Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email a
etutorsource@gmail.com
Contents
1.
Organic Agriculture in India: An Overview.................................................1
2.
Organic Farming: Issue and Challenges in India ...................................... 11
3.
Organic Farming for Sustainable Agriculture in India.............................29
4.
Organic Farming for Adaptation and Mitigating Impact of
Climate Change for Ensuring Rural Livelihood Security.........................41
5.
Organic Vegetable Production under Protected Conditions.....................67
6.
Organic Farming: Issues and Strategies for Improved Production.........79
7.
Status and Scope of Organic Vegetable Farming Under the
Temperate Himalayan Region of Jammu and Kashmir............................95
8.
Organic Farming: Perspective in Sustainable Development
Under Changing Climatic Conditions.......................................................107
9.
Managing Soil and Water Through Organic Farming
Methods for Sustainable Agriculture Production ....................................125
Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email a
We Don’t reply in this website, you need to contact by email for all chapters
Instant download. Just send email and get all chapters download.
Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email at
etutorsource@gmail.com
You can also order by WhatsApp
https://api.whatsapp.com/send/?phone=%2B447507735190&text&type=ph
one_number&app_absent=0
Send email or WhatsApp with complete Book title, Edition Number and
Author Name.
Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email a
etutorsource@gmail.com
x
Contents
10. Improving Soil Health and Sugarcane Productivity by Managing
Crop Residue and Sugar Industry By-products.......................................147
11. Nutritional Management in System-Based Organic Farming ................161
12. Organic Farming Technology for Mitigating Effects of
Climate Change and Ensuring Livelihood Sustainability.......................171
13. Organic Horticulture for Sustainable Production and
Livelihood Security in Drylands ...............................................................181
14. Organic Farming in Vegetable Crops........................................................201
15. Organic Cultivation of Vegetable Crops ...................................................221
16. Organic Farming in Vegetables: An Opportunity for
Sustainable Production and Livelihood Enhancement ...........................243
17. Organic Pest Management: Emerging Trends and Future Thrusts.......267
18. Ecoorganic Agriculture Toward Climate Resilience and Livelihood
Security: True Agrarian Development Perspective .................................279
19. Organic Jaggery Production ......................................................................293
20. Organic Vegetable Production: Needs, Challenges, and Strategies........309
21. Traditional Kalanamak Rice-Based Organic Production
System in Northeastern Uttar Pradesh .....................................................327
22. On-Farm Production of Quality Inputs for Organic
Production of Horticultural Crops............................................................337
Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email a
Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email a
etutorsource@gmail.com
Contents
xi
23. Organic Farming for Sustainable Production of Sugarcane...................359
24. Prospects of Endophytic Association of Beauveria bassiana in
Pest Management Under Organic Farming .............................................377
25. Earthworms: An Important Ingredient for Organic Farming ...............395
26. Issues and Challenges in Marketing of Organic Produce in India......... 411
27. Perspectives and Potentials of Organic Farming in
Sugarcane Cultivation ................................................................................425
28. Organic Farming for Sustainable Agriculture and Livelihood
Security under Changing Climatic Conditions ........................................439
29. Prospects of Organic Farming in Uttar Pradesh .....................................455
30. Bio-Organic Approach: Success Story of Organic
Farming at Bafna Farms, Pune .................................................................473
31. Organic Farming of Leafy Vegetables for Mitigating Hunger ...............495
32. Organic Production of Basmati Rice.........................................................523
Index
.....................................................................................................................545
Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email a
Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email a
etutorsource@gmail.com
Abbreviations
AMC
AOAC
APEDA
BCAs
BLB
BLQ
CBR
CCC
CGMV
CL
CPP
CR
EIA
EPM
ESB
ET
FIRBS
FRAP
FYM
GAPs
GDP
GI
GHG
GM
GMOs
HPLC
HYV
IBAs
ICAR
ICM
ICROFS
IGP
INDOCERT
Arka Microbial Consortium
