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TEST BANK
ESSENTIALS OF NURSING RESEARCH:
APPRAISING EVIDENCE FOR NURSING
PRACTICE 9TH EDITION BY DENISE POLIT,
CHERYL BECK
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TEST BANK
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Test Bank For Essentials of Nursing Research: Appraising Evidence for
Nursing Practice 9th Edition by Polit, Beck
Table of Contents:
Chapter 1 Introducing Nursing Research for Evidence-Based Practice
Chapter 2 Understanding Key Concepts and Steps in Quantitative and
Qualitative Research
Chapter 3 Reading and Critically Appraising Research Articles
Chapter 4 Attending to Ethics in Research
Chapter 5 Identifying Research Problems, Research Questions, and
Hypotheses Chapter 6 Finding and Reviewing Research Evidence in the
Literature
Chapter 7 Understanding Theoretical and Conceptual
Frameworks Chapter 8 Appraising Quantitative Research Design
Chapter 9 Appraising Sampling and Data Collection in Quantitative Studies
Chapter 10 Appraising Qualitative Designs and Approaches
Chapter 11 Appraising Sampling and Data Collection in Qualitative Studies
Chapter 12 Understanding Mixed Methods Research, Quality Improvement, and
Other Special Types of Research
Chapter 13 Understanding Statistical Analysis of Quantitative Data
Chapter 14 Interpreting Quantitative Findings and Evaluating Clinical
Significance Chapter 15 Understanding the Analysis of Qualitative Data
Chapter 16 Appraising Trustworthiness and Integrity in Qualitative Research
Chapter 17 Learning From Systematic Reviews
Chapter 18 Putting Research Evidence Into Practice: Evidence-Based
Practice and Practice-Based Evidence
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CHAPTER 1: Introducing Nursing Research For Evidence-Based Practice
Essentials of Nursing Research: Appraising Evidence for Nursing Practice 9th Edition by Polit, Beck
1. Which of the following groups would be best served by the development of a
scientific base for nursing practice?
A) Nursing administrators
B) Practicing nurses
C) Nurses' clients
D) Health care policymakers
Ans: C
Feedback:
Nursing research is systematic inquiry designed to develop trustworthy evidence
about issues of importance to nurses and their clients. Nurse leaders recognize
the need to base specific nursing decisions on evidence indicating that the
decisions are clinically appropriate, cost-effective, and result in positive client
outcomes. Although all of the people listed would benefit from the
development of a scientific base for nursing practice, ultimately it is the clients
themselves who would most benefit, as they would then receive the most
appropriate and most effective care.
2. An especially important goal for the nursing profession is to do which of the following?
A) Conduct research to better understand the context of nursing practice
B) Establish a solid base of evidence for practice through disciplined research
C) Document the role nursing serves in society
D) Establish research priorities
Ans: B
Feedback:
Nurses are increasingly expected to understand and undertake research and to
base their practice on evidence from research. Evidence-based practice is the
use of the best evidence in making patient care decisions and typically comes
from research conducted by nurses and other health-care professionals. All of
the other answers are possible goals for the nursing profession, but none is as
important as establishing evidence for practice.
3. Which of the following is a fundamental belief of those who hold to the
constructivist paradigm?
A) A fixed reality exists in nature for humans to understand
B) The nature of reality has changed over time
C) Reality is multiply constructed and multiply interpreted by humans
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D)
Reality cannot be studied empirically
Ans: C
Feedback:
In the constructivist paradigm, it is assumed that reality is not a fixed entity but
is rather a construction of human minds, and thus “truth” is a composite of
multiple constructions of reality. However, constructivists do believe that reality
can be studied empirically.
Belief in a fixed reality that exists in nature for humans to understand would be an
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example of a positivist belief, not a constructivist one. The constructivist belief
does not hold so much that the nature of reality has changed over time as that
it has always been constructed by human minds.
4. Which of the following is a fundamental belief of those who hold to the
positivist paradigm?
A) The researcher is objective and independent of those being studied
B) The researcher cannot interact with those being studied
C) The researcher instructs those being studied to be objective in
providing information
D) The distance between the researcher and those being researched is
minimized to enhance the interactive process
Ans: A
Feedbac
k:
In the positivist paradigm, it is assumed that there is an objective reality and
that natural phenomena are regular and orderly. In the constructivist paradigm,
it is assumed that reality is not a fixed entity but is rather a construction of
human minds, and thus “truth” is a composite of multiple constructions of
reality.
