RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES
Lecture 03
How to write the Introduction
In your Thesis &
Research Proposal
Dr. Mokhtar Ali Amrani
Introduction in Thesis or Project?
Key points should be remembered
The “Introduction” of a thesis or project is like “proposal”.
Introduction of Thesis should not exceed 15% of the whole
document.
This chapter is the first chapter of thesis and are similar to
the proposal you submitted at the first step of your
research process.
The only difference between Proposal and Chapter 1 is
that: proposal requires 1-2 pages literature review, while in
Thesis, Literature review is collected in a sperate chapter.
‫‪Introduction in Thesis or Project‬‬
‫‪1.1 Overview:‬‬
‫ھﻧﺎ ﺗﻛﻠم ﻋن اﻟﻣوﺿوع اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﻲ وﺑﺎﻣﻛﺎﻧك ان ﺗرﻛز ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌض اﻟﻣﻔﺎھﯾم اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ اﻟﻣطﻠوﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ زاوﯾﺔ ﺑﺣﺛك‬
‫واﺣﯾﺎﻧﺎ ﺗﺣﺗﺎج ﺗﻌﻣل ﺳرد ﺗﺎرﯾﺧﻲ وﺗﺟﻧب ھﻧﺎ اﻟﻧﻘل ﻣن ﻛﺗب او ﻣﺟﻼت ﻗدر اﻻﻣﻛﺎن‪ .‬ھذا اﻟﺟزء ﻗد ﯾﻛون‬
‫ﺻﻔﺣﺗﯾن اﻟﻰ ‪ 4‬ﺻﻔﺣﺎت وﯾﺟب ان ﻻﯾﻛون ﻣﻣﻼ او ﺧﺎرج ﻣوﺿوع اﻟﺑﺣث‪.‬‬
‫‪1.2 Problem Statement‬‬
‫ھﻧﺎ ﻗم ﺑﺗﻌرﯾف ﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ ﺑﺣﺛك ﺑﻣﺎ ﻻ ﯾﺗﺟﺎوز ﺻﻔﺣﺔ واﺣدة‪ ..‬ﻣﺎھﻲ اﻟﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ ؟ وﻣﺎھﻲ اﺛﺎرھﺎ اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ او‬
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺋﯾﺔ او اﻟﺻﺣﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷرﯾﺣﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻣن اﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ‪ .‬ﺣﺎول واﻧت ﺗﻛﺗب ﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ اﻟﺑﺣث ان ﺗﻌظم اﻟﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ ﻣن ﻛل‬
‫ﺟواﻧﺑﮭﺎ اﻟﻣﻣﻛﻧﺔ ﺛم ﺗﻘول ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻣطﺎف اﻧك ﺳﺗﻘوم ﺑﺣﻠﮭﺎ ﺑدون اﻋطﺎء اي ﺗﻔﺎﺻﯾل ھﻧﺎ‪ .‬ﻻ ﺗﺗﺟﺎوز ﻧﺻف‬
‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ‬
‫‪1.3 Objectives:‬‬
‫اھداف اﻟﺑﺣث ﯾﺟب ان ﯾﻛون ھﻧﺎك ھدف رﺋﯾﺳﻲ ﯾﻛون ﻣﺷﺗﻖ ﻣن ﻋﻧوان اﻟﺑﺣث ﺛم ﯾﻣﻛن ﺳرد ﻋدة اھداف‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧوﯾﺔ ﻗد ﺗﺻل اﻟﻰ ‪ 5‬اھداف ﺛﺎﻧوﯾﺔ‪ .‬ﻻﺣﻘﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﺎﺑﺗر ﺣﻖ اﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﯾﺟب ان ﺗﺟﯾب ﻋن ھذه اﻻھداف‪.‬‬
