THE ESSENCE,HISTRIOGRAPHY,PHYSIOGRAPHY
AND IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE
ANTHROPOLOGY, ECOLOGY AND ITS
MULTISYSTEMIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS AND
POSITIVE INTERVENTIONAL DOMICILLIARY AND
INTERNATIONAL GLOBALISED CONTEXT
INITIATIVES.
P R O F. D O T T. E M M A N U E L U D E M E Z U E O N Y E K W E L U .
CSci,CSciTeach,ChirB(Hons),MB(Hons)MD,MRQA,FRSA,FCILED,FRGS,FRSH,FRCEM,FRSPH,FRSB,DSc/PhD(Hon)
C L A S S I C S A N D R E V I S I T S I N S C I E N T I F I C M E D I C I N E U P D AT E D 2 0 2 4 .
BACKGROUND,CONTEXT AND PURPOSE
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This topic is of great interest and importance to Homo sapiens, given that,
the impact of climate change on Homo sapiens, is as old as Homo sapiens
itself, since it is believed that there would not have been Homo sapiens
without climate change.
Homo sapiens, actually evolved from the other Homo species as an
adaptation to climate change.
Homosapiens, is the species that all living human beings on this planet today
belong to.
Ancient histriographic records assert that during a time of unprecedented
sudden climate change in the middle pleistocene, dating about 300,000 years
ago, Homo sapiens actually evolved.
Homo sapiens existed and lived in a very similar pattern to the then
contemporaneous ,but now extinct “archaic humans” that were living at the
very ancient times such as the Homo neanderthalensis, Homo
heidelbergensis, Homo habilis, Homo rudolfensis, Homo erectus, Homo
antecessor, Homo floresiensis , and Homo naledi.(The Smithsonian Institute,
February 2, 2021)
Homo sapiens collected edible food items, chased and captured other
animals to achieve a proteineous diet , and created ,invented and acquired
demenours and attributes that assisted them to adapt to the difficulties and
enigma of sustenance in harsh and unpredictable physiographic,ecological
and environmental conditions espoused by the then ‘climate change’.
• BACKGROUND,CONTEXT AND PURPOSE
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BACKGROUND,CONTEXT AND PURPOSE
That this climate change instigated the evolutionary trend of the Homos, into the
more encephalized and mentally, socially, culturally, morally psychologically,
physically and economically advanced Homo sapiens with a developmental and
progressive mindset, drives home the point in the wise saying, which has stood the
test of time to this day that “necessity is the mother of invention”. .[Onyekwelu E.
2020]
Similarly attempts to mitigate and adapt to climate change still drives the
advancement and development of Homo sapiens as it did in the distant past, as I
will discuss further latter in this text. .[Onyekwelu E. 2020]
Were it not for the inspiration of the rigors of the impact of climate change, about
three hundred thousand years ago,Homo sapiens would have been still be
conceited with existing and living in the wild with the other wild animals till this
day as the other Homos ‘archaic humans’ then did in the pleistocene
period.[Onyekwelu E. 2020]
For a long time before the appreciation of the untoward influence of climate
change on human health, on the average, overall the health impact of
hyperthermia and heat stroke has received a considerably less attention compared
to hypothermia even in the heat prone regions between the Tropics of Cancer and
Capricorn.[Onyekwelu E. 2020]
It is almost a geographical and climatology axiom before the onset of climate
change,that almost always the temperate regions were exempt from the impact of
hyperthermia and heat strokes, compared to those of hypothermia and cold
injuries. .[Onyekwelu E. 2020]
However, the scenario depicted and represented in this linked index article is
another proof that the temperate regions even with very wintry weather conditions
during the winter periods may not be exempt from hyperthermias during the
summer periods and also occasionally, exceptionally outside the summer periods
due to the unanticipated impacts of climate change instigation of deleterious
CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS IMPACT ON THE HEALTH OF HOMO SAPIENS.
CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS IMPACT ON THE HEALTH OF HOMO SAPIENS.
As a geographical phenomenon, climate change, along with other natural and artificial unanticipated
unnatural events instigated by Homo sapiens adversely impacts on human health and physiology, in
addition to inciting diseases through several aetiopathogenic mechanisms. It is the trend of climate
change to exacerbate ongoing pathological issues, whilst equally instigating the emergence of enigmatic
and exotic ones.
Like other pathological conditions the impact of climate change is quite variable and certain predisposing
factors will make an individual more susceptible to climate change than the others.
Important considerations in this context, will include but not confined to the age, gender, socioeconomic
endowments, geographical location and the premorbid health status of a given individual. [Onyekwelu E.
2020]
It has been known that population at the extremes of age are most vulnerable to the impact of climate
change, especially hyperthermia and hypothermia but also other infectious and non-infectious pathologies.
Individuals with primary systemic dysautonomia or secondary systemic dysautonomia related to diabetic
neuropathy, other causes of neuropathies,micro/macrovasculopathies , isolated or multiple end vital
organ dysfunctions and arteriosclerosis etc will be expected to be prone to challenges with extreme
temperatures regulation during climate change. [Onyekwelu E. 2020]
Contextually in the North America, and globally elsewhere in the whole world, environmental and public
health could be adversely impacted by climate change induced physiographic perturbations in the
physical, chemical, biological, and ecological systems.
My knowledge, research and reviews on this theme indicates that perturbations in atmospheric and
environmental integrity associated with inordinate and overwhelming anthropogenic greenhouse gases
emissions could instigate hyperthermia, sunburn and heat stroke as given in this index article, extreme
hyperthermia and hypothermia could equally incite the onset of pneumonitis especially in the extremes of
ages.
Additionally, it has been known that extreme sunburn or suntanning could induce malignant
dermatological carcinogenesis and immunoincompetence.
Also climate change may equally encourage near drowning and drowning in children due to the creation of
new bodies of water, and overfilling, overflowing and heightened depths of the rivers, oceans and see tides
[Onyekwelu,E 2008, p13-13 &Onyekwelu, E 2008].
Furthermore, climate change has been associated with the onset of gastrointestinal diseases, and
psychosocial maldevelopment etc.
Anthropological, environmental and ecologic inconsistencies and perturbations instigated by climate
change, augments the incidence and prevalence of allergic diathesis, vector driven inbred and exotic
infectious pathologies(plasmodiasis, bolleriasis, viral haemmorrhagic fevers,meningoenecephalitis
)dysnutritions etc.[Onyekwelu E. 2020]
CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS IMPACT ON THE HEALTH OF HOMO SAPIENS.
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An imminent exponential increase on the impact of climate change is likely, given the explosion of
greengas emissions from numerous unregulated universal factory activities and the paucity of robust
statutory regulations due to conflicts in several regions of the world.
Proactive and preventive clinician action, research focused on the differential effects and health
impact of climate change especially on the vulnerable populations, in addition to policy advocacy on
the individual and public statutory levels could contain climate change and inform appropriate
mitigation and preventive responses. [Onyekwelu E. 2020]
Histriographically, another documented remarkable onset of global warming has impacted the health
of Homosapiens from the middle of the nineteenth century.
The unnatural interplay between the emitted greenhouse gases, the troposphere and the solar system
is one of the principal causality factors for global warming.
Carbon dioxide and methane are the principal greenhouse gases, followed by halogenated carbons,
ozone, nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides, all resulting as products of poorly managed agrarian
enterprise and fossil fuel combustion management.(One Green Planet,30 September 2014.)
Technically, although ozone depletion is not a principal component part of climate change as such,
however it is an epiphenomenon of climate change and global warming, since the contemporaneous
gaseous emissions are precedents to both phenomena. . [Onyekwelu E. 2020]
Histriographically, for a fairly long, probably about six decades now, it has been noted that this
climatic change conundrum is compounded into a vicious cycle, given that the sustained and
uncontrolled factory driven, fossil fuel emissions and biomass combustions, with its bye products of
chloride, fluoride and iodine based gaseous chemical undermines the natural regrowth of the ozone
punctures, as further erosions ensues and continues.
The impact of ozone on the health of Homo sapiens, and its ecological fauna could be beneficial,
enigmatic, contradictory and paradoxical on the basis of the localization of the ozone.
Physiographically, it is given that, minimally above sea-level ozone is deleterious, inducing and inciting
respiratory pathologies such as asthmatic bronchitis etc, however well above the sealevel,stratospheric ozone is impermeable, and the ultraviolet(UV) radiation cannot penetrate it, at
heights very well above sea levels, the ozone layer partly adsorbs and fully reflects back the
ultraviolet radiation . (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2002)
In this way, at this very high above sea-levels, ozone is protective against the negative unhealthy
impact of ultraviolet(UV)radiation on Homo sapiens, such as oxidative damage with reactive oxygen
species and free radical elaboration inciting sunburning and accelerating cellular, and organ systems
senescence etc.
In addition, ozone toxicity instigates the emanation of global immune-incompetence.(United States
Environmental Protection Agency)
Immune incompetence compromises the oncogenic and infective surveillance mechanisms and
systems of Homo sapiens. [Onyekwelu E. 2020]
In order to attain an apposite and optimal thermal equilibrium, the solar energy reemitted from the
troposphere and hydrosphere through convention currents and radiation must be in consonance,
comparable and equivalent to the solar energy assimilated from the sun.
CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS IMPACT ON THE HEALTH OF HOMO SAPIENS.
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Global warming ensues as a result of greenhouse gases adsorbed
and entrapped in the troposphere and hydrosphere.
Admittedly, although some reasonable quantity of these contexual
gases such as carbon dioxide (which is processed during
photosynthesis to liberate oxygen) is required for a naturally
balanced environment and ecosystem, however, it is disheartening
that unregulated processes in the factories have augmented its
quantities to levels that have not been attained thousands of
centuries inducing deleterious maladaptive and unmitigable global
warmings. (EarthCharts , 6 March 2020.)
For a fairly long time, several previous studies and currently ongoing
research on climate change has dwelt on causality factors and its
mechanisms.
It is envisaged that subsequently, ongoing, prospective and
futuristic efforts would be garnered towards the assessment and
evaluations of climate change impact, influence and affectation,
especially its impact on human health, in addition to the outcome of
its mitigation efforts etc.
It is well known that climate change impacts negatively on the
health of Homo sapiens through the inciting of food insecurity,
which will accelerate the onset of malnutrion and dysnutritions.
Climate change impacts negatively on all the cell, tissues and organ
systems of Homo sapiens. [Onyekwelu E. 2020]
THE PATHBIOLOGY,PATHOPHYSIOLOGY,THE HEALTH GEOGRAPHY
AND HEALTH IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON HOMO SAPIENS .
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Thermal extremes (hypothermias and hyperthermia) could incite acute cold injuries and Heat Stroke
respectively.
It is already known that minimal alterations in the mean climatic conditions could trigger off huge
alterations in heat wave frequency and intensity.
The frequency of extremely hot days in temperate zones could augment exponentially for any
significant elevation in temperature during the relatively warm humid and wet seasons.
The adsorption and entrapment of radiant heat by several bodies of water (ocean, sea, river, lakes),
will incite the melting of blocks and flakes of ice, the evaporation of water etc,leads to
augmentations in the magnitude and the cycles of precipitation, inciting more torrential rains and
flash floods.
On a global context, with an augmented evaporation in several geographical regions, there would be
longer periods of drought with diminished soil moisture which will impair the agrarian activity and food
security universally.
More often than not, these untoward climatic change phenomena escalates and sustains a vicious
cycle, in which a hot troposphere adsorbs and retains more vaporized water and reflects back
conventionally conveyed radiant heat, thereby propagating and sustaining more warmings and
rewarmings.
In essence, it is already given that the global warming accelerates the hydrologic cycle.
Also, on the other hand, augmented evaporative processes from the bodies of water, further incites
upscaled torrential rains and flashfloods.
It is scientifically plausible to speculate that as the heating and pouching of the earth’s surface
augments, that the energy potential, force, gravity and pressure gradients that accentuates torrential
climatic conditions and enhances the intensity and cycles of prospective unprecented widely ranged
climatic phenomena will ensue.
Having followed several cases, literature and resource on this theme, it is known that significant heat
waves implicates the dermatological system with polymorphic dermatosis, and the cardiovascular and
neurological systems with syncope, multimodal perturbations of sensation such as tingling
parasthesias,numbness,cramps in addition to inanition, and heat induced “cerebrovascular
accidents”(Heat stroke).