5. Which of the following attributes is least characteristic of the traditional
scientific method?
A) Control over external factors
B) Systematic measurement and observation of natural phenomena
C) Testing of hunches deduced from theory or prior research
D) Emphasis on a holistic view of a phenomenon, studied in a rich context
Ans: D
Feedbac
k:
Quantitative research (associated with positivism) involves the collection and
analysis of numeric information. Quantitative research is typically conducted
within the traditional scientific method, which is systematic and controlled.
Quantitative researchers base their findings on empirical evidence (evidence
collected by way of the human senses) and strive for generalizability beyond a
single setting or situation.
Constructivist researchers emphasize understanding human experience as it
is lived through the collection and analysis of subjective, narrative materials
using flexible procedures; this paradigm is associated with qualitative
research.
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6. Empiricism refers to which of the following?
A) Making generalizations from specific observations
B) Articulating a study purpose in terms of an appropriate classification system
C) Gathering evidence about real-world phenomena through the senses
D) Verifying the assumptions on which the study was
based Ans: C
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Feedback:
Empiricism is gathering and analyzing evidence through their senses.
Quantitative research involves the collection and analysis of numeric
information. Quantitative research is typically conducted within the traditional
scientific method, which is systematic and controlled. Quantitative researchers
base their findings on empirical evidence and strive for generalizability
beyond a single setting or situation.
Constructivist researchers emphasize understanding human experience as it
is lived through the collection and analysis of subjective, narrative materials
using flexible procedures; this paradigm is associated with qualitative
research.
7. Which of the following is a hallmark of the scientific method?
A) Rigorous
B) Holistic
C) Systematic
D) Flexible
Ans: C
Feedbac
k:
Quantitative research is typically conducted within the traditional scientific
method, which is systematic and controlled. Quantitative researchers base
their findings on empirical evidence and strive for generalizability beyond a
single setting or situation. Constructivist researchers emphasize
understanding human experience as it is lived through the collection and
analysis of subjective, narrative materials using flexible procedures; this
paradigm is associated with qualitative research.
8. Which of the following limits the capacity of the scientific method to answer
questions about humans?
A) The necessity of departing from traditional beliefs
B) The difficulty of accurately measuring complex human traits
C) The lack of funding for research
D) The shortage of theories about human behavior
Ans: B
Feedbac
k:
Nursing research focuses on human beings, who are inherently complicated and
diverse. The traditional scientific method typically focuses on a relatively small
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aspect of human experiences in a single study. Complexities tend to be
controlled and, if possible, eliminated rather than studied directly, and this
narrowness of focus can sometimes obscure insights.
9. The classic scientific method has its intellectual roots in which of the following?
A) Positivism
B) Determinism
C) Constructivism
D) Empiricis
m Ans: A
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Feedback:
In the positivist paradigm, it is assumed that there is an objective reality and
that natural phenomena are regular and orderly. The related assumption of
determinism refers to the belief that phenomena result from prior causes and
are not haphazard. In the constructivist paradigm, it is assumed that reality is
not a fixed entity but is rather a construction of human minds, and thus “truth”
is a composite of multiple constructions of reality. Although the word
empiricism has come to be allied with the classic scientific method, researchers
in both traditions gather and analyze evidence empirically, that is, through their
senses.
10. Constructivist qualitative research typically does which of the following?
A) Involves deductive processes
B) Attempts to control the research context to better understand the
phenomenon being studied
C) Involves gathering narrative, subjective materials
D) Focuses on numeric information
Ans: C
Feedback:
In the constructivist paradigm, it is assumed that reality is not a fixed entity but
is rather a construction of human minds, and thus “truth” is a composite of
multiple constructions of reality. In the positivist paradigm, it is assumed that
there is an objective reality and that natural phenomena are regular and
orderly. Constructivist researchers emphasize understanding human experience
as it is lived through the collection and analysis of subjective, narrative materials
using flexible procedures; this paradigm is associated with qualitative research.
The other answers are truer of positivist, quantitative research.
11. Quantitative and qualitative research share which of the following features?
Select all that apply.
A) A desire to understand the true state of human affairs
B) An emphasis on formal measurement
C) A reliance on external evidence collected through the senses
D) Utility to the nursing profession
Ans: A, C, D
Feedback:
Both quantitative and qualitative research share a desire to understand the true
state of human affairs, a reliance on external evidence collected through the
senses, and utility to the nursing profession. However, quantitative, not
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qualitative, research emphasizes formal measurement.