‫‪1.4 Research Questions‬‬
‫ﯾﻣﻛن اﻋﺎدة ﺻﯾﺎﻏﺔ اھداف اﻟﺑﺣث ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻛل اﺳﺋﻠﺔ ‪ ..‬ﺑﺣﯾث ﯾﻛون ھﻧﺎك ﺳؤال رﺋﯾﺳﻲ ﯾﻛون ﻣﺷﺗﻖ ﻣن‬
‫ﻋﻧوان اﻟﺑﺣث وا ﺳﺋﻠﺔ ﺛﺎﻧوﯾﺔ ﺗﻐطﻲ ﺑﻌض اﻟﺟواﻧب ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑﺣث‪ .‬وﺳﻧﻌطﻲ اﻣﺛﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟك‪ .‬ﻻ ﺗﺗﺟﺎوز ﻧﺻف‬
‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ‬
‫‪Introduction in Thesis or Project‬‬
‫‪1.5 Research Methodology‬‬
‫ھﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ ھذه اﻟﺟزﺋﯾﺔ ﯾﺟب ان ﺗﺟﯾب ﻋن ﺳؤال ﻛﯾف ﺳﺗﺣل اﻟﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ؟ ﻣﺎھﻲ اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺗﺗﺑﻌﮭﺎ؟‬
‫‪ ‬اذا ﻛﻧت ﺳﺗﻘوم ﺑﻌﻣل اﺳﺗﺑﯾﺎن ﯾﺟب ان ﺗﻛﺗب ھﻧﺎ ان اﻻﺳﺗﺑﯾﺎن ﺳﯾﻛون ھو اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ ﻟﺣل‬
‫اﻟﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬اذا ﻛﺎﻧت ﻣﺷﻛﻠﺗك ﺳﯾﺗم ﺣﻠﮭﺎ ﻋن طرﯾﻖ اﻟﺗﺟﺎرب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻣل ﯾﺟب ان ﺗﻌطﻲ ﺑﻌض اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬
‫واﻟﻣﺣددات اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋن اﻟﺗﺟﺎرب اﻟﺗﻲ ﺳﺗﻘوم ﺑﮭﺎ ﺑدون اﻋطﺎء ﺗﻔﺎﺻﯾل‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬اذا ﻛﺎﻧت طرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺣل ﺳﺗﻛون ﻋﺑر طرق اﻟﻧﻣذﺟﺔ واﻟﻣﺣﺎﻛﺎة ﺗﻛﻠم ﻋن ﻧوﻋﯾﺔ اﻟﺑراﻣﺞ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺳوف‬
‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدﻣﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺣﺛك وﻣﺎھﻲ ﻣزاﯾﺎھﺎ ﻋن ﻏﯾرھﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬اذا ﻛﺎن ﺷﻐﻠك ﻋن دراﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧطﻘﺗك او ﻣدﯾﻧﺗك ﺗﻛﻠم ھﻧﺎ ﻋن اﻟﺷرﻛﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺳﺗطﺑﻖ ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺑﺣث واھم اﻟﻌﻧﺎوﯾن اﻟرﯾﺳﯾﺔ ﻋﻧﮭﺎ )اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟﺟﻐراﻓﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺗﻰ ﺗﺎﺳﺳت‪ ،‬ﻋدد اﻟﻣوظﻔﯾن‪ ،‬ﺣﺟم اﻻﻧﺗﺎج‬
‫اﻟﺳﻧوي‪ ..... ،‬اﻟﺦ(‪.‬‬
‫وھﻛذا‪،،،،....‬‬
‫‪ ‬وﺗذﻛر داﺋﻣﺎ ان ھﻧﺎك ﺷﺎﺑﺗر ﻣﻧﻔﺻل ھو اﻟﺷﺎﺑﺗر اﻟﺛﺎﻟث ﺳوف ﺗﺗﻛﻠم‬