Heat stroke is a very consequential outcome of heat waves related to global warming, and is
epitomized by the index article espousing this given contexual questions being addressed by this my
ongoing response in this text.
THE PATHBIOLOGY,PATHOPHYSIOLOGY,THE HEALTH GEOGRAPHY
AND HEALTH IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON HOMO SAPIENS .
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Heat stroke is frequently accompanied by symptomatologies of hyperpyrexia, palpitations, malaise,
lightheadedness, intense lethargy, delirium, obstundation, precoma, coma, and if uninterrupted
uniform fatality.
Histriographically, as a distinct health geographical phenomenon, heat waves have punctuated the
epidemiological and physiographic features of several regions globally.
Several international morbidity and mortality reports have indicated an exponential increase in the
untoward health impact (especially untimely clustered demise) of heat waves on Homo sapiens (and
its related species) globally for about three decades now, and North American regions were not
exempted as buttressed by this given index leading article supporting this contexual question.
Data from my rigorous examination and reviews of previous and ongoing literature on this theme,
indicates that climate change related global warming is usually accompanied by an augmentation in
the cycles and severity of heat waves, escalation of morbidity and mortality, particularly in the elderly,
the infantile, the expectant mothers, the parturient, the nursing mothers and the debilitated, in
addition to the most vulnerable subsets of any given population globally.
As a delicate and vulnerable group, these population subsets have inherent multiple organ systems
physiological challenges and compromises , in addition to situational, ecological, environmental,
cultural, sociological and economic limitations with impromptu climate change adaptation and
mitigation endowments and prowess. [Onyekwelu E. 2020]
As already given by several mentioned resource, on this theme, the potential health impacts of severe
weather include near drowning and drowning (Onyekwelu E 2008,Onyekwelu E 2008), gastrointestinal
disease, malnutrition, and psychological trauma following hurricanes etc.
The data on the morbidity and fatality related to gastrointestinal pathology such as from
rotavirus,Cryptosporidium,Escherichia coli, Giardia, and other water-borne microbes induced
gastroenteropathies, malnutrition ,dysnutrition, growth restrictions, and their related immune
incompetence, in addition to global neurodevelopmental delays, being more conspicuously eloquent
after floods with contaminated natural drinking water sources appears to be convincing and robust.
[Onyekwelu E. 2020]
Globally, geographically,physiographically, histriographically and currently, media headlines have
always bemoaned the untoward and otherwise health impact of climate change induced global
warming related heat waves,tornadoes,hurricanes,volcanic
eruptions,flashflood,lightning,thunderstorms,earth tremors,cyclones,tsunamis, typhoons, monsoons,
earthquakes and several numerous unprecedented, natural and Homo sapiens driven awkward
phenomena decimate extensive domiciliary settings , family and community units warranting the
improvision of unhygienic living conditions that encourage epidemics and pandemics.
It has been mentioned and acknowledged that unprecedented climate change negatively modify the
positive adaptive ecological ,social,cultural,religious,psychological, economic,anthropological, and
statutory favourable living conditions of Homo sapiens such as but not confined to the complementary
congenial pristine hydrologic,terrestrial,arboreal and aquatic systems of Homo sapiens and their
complementary favourable flora ,fauna and the other intangible natural ecosystem endowments etc.
THE UNTOWARD IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND GLOBAL
WARMING,INDUCES UNFAVOURABLE ECOLOGIC MODIFICATIONS.
It is well known that climate change destabilizes agrarian activities, undermines bumper harvests and
encourages multiple crop failures related to its accompanying augmented evaporations, which induces
dehydration and increased evaporation which considerably diminishes soils moisture.
Also, it is given that climate change associated flash floods disturbs the natural soils, mineral and incited
deleterious chemical balance, by causing over salination and under mineralization of the remaining
restricted farm lands.
Equally, similarly, the undue accumulation of the climate change inducing gas chemicals, have been
demonstrated to negatively impact on the proteinogenic constituents of the leaves, stems and roots of the
crops ,which compromises the efficiency of their innate natural physiologic defensive phytotoxins.
Phyto-pathophysiologically,it has been demonstrated that although carbon dioxide(co2) enhances the
plant bio-mass following photosynthesis,however, co2 has been speculated to bioequivalently usurp
,dissipate and drift away the nitrogenous chemical required for fruitful proteinogenic synthesis, which
are the major constituents of the plants defensive phytotoxins against decimating overgrazing by the
major herbivores(the bovine species;the cows,cattles,buffalos-bisons and bulls etc) the equine species(the
horses,donkets,camels,giraffes,zebras etc), the primates,the monkeys,the baboons,the chimpanzees),in
addition to some ominivores etc.
In addition, it has been demonstrated that climate change equally encourages infections and infestations
such as brucellosis and trypanasomiasis in these beneficial animal species.
With this cycle of climate change advent, several ecological studies have demonstrated that the
geographic ranges and niches of several herbivores have been expanding enormously exhausting their
natural flora and recruiting other naïve climate change attenuated floras to decimate in order to thrive.
Climate change has been demonstrated to negatively empower several species of inedible poisonous wild
and exotic plants species and flora to grow and multiple exponentially, increasing their natural geographic
ranges, and to compete with the edible crops grown by Homo sapiens, which negatively tilts the harvest to
the non-productive levels and worsens the already existing food insecurity incited by climate change.
In this context, the food insecurity accompaniment has not been contained and will continue to linger into
the very distant future unless appropriate urgent adaptive and mitigating efforts are rapidly deployed in
this regard.
THE UNTOWARD IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND GLOBAL
WARMING,INDUCES UNFAVOURABLE ECOLOGIC MODIFICATIONS.
Equally as these herbivores migrate and expand their natural habitats, they are similarly
followed and pursued by the canindes and feline species such as lions, tigers, hyenas, coyotes
foxes, wolfs etc that prey on these herbivores, thereby drifting the natural ecosystems and
habitats of these species who when out of range could be very dangerous and attack and
equally prey on Homo sapiens, while transmitting rabies and other unprecedented zoonotic
nfections as well.
Also climate change induced torrential rains and flash floods, have been known to encourage,
propagate and sustain very deleterious reptilian bites, especially the poisonous venomenous
snakebites, because in this climatic floody,swampy conditions,reptiles,snakes and Homo
sapiens will compete for the limited available dry land .Taking ideas from my former ecologica
and epidemiological research on herpetology and snake bites epidemiology[Onyekwelu E 2008
],in,[Onyekwelu E ,2019],I have presented some seminal themes on snakebite epidemiology,
pathobiology and interventions as monographs ,lectures, tutorials and seminar notes etc.
Besides, it is has been demonstrated by several observational ethological reports that the
natural behaviour of domesticated, wild and feral canides such as guard dogs,domestic dogs,
and cats etc have been considerably altered to the aggressive and violent ranges by several
geographical phenomena linked to climate change notably global warming, torrential rains,
flash
floods,earthquakes,hurricanes,tonadoes,tremors,eclipses,tsunamis,thunderstorms,electrical
lightening and explosive injuries etc(Onyekwelu E,2020.) In this way they pose a very huge
threat to even their custodians, in several instances the custodians were
biten,attacked,mauled to death, and actually eaten up after death by their own pet canides due
to unanticipated climate change imposed behavioural modifications. [Onyekwelu E 2020].
Also the feral, stray, wild and domesticated felines and canides from phylogenically and
ethologically divergent species cross migrate, mate and cross-breed, due to the impact of
climate change producing very unusual and more dangerous hybrids to Homo sapiens and othe
fauna, which will encourage the transmission of rabies and other zoonosis [Onyekwelu.E 2009]
n addition to the demise of the Homo sapiens, their other pets and food stock domestic
ALLERGIES FROM ENVIRONMENTAL POLLENS,MYCOTOXINS,
MITOGENS(RAGWEED) AND IMMUNOGENS(ETC).
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Physiographically, it has been demonstrated that elevated tropospheric CO2
concentrations and warmer temperatures are likely to increase pollen levels
correspondingly.
It will not be unscientific to speculate, that the prevalences of allergic
diathesis such as hay fever, allergic rhinitis, eczema and asthma have
increased significantly in recent decades due to increased pollen counts.
For about six decades now, it has been demonstrated that pollen counts and
its spatial distribution are increasing exponentially, possibly due to
increased atmospheric CO2 levels, hotter winters, prolonged spring seasons,
in addition to an overwhelmingly abundant nitrogenous chemical compounds.
Having followed and reviewed several given literature on this theme, there
are evidential reports that climate change invariable augments the frequency
of allergies and asthma.
Similarly, hotter climates and the rigours of global warming phenomenon,
have been known to facilitate the development of several of mycotoxinproducing fungi, including Claviceps, Stachybotrys, Aspergillus flavus (other
allied species), and Fusarium spp etc.
It has been postulated that Aspergillosis with its elaborated Aflatoxins, are
specifically imminent real threat to Homo sapiens and their foodstock nuts
and seed with the rapidly emerging impact of climate change, now and in
the future.
Frequent alterations in the drought and flooding in a way encourages
mycotoxin production, because drought undermines the integrity of the seed
kernels of plants, facilitating much more fungal invasions and occupation.
Whereas, flooding will enhance the moisture retaining capacities of the
seeds and nuts, which will nurture florid fungal (mycosis) development.
These global warming nurtured mycotoxins have been demonstrated to
accelerate the induction, propagation and dissemination of malignancies,
ergot poisoning and multiple congenital anomalies.
THE HEALTH IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE INDUCED EXPANSION
OF THE ESTABLISHED AND EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES.
With the onset of climate change and global warming came in a greater
exposure to already known and established infectious diseases such as but not
confined to: malaria, dengue, encephalitis, and Lyme disease, but also emerging
ones such as the COVID-19 global pandemic.
Epidemiologically, it has been given that rising temperatures, changing
precipitation, and unstable climate dynamics such as global warming from
climate change could considerably and untowardly modify the already
recognized geographic range, behaviour and characteristics of several vector
borne infectious diseases leading to an emerging ecological maldistribution of
some sort.
Tropical diseases may expand into temperate regions and have longer
transmission seasonalities following the impact of climate change.
Immunologically naive populations may face novel pathogens due to climate
change.
Demographically, as human settlements move from scantily populated regions
to densely -populated regions, enhanced transmission rates will be enhanced by
the availability to vectors of more aggregations and conglomerates of
vulnerable Homo sapiens.
Epidemiologically, it is has been derived by statistically driven mechanistics
that global rewarming, enhances the geographic range and transmission rates
of vector-borne diseases such as plasmodiasis and dengue fever.
Entomologically, it has been appreciated that following climate change
instigated torrential rains and flash floods stagnant body of waters will
accumulate, which are potential breeding sites for mosquitoes.
Of global epidemiological importance ,with the impact of climate change related
global warming, are the reports that Bolleriosis,especially Borrelia burgdorferi,
the causative spirochete microbe of Lyme disease, transmitted by infected
ticks, in addition to mosquito vectored meningoencephalitis has been observed
to surge up globally beyond its usual geographic ranges in the temperate
THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE ECOLOGY AND
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF THE MULTI-SPECIATED PLASMODIASIS.
• THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE ECOLOGY AND
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF THE MULTI-SPECIATED PLASMODIASIS.
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Mathematical and inferential Bayesian statistical classifiers paradigms have
computed an extrapolated wide ranged ecological niche for the Anopheles
mosquitoes up to several more distances above the sea level, and therefore
the at risk populations of plasmodiasis in the near future and several
decades ahead.
It is an epidemiological axiom, that in as much as intense thermal conditions
hampers the physiology and decimates mosquitoes, hotter than median
thermal ranges within their limits encourages their fecundity, stings and the
developmental sequence of infections and infestations that they habour
including contextually the plasmodium falciparium,vivax,ovale and malariae.
It has been demonstrated entomologically, that hot humid nocturnal climatic
change patterns and chilly wintry periods especially encourage the utmost
breeding of the pathgogenic mosquitoes’ species.
My reviews of several reports on this theme, intimates that climate change
related global warmings could have already exacerbated the negative impact
of malaria in areas where Plasmodium transmission was previously
restricted by cold chilly wintry conditions.
Several plasmodia speciation studies have reported that the most fatal and
acute illness inciting plasmodium species, especially the, Plasmodium
falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, require the proximate temperatures and
humidity patterns incited by global warming to thrive, reproduce and breed
optimally.