12. Which of the following is a descriptive question that a qualitative researcher
most likely would ask?
A) What is the nature of this phenomenon?
B) What is the average intensity of this phenomenon?
C) How frequently does this phenomenon occur?
D) What is the average duration of this
phenomenon? Ans: A
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Feedback:
Description of phenomena is an important purpose of research. In descriptive
studies, researchers count, delineate, and classify. Nurse researchers have
described a wide variety of phenomena, such as patients' stress, health beliefs,
and so on. Quantitative description focuses on the prevalence, size, and
measurable aspects of phenomena.
Qualitative researchers describe the nature, dimensions, and salience of phenomena
13. A researcher wants to investigate the effect of patients' body position on blood
pressure. The study would most likely be of which type?
A) Qualitative
B) Quantitative
C) Either quantitative or qualitative (researcher preference)
D) Insufficient information to determine
Ans: B
Feedback:
Because this study would involve a measurable, numeric outcome, blood
pressure, it should most likely be a quantitative study.
14. A researcher wants to explore the process by which men make decisions about
treatment for prostate cancer. The researcher's paradigm is most likely which of
the following?
A) Positivism
B) Determinism
C) Empiricism
D) Constructivism
Ans: D
Feedback:
As this study involves gathering subjective, non-measurable data, the
researcher's paradigm is most likely constructivism. Positivism is not likely, as
there is no emphasis on an objective, orderly reality. Determinism, which refers
to the belief that phenomena result from prior causes and are not haphazard, is
not pertinent here. Although the research will involve empiricism, or gathering
information using the senses, this is not the primary paradigm.
15. Which of the following would be most strongly associated with cause-probing
research?
A) Identification
B) Description
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C)
D)
Exploration
Explanatio
n Ans: D
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Feedback:
A fundamental distinction that is especially relevant in quantitative research is
between studies whose primary intent is to describe phenomena and those that
are cause-probing. Specific purposes on the description/explanation continuum
include identification, description, exploration, prediction/control and
explanation. Many nursing studies can also be classified in terms of a key EBP
aim: therapy/treatment/intervention; diagnosis and assessment; prognosis;
etiology and harm; and meaning and process.
16. Nursing has experienced constant change over the past decades as a result of
increased research. When determining best practices, nursing decisions
should do which of the following? Select all that apply.
A) Be based on tradition
B) Include holistic approaches
C) Be clinically appropriate
D) Be cost effective
Ans: C, D
Feedback:
Nurse leaders recognize the need to base specific nursing decisions on evidence
indicating that the decisions are clinically appropriate, cost-effective, and result
in positive client outcomes. Holistic treatments may be appropriate in some,
but not all, circumstances. Tradition alone is an inadequate basis for practice.
17. Evidenced-based nursing primarily uses which of the following to answer
clinical questions?
A) Consulting an authority
B) Using intuition
C) Obtaining the newest research
D) Relying on experience
Ans: C
Feedback:
Nurses are increasingly expected to understand and undertake research, and to
base their practice on evidence from research, that is, to adopt an evidencebased practice (EBP). EBP, broadly defined, is the use of the best evidence in
making patient care decisions.
Experience, intuition, and authority are not wholly ignored in the EBP process,
but research is a priority.
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18. The major difference between quantitative and qualitative research is that
qualitative research seeks to find answers based on which of the following?
A) Solid factual data
B) Experiences or descriptions
C) Etiology
D) Systematic
process Ans: B
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Feedback:
Human experiences, and people's descriptions and interpretations of these
experiences, are the main focus of qualitative research. Systematic process,
etiology, and factual data are more closely aligned with the quantitative
tradition.
19. Which of the following research focuses is qualitative?
A) Weekend and night outcomes of patients admitted to a specific hospital
system's trauma departments
B) Trends in hospitalizations of patients with antibiotic-resistant tuberculosis
C) Predicting risks for serious complications with abdominal surgery
D) Needs of nursing students living with chronic illness
Ans: D
Feedback:
Constructivist studies are heavily focused on understanding the human
experience as it is lived, through the careful collection and analysis of
qualitative materials that are narrative and subjective. Human needs, and
individuals' perceptions of those needs, are a common focus of qualitative
research. Outcomes, risk factors, and treatment modalities are often addressed
with quantitative research.
20. When little is known about a phenomenon or the phenomenon is not clearly
identified, the best type of research suited to uncover this is which of the
following?