‫ﻓﯾﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻔﺻﯾل ﻋن اﻟطرق اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣل اﻟﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻻﺗﺗﺟﺎوز ﺻﻔﺣﺔ واﺣدة‪.‬‬
‫‪Introduction in Thesis or Project‬‬
‫)‪1.6 Significance of Research (Motivations‬‬
‫ﻣﺎھﻲ اﻟدواﻓﻊ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺷﺟﻌﺗك ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻣل اﻟﺑﺣث ﻓﻲ ھذا اﻟﻣوﺿوع واﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻣرﺟوة اﻟﺗﻲ ﺳﯾﺣﺻل ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ اﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ‪.‬‬
‫او اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻔﯾدون ﺿﻣن اطﺎر ﺑﺣﺛك وﺗﻛﺗب ﺑﺻﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺑدون ﺗﻔﺎﺻﯾل‪ .‬وﻣﻣﻛن ان ﺗﻛون ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن ﺑﺎراﺟراف واﺣد‬
‫ﻻﯾﺗﺟﺎوز ﻧﺻف ﺻﻔﺣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪1.7 Research Plan of Work & Time Schedule‬‬
‫ﺗﻛﻠم ھﻧﺎ ﻋن اﻟﺧطوات ﺑﺎﻟﺗرﺗﯾب اﻟﺗﻲ ﺳﺗﻘوم ﺑﮭﺎ ﻟﺗﻧﻔﯾذ اﻟﺑﺣث ﻣﻊ ﺗﺳﻠﺳل زﻣﻧﻲ واﺿﺢ ﻟﻛل ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ‪ ..‬وﻻ ﯾﻣﻧﻊ ان‬
‫ﺗﻌﻣل ﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﺧطط ﺗﻔﺻﯾﻠﻲ ﻛﻣﺎ درﺳت ﻓﻲ ﻣوﺿوع ادارة اﻟﻣﺷﺎرﯾﻊ اﻟﮭﻧدﺳﯾﺔ‪ .‬وﯾﻛون طوﻟﮭﺎ ﻣن ﻧﺻف ﺻﻔﺣﺔ اﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ واﺣدة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻛﺛر‪.‬‬
‫)‪1.8 Research Scope ( Limitations‬‬
‫وﺗذﻛر ھﻧﺎ ان اﻟﺑﺣث اﻟذي ﺳﺗﻘوم ﺑﮫ ﻟﯾس ﻛﺗﺎب وﯾﺟب ان ﺗﻐطﻲ ﻛل اﻟﻣواﺿﯾﻊ‪ ..‬واﻧﻣﺎ ھو ﺣل ﻟﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ‬
‫وﻟذﻟك ﺗﺣدث ﺑﻛل وﺿوح ﻣﺎھﻲ ﺣدود اھﺗﻣﺎﻣﺎﺗك ﻓﻲ ﺑﺣﺛك وﻣﺎ ھو اﻟﺟﺎﻧب اﻟذي ﺳﺗرﻛز ﻋﻠﯾﮫ واي ﺟواﻧب اﺧرى‬
‫ﺗﻛﻠم اﻧﮭﺎ ﺧﺎرج ﻣوﺿوع ﺑﺣﺛك وﻻ ﻋﯾب ﻓﻲ ذﻟك‪ .‬ﻻ ﺗﺗﺟﺎوز ﻧﺻف ﺻﻔﺣﺔ‬
‫‪1.9 Project overview‬‬
‫ﺗﻛﻠم ھﻧﺎ ﻋن ﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﺗوزﯾﻊ ﺑﺣﺛك اﻟﻰ ﺷﺑﺎﺗر وﻣﺎذا ﯾﺣﺗﺎج ﻛل ﺷﺎﺑﺗر وﻣﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻛل ﺷﺎﺑﺗر ﺑﺎﻟذي ﯾﻠﯾﺔ واﻟذي ﻗﺑﻠﮫ‬
‫ﺣﺗﻰ ﺗﺻل اﻟﻰ اﺧر اﻟﺑﺣث واذا ﻛﺎن ﻣﻌك ﻣﻠﻔﺎت ﻣﻠﺣﻘﺔ ﺗﻛﻠم ﻋﻧﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﺧﺗﺻﺎر‪ .‬ھذا اﻟﺟزء ﻣن اﻟﺑﺣث ﯾﺟب ان ﻻ‬
‫ﯾﺗﺟﺎوز ﺻﻔﺣﺔ واﺣدة‪.‬‬
The first Subtitle of your Proposal is:
1.1 Overview
The Introduction should provide readers with the BACKGROUND
information needed to UNDERSTAND your study, and the REASONS
WHY you conducted your experiments.