Global warming encourages hotter climatic conditions which enables the
Plasmodium falciparum to be endowed with rapidly pathological propagation
and invasions of epidemiological consequences and relevance.
THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE ECOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF
THE VIRAL AETIOPATHOGENICALLY DRIVEN DENGUE FEVER.
THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE ECOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF
THE VIRAL AETIOPATHOGENICALLY DRIVEN DENGUE FEVER.
The dengue fever share several epidemiological and
ecological features with plasmodiasis, as the
mosquitoes equally vector, convey and distribute the
dengue viruses.
The highly arboreal and terrestrial mosquitoes the
Aedes aegypti is the principal vector.
Also very similar to the plasmodiasis, as a group, the
dengue viruses have very enhanced pathogenicity,
when their latency, onset time and incubation were
considerably abbreviated.
ost dengue affects older children and adults, who are
the age group that most likely engages in outdoor
adventurous activities in the forest, where Aedes
aegypti commonly breeds, although the elderly and
children are more likely to manifest overt pathology
and experience more severe symptomatologies.
Increases in its geographic range are expected with
global warming, reflecting expanded mosquito
habitat range.
THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE ECOLOGY AND
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF THE MULTI-SPECIATED BORRELIOSIS :
THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE ECOLOGY AND
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF THE MULTI-SPECIATED BORRELIOSIS :
ENCEPHALITIS AND LYME DISEASE.
Unstable Climatic fluctuations augment the impact
negatively on the spatial and temporal distribution of
insect-vectored and transmitted encephalitis and
Lyme disease.
Climate change induced global warming, and
torrential rains has been demonstrated to encourage
the transclimatic ecological and epidemiological
drifts of tick-vectored Borreliosis due to Borrelia
burgodefri incited encephalitis with a widely ranged
mortality impact ,in addition to Lyme disease with
erythema chronicum
migrans,arthritis,encephalopathy and cardiopathy
etc and much more.
THE HISTRIOGRAPHIC TIME LINES OF CLIMATE CHANGE
INSTIGATED EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES.
• THE HISTRIOGRAPHIC TIME LINES OF CLIMATE CHANGE
INSTIGATED EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES.
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Probably about a score and half of unprecedented exotic pathologies have been
identified since the mid to the latter parts of the twentieth century.
Previously forgotten and eradicated communicable pathologies are re-emerging, within
unanticipated anomalous ecological and physiographic ranges with a much more
unpredictable and invasive pathological characteristics and epidemiological
misdemenours.
About three decades ago, the Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome which was rodent
(Peromyscus maniculatus) vectored and transmitted, exotically emerged in North
America, initially at the southwestern USA and thereafter attained very
epidemiologically remarkable spatial and temporal distributions.
The widely attained ecological range of the Peromyscus maniculatus rodent was
encouraged and propagated by global warming induced, prolonged aridity which
reduced its feline and canindes species hunters, in addition to bumpy harvests which
improved its nutrition, reproduction and breeding.
Also similarly about two and half decades ago, in North America, the West Nile virus
emerged for the first time.
Similar favourable climatic change conditions of hot winters, intermediate droughts,
and stagnant water and warm humid atmosphere encouraged its propagation and
sustenance.
In most instances, its symptomatologies involve febrile illnesses, neurologic
symptomatologies, encephalitis and death.
Further temperature rises, droughts, and heavy rains are anticipated with climate
change, and the Hantavirus and West Nile virus exotic pathologies have demonstrated
and cautioned Homo sapiens that exotic unanticipated pathologies could be disastrous
due to rapidly intense alterations in the epidemiological and anthropological dynamics
instigated by sudden climate changes.
Their further potential differential epidemiological and ecological special and temporal
distributions remain to be rigorously investigated.
FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS, CLINICIAN ACTION& POLICY CHANGE
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FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS, CLINICIAN ACTION& POLICY CHANGE
The impact of climate change on the health status of Homo sapiens covers a
vast spectrum.
Several reviews have been limited by a lack of empiric data on the specific
effects of climate change on the most vulnerable groups of Homo sapiens.
To better comprehend what challenges and risks that the Homo sapiens
population will face, we need further research, clinician action, and policy
change.
Much more data is warranted on the mechanisms by which temperature
elevations, weather changes, and ecologic alterations affect the health of
age, gender, physiological and pathological data -adjusted populations.
Also there appears to be a paucity of comparative data on the research of
the climate change impact categorized on the basis of geographical region,
ethnographic profile, socioeconomic status, religious and cultural
inclinations etc.
Only by delineating the most vulnerable populations, would it be achievable
to compute and evaluate the differential impacts of climate change on the
society at large and the whole world.
In this way, the apposite deterrent measures and policies could be
instituted.
This appalling situation warrants a call for urgent remedial measures to
restrict global warming, conserve and restitute wildlife ecological
biodiversity, and preventive adversities to the Health of Homo sapiens and
their flora and fauna.
Given the current state of knowledge on the climate change impact on Homo
sapiens, all clinicians, scientists, economic policy formulators and the
communities will have to conceptualize, initiate and implement apposite
climate change adaptation and mitigation approaches and adaptations as
discussed further in this text.
THE INEXORABLE AND EXTENSIVE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE.
• THE INEXORABLE AND EXTENSIVE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE.
• Anecdotally, the broad medical and health specialties of Neonatology,
perinatology, obstetrics, paediatrics, public health, and geriatrics
were being impacted most by climate change.
• However, recent data has indicated that the impact of global
warming is already being felt across every known and recognized
specialty of medicine and Health and more.
• Holistically, this untoward climate change health impact, not only
implies an augmented patient load, pharmacotherapeutic, logistics,
power and health personnel outages, but equally implicated the
response of Homo sapiens, in disease and health to several subsets
of hitherto previously tolerated and innocuous prescribed
pharmacotherapeutic agents. (Scientific American, 2019).
• In a fairly recent archetypical circumstance, it was demonstrated
that lung cancer patients undergoing radiation were less likely to
survive when hurricane disasters disrupted their therapeutic
interventions.
• Several articles have laid out dozens of similar studies to
demonstrate how the climate crisis affects each discipline of health
and medicine.
• The climate crisis is impacting not only the health of Homo sapiens,
but the equally the functionality and professionalism of Homo
sapiens, although for obvious reasons, the medical and health
sectors appears to be implicated most.
ALLERGIES
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ALLERGIES
Anecdotally and evidentially, it has been demonstrated that allergic
diathesis and symptomatologies has been exacerbated by the
impact of climate change.
• It is already known that as temperature levels augment, plants
manufacture alot more pollen for lengthier allergy seasons.
• Previously, before the impact of climate change, the norm used to
be that there were distinct seasonalities in the allergy inciting
phytoparticles (tree pollens, grasses, ragweed mitogens) however
these gaps in seasonalities have been considerable closed and
nested together with the onset of climate change.
• Indeed, in itself, the excess carbon dioxide chemical produced by
greenhouse gas emissions, combustions and exhaust pumps has an
inherent allergenic toxicity, and equally incites vasodilation and
bronchoconstriction, which synergistically compounds the allergyinducing impacts of pollen.
• Globally, with the untoward impact of climate change, many more
recurrent cases and new patients with congestive allergic rhinitis,
aural congestions, post-nasal drips and epistaxis are being seen by
clinicians globally. (Scientific American, 2019).
• The need for the clinician and health personnel to have a heightened
index of suspicion in undertaking their diagnostic considerations for
unusual allergic diathesis symptomatology equivalents has been
dissected further in the section of climate change impact on
asthmatic diathesis as a cardiopulmonary pathology etc.
PRENATAL,PERINATAL AND NEONATAL COMPLICATIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE.
• PRENATAL,PERINATAL AND NEONATAL COMPLICATIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE.
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The parturient expectant and nursing mothers are more impacted by global
warming, tropospheric and environmental pollutions, which are being made
worse by climate change.
Data from across a huge body of research compilation spanning through
several studies and lengthy periods , which enrolled millions of patients
from the continental North America on the association between heat, smog
and the tiny particles of pollution that come from fossil fuels and how they
are connected with premature birth, low birth weight and stillbirth indicated
a positive correlation. (Scientific American, 2019).
More smog forms when the troposphere is hot, and some research suggests
particulate matter also increases with the climate crisis, although the data
is less robust.
Clinicians are in a vantage position to counsel their expectant and parturient
mother on how heat waves could lead to premature births and how avoiding
a polluted tropospheric environment could safeguard their health and that
their family and wards.
Ongoing research has deciphered that there is an increasing number of
children born already in an obtunded state due the impact of global warming
and tropospheric pollution related to climate change.
In the same way, it has been deciphered that climate change could be a
common cause of hurricanes, and the frequency and gravity of hurricanes
appears to be increasing exponentially with deleterious consequences on
Homo sapiens and its ecological niche.
Especially in the less industrialized regions, globally, the parturient, the
expecting and nursing mothers also suffer from famine and drought, with a
miscellenous subset of untoward pregnancy outcomes due to climate
change. (Scientific American, 2019).
Insect-borne illnesses—such as the Zika virus, which was spread by
mosquitoes—are also a hazard to developing fetuses.
THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE CARDIO-PULMONARY SYSTEMS.
• It is known that the tropospheric pollution from fossil fuels
combustion and smokes from Homo sapiens driven compostings and
wild fires accentuates with global warming, which impacts
negatively on the pulmonary and then the cardiovascular system.
(Scientific American, 2019).
• It has been speculated that hotter days make more smog, which in
addition to the emitted greenhouse gases induce a thermal and
caustic chemical irritation in the bronchial and pulmonary
parenchyma, which could trigger off an acute asthmatic attack or
incite a chemical pneumonitis.
• It is pertinent for Clinician and Health care personnel to have an a
heightened index of suspicion for climate change induced asthma,
since some of the gastrointestinal symptomatologies such as
crampy and colicky abdominal
pains,diarrhea,vomiting,constipation,flatulence,
boborygmis,excessive belching etc and urinary symptomatologies
of the bladder detrusor muscle instability such as enuresis,urinary
frequency,hesitancy,dysuria etc might well be allergic asthmatic
diathesis equivalence, given the common embryologic origin of
these organ systems from the primitive gut(foregut,midgut and
hindgut) (Onyekwelu.E,Azadeh H. 2015; pp188-302)
• Futhermore, it is given that climate change facilitates the
production of air pollutant chemical compounds such as, but not
confined to the production of inordinate petrol and gas combustion,
bushfires producing carbon oxide, sulphor dioxide, nitrogen oxide,
residual particles and ground and sea level ozone (a principal
component of smug) which could incite and exacerbate cardiopulmonary pathologies. (American Public Health
Association),(American Lung Association)
HEALTH IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE INFANTILE AND CHILDHOOD POPULATION GROUPS.
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HEALTH IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE INFANTILE AND CHILDHOOD POPULATION GROUPS.
• Children under the age of five years experience the majority
of the health burden from climate change.
• Following a hurricane, there could be a considerable
destruction of their abode, social and physical settlement,
and even their clinic and hospital health medical records
could be lost in its entirety, persuading their therapeutic and
diagnostic interventions to be commenced all over afresh,
including major surgeries etc.
• Several childhood neuropsychologies such as the autism
spectrum disorders, disorders of self-regulations and
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are frequently
exacerbated and worsened by the untoward impact of
climate change.(Onyekwelu.E,2020)
• The onset of climate change menace has seen an ‘exodus’ of
families moving because of disastrous environmental and
physiographic conditions, just like Homo sapiens was
compelled to drift during the pleistocene
age.(Onyekwelu.E,2020)
THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE RENAL,FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.
THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE RENAL,FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.
Much hotter days make it harder to stay hydrated.
Challenges with fluid and electrolyte haemostatsis,
makes it daunting for especially the most
vulnerable subsets of the population to attain their
optimal and utmost hydration status due to a
climate change induced reset osmostat.
(Onyekwelu.E 2020)
It is given that unaddressed dehydration, fluid and
electrolyte perturbations will be accompanied by
renal calculi, acute kidney injury and chronic renal
insufficiency.
Additionally there are real concerns with challenges
in instituting renal replacement therapies for
dialysis candidates in extreme climatic conditions
related to climate change. (Scientific American,
2019).
CLIMATE CHANGE RELATED DERMATOSIS.