A) Exploration
B) Description
C) Identification
D) Prediction
Ans: C
Feedback:
Qualitative researchers sometimes study phenomena about which little is
known. In some cases, so little is known that the phenomenon has yet to be
clearly identified or named or has been inadequately defined. Identification is
thus necessary. Exploration (which addresses causation), predication, and
description would likely be subsequent efforts.
21. Consumers of research do which of the following?
A) Design studies
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B)
C)
D)
Undertake studies
Produce research
Read
research Ans: D
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In the current EBP environment, every nurse is likely to engage in one or more
activity along a continuum of research participation. At one end of the
continuum are users (consumers) of nursing research, nurses who read research
reports to keep up-to-date on findings that may affect their practice. EBP
depends on well-informed nursing research consumers. At the other end of the
continuum are the producers of nursing research: nurses who actively design
and undertake studies.
22. When nurses rely primarily on tradition, they are most likely to do which
of the following?
A) Produce a precise range of answers
B) Increase new knowledge
C) Maintain an unbiased perspective
D) Undermine effective problem solving
Ans: D
Feedback:
Tradition may undermine effective problem solving. There is growing concern
that many nursing actions are based on tradition, custom, and “unit culture”
rather than on sound evidence. This prevents the acceptance of new knowledge
and increases bias and is unlikely to produce a precise range of answers.
23. A research nurse understands that evidenced-based practice in nursing does
which of the following?
A) Relies on tradition
B) Consults recognized authorities
C) Depends primarily on textbooks
D) Is based on the latest research
Ans: D
Feedback:
EBP prioritizes research findings, which are found primarily in primary sources,
such as journals, rather than in secondary sources, such as textbooks. It is not
dependent on tradition or authority.
24. Non-research-based evidence includes which of the following? Select all that apply.
A) Unit culture
B) Nurse's experience
C) Qualitative studies
D) Trial and error
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Ans: C
Feedback:
Clinical reports, experience and beliefs are non-research based sources of
evidence, which are considered to be comparatively weak. Qualitative studies
are research-based.
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CHAPTER 2: Understanding Key Concepts and Steps in Quantitative and
Qualitative Research
1. Research utilization is a process that begins with which of the following?
A) A clinical problem that needs to be solved
B) A problem-focused trigger
C) A knowledge-focused trigger or research finding
D) A well-worded clinical
question Ans: C
Feedback:
Research utilization (RU) is the use of findings from disciplined research in a
practical application that is unrelated to the original research. Evidence-based
practice is broader than RU because it integrates research findings with other
factors. Several models of EBP, such as the Iowa Model, have distinguished two
types of stimulus (“triggers”) for an EBP endeavor, (1) problem-focused triggers,
the identification of a clinical practice problem in need of solution, or (2)
knowledge-focused triggers, readings in the research literature. A second
catalyst for an EBP project is the research literature, knowledge- focused
triggers, which is the origin akin to research utilization.
2. Which of the following is an example of a systematic review?
A) An RCT study published in the journal Nursing Research
B)
A meta-analysis from the Cochrane database
C) A synopsis published in Evidence-Based Nursing
D) A clinical practice guideline from the National Guideline Clearinghouse
Ans: B
Feedback:
A meta-analysis is a type of systematic review and a technique for integrating
quantitative research findings statistically. In essence, meta-analysis treats the
findings from a study as one piece of information. The findings from multiple
studies on the same topic are combined and then all of the information is
analyzed statistically in a manner similar to that in a usual study. Unlike
systematic reviews, clinical practice guidelines (which often are based on
systematic reviews) give specific recommendations for evidence-based decisionmaking. Guideline development typically involves the consensus of a group of
researchers, experts, and clinicians. A randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an
individual study that focuses on the effectiveness of therapies rather than on
broader health-care interventions. Synopses, or summaries, of systematic
reviews and of single studies are available in evidence-based abstract journals
such as Evidence-Based Nursing.
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3. Most evidence hierarchies put which of the following at the pinnacle?
A) Randomized clinical trials (RCTs)
B) Systematic reviews of multiple studies
C) Quality improvement projects
D) It depends on the research question
Ans: B
Feedback:
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In all evidence hierarchies that include randomized clinical trials, quality
improvement projects and research questions, systematic reviews are at the
pinnacle.