Study
What ?
know
Introduction
Introduction
Why?
Importance
What?
Objective
The first Subtitle of your Proposal is:
1.1 Overview
• In this subsection: you are allowed to write
some important definitions, concepts, and
historical background that are necessary for
your topic.
• The length of this subsection is between 2-4
pages.
You are permitted to provide the concepts of your topic only in Chapter I.
The 2nd Subtitle of your Proposal is:
1.2 Problem Statement
• Skills to write good problem statement were
learned in the past lecture.
• The length of this subsection should not
exceed 1 page.
The objective of research is to test the
hypothesis of your research
Research Questions
Good research question should be:
1. Clear and easy to understand without the need for
additional explanation
2. Relevant to your field of study
3. Arguable and open for debate, not acceptable as fast
4. Focused enough so you can answer it thoroughly and
concisely in fewest words possible.
5. Feasible enough to answer with practical constraint
and timeframe
6. Complex that it requires synthesizing, analysis of
ideas,
Qualitative Research Questions
• This type of research question focuses on exploring
meaning and experience.
• It focuses on a larger group and seeks to understand
a concept or experiment. It's open ended in
structure as it focuses more on the experiences of
more than one person.
• Formulate questions from data collected from case
studies, focus groups, and surveys.
Quantitative Research Questions
• Here, researchers use empirical evidence and measurable
data to explain an occurrence.
• This one is common in historical, statistical, marketing
and psychical research studies.
• Often used to confirm or disapprove a hypothesis through
comparisons, descriptions, and relationships.
Example I
Example II
Research Motivation
• Not necessary all theses have Motivations.
• It reflects the importance of research for your
community or any ignored group of people.
• It reflects the important of research for your
country from strategic view and economic view.
• It solve critical scientific or social problem.
Example of Motivation
Design hydropower plant to store excess energy in Jordan
Research Methodology
• In brief,
• Explain your approach, Data collection method,
Population, Sampling, etc.,
• measurement tools, raw materials used for
your experiments and their purities.
• Software & Hardware tools used for designing
your approach.
• Brief description of your company, plant,
institution or factory under study.
Research scope & Limitations
• In one paragraph, describe the scope of your
thesis and its limitations.
• Should not exceed half page.
Research Hypotheses
• A set of statements that a researcher put as an
assumption of results.
• Often used for social, education, and literature
research.
• It is not necessary part for engineering theses.
Socio-Economic Status as Predictor of Academic Achievement of Engineering
Students in Taiz State, Yemen
The Impact of Social Media on the Educational Attainment of Engineering
Students under Conflict and Siege Conditions at Taiz City, Yemen
Example of A Proposal
Title:
IMPLEMENTING AN INTIGRATED MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR
FOOD INDUSTRIES AT TAIZ CITY, YEMEN
In this subsection,
1. Define your broad topic and its importance, technically and economically.
2. define the concepts used in this topic such as, OEE, TPM, Condition- based maintenance
1.2 Problem Statement
Avoid writing your findings in this
subsection while you describe the problem
As a third world country, many companies in Yemen are still not considering
the importance of maintenance management and the necessity to invest
sufficient money to employ an integrated maintenance management
system. Al-Shaibani Commercial Group is one example to the imperfect
maintenance management system. The company uses run-to-failure
maintenance strategy with small level of preventive maintenance in almost
all production lines. The company has neither maintenance department and
workshop nor outsourcing maintenance contract. The current situation has
led to large downtimes and large number of defect products in almost all
food industry production lines in the company. Accordingly, the company
urgently needs a diagnostic investigation that is able to systematically spot
the causes of low productivity.