CLIMATE CHANGE RELATED DERMATOSIS.
With the onset of climate change, global
warming ensues, which is associated with
very elevated stratospheric temperatures
and the erosion of the stratospheric ozone
layer by the gaseous substances (which
equally incites climate change) which
increases the risk of dermatological
malignancies, (American Cancer Society,
1996) especially melanomas (American
Academy of Dermatology 1997), in addition
to the several subsets of idiopathic and
inflammatory dermatosis.
IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE GASTROINTESTINAL
SYSTEM AND NUTRITION OF HOMO SAPIENS.
• IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE GASTROINTESTINAL
SYSTEM AND NUTRITION OF HOMO SAPIENS.
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The multifactorial health and psychosocial stress induced by climate change
have been known to be associated with psychosomatic gastrointestinal
dyspeptic disorders such as but not confined to gastroeosophageal reflux
disorders, hyperacidity with gastritis ,oesophagitis ,deudonitis and peptic
ulcer disorders(gastric and deudonal ulcers)
In addition to the irritable bowel syndromes, and other idiopathic and
parainfectious inflammatory bowel disorders. (Onyekwelu E. 2020)
Intense heat associated with global warming linked with higher risks for
salmonellosis, E.coli, shigellosis and campylobacter jeujuni outbreaks.
Extreme and intense rains could contaminate drinking water. Harmful
parasites such as Entamoeba histolytica and helminthiasis which thrive in
higher temperatures could cause gastrointestinal problems, too.
(Onyekwelu.E, 2020)
Also, there is a convincing body of evidence, that excessive carbon dioxide
emissions are lowering and tilting the balanced nutritional density of food
crops, through the diminution of the balanced reducing levels of protein,
phytoproteinogenic, phytoferrous and phytozinc substances, thereby
encouraging miscellaneous subsets of macro/micronutrient nutritional
deficiencies to ensue.
For a long time, there has been several headline reports of several regions
threatened with massive food insecurity ,however with the onset of climate
change instigated staple food supply outages due to drought, societal
instability and the inequity linked with climate change, food insecurity and
dysnutritions are now becoming a household phenomenon in several
vulnerable regions globally.
IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON OTHER COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
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IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON OTHER COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
• Unstable climate patterns with
torrential rains and flash floods
encourage some arthropods migrate
extensively into several widely ranged
geographical regions, transmitting,
plasmodiasis, dengue, westnile virus
and Lyme disease.
• Additionally, it is known that the
incidence of waterborne cholera,
Dracunculus medinensis,
paragominiasis, and helminthiasis and
cryptosporidiosis escalate with
drought and flooding as well due to
climate change (Onyekwelu.E.2020)
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PSYCHIATRIC IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PSYCHIATRIC IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE
For a fairly long time, though long overdue the impact of climate
change on mental and psychological health has been neglected
in statutory debates and policy making.
Several authoritative statements on climate change incited
stress, depression and anxiety are available. (American
Psychological Association, 2023)
There are some anecdotal and evidential report that people
exposed to or displaced by extreme weather or violent conflict
are at higher risk for mental health challenges.
Extreme heat could also equally exacerbate some psychiatric
conditions. (Scientific American, 2019).
It has been observed across several studies, that psychiatric
emergencies increased several folds, when the heat index
surged above thirty eight (38) degrees centigrade and more.
Pharmacologically, due to the impact of climate change, some
psychotropic medications disrupt and switch over the inherent
natural adaptive mechanisms of the warm blooded
Homosapiens to those of the “coldblooded” species and
undermine its hypothalamic derived mechanisms for
temperature modulation —there by increasing its hyperthermic
THE CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ON THE NEUROLOGIC SYSTEM.
THE CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ON THE NEUROLOGIC SYSTEM.
This theme is of a growing interest as depicted and illustrated by this
question’s linked Index article which is highlighting the impact of
‘heat stroke’ in a contexual North American setting due to climate
change induced global warming.
Having followed and reviewed several articles on the neurological
impact of climate change, I could deduce that tropospheric and
environmental fossil fuel and coal combustive pollutions (which
liberated mercury a neurotoxin in embryo-fetal intrauterine life) have
been demonstrated to elevate the risk of cerebrovascular disease
and stroke in Homo sapiens. (Scientific American, 2019).
As given previously, diseases spread by mosquitoes and ticks elevate
the incidence and prevalence of neurological disorders such as,
seizures, encephalopathy and encephalitis etc.
Also, it is almost an axiom that hyperthermia and heat stroke will
certainly increase exponentially, as global temperatures persists
and soars. (Onyekwelu.E,2020)
Climate change is a major calamity to the neuropsychological health of
children, commencing during the intrauterine life, through birth and
thereafter, potentially undermining the normal development of
infants and children. (Scientific American, 2019).
THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE MUSCULOSKELETAL
SYSTEM ,CASUALTIES AND ACCIDENT AND EMERGENCY .
• THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE MUSCULOSKELETAL
SYSTEM ,CASUALTIES AND ACCIDENT AND EMERGENCY .
• It is plausible to acknowledge that extreme weather events,
including hurricanes, floods and wildfires, often cause
physical injuries.
• Clinicians encounter alot of fractures, crush injuries and
smoke inhalation following the untoward impact of climate
change. (Scientific American, 2019).
• Extreme heat is also linked with aggression and violence,
and the climate crisis globally is connected with violent
conflict and forced migration with its attendant impact on the
volume of accident and emergency casualties. (Scientific
American, 2019).
• In addition climate change and its associated physiographic
phenomena creates victims of electrical, lightning,
thunderbolts and explosive injuries (Onyekwelu.E.2024) in
addition to near drowning and drowning and other
submersion casualties, who are frequent candidates to the
emergency departments globally. (Onyekwelu E 2008
,Onyekwelu E 2008,pp13-13)
THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE
ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC SYSTEMS.
THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE
ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC SYSTEMS.
The endocrine and metabolic systems are not
exempted from the impact, difficulties and the
challenges of a warming and polluted planet.
It is becoming increasingly evident, that there is a
major endocrine impact by climate change.
Climate change and pollution
unavoidably impacts nutrional,
metabolic and endocrinological
pathologies such as the diet options
of Homo sapiens, agrarian cultivation
patterns, and metabolic syndrome
(obesity, gout, and type 2 diabetes)
etc. (Scientific American, 2019).
SOME SPECIFIC HOLISTIC EVALUATIVE,DIAGNOSTIC,PROGNOSTIC
,THERAPEUTIC, PROPHYLACTIC AND INTEGRATIVE INTERVENTIONS FOR
SOME UNTOWARD HEALTH IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE.
SOME SPECIFIC HOLISTIC EVALUATIVE,DIAGNOSTIC,PROGNOSTIC
,THERAPEUTIC, PROPHYLACTIC AND INTEGRATIVE INTERVENTIONS FOR
SOME UNTOWARD HEALTH IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE.
Some of the preventive adaptive measures that could be espoused to mitigate
the health impact of climate change could be systematically derived following
the elucidation of its aetiopathogenesis and epidemiology as given above.
For, allergic diathesis, acute bronchitis and asthma, it will be prudent to
counsel caregivers and custodians to discern the quality of their ambient
environmental air quality as a guide to appropriately regulate their own and
their childrens’s adventurous outdoor activities.
With regards to the prevention of allergies, it would be worthwhile to educate
the patients and their custodians on the various presentations of allergic
diathesis and educate the vulnerable families about palliative measures.
Pertaining to the prevention of climate change incited sunburns, the
communities should be encouraged to employ the adornment of sunbreaking
and protective wear, and eschew undue and unnecessary midday outdoor
activity.
Employing a community participatory approach, the vulnerable communities will
need to be educated and trained on the appropriate preventive and management
approaches for Heat stroke and the need to ensure an optimal hydration status
by ensuring the availability and handiness of water during unavoidable outdoor
activities during very warm climatic conditions.
FOR THE SPECIFIC MANAGEMENT INTERVENTIONS FOR PLASMODIASIS,
DENGUE FEVER, ENCEPHALITIS, LYME DISEASE AND GASTROENTERITIS.
• FOR THE SPECIFIC MANAGEMENT INTERVENTIONS FOR PLASMODIASIS,
DENGUE FEVER, ENCEPHALITIS, LYME DISEASE AND GASTROENTERITIS.
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Given the pathophysiology of these diseases, the clinician
should ensure that the community and the global community
at large in context, remain abreast of the signs,
symptomatologies, and generic and specific management
interventions of these pathologies, even if their ongoing
incidence figures are negligible.
• Also it is pertinent that the clinicians and preventive health
personnel’s encourage patients, caregivers and parents to
get all stagnant water drained, employ the use mosquito
bednets, and adorn appropriate protective clothing.
• In addition it will be worthwhile to proffer and reiterate the
guidelines on the domiciliary management of diarrhea and
dehydration, and symptomatologies which accompanies
infections and infestations and to envisage when urgent
hospitalization would be warranted.
THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON EXOTIC, PREVIOUSLY ERADICATED AND
NEW ONSET EVOLVING PATHOLOGIES AND ITS HOLISTIC INTEGRATIVE
INTERVENTIONAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES.
• THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON EXOTIC, PREVIOUSLY ERADICATED
AND NEW ONSET EVOLVING PATHOLOGIES AND ITS HOLISTIC
INTEGRATIVE INTERVENTIONAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES.
• Given the health impact enigma of climate
change, the utmost management
interventional approach of any clinician and
preventive health personnel will have to be
endowed and embellished by a heightened
index of diagnostic suspicion and
differential diagnostic considerations.
IMPACTS OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AS AN EMERGING INFECTIOUS
DISEASE INSTIGATED AND USHERED IN BY CLIMATE CHANGE.
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IMPACTS OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AS AN EMERGING INFECTIOUS
DISEASE INSTIGATED AND USHERED IN BY CLIMATE CHANGE.
• The impact of the covid-19 pandemic on the environment and
climate change is very remarkable and of much public health
importance in that, the COVID-19 pandemic although could
have been somewhat triggered by climate change ,but
however overwhelmed Homo sapiens and induced the drift of
statutory policies and multimodal and multiphased climate
change adaptation and mitigation actions away to COVID-19
pandemic acute response interventions, whereas the
interventions for the two public health related phenomenon
should have been nested to one another at the first instance ,
at least transiently, and intransigently.
• This distraction from robust climatic and environmental
statutory policies could have undermined investment in
climate change mitigation responses and renewable green
energy initiatives and innovations etc.
• The economic stagnation resulting from COVID-19
compounded this conundrum.
THE HEALTH PERSONNEL’S HISTORICAL DATA AND SYSTEMIC INQUIRY
PROBES WILL NEED TO BE INDEPTH, CRITICAL AND ANALYTICAL.
THE HEALTH PERSONNEL’S HISTORICAL DATA AND SYSTEMIC INQUIRY
PROBES WILL NEED TO BE INDEPTH, CRITICAL AND ANALYTICAL.
The clinician though could be an expert in medical and health must be very
willing to pose non-leading questions about the index patient’s itinerary,
remits, undertakings, encounters and contacts with other Homo sapiens,
animals, flora and fauna etc.
It is pertinent that the health experts dealing with an index case or cases coordinates with their most dedicated and responsible expert health consultant
colleagues when dealing with exotic,enigmatic,unusual,rare and possibly
previously unrecognized, historical data, symptomatologies, signs and
preliminary investigation results presentations, as they report these their
index cases to the appropriate statutory health authorities.
MITIGATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE.
Since a decade ago, several international multilateral and bilateral organisations have proffered reports on
the current and ongoing global assessment of climate change mitigation progress and pledges.
Additionally, other reports have been presented following the examination of the sources of global
emissions.
These developmental partner multilateral organisations foster activities such as awareness creation,
capacity and capability development, in addition to multiphased and multimodal climate change
mitigation and adaptation approaches and strategies.
Their climate change mitigation efforts were aimed at attempts to enhance the prevention and diminution
of these emissions of heat-adsorbing and assimilating greenhouse gases into the troposphere in other
to protect the earth planet from the global warming impact of global warming due to immensely
elevated temperatures.