Allahabad Organic Agriculture Cooperative
Agricultural & Processed Food Product Export Develop­
ment Authority
biocontrol agents
bacterial leaf blight
below level of quantification
cost-benefit ratio
chloromquet chloride
cucumber green mottle virus
cue lure
cow pat pit
crop residues
Export Inspection Agency
enriched press mud
early shoot borer
ethylene transcription
Furrow Irrigated Raised Bed System
fluorescence recovery after photo bleaching
farmyard manure
Good Agriculture Practices
gross domestic product
geographical indication
greenhouse gas
green manuring
genetically modified organisms
high pressure liquid chromatography
high-yielding varieties
insect biocontrol agents
Indian Council for Agricultural Research
integrated approach of crop management
International Centre for Research in Organic Food Systems
Indo-Gangetic Plain
Indian Organic Certification Agency
Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email a
Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email a
etutorsource@gmail.com
xx
INM
ITK
IOFS
IPCC
IS
ISSR
ITSS
ITKs
JA
JAT
KTGR
KVK
LC-MS/MS
MDG
ME
MRL
MSP
NCOF
NGOs
NLP
NMSA
NPOF
NPOP
NPV
NSKE
OPM
OPS
ORCA
OS
PGS
PPP
PSB
PSB
PKVY
RAPD
RATDS
RDN
RFLP
ROS
Abbreviations
Integrated Nutrient Management
Indigenous Technological Knowledge
Integrated Organic Farming Systems
Intergovernmental Panel on Global Climate Change
inorganic sugarcane
inter simple sequence repeats
internal transcribed spacer sequences
indigenous and traditional knowledge
jasmonic acid
jute agrotextile
Kalanamak traditional genetic resources
Krishi Vigyan Kendra
liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
millennium development goal
methyl eugenol
maximum residue level
minimum support price
National Centre of Organic Farming
nongovernmental organizations
neem leaf powder
National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture
Network Project on Organic Farming
National Programme for Organic Production
nuclear polyhedrosis virus
neem seed kernel extract
organic pest management
organic production systems
Organic Research Centres Alliance
organic sugarcane
participatory guarantee system
public–private partnership
phosphate solubilizing bacteria
phosphate solubilising bio-fertilizers
Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana
random amplified polymorphic DNA
Regional Agriculture Testing and Demonstration Stations
recommended dose of N
restriction fragment length polymorphism
reactive oxygen species
Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email a
Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email a
etutorsource@gmail.com
Abbreviations
SCI
SHG
SMW
SOC
SOM
SPMC
SSI
SSRs
TFP
TLCV
TS
VC
VCGs
xxi
system of crop intensification
self-help groups
Standard Meteorological Week
soil organic carbon
soil organic matter
sulphitation pressmud cake
State of Sustainability Initiative
simple sequence repeats
total factor productivity
tomato leaf curl virus
tensile strength
vermicompost
vegetative compatibility groups
Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email a
We Don’t reply in this website, you need to contact by email for all chapters
Instant download. Just send email and get all chapters download.
Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email at
etutorsource@gmail.com
You can also order by WhatsApp
https://api.whatsapp.com/send/?phone=%2B447507735190&text&type=ph
one_number&app_absent=0
Send email or WhatsApp with complete Book title, Edition Number and
Author Name.
Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email a
etutorsource@gmail.com
CHAPTER 1
ABSTRACT
Organic farming is in a nascent stage in India and about 2.78 million hectare
of farmland was under organic cultivation in 2020. National Programme
for Organic Production (NPOP) launched during 2001 was the first such
quality assurance initiative by the Government of India and had been the
main driving force for the growth of organic agriculture in the country.
NPOP certification is a system of process certification wherein an indepen­
dent organization reviews entire production, processing, handling, storage
and transport etc to ensure the compliance of organic standards. Its robust
assessment and verification system has earned the name in domestic and
international markets. Traceability system, introduced during 2006 in the
form of online data management, has also contributed to the integrity and
transparency of the system in the national and international trades. In this
regard, country and provincial governments have also provided timely
support in the form of policies, financial incentives, technology packages,
and the availability of quality organic inputs. In recent times, consumer
awareness for contamination-free food is driving the markets. The sector
has not only attracted the attention of policy planners, research institutions,
civil society organizations, and consumers but has also instilled confidence
among the growers as an economically viable system for the future.
Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email a
Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email a
etutorsource@gmail.com
2
1.1
Organic Crop Production Management
INTRODUCTION
India, a country known for its wisdom in traditional agriculture with a
large pool of indigenous traditional practices on the best practices in
organic agriculture, which were essentially organic, is picking up fast with
the modern tenets of standard-based organic agriculture and emerging
as the hub for organic food products. National Programme for Organic
Production (NPOP), launched during 2001 and revised from time to time
(Anonymous, 2014), was the first policy intervention by the Government
to lay the foundation stone for the systematic development of organic
agriculture. NPOP, which provides an institutional framework for accredi­
tation and certification of various facets of organic agriculture processes
in India, has earned international recognition and enjoys recognition
agreements with European Union, USDA-NOP, and Switzerland. NPOP
is being managed and operated by the Agricultural and Processed Food
Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) under the Ministry of
Commerce and Industry, Government of India. Starting with just 42,000
ha during 2003–2004 (Anonymous, 2016), it has grown to 1.44 million
ha (cultivated area) during 2016–2017 with a CAGR of 26.5%. Almost
all types of agricultural, horticultural, and nonfood crops are being grown
under the organic certification process. Livestock, aquaculture, animal
feed processing and handling, mushroom production, seaweeds, aquatic
plants, and greenhouse crop production (Anonymous, 2014) have also been
brought under the ambit of organic certification. This chapter presents an
overview of the organic agriculture sector in India under the domain of
NPOP, as on March 2017.
1.2
1.2.1
OVERALL SCENARIO
AREA
By the end of March 2017, 4.45 million-ha area was under NPOP organic
certification process, which consisted of 1.44 million ha (32.35%) arablecultivated area and 3.0 million ha (67.6%) under forest for nontimber
minor forest produce collection. The growth of area under organic certi­
fication during the last 14 years is depicted in Figure 1.1, while the major
states with their area (in lakh ha) under certification are shown in Figure
1.2.
Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email a
Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email a
etutorsource@gmail.com
Organic Agriculture in India
1.2.2
3
PRODUCTION
With its varied agroecological conditions, Indian organic farmers are
producing almost all types of crops. Top four commodities with a share of
about 85% include sugar crops, oilseed crops (mainly soybean), fiber crops,
and cereals and millets. Spices, tea, coffee, and medicinal and herbal plants
are also being cultivated in a sizeable area. Details on the production of
selected crop categories under the organic certification process are given in
Table 1.1, while Figure 1.3 shows the share of major states in production (in
percentage).
FIGURE 1.1
Growing area under organic certification (cultivated + wild harvest).
FIGURE 1.2
Major state players with area under organic certification (in lakh ha).
Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email a
Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email a
etutorsource@gmail.com
4
1.2.3
Organic Crop Production Management
TRADE
Although export was the main driver for wider acceptance of organic agri­
culture by the farmers in the initial years, now growing awareness among
consumers and economical benefits realized by farmers are driving the
domestic demand, which is growing at a CAGR of about 12–15%. However,
exports still account for major revenue realization by the growers, proces­
sors, and traders. As per the broad estimates, Indian export kitty for organic
food products is about US$ 369.8 million (apeda.gov.in). Domestic market
accounts for approximately US$ 225 million (estimated).
Important commodities exported during the year 2016–2017 and destina­
tion countries are given in Table 1.2 and Figure 1.4, respectively. The yearwise growth in organic food products export during the last 4 years has been
depicted in Figure 1.5.
TABLE 1.1
Category-Wise Total Production (in Tons).
S. no. Category
Production in MT
1.
Cereals and millets
195,874.16
2.
Dry fruits
8241.28
3.
Fiber crops
155,136.88
4.
Fruits
27,851.9
5.
