1.​ Retrenchment: the process of rolling back or cutting social welfare policies. It is caused
by many reasons, some being ideology globalization, theories of expansion and
population shifts. ​
2.​ Ikumen: Japanese men who take an active role in raising their childrens’ lives,
incentivised by government attempts to alter traditional societal gender roles.
3.​ Male Breadwinner Model: This is a system in which men go into the workforce and
make money for the household. Women are decommodified from the market and are
responsible for unpaid work such as raising children and domestic housework. This
system puts women at risk in relationship breakdowns due to risk of poverty or financial
insecurity.
4.​ Complementary Approach:the process of after globalization contres rewarded and
assisted their population to make up for the losses of globalization. ​
5.​ Race to the Bottom Hypothesis: This hypothesis theorizes that competitive economic
globalization will lead to cutting the costs of production and cutting workers' rights in
order to increase capital gains and increase a country’s influence on the market. Race to
the bottom policies display how globalization can produce smaller welfare regimes as the
associated competitiveness leads to lowering wages and countries racing to provide the
least benefits.
6.​ Parental Leave: A prolonged leave of absence from an occupation typically to raise
children. Many systems pay a chunk of the salary by law.
7.​ Fertility Rate: A designator of how many children are produced by one woman. Lower
rates are associated with an increasing aging population, making the provision of
pensions more difficult for a welfare state​
8.​ Democratization: The process of changing from a non democratic system into a
democratic system such as authoritarian into democracy
9.​ Electoral Competition: Kinda self-explanatory
10.​Post-Communist Regime: Went through double transition of communism -> capitalism
and authoritarianism -> democracy and thus have a history of universal policy.
a.​ A system which has high government involvement as well as a dual breadwinner
model and dualism. Is a system that's like a combination of conservative and
Social democratic systems.
11.​Mediterranean Regime: A pseudo-conservative regime that had a massive informal
sector and small formal sector. This system has high decodification and high
stratusfaction. One major defining feature is dualism
12.​Decommodification: A person's separation from the active market. Decommodification
is often seen as a result of universal welfare states and a solution to socioeconomic
division and stratification.
13.​Dualism: an extreme form of stratification where there is one group of “insiders” with a
large amount of benefits and a separate group of “outsiders” who receive no benefits.
Common in Mediterranean regimes.
14.​Defamiliarization: The process of removing an individual’s reliance on a traditional
family unit of a breadwinner husband and an unpaid laborer wife. It has been proposed
by feminist scholars of social policy as a better goal than decommodification in order to
gain gender equality for women living in male breadwinner states. ​
15.​Familialism: ^ but the opposie
16.​Veto Points: countermeasures that certain government officials in democracies hold as
a means to prevent the passage of legislation they do not approve of. Veto points are a
retrenchment point associated with limited government efficiency in terms of expanding
social policy.
17.​LDP: The Liberal Democratic Party of Japan which has been the majority party for much
of Japan’s modern history as a Democracy (until Shinzo Abe got game ended). The LDP
contributed to the expansion of Japanese social policy. They pre-empted political
instability by expanding coverage policies in the 1950s and expanding further when the
LDP lost the election in 1993.
18.​Productivist Welfare Regime: A welfare state model that prioritizes national economic
growth over all other issues. Social policy is subsidiary to economic development.
Present in East Asian countries.
19.​Social Assistance: (WAS ON THE FIRST TEST IGNORE THIS) (whomps)
20.​Stratified Universalism: All people have access to universal policies but quality
depends on wealth
21.​Neoliberalism: A social policy model associated with a mixture of Mediterraneantqu,
conservative, and liberal social policies and proposed to address debt and deficits. It
became common in Latin America due to influence from the IMF and World Bank and
led to extremely high poverty, inequality, and a lack of formal jobs.
22.​Populism: A cross-class coalition of urban interests characterized by a direct,
unmediated relationship between the masses & a charismatic leader. It is very rarely
positive and is not inherently right or left-leaning. Populism can give a single leader
substantial influence over social policy, as was the case for Juan Peron’s union-centric
social policy in Argentina.
23.​Peronism: A political ideology in Argentina started by former president Juan Peron and
unassociated with the right or the left. It is defined by populism and a focus on workers
rights through industrialization, unionization, expansion of labor rights, contributory
pensions, contributory healthcare, expansion of public hospitals, and social assistance
as a charity.
24.​IMF: The International Monetary Fund is a UN organization that attempts to promote
global economic growth and development. In the latter half of the 20th century, the IMF
supported the expansion of neoliberal policies and influenced much of Latin America to
adopt them.
25.​World bank:
26.​Chicago BOIS: a group of Latin american men who were educated in chicago about
neoliberalism and they implemented it into several countries during the 1980s (check
date)
27.​Pay as you go: current generations pay for current retirees. Didn’t work too well in Latin
America since there were many informal workers.
28.​Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT): Aid given to families with a set list of conditions such
as vaccinations and education.
29.​Bolsa Familia: A cash transfer system in Brazil that gives low-income families cash
transfers in exchange for the children of the families getting an education and being
vaccinated.
30.​Commodity Boom: An economic upturn in Latin American countries where exports
became more in demand and greatly expanded the economies.
31.​Clientelism: exchange of goods for votes
32.​Convertibility Law: An Argentine law that converted the official currency to USD on a
1:1 scale. This was a neoliberal policy that made imports cheap but exports expensive
and made the Argentine economy entirely dependent on the US’s.
33.​Redistribution: Pretty self-explanatory. Equity-based policies aiming at altering the
distribution of wealth and resources to be more charitable and equal. Usually
championed by leftist governments.​
34.​CONSENSUS: A structure of democracy where various political parties simultaneously
hold power, giving representation to minority parties. It can be associated with both
welfare state expansion with the security of existing policies and retrenchment through
the large amount of veto points​
35.​MAJORITARIAN: A structure of democracy where one majoritarian party holds near
complete power for a period of time. It can be associated with both welfare state
expansion with the possibility of a leftist party holding complete power (or any party
hoping to maintain power by protecting and expanding social policies) and retrenchment
if a party wishes to cut government spending on policy.