To improve the productivity of each equipment and each production line,
OEE is the best initial diagnostic tool that needs to be implemented based
on the historical data of the production lines. The purpose of this research is
to identify the parameters that might influence the effectiveness of
machines in production lines under study, using an integrated system of
preventive/predictive maintenance strategy.
1.2 Problem Statement (continued)
Al-Takamol company, Taiz, Yemen, unintentionally loses
a large amount of the investment money due to time
losses without production, low production rate and the
production of large number of nonstandard products.
This also adds higher spare parts costs to the company.
The company’s equipment and machines do not
operate with their full effectiveness, due to
breakdowns, slow speed of products, defect of products
and the absence of a proper maintenance strategy. To
this, the company experiences poor OEE in all
production lines and need immediate action to improve
the productivity. This study is an attempt to improve
the productivity of the company.
1.3 Research Objectives
The aim of this research is to implement an integrated
maintenance management system that is able to precisely
diagnose the causes of low productivity of three food
industrial production line at Taiz city.
Secondary Objectives
a) To measure availability, performance and quality of the
production lines.
b) To measure overall equipment effectiveness
c) To use wear particles analysis and viscosity measurement.
d) To identify the reasons that reduce the equipment’s
effectiveness.
e) To eliminate the causes that reduce the equipment’s
effectiveness.
f) To improve each factor that causes poor OEE.
g) To improve overall equipment effectiveness.
1.4 Scope and Limitations
1.6 Scope and limitation:
This research is targeted critical factors that cause low OEE at the
food industry production lines at AL-Takamol Company, Taiz,
Yemen. Predictive maintenance strategy (Oil-Based Condition) is
implemented only to the most stressed line, Sandwich
production line out of three production lines were studied. This
limitation is possibly due to time and economic constraints. In
addition, this study is limited to the diagnoses of the problems
raised from improper maintenance management at current
situations. Implementing recovery (prognostic) maintenance
strategies is avoided in this research due to the need to invest
more money while the company is reluctant to pay at current
situation. What is more, implementation of on-line maintenance
system cannot be applied to the current machines due to the
high cost of such systems. Finally, the time given to complete this
research work is also another important constraint.
1.5 Significance of the Research
1.7 Significance of the Research:
The company mainly benefits from this study
together with its employees. This research focuses on
how to improve the productivity through employing
preventive and predictive maintenance as well as
improvement in the skills and training courses of the
operators and technicians. Accordingly, the company
will reduce the maintenance and inventory costs,
increase the life of the machines and gain good
reputation
1.6 Research Methodology
1.8 Research Methodology:
This research was carried out at the food section of Al-Takamol
Company, one of AL -Shaibani Group in Taiz. Methodology which
adopted for this study was direct observations of machines,
unstructured interviews and historical company records. Data
gathered from the company documents, interviews and
observations, by observing the process flow from incoming raw
materials up to outgoing of the finished product and the
behavior of machines in working mode. Interviews were held
with employees, machines operators and plant engineers inside
the plant for confirmation of any data collected.
1.6 Research Methodology
Quantitative and qualitative data analysis methods
were used throughout the research. Historical
machine records were used as secondary data,
while primary data were collected through direct
observations and interviews. What is more, these
data were analyzed according to similar works from
the literature review. Finally, an authentication
letter was issued from the company certify that the
data furnished in this research is correct.