Medicinal (herbal and aromatic) plants
33,477.94
6.
Oilseeds
300,149.23
7.
Pulses, including cluster bean
62,931.03
8.
Plantation crops
47,837.05
9.
Spices and condiments
36,239.07
10.
Sugar crops
281,713.02
11.
Tuber crops
110.93
12.
Vegetables
24,084.98
13.
Fodder crops
869.405
14.
Others such as ornamental plants/flower/Stevia/Henna etc.
5598.16
Total
1,180,115.035
Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email a
Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email a
etutorsource@gmail.com
Organic Agriculture in India
5
FIGURE 1.3
Share of major states in production (in percentage).
TABLE 1.2
Major Commodities Exported during 2016–2017.
Category
Volume (in MT)
Value in INR (Lakh)
Oilseeds
132,503.93
58,812.34
Processed foods
73,859.65
44,792.97
Cereals and millets
Sugar
35,356.76
31,396.40
21,493.80
12,596.03
Pulses
13,468.09
4708.43
Tea
5918.99
25,208.30
Spices and condiments
4125.68
18,212.56
Medicinal, aromatic, and herbal products
Coffee
2898.48
2224.15
12,002.68
3653.57
Dry fruits
Vegetables
Essential, aromatic, and other oils
Ornamental plants and flowers
Edible oils
Plantation crops other than tea and coffee
Honey
Fruits
1558.30
497.06
412.35
213.36
148.02
30.25
23.64
6.46
24,321.46
466.46
6582.35
1693.53
585.66
88.06
54.91
24.08
Tuber crops
Others
Total
4.75
5120.62
309,766.94
190.46
12,330.01
247,817.67
Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email a
We Don’t reply in this website, you need to contact by email for all chapters
Instant download. Just send email and get all chapters download.
Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email at
etutorsource@gmail.com
You can also order by WhatsApp
https://api.whatsapp.com/send/?phone=%2B447507735190&text&type=ph
one_number&app_absent=0
Send email or WhatsApp with complete Book title, Edition Number and
Author Name.
Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email a
etutorsource@gmail.com
6
Organic Crop Production Management
FIGURE 1.4
Major export destinations, quantity exported, and export value.
FIGURE 1.5
Growth in organic food products export from India.
1.3
QUALITY ASSURANCE
NPOP has long been the mainstay for quality assurance for organic agriculture
products in India and is being operated through 28 accredited certification
bodies. A glimpse of the organic agriculture certification scenario is given in
Table 1.3.
Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email a
Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email a
etutorsource@gmail.com
Organic Agriculture in India
TABLE 1.3
7
Organic Certification Process under NPOP.
Parameters
Quantum
Authorized accreditation body
1
Accredited certification bodies
28
Total operators
6674
a. Individual farm producers
1512
b. Grower groups (farm production)
3315
c. Total farmers
1.09 million
d. Processor
885
e. Traders
898
f. Wild harvest projects
64
1.4
PROMOTION POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Institutional promotion of organic agriculture started with the launching of
the NPOP by the Ministry of Commerce during the year 2001, which defined
the NSOP and the procedure for accreditation and certification (Anonymous,
2014). India now has 28 accredited certification agencies for facilitating the
certification to growers. For area expansion and technology transfer, the
Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India launched a National Project
on Promotion of Organic Farming (NPOF-DAC) and earmarked funds for
setting up of organic and biological input production units, vermicompost
production units, and for organic adoption and certification under various
schemes such as National Horticulture Mission (NHM, now Mission
for Integrated Development of Horticulture—MIDH), National Mission
on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA), and Rashtriya Krishi Vikas
Yojana (RKVY-National Agriculture Development Plan). To empower
farmers through participation in certification process and to make the
certification affordable for domestic and local markets, the Ministry of
Agriculture has also launched a farmer group–centric organic guarantee
system under the PGS-India programme (Anonymous, 2015). To give
domestic organic
Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email a
Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email a
etutorsource@gmail.com
8
Organic Crop Production Management
agriculture a push, the Ministry of Agriculture has recently launched a new
scheme under NMSA entitled Paramparagat Kheti Vikas Yojana (Traditional
Agriculture Development Scheme). Recently under Prime Minister’s special
initiative for the North Eastern states, a scheme named “Development of
Organic Value Chain in North Eastern Region” has been launched with an
initial allocation of INR 3000 million (http://agricoop.nic.in/divisiontype/
integrated-nutrient-management).
Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR) has launched a Network
Project on Organic Farming (NPOF) during 2004 to address research needs
with its 13 collaborating centers across the country. This project has already
started taking up research activities and now the project is operating from
20 collaborating centers (http://www.iifsr.res.in/npof/index.php). To address
the technological needs in horticulture, a Network Project on Organic
Horticulture has also been launched by the ICAR during 2014–2015. Three
Agricultural Universities, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad;
University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore in Karnataka; and CSK
Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, have set up Centres of
Excellence on Organic Farming Research. In 2016, the Government of India
has also announced the setting up of the National Organic Farming Research
Institute (NOFRI) at Sikkim, India which has now started working.
Many state governments have also put in their efforts for the promo­
tion of organic agriculture. Efforts initiated by the Government of Sikkim
in converting the entire state into an organic state and the Government of
Uttarakhand of converting their hill districts into organic districts are some
noteworthy developments. The area brought under organic certification by
these states stands 75,218 and 30,907 ha, respectively (as on March, 2017).
The Government of Karnataka’s mission of launching organic farming is also
an initiative in the right direction through which more than 81,000-ha (as on
March 2017) area has been brought under organic certification process.
Twelve state governments, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil
Nadu, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim,
Nagaland, Mizoram, and Uttarakhand, have drafted the policies for the
systematic promotion of organic farming. Out of the 12, 3 states, Sikkim,
Nagaland, and Mizoram, declared their intention to go 100% organic, while
Uttarakhand has declared to convert their all hill districts to organic program
(Anonymous, 2016). But it is only the Sikkim that has been able to success­
fully convert their dream into reality.
Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email a
Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email a
etutorsource@gmail.com
Organic Agriculture in India
1.5
9
EPILOGUE
As is evident from the details given earlier, NPOP had been the main
driving force for the growth of organic agriculture in the country. Its robust
assessment and verification system has earned the name in domestic and
international markets. Traceability system, introduced during 2006 in the
form of online data management, has also contributed to the integrity and
transparency of the system in the national and international trades.
Country and provincial governments have also provided timely support
in the form of policies, financial incentives, technology packages, and the
availability of quality organic inputs. Growing awareness among consumers
for contamination-free food is driving the markets. The sector has not only
attracted the attention of policy planners, research institutions, civil society
organizations, and consumers but has also instilled confidence among the
growers as an economically viable system for the future.
KEYWORDS
•
•
•
•
•
NPOP
trade
organic agriculture
institutional promotion
organic inputs
REFERENCES
Anonymous. National Programme for Organic Production, Published by Agricultural and
Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA), Ministry of Commerce,
Government of India, 2014; p 221. http://apeda.gov.in/apedawebsite/organic/ORGANIC_
CONTENTS/National_Programme_for_Organic_Production.htm
Anonymous. Participatory Guarantee System for India—Operational Manual for
Domestic Organic Certification, National Centre of Organic Farming, Government
of India, Ghaziabad, 2015; p 68. https://pgsindia-ncof.gov.in/pdf_file/PGS-India%20
Operational%20Manual.pdf
Anonymous. India Organic Sector, Vision 2025, YES Bank, APEDA and Ingenus Strategy
and Creative Research, 2016; p 53.
Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email a
We Don’t reply in this website, you need to contact by email for all chapters
Instant download. Just send email and get all chapters download.
Get all Chapters For Ebook Instant Download by email at
etutorsource@gmail.com
You can also order by WhatsApp
https://api.whatsapp.com/send/?phone=%2B447507735190&text&type=ph
one_number&app_absent=0
Send email or WhatsApp with complete Book title, Edition Number and
Author Name.