In a complementary way ,the multilaterals climate change adaptation techniques has the objectives of
ensuring the modification of Homo sapiens means, attitudes,flair,demenours,psychology,socioeconomic,culture,philosophy,lifestyle and tradition and all other systems and mechanisms that
influence the healthy and wholesome existence(as defined by WHO) of Homo sapiens in other to fortify
and secure its livelihood, nuclear and extended relatives, its capital and financial resources, in
addition to its physiographic regions against the untoward impact of climate change.
In essence, climate adaptation is more or less a short term rapid measure which is as old as Homo
sapiens itself and has been instituted by Homo sapiens since the Pleistocene period, hundreds of
thousands of years ago, which actually led to its evolution from and ahead of the other Homos species
as an adaptive instinct to a sudden intense and “impulsive climate change”.
Indeed, it is anecdotal and evidential that climate change had always lent much support to the wise saying
that “necessity is the mother of invention till date”.
In the following paragraph employing very few words as would be achievable, I would now proceed to
proffer an itemised narrative compilation of the very notable scientific discoveries, which Homo
sapiens have derived ,invented and is committed to achieve in the near future in its attempt to attain
an optimal utmost climate change adaptation and mitigation endowment and prowess.
In this way, it could be appreciated and acknowledged that unlike climate change adaptation, climate
change mitigation could be a short term preventive measure as well, but more often than not could
equally be a medium to long termed measure.
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One of the overall objectives of climate change mitigation is for it to achieve a seamless transition
from fossil fuels based energy to the use of clean, renewable energy such as the wind mills, and the
solar powered energy system.
Another pivotal aim and intent of the climate mitigation initiatives is to discourage and place a
moratorium on deforestation and restore the creator endowed natural habitats of Homo sapiens and to
have these strategies sustained until such a time that a nil carbon emissions is achieved, which
implies that the greenhouse gases emissions into the troposphere will attain a stable with the
trapping and saving of these emitted gaseous substances in the arboreal floras.
Climate change impacts on the localization of the agrarian, cultivation and abode of Homo sapiens.
Also with the impact of climate change, there will be more intense and prolonged temperature
extremes.
There is evidence that climate change have always impacted negatively on tourism, since the
emerging statutory town and regional planning policies will be discouraging people from localizing
their houses and places of abode away from the sea sides, ocean bays and gulf areas in addition to
other unstable mountainous physiographic regions, which are areas that Homo sapiens would
naturally prefer to live.
Although there appears to be a huge spatial and temporal variability in climate change adaptation
strategies, which are not inferentially extrapolatable even with Geospatial Information
systems(GIS),permutations, Bayesian classification models or artificial intelligence,however,the initial
strategies for achieving a structured approach to climate change mitigation is the comprehension of
the physiographic vulnerability of any given geographical community and region, in addition to the
conceptualization of its directed premonitory anticipatory holistic resolution and response
approaches.
As a starting point, the following given basic simplistic recommendations could be delivered as a peer
educational activity to any contexual vulnerable population employing a rapid appraisal approach of
their prevailing vulnerability and the warranted needs, in addition to a community participatory
strategy such as but not confined to educating the communities on management and preventive
strategies following overflowing, high sea tides and flash floods ,lightning and
thunderstorms(Onyekwelu.E 2024 ) following torrential precipitations and rains.
Other communally relevant climate change adaptation strategies will include, but not confined to their
education and training on adaptive agrarian practices such as but not confined to seed species
selection and extension with special emphasis of non-seasonal (seeds and crops that could thrive with
warm, wet or dry seasons) food and cash crops, in addition to rectifying protective fences against
arthropod, avian and stray ruminants and vegetarian pests and grazers etc.
Given the above circumstance, Homo sapiens should be encouraged to adopt a vegetarian diet, its
idealism and lifestyle by aiming to develop a flair for vegetarian, fruity and plant based diets.
With this mind set, of the reality of climate change, Homo sapiens will aim and intend to conserve and
protect ecological niche of wildlifes, by discouraging, excessive hunting of wild games, exhaustive
angling of aquatic life and the Pisces species etc.
• At the individual and family unit levels, the community
participants should be educated on the prudent
stewardship, custodianship and use of the available
portable water, food items, water, fruit, firewood and
other natural resources wisely in preparation of an
ongoing and imminent climate change.
• Of utmost importance in this community education and
sensitization project, is the need for all participants to
perceive themselves as bonafide archetypical epitomic
advocate, ambassador and emissary of climate change
who will strive incessantly to promote all the advocacy,
measures and policies channeled towards optimal and
utmost climate change mitigation and adaptation
initiatives.
• These climate change adaptation and mitigation
advocates should be focused and be able to
demonstrate leadership by example,adhere,prop up
healthy climate innovations, and be willing to network
and align with regional and international organisations
adhering to healthy, hygienic and wholesome climate
change adaptation, mitigation and management
principles and practices.
INTERNATIONAL GLOBAL CALL AND ACTIONS AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE.
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The absolute protection of Homo sapiens from the impacts of climate change would imply the arrest of
global climate change.
It is suggested that a global diminution of one-half of the greenhouse gas emissions would be required
for the tropospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases to attain a balanced equilibrium and restrict
the deleterious impact of climate change to the ecologic and other physiographic systems.
Voting for, opting and electing clean energy resolutions and environmentally adherent and proponent
politicians, and the diminution of undue energy consumption in domestic settings, business premises
and offices, in addition to less use of fossil fuel driven automobiles should be the minimum standard of
any climate change mitigating activist.
Employing a participatory approach, communities could proffer a proposal, and initiate sustainable
recycling programs and holistic environmental educational health promotion campaigns.
Statutory policies should favor economic incentives to lower levels of greenhouse gases, such as
emissions trading systems and clean technology subsidies.
A centralised system for climate evaluation, forecasting, monitoring and response would be a worthy
investment.
Even if these measures may seem unprofitable initially, their long-term economic, technologic,
environmental, and epidemiologic benefits should not be underestimated.
Fairly recently, in the past decades, the European Union (EU) took a very firm stance of its intention
to continue actions against climate change, resulting in a more than one third diminution in the EU
emissions in 2022 compared with 1990 levels.
This promising outlook is principally the consequence of the positive growing interest in the use of
more renewable energy and diminished use of carbon-intensive fossil fuels.
Additionally, improvements in energy efficiency and structural changes in the economy also
complimented that attainment of these objectives.
Now, more ambitious goals are set that include a net about sixty percent or a greater reduction below
1990 levels by 2030 and a climate-stability objective by 2050.
The EU emits only about five to eight percent of global emissions and there would be need for other
multilaterals and intergovernmental organisations to complement their effort for an appreciable
climate change mitigating impact to be discerned.
Global cooperation is imperative for all climate change mitigation activities, initiatives and
programmes.
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement
ensure cooperation across borders to tackle climate change and ensure a sustainable future.
THE CLIMATE DATA TO MONITOR EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL PROGRESS.
A robust reporting system is required to monitor progress toward an European Union (EU) climate change mitigation
targets.
The European Economic Area (EEA) activities are pivotal in initiation, establishment and sustainability of these
reporting systems.
EEA, proffers guidelines and recommendations to its member states on the best way to optimise the use of these
climate change data management, evaluation and monitoring report systems.
In addition, EEA delivers data management audits and its quality assurance trainings to the responsible climate
change mitigation data management units in its respective member states.
On the basis of my experience, knowledge, research and reviewed articles on international global climate change
mitigation mechanisms, it is given that as a multilateral intergovernmental organisation, that the EEA acquires and
proffers access to the following types of data:CO2 emissions from novel passenger cars, vans and heavy- duty
articulated vehicles;greenhouse gas projections;greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories; Information on support to
developing countries; national climate change adaptation actions;national systems for GHG policies and measures
and projections; policies and measures; use of EU emissions trading system auctioning revenues;ozone-depleting
substances.
Overall, on the average these data which are derived from the EEA datasets collections, is mainly employed by EEA
to accomplish the European Union (EU's) inherent mandate focused mission and to enable the European Commission
(EC) to evaluate, if the European Union is on the right channel to attain its international global pledges made in the
United Nations on climate change mitigating efforts in a global context.
The EU's earth observation programme, the Copernicus Land Monitoring Service, which is managed by the EEA and
the European Commission's Joint Research Centre, provides information on the use of land, the types of land covers
and where vegetated areas are, in addition to what type of vegetation is growing, in a given region.
These Copernicus Land Monitoring Service derived information data are contributory for the computation of the net
greenhouse gas emissions in a continental European physiographic region.
This computed data could inform and support the contexual national governments in achieving their nationally
determined contributions.
The sixth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) highlights and reiterates the
imperativeness of the required climate change mitigation processes: global emissions will have to decline by forty to
fifty percent from 2019 by 2030, and rapidly decrease to net-zero by 2050 if we are to stay within the safety limits
established by the Paris Agreement.
However, the 2023 NDC Synthesis Report prepared by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) Secretariat indicates that while countries have demonstrated increased individual levels of efforts and
ambition to reduce emissions, although the combined impact still falls short of the emission reduction cuts
warranted in order to attain the Paris Agreement goals.
CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION PROGRAMS
• CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION PROGRAMS
• Owing to the integrated nature of GEF
support, climate change mitigation
benefits are also generated through
programmatic approaches at a
regional and global level.
• These include programs such as:
• GEF Global Program to Support
Electric Mobility Vehicles.
• This program has been developed to
support low- and middle- income
countries around the world with the
shift to electric mobility.
SOME OF THE INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVES THAT
HAVE BEEN EMPLOYED TO FOSTER CLIMATE
CHANGE ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION
SOME OF THE INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVES THAT HAVE BEEN EMPLOYED TO
FOSTER CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION
Monitoring of temperatures globally has revealed that the ten hottest years on record
globally have all occurred since 2005, and the hottest six years on record have occurred in
the last six years from 2015 to 2020 (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
The United Kingdom Met Office ,The European Union, Copernicus Program August 13,
2021,).
Higher temperatures have brought increased dehydration and renal function loss,
dermatological malignancies, tropical infections, adverse mental health outcomes,
pregnancy complications, allergies, and cardiovascular and pulmonary morbidity and
mortality.
Scientists have been increasingly concerned, as their predictions have all been shown to
be correct. Entrepreneurs, leaders and politicians, who initially doubted the veracity of the
predictions, are now accepting that the relentless increase in global temperatures and
extreme weather events are predominantly from human activity.
This will include nutritional health as well as the impact of infectious diseases and cancers
and other conditions that are influenced by the effects of Climate Change on the ecology of
Homo sapiens.
The decrease in availability of fresh water impacts hygiene, as the decreased quantities of
fresh water are being shared by an increasing world population.
Chemicals and pesticides used to enhance crop development are impacting
gastrointestinal health as well as biodiversity, and further changes to the gut microbiota
are predicted.
MANAGEMENT OF CLIMATE CHANGE
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There are various ways that mitigation can reduce emissions.
These are transitioning to sustainable energy sources, conserving energy, and increasing efficiency.
It is possible to remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere.
This could be achieved through multimodal processes of carbon sequestration, such as but not
confined to the plantation of more trees and the enlargement of forests, restoration of wetlands,
oceans and other bodies of water and the employ of other natural and technical processes.
Several public-private partnerships have pledged to reduce emissions to prevent dangerous climate
change.
These pledges are in line with international negotiations to limit warming.
Solar energy and wind power have the greatest potential for mitigation at the lowest cost compared to
a range of other options.
These include long-distance electricity transmission, and diversification of renewables.
It is possible to reduce emissions from infrastructure that directly burns fossil fuels, such as vehicles
and heating appliances, by electrifying the infrastructure.
Using heat pumps and electric vehicles could improve energy efficiency.
Urban planning and design are among the most effective tools in dealing with climate change, because
they incorporate and address both mitigation and adaptation.
Other climate change mitigation policies include: carbon pricing through carbon taxes and carbon
emission trading, facilitating and simplifying the control measures and regulations for renewable
energy delivery, diminutions of fossil fuel subsidies, and divestment from fossil fuels, and subsidies for
clean energy.
Current and ongoing policies are estimated to instigate global warming of about 2.5 °C to 3 oC by
2100.
This warming is significantly above the 2015 Paris Agreement's goal of limiting global warming to well
below 2 °C and preferably to 1.5 °C or less.
Globally, limiting warming to 2 °C may result in higher economic benefits than economic costs.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) defines mitigation (of climate change) as "a
human intervention to reduce emissions or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases".
(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 1996)
It is possible to approach various complementary climate change mitigation measures in parallel.