4. Which of the following can be used to critically appraise clinical practice guidelines?
A) A systematic review from the Cochrane Collaboration
B) The Iowa model
C) The AGREE instrument
D) An evidence hierarchy
Ans: C
Feedbac
k:
Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines distill a body of evidence into a
usable form. Unlike systematic reviews, clinical practice guidelines, which often
are based on systematic reviews, give specific recommendations for evidencebased decision- making. Several appraisal instruments are available to evaluate
clinical practice guidelines, but one with broad support is the Appraisal of
Guidelines Research and Evaluation (AGREE) Instrument. The Iowa model is
used in selecting a problem for an institutional evidence-based project. An
evidence hierarchy is a tool for ranking evidence sources according to the
strength of the evidence they provide.
5. Which of the following models was explicitly developed with the idea that
individual nurses could engage in RU-type activities?
A) Iowa Model
B) Johns Hopkins Model
C) Cochrane Model
D) Stetler Model
Ans: D
Feedbac
k:
Some models focus on the use of research from the perspective of individual
clinicians such as the Stetler Model, one of the oldest models that originated
as an RU model, but most focus on institutional EBP efforts such as the John
Hopkins Nursing EBP Model and the Iowa Model. There is no Cochrane Model;
the Cochrane Collaboration is an organization that prepares, maintains, and
promotes the accessibility of systematic reviews.
6. In the following clinical question, what is the Outcome (O component): What is
the effect of relaxation therapy versus biofeedback on the functional ability of
patients with rheumatoid arthritis?
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A)
B)
C)
D)
Functional ability
Rheumatoid arthritis
Biofeedback
Relaxation therapy
Ans: A
Feedbac
k:
In the PIO acronym, P stands for the population or patients (rheumatoid
arthritis); I stands for the intervention, influence, or exposure (biofeedback or
relaxation therapy); and O stands for the outcomes (functional ability).
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7. In the following clinical question, what is the
Intervention/influence/exposure (I component): Does taking
antidepressants affect the risk of suicide in cognitively impaired
adolescents?
A) Adolescence
B) Suicide
C) Antidepressant use
D) Cognitive impairment
Ans: C
Feedback:
In the PIO acronym, P stands for the population or patients (cognitively
impaired individuals); I stands for the intervention, influence, or exposure
(antidepressants); and O stands for the outcomes (risk of suicide).
8. In the following clinical question, what is the Population (P component): Do
stress and depression affect dyspnea in patients with chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD)?
A) Patients who are stressed
B) Patients who are depressed
C) Patients who experience dyspnea
D) Patients with COPD
Ans: D
Feedback:
In the PIO acronym, P stands for the population or patients (patients with
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease); I stands for the intervention, influence,
or exposure (stress and depression); and O stands for the outcomes (dyspnea).
9. In the following clinical question, what is the Comparison (C component): Does
chronic stress affect inflammatory responses in older men with atherosclerotic
disease?
A) Chronic stress
B) Inflammatory response
C) Atherosclerotic disease
D) There is no “C” component
Ans: D
Feedback:
In the PICO acronym, P stands for the population or patients (older men with
atherosclerotic disease); I stands for the intervention, influence, or exposure
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(chronic stress); C stands for the component that is needed (there is no
intervention or influence of interest contrasted with a specific alternative); and
O stands for the outcomes (inflammatory response).
10. In which of the following clinical questions is fatigue the “I” component?
A) Does fatigue affect agitation in cognitively impaired elders?
B) Does a physical activity intervention affect fatigue in patients undergoing
cardiac rehabilitation?
C) What is the meaning of fatigue among patients with sleep apnea?
D) Does the level of depression of patients suffering from chronic fatigue improve
by
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participating in an exercise intervention?
Ans: A
Feedback:
Fatigue is the “I” component (intervention, influence, or exposure) in the
question, “Does fatigue affect agitation in cognitively impaired elders?” In the
other answers, fatigue is one of the other components.
11. Which of the following is a question that would be asked as part of the process of
appraising research evidence?
A) What are the P, I, and O components?
B) How rigorous and reliable is the evidence?
C) What type of trigger should I use?
D) Is a relevant systematic review available?
Ans: B
Feedback:
Individual nurses have opportunities to put research into practice. The five basic
steps for individual EBP are: (1) asking an answerable clinical question as
evidenced by, “What are the P, I, and O components?” (2) searching for relevant
research-based evidence as evidenced by, “Is a relevant systematic review
available?” (3) appraising and synthesizing the evidence as evidenced by, “How
rigorous and reliable is the evidence?” Triggers for an organizational project
include both pressing clinical problems (problem-focused) and existing
knowledge (knowledge-focused) such as asked by the question, “What type of
trigger would I use?”