1.6 Research Methodology
Unconventional experimental procedure was developed to
precisely diagnose the health of the machines using the analysis
of used lubricant oil of gearboxes and compared to the crude
graded oil. The measurements of oil viscosity and wear debris
sizes were the parameters being handled to identify the
conditions of the machines. Finally, the results were obtained
in term of OEE percentage. Preventive and predictive
maintenance were used to prevent unplanned failure and to
maximize the productivity of the production lines. Different
approaches considered when writing and running the research,
those approaches described within this part to have an
overview of how the research has gone on, and the research
was carried out step by step. These steps are spotted in the
planning diagram shown in Fig. 1.1. Further information on the
methods and methods’ procedures are presented in Chapter 3.
1.7 Research Plan
Different
when
approaches
writing
research,
and
those
considered
running
the
approaches
described within this part to have an
overview of how the research has
gone on, and the research was
carried out step by step. These steps
are spotted in the planning diagram
shown
in
Fig.
1.1.
Further
information on the methods and
methods’ procedures are presented
in Chapter 3.
1.8 Data Analysis Method
1.9 Data Analysis Methods
The next step after data collection and organizing is the data
analyzing. OEE is the first tool being used in the work to analyze
the data. It gives an indication of where the weakness point, the
calculation of OEE depend on calculating the availability factor,
performance factor and quality factor. Further details will be
presented in the next coming chapters. Different other tools were
used to analyze the data collected such as MTBF, MTTR, graphs,
Pareto chart, fishbone, 5 Why’s , excel program, wear particles
analysis and viscosity measurement. From the analyzed data, the
machines of high failures could be determined.
In fact, fishbone, 5 why’s and lubricating oil analysis tools were
used to identify and find the root causes of factors that mainly
contribute to the problem. According to root causes analyzed, the
decision making based on the maintenance management strategy
for the repairing the machine is taken.
1.9 Thesis Overview
Introduction for Articles
start out broad and then become more specific.
Think of it as an inverted triangle, or a filter funnel.
Be prepared to completely rewrite the introduction
throughout the process of thesis steps.
MAKE IT INTERESTING
If you bore the reader at the start, you are unlikely to
revive interest in the methods section.
For the first paragraph or two, tradition permits prose
that is less dry than the scientific or academic norm.
Engage the reader by revealing some of your interest
in the subject.
TRANSITIONS
The introduction and conclusion to a paper can be
understood as a type of transition…
 At the beginning of a thesis, the introduction serves
as a transition by moving the reader from the world
outside of your paper to the world within.
 At the end of the paper, the conclusion works in the
opposite direction by moving readers from the world
of your paper back to their own world.
The Allyn & Bacon Handbook
Tell your reader…
 Announce your topic
 How you understand the topic (e.g. context, background, key
terms);
 What your controlling argument is;
 What issues you will cover (Limitations) (and in which order);
and
 What conclusion/s you reach, without details.
This will probably involve…
• General statements about your field of research to
provide a setting for the problem;
• More specific statements about the aspects of the
problem already studied by other researchers;
• Statements that indicate the need for further
investigation;
…continued
• Highly specific statements that give the
purpose/objectives of your own study; and
• Supporting statements that give a justification for
carrying out the study.
Diagram of the Research process
HOW TO STRUCTURE THE INTRODUCTION?
An introduction basically answers
these questions:
 What is the problem?
 Any existing solutions?
 What is the best solution?
 What is the main limitation?
 What do I hope to achieve?
 Have I achieved what I set?
General
The purpose of an introduction is to
prepare the reader for the body of
writing that comes after it.
You know what you are writing about
and why. But unless you inform your
readers of this in an introduction, they
will feel lost and judge your essay to
be an unclear piece of work!
Good Introduction
 Indicates the topic that the thesis is about
 Describes how the body of the essay is
organized.
 Explains the point of writing the essay:
 to argue for a thesis, so you will need to explain
what thesis you argue for and how you argue for
it . This is called a thesis-statement, and most
essay introductions include one.
HOW TO BEGIN THE INTRODUCTION?
 Include definition of the topic and background
 Move on to the problem to be resolved
 Continue with the author’s objectives
 Introduction to the literature
 Survey of pertinent literature (Review literature in author’s precise field.