MANAGEMENT OF CLIMATE CHANGE
• This is because there is no single pathway to limit global
warming to 1.5 or 2 °C.
• These subsets of fosterable climate change mitigation
measures include, but not confined to: fosterable agriculture
and green industrial policy; fosterable energy and
conveyance; energy conservation, including efficient energy
use, enhancing the global carbon sinks and carbon dioxide
elimination, such as carbon sequestration etc.
• The IPCC defined carbon dioxide elimination as
anthropogenic activities eliminating carbon dioxide (CO2)
from the troposphere and prudently saving it in geological,
arboreal floras, or hydrospheric reservoirs such as oceans or
other natural reservoirs etc.
• It includes existing and potential anthropogenic
enhancement of biological or geochemical CO2 sinks and
direct air carbon dioxide capture and storage (DACCS), but
excludes natural CO2 uptake not directly caused by human
activities." (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1996)
COMPLEMENTARY AND SUPPLEMENTARY CLIMATE CHANGE ATTENUATION AND REDUCTION THROUGH
AN ALTERNATIVE WITH SOLAR RADIATION MANAGEMENT OPTION.
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Some authors describe solar radiation management as a climate mitigation technology.
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Unrelated to greenhouse gas mitigation, solar radiation management approaches modifies the
mechanisms by which the earth adsorbs and reflects solar radiation.
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Technically, this strategy could be achieved through an attenuation and diminution of the amplitude
and magnitude of sunlight imparting and impaling on the interfaces on the troposphere, a diminution of
the optical girth and chronology and periodicity of the clouds, and alterations and enhancement of the
superficial reflective capacity and capability for the solar radiation.
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On the basis of IPCC descriptions, solar radiation management is technically more or less a
complementary and supplementary climate change attenuation and reduction alternative option.
•
Deforestation and other conservation and preservation alterations in land use equally emit carbon
dioxide and methane.
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The largest sources of anthropogenic methane emissions are agriculture, gas processing and use, in
addition to fugitive emissions from the fossil-fuel industry. (EarthCharts, 6 March 2020)
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There is now a concerted physiographic and geo-political solution to the problem of fluorinated gases
emissions from coolants, air conditioning units and refrigerants, given that several nations have
ratified the Kigali Amendment. (AP NEWS.October-November 2022).
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Given that carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most frequently and abundantly emitted greenhouse gas, during
the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow, several
regions,industries,academia,and complementary international organisations and nations proffered
their updates and reports on their initiatives and efforts to reduce their carbon footprints, in order to
be in consonance with the Paris agreement
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An examination of proffered data on this theme, suggests that only a few multilaterals, regions or
political entities namely – the EU, UK, Chile and Costa Rica and probably a few more other entities –
have published a detailed official policy plan that describes their steps to realise the 2030 climate
change mitigation targets. The US and EU in 2021, launched the Global Methane Pledge to cut
methane emissions by 30% by 2030.
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The UK, Argentina, Indonesia, Italy and Mexico joined this Global Methane Pledge initiative.
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Ghana and Iraq equally signaled interest in joining.
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IPCC recommendations include reducing fossil fuel consumption, increasing production from low- and
zero carbon energy sources, and increasing the employ of electricity and alternative energy conveyors
and dispensers.
COMPLEMENTARY AND SUPPLEMENTARY CLIMATE CHANGE
ATTENUATION AND REDUCTION THROUGH AN ALTERNATIVE
WITH SOLAR RADIATION MANAGEMENT OPTION.
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Nearly all scenarios and strategies involve a major increase in the
use of renewable energy in complement with increased energy
efficiency measures.
Promisingly, renewable energy sources, especially solar
photovoltaic and wind power, are providing an increasing share of
power capacity.
The proponents of the economic principles of a carbon price had
speculated and proposed that an augmentation of the
competitiveness of renewable energy outlets such as solar
photovoltaic and wind power etc holds a lot of potential and
promise for the future. (Oxford Martin School, 11th November
2019.)
In 2020, onshore wind and solar photovoltaics renewables were
the most cost effective and potentially stable and promising
energy outlet for novel pulsed bolus electricity generation
delivery in several well informed regions globally.
On the basis of the IPCC computations and extrapolations, in
themselves, these two given mitigation options have the most
determinant and cost-effective potential to diminish and erode
emissions before 2030 at low cost. (Bloomberg NEF, 28 April 2020).
A similar, but technically distinct innovation is the emergence and
employ of the concentrated solar power system, which applies the
use of mirrors or lenses to adsorp, trap and compact an enormous
surface area of solar radiation on to a receiver and receptacle.
OTHER RENEWABLES EMPLOYED IN
CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION EFFORTS.
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Scientifically, in the context of healthy climate change mitigation initiatives,
other relevant considerations for well-established renewable energy system
typologies will include hydropower, bioenergy and geothermal energy.
Hydroelectricity which is electricity generated by hydropower plays a
leading role in some regions of some nations such as but not confined to
Brazil, Norway and China, but there are several physiographic restrictions
and tropospheric and hydrospheric environmental challenges and concerns
with its wider scale employ.
Also additionally, tidal powers are potentially sources of renewable energy
and could be employed in several coastal regions globally.
Several evidential reports have demonstrated the prowess of bioenergy in
the proffer of energy source that has found wide application in electricity,
heat, conveyancing and commuting.
Bioenergy, in particular biogas, has a very satisfactory prowess and potential
to proffer portable and handy electricity delivery.
Currently, bioenergy is finding a futuristic promising application in the
aviation industry, where there is a growing interest in the employ of
renewable biofuels etc.
Another promising option in finding a fruitful application as a renewable
energy source for climate change mitigation innovations is geothermal
power (an electrical power derived and produced from geothermal energy).
(Geothermal Energy Association, May 2010, p. 4-6.)
Whereas, geothermal electricity generation is presently being used in about
thirty nations or more globally, geothermal heating is equally being employed
in about seventy countries or more globally.
ENERGY STORAGE DYNAMISM AND PRAGMATISM.
• Given that wind and solar power production
does not consistently match demand, in
order to proffer reliable electricity from
variable renewable energy sources such as
wind. (European Investment Bank,1
December 2022).and solar, electrical power
systems must be dynamism and
pragmatism friendly.(IEA,15 May 2020).
• Nesting divergent physiographic regions
through lengthy and widely ranged
territorial transmission lines also makes it
achievable to diminish fluctuations and
transfer energy needs in real time.
SECTOR COUPLING COULD PROFFER FURTHER
STORAGE DYNAMISM AND PRGAMATISM.
• Sector coupling implies coupling the
electricity sector to the thermal and
transmitting sector via power-to-thermalsystems and electric vehicles.
• In optimal weather, it may be
necessary to achieve overcapacity for
wind. (European Investment Bank, 1
December 2022), and solar
photavolcainic production and
delivery in order to guarantee
adequate electricity. (IEA
, 15 May 2020).
MEANINGFUL ALTERNATIVES TO FOSSIL FUEL ENERGY FOR
UTMOST CLIMATE CHANGE AMELIORATION AND MITIGATION
• THE STORAGE BATTERY INITIATIVES.
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Energy storage assists to ameliorate the inherent challenges of the inconstant
renewable energy initiatives.
Pumped-storage hydroelectricity is the most frequently applied, employed and handy
energy storage technique. (The Royal Society, 19 May 2021)
• NUCLEAR POWER
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Although, nuclear power could complement renewables for electricity, however, on the
other hand, environmental and security risks could outweigh the benefits.
SUBSTITUTING COAL WITH NATURAL GAS
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Shifting from the use of coal to natural gas has clear benefits with regards to health
safety, fosterfullness and durability.
For a given unit of energy produced, the life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of natural
gas are around forty times the emissions of wind or nuclear energy but are much less
than coal.
Burning natural gas produces around half the emissions of coal when used to produce
and deliver electrical energy and around two-thirds the emissions of coal when used to
produce thermal energy.
On comparative terms, liquefied natural gas combustion equally produces limited air
pollution, unlike coal.
However, natural gas is a potent greenhouse gas in itself, and leaks during extraction
and transportation could neutralize and obscure negate the apparent benefits of moving
from coal to Liquefied natural gas.
MEANINGFUL ALTERNATIVES TO FOSSIL FUEL ENERGY FOR UTMOST
CLIMATE CHANGE AMELIORATION AND MITIGATION
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DEMANDING REDUCTION AT THE INDIVIDUAL,FAMILY AND COMMUNITY LEVELS AS
DISSECTED ABOVE AND MORE.
• This inludes,but not confined to individuals positive action on climate change
mitigation through making the apposite dietary, housing, offsprings number, transport
and end users options as dissected above aimed to diminish their carbon footprints.
• ENERGY CONSERVATION AND EFFICIENT ENERGY USE
• This includes all measures that Homo sapiens would go out of their way to take in order
to reduce their carbon footprints.
BEHAVIOURAL AND LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS.
Globally, the emissions of the wealthiest one percent account for more than twice the
combined share of the least privileged fifty percent of the global population.
Meeting the one and half degrees centigrade climate change goal of the 2015 Paris
Agreement means that the wealthiest one percent would need to reduce their current
emissions by at least a factor of two scores and half, while per capita emissions of the
most less privileged fifty percent could increase by around three times their current levels.
These would include climate change friendly dietary, travel, domestic energy use, employ
and use of goods and services, and family size choices and options.
As Homo sapiens have pledged to reduce their carbon footprint, they should therefore aim
to apply and employ high-impact actions such as avoiding undue air travels, driving less
petrol-fuelled vehicles, eating mainly a plant-based diet, having fewer `offsprings, using
more of clothes and electrical products to keep warm or cold ,in addition to electrifying
their homes.
DIETARY MODIFICATIONS.
• LOW-CARBON DIET AND PLANT-BASED DIET
• Authoritative and reliable speculations
suggest that the widespread adoption of a
vegetarian diet could cut food-related
greenhouse gas emissions by up to two
thirds by 2050.( Global Energy
Transformation, 29 January 2020).
• Already some statutory policies have
introduced novel nutritional
recommendations since 2016, with the
overall objective of reducing the
consumption of meat based diet by about
one-half and in this way decreasing the
gas emissions significantly by the year
2030.
FAMILY SIZE.
• INDIVIDUAL ACTION ON CLIMATE
CHANGE AND FAMILY SIZE
It has been demonstrated that since 1950, the total
global population has tripled, this economic
progress driven population growth has resulted in
higher greenhouse gas emissions in most regions,
particularly in the less industrialised regions of the
world.
Several reports on this theme attributed increasing
domestic incomes, alterations in the consumption
and dietary patterns, as well as population explosion,
induced undue overcrowding on the available living,
farming and infrastructural physiographic
landspaces, the fauna and the flora of the wildlife
reserves, in addition to the hydrosphere and other
intangible natural resources etc.
These perturbations in the physiographic and
ecological balance allows enormous greenhouse gas
emissions and carbon sinks depletion and erosions.
THE CONSERVATION,PRESERVATION AND THE ENHANCEMENT OF CARBON SINKS.
• THE CONSERVATION,PRESERVATION AND THE ENHANCEMENT OF CARBON SINKS.
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According to the 2020 report of the Global Carbon Budget, it has been
estimated that about fifty six to sixty percent of the CO2 emissions have
been adsorbed by the natural carbon sinks such as but not confined to
arboreal flora growth, terrestrial soil re-uptake, and hydrospheric
assimilation especially the ocean uptakes etc.
Therefor an important mitigation measure will be the conservation,
preservation and the enhancement of the natural tropospheric and
hydrospheric carbon sinks.
• CARBON SEQUESTRATION INITIATVES AND INNOVATIONS
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Carbon sequestration, refers to the management of Earth's natural carbon
sinks in a way that preserves or increases their capability to remove CO2
from the troposphere and to store it durably in the grounded hydrospheres
especially the oceans.
In the context of climate change mitigation, the IPCC defines a sink as any
process, activity or mechanism which removes a greenhouse gas, an aerosol
or a precursor of a greenhouse gas from the troposphere.
Globally, the two most important and relevant carbon sinks are vegetation
and the ocean.
For Homo sapiens to augment the ability of ecosystems to sequester carbon,
changes are necessary in agriculture and forestry.
The terrestrial Land-based climate change mitigation options are referred to
as "AFOLU climate change mitigation options" in the 2022 IPCC report on
climate change mitigation.
