurring multiple stresses pose additional challenges. For instance, events such as salinity and drought (IPCC 2008), heavy rainfall, floods, and drought (Iijima et al. 2016) are affecting the resilience of agricultural systems. Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com 4 1 Agriculture in a Changing Climate Fig. 1.2 Crop pests are the major biotic stress in the agriculture sector. Common pests of rice crops: (a) young caterpillar of cutworm, (b) damselfly, (c) slender rice bug (d–f), grasshoppers, (g) gundhi bug, (h) whorl maggots, (i) stink bug. (Photo credit: Mr. Ajeet Singh, IESD, BHU) Modelling studies have predicted that a climate-smart crop production system alone cannot solve the burden of food security under changing climatic conditions (Van Wijk et al. 2014). Looking at the shortage of plant-derived foods, various national and international initiatives such as concentrated animal-feeding operations (CAFOs) (CLYEC 2007) and intensive livestock farm management (IAESD and NIES 2009) have already been started in recent years to promote the consumption of animal-derived foods for human well-being. Consequently, the majority of the global population has been more inclined towards consumption of animal food Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com 1.2 Changing Environmental Constraints Facing Agricultural Systems 5 Fig. 1.3 Damage caused in rice by (a) gundhi bug, (b) cutworms, (c) green horned caterpillar, (d) stink bug, and (e–f) false smut disease caused by Ustilaginoidea virens. (Photo credit: Mr. Ajeet Singh, IESD, BHU) in the past two decades (Pan 2011). Initiatives such as CAFOs are expanding in developing as well as developed nations including the US (USEPA 2009). However, insofar as environmental and human health is concerned, over-dependence on animal food cannot be considered as a better alternative to crop-derived food. Overall, the changing environmental conditions will negatively affect the crop growth, yield, soil quality, and even the vegetation of a particular region (Abhilash et al. 2013; Thornton et al. 2014; Rakshit et al. 2016a, b). Therefore, better adaptive practices or strategies at different levels must be incorporated for sustainable agricultural production. Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com We Don’t reply in this website, you need to contact by email for all chapters Instant download. Just send email and get all chapters download. Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com You can also order by WhatsApp https://api.whatsapp.com/send/?phone=%2B447507735190&text&type=ph one_number&app_absent=0 Send email or WhatsApp with complete Book title, Edition Number and Author Name. Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com 6 1 Agriculture in a Changing Climate Fig. 1.4 Abiotic stresses in crops such as (a) drought, (b) flood, (c) cold, and (d) salinity are the major stresses affecting agricultural production across the globe. (Photo credits (d) Mr. Sheikh Adil Edrisi, IESD, BHU) 1.3 A daptive Agricultural Practices and Their Intervention at Three Different Levels: Crop/Species, Farm/Field, and Landscape Level The foregoing assertions clearly indicate that adaptive practices are imperative for sustainable agriculture as these adaptive practices should bring stability in the cropping system by retaining crop yield potential in terms of both quality (nutritional value) as well as quantity. It also allows recuperation of the functional integrity of agricultural systems even under stressed environmental conditions (Di Falco and Chavas 2008; Lin 2011). Thus, it is anticipated that adaptive agricultural practices can ensure both food security and environmental sustainability and thereby improve the livelihood of one and all. The implementation of such adaptive agronomic practices at various levels (i.e., ranging from crop/species to farm/field to landscape level) will also provide benefits at three different scales: local, regional, and global (Fig. 1.5). For example, a better adaptation to ‘salinity stress’ or ‘region having lack of freshwater resources’ could be either to use saline water as a new resource for Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com 1.3 Adaptive Agricultural Practices and Their Intervention at Three Different Levels… 7 Fig. 1.5 Levels at which adaptive agricultural practices can be employed: (1) crop/species level, (2) farm/field, and (3) landscape level i­rrigation or other agricultural purposes in an innovative way (Pang et al. 2010), or to develop salt-tolerant crop varieties by suitable crop and nutrient management strategies (Singh et al. 2016). The former one is an example of farm/field/landscape adaptation whereas the latter is crop/species level adaptive practices. Another example of a species-level adaptive practice is to select the suitable crop/intercrops for providing defence against pest attacks. For instance, use of such intercrops that can mimic the pathogen/herbivore which induces emissions of volatile organic compound (VOC) in crops and plants to provide resistance against pests is a successful practice used by farmers for a long time (Khan et al. 1997). However, recent studies suggest such practices of providing an indirect plant defence system against pests was beneficial only in cases of monoculture (Rodriguez et al. 2015). Therefore, there is always a need to explore more new insights of adaptive agricultural practices that could resolve both current and future problems under a changing environment. For instance, Stenberg et al. (2015) suggested that nectar-based food rewards for ­biocontrol agents can be given combined with volatile-based tri-trophic interactions to resolve problems of pest attacks on crop plants. In the present book, we articulate such promising adaptive agronomic practices from different agro-climatic zones of the world as model practices for enhancing the sustainability of global food production and also for building resilience under changing climatic conditions. Moreover, the book also exemplifies the knowledge gaps and future prospects for transforming agriculture as a sustainable enterprise in a changing environment. Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com 8 1 Agriculture in a Changing Climate References Abegaz A, Keulen HV (2009) Modelling soil nutrient dynamics under alternative farm management practices in the Northern Highlands of Ethiopia. Soil Tillage Res 103:203–215 Abhilash PC (2015) Managing soil resources from pollution and degradation: the need of the hour. J Clean Prod 102:550–551 Abhilash PC, Powell JR, Singh HB, Singh BK (2012) Plant–microbe interactions: novel applications for exploitation in multipurpose remediation technologies. Trends Biotechnol 30:416–420 Abhilash PC, Dubey RK, Tripathi V, Srivastava P, Verma JP, Singh HB (2013) Remediation and management of POPs-contaminated soils in a warming climate: challenges and perspectives. Environ Sci Pollut Res 20:5879–5885 Abhilash PC, Tripathi V, Dubey RK, Edrisi SA (2015) Coping with changes: adaptation of trees in a changing environment. Trends Plant Sci 20:137–138 Abhilash PC, Tripathi V, Edrisi SA, Dubey RK, Bakshi M, Dube PK, Ebbs SD (2016) Sustainability of crop production from polluted lands. Energ Ecol Environ 1:54–56 Ahsan N, Lee DG, Lee SH, Kang KY, Bahk JD, Choi MS, Lee IJ, Renaut J, Lee BH (2007) A comparative proteomic analysis of tomato leaves in response to waterlogging stress. Physiol Plant 131:555–570 Alexandratos N, Bruinsma J (2012) World agriculture towards 2030/2050: the 2012 Revision ESA Working paper No. 12–03. FAO, Rome Barrett LG, Heil M (2012) Unifying concepts and mechanisms in the speciality of plant-enemy interactions. Trends Plant Sci 17:282–292 Bertolde FZ, Almeida AAF, Pirovani CP (2014) Analysis of gene expression and proteomic profiles of clonal genotypes from Theobroma cacao subjected to soil flooding. PLoS One 9(10):e108705 Challinor AJ, Watson J, Lobell DB, Howden SM, Smith DR, Chhetri N (2014) A meta-analysis of crop yield under climate change and adaptation. Nat Clim Chang 4(4):287–291. https://doi. org/10.1038/NCLIMATE2153 Chen Y, Chen X, Wang H, Bao Y, Zhang W (2014) Examination of the leaf proteome during flooding stress and the induction of programmed cell death in maize. Proteome Sci 12(1):33 China Livestock Yearbook Editing Committee (CLYEC) (2007) China livestock yearbook. China Agriculture Press, Beijing Chinnusamy V, Schumaker H, Zhu JK (2004) Molecular genetic perspectives on cross-talk and specificity in abiotic stress signalling in plants. J Exp Bot 55:225–236 Dubey PK, Singh A (2017) Adaptive agricultural practices for rice-wheat cropping system in Indo-­ Gangetic plains of India. IUCN-CEM Agroecosyst Newslett 1(1):13–17. Available at https:// www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/content/documents/agroecosystems_sg_iucn_cem_newsletter_1. pdf Dubey PK, Singh GS, Abhilash PC (2016a) Agriculture in a changing climate. J Clean Prod 113:1046–1047 Dubey RK, Tripathi V, Dubey PK, Singh HB, Abhilash PC (2016b) Exploring rhizospheric interactions for agricultural sustainability: the need of integrative research on multi-trophic interactions. J Clean Prod 115:362–365 di Falco S, Chavas JP (2008) Rainfall shocks, resilience, and the effects of crop biodiversity on agroecosystem productivity. Land Econ 84:83–96 FAO (2011) The state of the world’s land and water resources for Food and Agriculture Organization. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome Godfray HCJ, Beddington JR, Crute IR, Haddad L, Lawrence D, Muir JF, Pretty J, Robinson S, Thomas SM, Toulmin C (2010) Food security. The challenges of feeding 9 billion people. Science 327:812–818 He L, Lu X, Tian J, Yang Y, Li B, Li J, Guo S (2012) Proteomic analysis of the effects of exogenous calcium on hypoxic-responsive proteins in cucumber roots. 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Accessed 26 Feb 2014 Van Wijk MT, Rufino MC, Enahoro D, Parsons D, Silvestri S, Valdivia RO, Herrero M (2014) Farm household models to analyse food security in a changing climate: a review. Global Food Sec 3:77–84 Wani SH, Kumar V, Shriram V, Sah SK (2016) Phytohormones and their metabolic engineering for abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Crop J 4:162–176 Wheeler T, von Braun J (2013) Climate change impacts on global food security. Science 341:508–513 Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com We Don’t reply in this website, you need to contact by email for all chapters Instant download. Just send email and get all chapters download. Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com You can also order by WhatsApp https://api.whatsapp.com/send/?phone=%2B447507735190&text&type=ph one_number&app_absent=0 Send email or WhatsApp with complete Book title, Edition Number and Author Name.