 Author contribution
 Objective of the current work
 Main results of the current work
 Future implications of the work
 Outline of structure
TYPICAL PHRASES TO AVOID IN AN INTRODUCTION
 Avoid stock phrases (common or typical phrases that every one use.
 Eg.: Recent advances in….., The last few year,…. Etc..
TENSES TO BE USED
 Present Simple – used to begin the introduction – to describe the background
context – also used in the end of the introduction.
 Present Perfect – used to show how problem has been approached from past
till present.
HOW TO OUTLINE THE STRUCTURE OF THE PAPER?
 Delete the unnecessary sentences
 Using active verbs rather than passive
 Removing other redundancy. (‫)اﻻﺳﮭﺎب او اﻻطﻧﺎب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻛﻼم‬
Example: civil/environment engineer
Problem
Introduction
• In your village, a large number of people are
died this year due to cancer? While the
neighbors villagers not..
• Environmental issue (Water, Food, Air).
• Search for ground water, special food,
wastewater that may be the reason for cancer.
• study the characteristics of drinking water.
• Overview on the cancer based on drinking
water pollutants.
54
Example: Civil/Safety Engineer
Problem
Introduction
• To identify the reasons behind large
construction accidents in Taiz city.
• The common reasons for construction
accidents.
• Search if your construction companies
and individuals follow the standards
of safety and health.
• Government regulation should also be
discussed.
• Precise statistics and analyses of all
types, nature and date of accidents.
55
Example: Production Engineer
Problem
• A production line efficiency is low, waste is
high, availability of machines is low.
• TPM & TQM fundamentals
Introduction
• Similar solutions from the literature
• Try to illuminate the time waste, ergonomics,
safety and health, maintenance, and
managerial problem, etc..
• Use managerial mathematics for getting a
proper solution.
56
Example: Industrial Engineer
• To minimize queuing problems at Al-Kurimi
Problem
Bank.
• It is a mathematical issue using the
techniques of operation research math's.
• What is queuing problem?, their effect on
the business.
Introduction
• Search for similar solutions from the
literature.
• You need to get statistical data from the
bank; either directly or by your observation.
57
Example: Mechanical Engineer
Problem
Introduction
• Feasibility study of petrol fuel exchange
to gas fuel in Taiz city.
• You need science of thermodynamics of
petrol and LPG cycles.
• Properties, merits and types of LPG.
• Search for similar solutions from the
literature.
• You need to get statistical data from the
agents, customers and workshop
engineers on the cost and performance.
58
Example: Industrial/civil engineer
Problem
Introduction
• Feasibility study of the use of rain water as a main
source for water in Taiz city.
• You need to study the alternative water sources and
their availability and cost.
• Possible pollutants at rain water and their
environmental effects.
• Does rain water is healthy as drinking water?
• Geographical data on Taiz.
• You need to know the water density per year,
population, average number of family members in
each home, water consumption per capita, rain
frequency during the seasons in Taiz city.
• Search for similar studies from the literature.
59
Example: Electrical Engineer
• Identifying the death accidents from
Problem
improper Electrical generators in Yemen?
• You need government statistics.
• Type and concentration of Exhausts from
generators
Introduction • You need the safety requirements for
designing proper room for Electrical
generators.
• You need to study the death mechanism
that is taken place due to the exhaust gases.
60
Example: Electrical Engineer
Problem
Introduction
• The private sector losses due to the
absence of government Electricity in
Taiz city 2015-2018.
• General information about electricity
• You need government statistics.
• Information on electricity, losses,
costs, generation, etc.
61
Example: Mechatronics Engineer
Problem
Introduction
• The people at Taiz city is facing a huge
problems of landmines due to the
current civil war.
• History of landmines
• Background of landmine in Yemen.
• Landmine detection systems.
• Landmine types and classification
• Detection Techniques.
• You need government statistics.
62
THANK YOU