This abbreviation stands for "agriculture, forestry and other land use"
This 2022 IPCC report on climate change mitigation report described the
economic mitigation potential from relevant activities around forests and
ecosystems as follows: "the conservation, improved management, and
restoration of forests and other ecosystems (coastal wetlands
(Environmental Protection Agency, 2009)
, peatlands, (IUCN, 6
November 2017). savannas and grasslands)".
CARBON SEQUESTRATION & FORESTRY, DEFORESTATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE, AND
REDUCING EMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATION AND FOREST DEGRADATION
• CONSERVATION :DEFORESTATION CONTROL,
DESERTIFICATION & ITS COUNTER MEASURES,
PROFORESTATION, AND WILDFIRE &
PREVENTION.
• Reports on these themes assert that transferring
land rights to indigenous inhabitants is argued to
efficiently conserve forests.
• The Stern Review on the economics of climate
change stated in 2007 that curbing deforestation
was a highly cost-effective way of diminishing
greenhouse gas emissions.
• Authoritative sources on this theme indicated that
up to ninety five percent of deforestation occurs in
the tropics of cancer and capricorn, where clearing
of thick bushes and forests on land intended for
seasonal agrarian and horticultural purposes were
the principal driving forces.(The Conversation, 29
June 2020.)
CARBON SEQUESTRATION BY WETLANDS,
CARBON SEQUESTRATION BY WETLANDS,
Wetland restoration is a pivotal
determinant climate change mitigation
technique.
It has been demonstrated to have a cost
effective moderate to great mitigation
potential on a given restricted land area.
Wetlands undertake some crucial
climate change mitigating roles such as
the sequestration of carbon and the
conversion of carbon dioxide to
phytostroma through photosynthesis, in
addition to the storage and regulation of
the hydrologic cycle.
CARBON SEQUESTRATION & SEQUESTRATION TECHNIQUES IN DEEP
OCEANS, OCEAN ACIDIFICATION & TECHNOLOGIES TO REMOVE
CARBON DIOXIDE FROM THE OCEAN, AND BLUE CARBON
• CARBON SEQUESTRATION & SEQUESTRATION TECHNIQUES IN
DEEP OCEANS, OCEAN ACIDIFICATION & TECHNOLOGIES TO
REMOVE CARBON DIOXIDE FROM THE OCEAN, AND BLUE CARBON
• These climate change mitigation options focus on the
molecules, which ocean reservoirs could accumulate for
storage, and includes ocean fertilization, ocean alkalinity
enhancement, in addition to enhanced weathering.
• The IPCC defined in 2022 that the ocean-based mitigation
measures were not optimally exploited and that this may
continue to be the position in the near future. (National
Geographic Society.26th March 2020).
• Blue carbon management is another type of ocean-based
biological carbon dioxide elimination technique, which
involves, land-based as well as ocean-based approaches.
• Technically, the nomenclature and terminology of blue
carbon management refers to the role which hydrospheric
floras such as but not confined to sea grasses, tidal marshes,
and mangroves etc could undertake in carbon sequestration.
(National Geographic Society.26th March 2020).
ENHANCED WEATHERING
• ENHANCED WEATHERING
• The carbon sequestration process of
enhanced weathering which could remove
up to 2–4 Gt of CO2 annually aims to
augment natural weathering by spreading
finely ground silicate rock, such as basalt,
onto surfaces.
• This accelerates the chemical reactions
between rocks, water, and air; it equally
eliminates carbon dioxide from the
troposphere, terminally saving and storing
it in petrous carbonate minerals and
alkaline ocean water. (National
Geographic Society.26th March 2020).
(The Guardian). 9 June 2016.)
OTHER METHODS TO CAPTURE AND STORE CO2:DIRECT AIR
CAPTURE, CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE, AND BIOENERGY
WITH CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE
Carbon capture and storage is a method to mitigate climate
change by capturing CO2 from large point sources, such as
cement factories or biomass power plants, which are then
jettisoned hygienically, instead of permitting it to be emitted
into the troposphere. (National Geographic Society.26th
March 2020).
The IPCC estimates that the costs of halting global warming
would double if co2 management strategies such as CCS is
not in place.
Another step forward in this regard is bioenergy with carbon
capture and storage (BECCS) which improves on the potential
of CCS with the overall objective of diminishing atmospheric
CO2 levels.
Since BECCS employs biomass grown for bioenergy, in a way
therefore, BECCS is a bonafide negative emissions technology
(NET).
Currently and in the medium and longer term futuristic climate
change mitigating strategic plans, BECCS forms and will
continue to proffer an immense and remarkable contribution
in the attainment of the climate change mitigating targets up
to and beyond 2050 in frameworks modelling, such as by the
Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) nested to the IPCC
procedures.
• ENERGY-EFFICIENT BUILDINGS, SUSTAINABLE
ARCHITECTURE, AND GREEN BUILDING:RENEWABLE HEAT,
PASSIVE COOLING, AND LOW-ENERGY HOUSE
• Several anecdotal reports on the theme of significant global
greenhouse emission reports, especially pertaining to CO2
emission have been buttressed by some credible evidential
reports that the building construction units contributes about
one quarter of the global energy-associated CO2 emissions.
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Approximately one-half of the energy is applied to air and
hydrologic thermal warming.
• Constructive insulations of the building of Homo sapiens
could diminish the obligatory energy demands of these
buildings considerably.
• Heat pump loads could also provide a dynamic and pragmatic
technique and resource that can participate in demand
response to integrate variable renewable resources into the
grid.
• Heat pumps efficiently heat buildings, and cool them by air
conditioning.
• A modern heat pump typically transports around three to five
times more thermal energy than electrical energy consumed.
• The amount depends on the coefficient of
performance and the extramural ambient
temperature.
• Refrigeration and air conditioning account
for about one in ten of global CO2 emissions
caused by fossil fuel-based energy
production and the use of fluorinated gases.
• Alternative cooling systems, such as
passive cooling building design and passive
daytime radiative cooling surfaces, could
significantly diminish air conditioning use.
• Suburbs and cities in hot and arid climates
could significantly diminish energy
consumption from cooling with daytime
radiative cooling.
SUSTAINABLE ,HYGIENIC AND CONVENIENT MEANS OF CONVEYANCE
AND GRADUAL PHASE-OUT OF FOSSIL FUEL MOTOR VEHICLES.
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SUSTAINABLE ,HYGIENIC AND CONVENIENT MEANS OF CONVEYANCE
AND GRADUAL PHASE-OUT OF FOSSIL FUEL MOTOR VEHICLES.
• An upward trend in the vending figures of electric vehicles
(EVs) is a proximate indicator of a trend towards moving
away from gas-powered vehicles, which generate and emit
greenhouse gases. (Bloomberg NEF, McKerracher, Colin, 12
January 2023).
• Fairly lengthy anecdotal reports have been buttressed by
evidential figures which indicate that conveyance with
fossil based motoring vehicles contributes up to one in six
of all greenhouse gases emissions globally.
• Augmenting the employ of mass public conveyance, lowcarbon based freight conveyance and cycling are important
components of conveyance decarbonisation.
• Electric vehicles and environmentally friendly rail equally
will assist the reduction of the use of fossil fuels.
• More often than not, travel on electric trains have efficient
cost benefit ratio than flight and articulated vehicle
conveyance with regards to its climate change mitigating
impact.
OTHER EFFICIENCY MEANS INCLUDE IMPROVED PUBLIC TRANSPORT,
SMART MOBILITY, CAR SHARING AND ELECTRIC HYBRIDS.
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OTHER EFFICIENCY MEANS INCLUDE IMPROVED PUBLIC TRANSPORT,
SMART MOBILITY, CAR SHARING AND ELECTRIC HYBRIDS.
• It is thought to be a very prudent climate change mitigating
strategy for fossil-fuel based passenger vehicles to be
factored in for emissions trading.
• Furthermore, moving away from a fossil fuel vehicledominated conveyance mechanism towards a low-carbon
advanced mass public conveyance initiative is very
consequential.
• Since heavyweight, huge private cars and huge goods
delivery articulated vehicles require a huge amount of energy
to operate and take up much urban space, with climate
change mitigation steps very high in the agenda, several
alternatives strategies of conveyance which already exists
and are getting more and more handy and readily available
should be instituted to relegate these.
• Since the European Union has made smart mobility part of its
European Green Deal agenda, in smart cities, therefore smart
conveyance should be equally considered very crucial.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF SHIPPING ON GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS.
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF SHIPPING ON GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS.
It is already very well known that in the shipping industry as a group , the
use of liquefied natural gas (LNG) as a marine bunker fuel has been driven by
emissions statutory regulations.( US Energy Information
Administration,2021).
In this context, it is therefore obligatory that ship operators must move away
from heavy fuel oil to more expensive oil-based fuels, implement costly fuel
gas refinement technologies or move over to LNG engines.
Methane slip, a dysfunctional mechanistic phenomenon of methane gas
leaking uncombusted through the engine, considerably undermines the costbenefit ratios of LNG as a climate change mitigating energy option.
The imminent statutory recommendation of LNG has brought some policy
and procedural challenges for stakeholders and end-users in this regard,
such as Maersk, a global household name with the most colossal vessel
shipping line and containers’ merchant’s client service provider, bemoaning
budgetary deficits when diverting bridging fuels such as LNG. (Maersk.2021)
In a bid to resolve this conundrum, the enterprise has undertaken a
compilation of other more climate change mitigating gas energy alternatives
and options, including green ammonia as one of its acceptable and wishful
fuel typology in the near future.
In this regard, Maersk pledged that its first carbon-neutral vessel, operating
on carbon-neutral methanol should be on the global hydrosphere by at most
2023. (Maersk.2021)
From the Scandinavia, Norway’s is intent and determined to go by the policy
of an all-electric fleet by 2025.
Other important and relevant contributions in this regard are the interest of
several cruise operators in the piloting of partially hydrogen-powered ships.
In addition, for abbreviated shuttles, hybrid and all electric ferries would be
climate friendly options.
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AIR CONVEYANCE:THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND
HEALTH IMPACT OF AVIATION GAS EMMISIONS.
An aggregation of tropospherical and environmental aviation CO2 emission data from the second fifth of
the twentieth century to the first fifth of the twenty first century, indicated that aviation CO2 emissions
grew from about half percent and one percent to about two percent and three percent of all CO2
emissions.
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It has been demonstrated, documented and reported that Jet airliners impact negatively on climate
change by emitting carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, contrails and other uncharacterized particulates,
making their radiative forcing to be estimated at one and half that of CO2 alone, excluding its induced
cirrus cloud.
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It was computed that in fist fifth of the twenty first century, that, the global commercial operations
generated about two to three percent of all CO2 emissions. (European Commission.2016).
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Overall, on the average, although, the aviation industry has become more fuel efficient, however, their
overall emissions have risen as the volume of flights has equally risen.
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By 2020, aviation emissions were about sixty to eighty percent higher than in 2005 and they could
augment by up to three hundred percent by 2050.
t has been envisaged that rationalizing and positively modifying flight routes to diminish non-CO2 effects on
climate from nitrogen oxides, particulates or contrails could equally be positively contributory. (European
Commission.23 November 2016.)
There has been a heightened speculation that the trilogy of aviation biofuel, carbon emission trading and
carbon offsetting, which are seminal components of the one hundred and ninety one nations ICAO's Carbon
Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA), could attenuate and diminish CO2
emissions. (European Commission.2016).
Short-haul flight bans, train connections, personalized choices and options, in addition to taxation on flights
could encourage undue flight controls and regulations.
t is positively anticipated that hybrid electric aircraft and electric aircraft or hydrogen-powered aircraft could
n the near future be equitably substituted for the fossil fuel-powered aircraft.
Credible sources espoused that experts and stakeholders in this regard are intent on working towards hybriddriven aircraft to commence commercial regional scheduled flights after 2030.
Similarly it is positively envisaged that battery-powered aircraft will likely be available for services after
entering the market after 2035. (Eurocontrol.4 September 2019.)
t is envisaged that it is within the operational policy and principles of CORSIA, that flight operators could
purchase carbon offsets to cover their emissions above the 2019 levels, in this regard it is expected that
AGRICULTURE, ,HORTICULTURE,FORESTRY,AND LAND USE
• Almost one in five of greenhouse gas emissions
come from the agriculture and forestry sector.