12. Which of the following activities is part of an organizational -but not an
individual- EBP endeavor?
A) Asking a good question/identifying a problem
B) Searching for evidence
C) Assessing implementation potential
D) Synthesizing and appraising evidence
Ans: C
Feedback:
EBP in an organizational context involves many of the same steps as individual
EBP efforts, but is more formalized and must take organizational factors into
account.
Triggers for an organizational project include both pressing clinical problems
(problem- focused) and existing knowledge (knowledge-focused), such as
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assessing implementation potential. Individual nurses have opportunities to
put research into practice. The five basic steps for individual EBP are: (1) asking
an answerable clinical question; (2) searching for relevant research-based
evidence; (3) appraising and synthesizing the evidence; (4) Integrating the
evidence with your own clinical expertise, patient preferences, and local
context; (5) Assessing the effectiveness of the decision, intervention, or advice.
13. Asking a clinical question is the first step in evidence-based practice. What are
the four components of a PICO clinical question?
A) Population, implication, comparison, outcome
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B)
C)
D)
Population, intervention, clinical, outcome
Population, intervention, comparison, outcome
Population, implication, clinical, outcome
Ans: C
Feedback:
A crucial first step in evidence-based practice (EBP) involves asking relevant
clinical questions that reflect uncertainties in clinical practice. Most guidelines
for EBP use the acronyms PIO or PICO to help practitioners develop wellworded questions that facilitate a search for evidence. In the acronym PIO, the
P stands for population or patients; the I stands for intervention; and the O
stands for outcome. The acronym PICO includes these same three components
plus a fourth, C, which stands for comparison.
14. Which following level of evidence includes systematic reviews of multiple studies?
A) Level IV
B) Level III
C) Level II
D) Level I
Ans: D
Feedback:
Systematic reviews are at the pinnacle of the hierarchy (Level I), because the
strongest evidence comes from careful syntheses of multiple studies. The next
highest level (Level II) includes individual randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
Going down the “rungs” of the evidence hierarchy for Therapy questions results
in less reliable evidence, for example, Level III evidence comes from a type of
study called quasi-experiment. In- depth qualitative studies are near the
bottom, in terms of evidence regarding intervention effectiveness.
15. A nurse in the United States is scheduled to care for a child with an ostomy.
Which of the following resource would best assist the nurse with specific
guidelines for evidence- based decision making for this patient?
A) MEDLINE
B) TRIP
C) www.guidelines.gov
D) www.rnao.org/bestpracti
ces Ans: C
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Feedback:
Finding clinical practice guidelines can be challenging, because there is no single
guideline repository. A standard search in bibliographic databases such as
MEDLINE will yield many references, but could yield a mixture of citations to not
only the actual guidelines, but also to commentaries, implementation studies,
and so on.
A recommended approach is to search in guideline databases, or through
specialty organizations that have sponsored guideline development. In the
United States, nursing and health-care guidelines are maintained by the
National Guideline Clearinghouse (www.guideline.gov). In Canada, the
Registered Nurses Association of Ontario (RNAO) (www.rnao.org/bestpractices)
maintains information about clinical practice guidelines. Two sources in the
United Kingdom are the Translating Research into Practice (TRIP) database and
the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE).
16. Which of following study types is a systematic review used for integration of
statistical quantitative research findings?
A) Meta-synthesis
B) Meta-analysis
C) Randomized controlled trial
D) Quasi-experiment
Ans: B
Feedback:
Systematic reviews can take various forms. One form is a narrative (qualitative)
integration that merges and synthesizes findings, much like a rigorous literature
review. For integrating evidence from quantitative studies, narrative reviews
increasingly are being replaced by a type of systematic review known as a
meta-analysis. Meta-analysis is a technique for integrating quantitative
research findings statistically. For qualitative studies, integration may take the
form of a meta-synthesis. A meta-synthesis, however, is distinct from a
quantitative meta-analysis: a meta-synthesis is less about reducing
information and more about interpreting it. Randomized controlled trials and
quasi- experiments are not types of systematic reviews.
17. The best-known early research utilization (RU) project sought to bridge the gap
between research and practice. Which following is the name of that well-known
project?
A) Cochrane Collaboration
B) Stetler Model of Research Utilization
C) Conduct and Utilization of Research in Nursing (CURN) Project
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