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MITIGATION MEASURES IN THE FOOD SYSTEM COULD BE DIVIDED INTO THEMATIC CATEGORIES.
These are demand-side changes, ecosystem protections, mitigation on farms, and mitigation in supply
chains.
On the demand context, limiting food waste is an effective way to reduce food emissions.
Modifications to dietary options which are less dependent on animal products such as plant-based
diets are equally some climate friendly options. (Our World in Data ,14thApril 2023.)
With about one in five contribution fraction to the global methane emissions, cattles are major drivers
of global warming.
With the elimination of rainforests and their conversion to grazing spaces, the impact of climate
change is even higher.
Other livestock such as the equine species, manure manufacture, use and management, in addition to
rice cultivation also emit greenhouse gases, in addition to fossil fuel combustion in agriculture. (Our
World in Data, 16th November 2022.)
Important mitigation options for reducing the greenhouse gas emissions from livestock include but not
confined to genetic selection, introduction of methanotrophic bacteria into the rumen, vaccines,
feeds, diet modification and grazing management.
Other equitable climate mitigating options include, but not confined to diet modifications towards
ruminant-free alternatives, such as milk substitutes and meat analogues etc.
Non-ruminant livestocks, such as poultry, emit far fewer GHGs.
It is achievable to cut methane emissions in rice cultivation by improved water management,
combining dry seeding and one drawdown, or executing a sequence of wetting and drying etc.
These results in emission reductions of up to ninety percent compared to full flooding, in addition it
could even proffer increased yields etc.
CLIMATE MITIGATING APPROACHES IN INDUSTRIES.
• CLIMATE MITIGATING APPROACHES IN INDUSTRIES.
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Industry is the largest emitter of greenhouse gases when direct and indirect emissions
are included.
It is a given axiom that electrification could ameliorate and diminish emissions from the
industry.
Green hydrogen could equally undertake a pivotal role in energy-intensive industries,
where electricity may not be an apposite option.
Further climate change mitigation options would involve the steel and cement
industries, which could move to less polluting production process.
Also, it is achievable for most utility products to be made with less synthetic material in
order to reduce their emission-intensities, and additionally, industrial processes could
be made more efficient and less combustible and more climate friendly.
Finally, a recycling culture complemented by circular economic measures could reduce
the need for exotic and new material.
Furthermore, this approach could equally save on emissions that would have been
released from the mining of collecting of those materials.
The decarbonisation of cement production requires very sophiscated and novel
technologies, and therefore investment in high tech state of the art innovations. (Oxford
Institute for Energy Studies, 25th November, 2022.)
The use of bioconcrete would be one possibility to reduce emissions.
However, the future in this aspect might not be so near since the technology for its
utmost climate change mitigation contributions are yet to mature in the very near
future.
So CCS will be necessary at least in the first instance as a short-term measure.
Another sector with a significant carbon footprint is the steel sector, which is
responsible for about 7% of global emissions.
EMISSIONS CAN BE REDUCED BY USING ELECTRIC ARC FURNACES TO MELT AND
RECYCLE SCRAP STEEL.
TO PRODUCE PRESTINE STEEL WITHOUT EMISSIONS, BLAST FURNACES COULD BE
REPLACED BY HYDROGEN DIRECT REDUCED IRON AND ELECTRIC ARC FURNACES.
• Alternatively, carbon capture and storage solutions can
be used.
• Coal, gas and oil production often come with significant
methane leakage.
• In the early 2020s some governments recognized the
scale of the problem and introduced regulations.
• Methane leaks at oil and gas wells and processing
plants are cost-effective to fix in countries which can
easily trade gas internationally.
• Coalbed methane may continue leaking even after the
mine has been closed.
• But it can be captured by drainage and/or ventilation
systems.
• Fossil fuel firms do not always have financial incentives
to tackle methane leakage.
CO-BENEFITS OF CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION ON HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON HUMAN HEALTH & HEALTH CO-BENEFITS FROM MITIGATION
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The health benefits from climate change mitigation are significant.
Potential measures can not only mitigate future health impacts from climate change but
also improve health directly.
Climate change mitigation is interconnected with various health co-benefits, such as
those from reduced air pollution.
Air pollution generated by fossil fuel combustion is both a major driver of global
warming and the cause of a large number of annual deaths.
Mitigation policies can also promote healthier diets such as more plant based diet, less
red meat, more active lifestyles, and increased exposure to green urban spaces.(Leiden
University,15 February 2022).
Access to urban green spaces provides benefits to mental health as well.
The increased use of green and blue infrastructure can reduce the urban heat island
effect. This reduces heat stress on people.
Studies suggest that efforts to reduce consumption of goods and services have largely
beneficial effects on several constituents of well-being.
Future sustainable pathways scenarios may result in a considerable annual reduction of
air pollution-related deaths, diet-related deaths, and deaths due to physical inactivity,
across several regions in two decades time.
These benefits were attributable to the mitigation of direct greenhouse gas emissions
and the accompanying actions that reduce exposure to harmful pollutants, as well as
improved diets and safe physical activity.
Globally the cost of limiting warming to 2 °C is less than the value of the extra years of
life due to cleaner air.
In the transportation sector mitigation strategies could enable more equitable access
to transportation services and reduce congestion.
Addressing inequality could assist with climate change mitigation efforts.
PLACING HEALTH AS A KEY FOCUS OF THE NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS COULD
PRESENT AN OPPORTUNITY TO INCREASE AMBITION AND REALISE HEALTH CO-BENEFITS.
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION:THE COMPLEMENTARY AND SYNERGISTIC POSITIVE
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HEALTH IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION
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Some climate change mitigation and adaptation measures especially the
environmental natural measures have both complementary and synergistic
positive health impacts.
It has been demonstrated that in the urban context, green and blue house
floors, walls and roofs,greeny trees, garden and flowers function
synergistically with the other appurtenances and infrastructure which
provide mitigation as well as adaptation benefits.
These additives climate change adaptation and mitigation positive health
impacts could be appreciated through reduced global warming with less
hyperethermias, heat strokes, increased precipitation with very torrential
rains and flash floodings and the untoward health consequences of these as
has been previously described above.
Other complementary and synergistic climate change adaptive and
mitigating initiatives could be in the form of urban forests and street trees,
green roads, pavements, floor, walkways, roofs and walls, urbanisation of
horticulture, agriculture and so forth.
Other important climate friendly considerations in this regard would include
the timely scheduling and implementation of carbon emission trading and
carbon taxations globally.
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COSTS AND FUNDING: ECONOMICS OF CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION, ASSESEMENTS OF
COSTS, BENEFITS AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
Several factors such as the comparative referential alternatives affect the climate change
mitigation cost estimates.
Others are the way costs are modeled and structured, in addition to the inferences and
predictions on the futuristic prospective statutory policies, budgetary allocation and
strategic plans.
The proximate probit cost estimates for mitigation for any contexual given specific
physiographic, economic and geopolitical region or zone will be contigent on the
assessed impact and magnitude of the emissions, relative to its permissible limits for
that region, the projected periodicity of the interventions in addition to the exigency of
the timing of the given interventions.
Reports on this theme indicated that mitigation costs will equally depend on the logistics,
time, technicalities and the degree of expertise and sophisticated instrumentations and
techniques demands of the warranted climate mitigation processes.
Anecdotally and evidentially, employing the Paris Agreement as the reference standard, it
has been demonstrated that following a timely rapid participatory appraisals of the
climate change direct and indirect health impact in any given community an early and
timely conceptualization,planning,initiation,implementation and rigorous evaluation and
monitoring with community participatory input has been observed to have the most
efficient cost benefit ratio and minimizes the overall costs significantly until the
projects closure.
Although financial experts have argued that as an interventional impact assessor and
evaluator, that the cost–benefit analysis instrument may not be all that a very appropriate
analytical tool for the climate changes mitigation impact after, however employing this
popular tool, policymakers and the other relevant statutory economic stakeholders
could collate the comparative climate change mitigation costs of several
approaches,initiatives,techniques and strategies in order to methods to assess,
evaluate and compute the proximate budgetary allocation, cost and logistics
implications of several mitigation options of possible abatement, for an informed
COSTS AND FUNDING: ECONOMICS OF CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION, ASSESEMENTS OF
COSTS, BENEFITS AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
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Economists estimate the cost of climate change mitigation stands
at between one and two percent of the global GDP.
• Whereas, critics of climate change mitigating initiatives bemoans
that this is a colossal sum, however friendly climate proponents
assert that this is overall a far cry in comparison to the subsidies
statutory policies allow the climate unfriendly fossil fuel industry.
• The International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimated that on the
average this sum is more than Five Trillion US Dollars
annually.(IMF,31 October 2020)
• The economic repercussions of mitigation vary widely across
regions, domestic settings and households, depending on policy
design, principles and level of international cooperation.
• It has been demonstrated and already well known that by inference,
delayed global cooperation increases policy costs across regions,
especially in those that are relatively carbon intensive at present.
• Admittedly, the climate change mitigation real time indirect and
direct impacts on the health, psychological, sociological and
economic welfare of Homo sapiens effects are comparatively much
more appreciable and consequential.
THE MANAGEMENT OF THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE.
• THE MANAGEMENT OF THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE.
• It is possible to avoid some of the costs of the effects of
climate change by limiting climate change itself.
• DISTRIBUTING EMISSIONS COMBATING COSTS.
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Mitigation at the speed and scale required to limit warming to 2 °C
or below implies deep economic and structural adjustments.
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FUNDING:CLIMATE FINANCE AND ECONOMICS OF CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION& FINANCE
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In order to reconcile economic development with mitigating carbon
emissions, developing countries need particular support.
This would imply both financial and technical support.
The IPCC found that accelerated support would also tackle inequities in
financial and economic vulnerability to climate change.
One way to achieve this is the Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM).
FEASIBILITY , POTENTIAL AND RISK IN CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION
To achieve a drastic reduction in emissions and a significant increase in
carbon uptake from the atmosphere, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC), in 2022, recommended a considerable number of mitigation
options whose feasibility and potential are yet to be examined in each
context.
The IPCC endorsed an approach to assess the ʽfeasibilityʼ of mitigation
options.
THE APPROACH SUGGESTS THAT THE ASSESSMENT OF OPTIONS CAN BE
DONE BY TAKING INTO CONSIDERATION SIX FEASIBILITY DIMENSIONS,
NAMELY GEOPHYSICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL-ECOLOGICAL, TECHNOLOGICAL,
ECONOMIC, SOCIO-CULTURAL, AND INSTITUTIONAL DIMENSIONS.
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The approach has been developed with a special focus on identifying
barriers to and enablers of the deployment of mitigation actions and
thus assessing their feasibility (IPCC, 2022).
For the IPCC a mitigation option can fail to achieve its intended
outcome, or create an adverse outcome elsewhere.
SOME RECOMMENDED ROBUST CLIMATE MITIGATING POLICIES.
Municipal policies and urban planning
Bicycles have almost no carbon footprint.
Cities have a big potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Climate-smart urban planning aims to reduce the distance travelled
by Homo sapiens.
This lowers emissions from transportation.
It supports mixed use of space and transit.
Walking, cycling and sharing vehicles could diminish the magnitude of
urban emissions. (UKCCC ,2020).
Urban forestry, lakes and other blue and green infrastructure can
reduce emissions directly and indirectly by reducing energy demand for
cooling.
Switching from cars by improving walkability and cycling infrastructure is
either free or beneficial to a country's economy as a whole.
Methane emissions from municipal solid waste can be reduced by
segregation, composting, and recycling.
GLOBAL REGIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATING STATUTORY POLICIES
• Although China is the leading producer of CO2 emissions in the world with
the U.S. second, per capita the U.S. leads China by a fair margin (data from
2017).
• Climate change mitigation policies can have a large and complex impact on
the socio-economic status of individuals and countries
• This can be both positive and negative.
• It is important to design policies well and make them inclusive.
• Otherwise climate change mitigation measures could impose higher financial
costs on less privileged households.
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THE MOST EFFECTIVE AND ECONOMICALLY EFFICIENT APPROACH OF ACHIEVING LOWER
EMISSIONS IN THE ENERGY SECTOR IS TO APPLY A COMBINATION OF MEASURES.
These include market-based instruments such as taxes and permits,
standards, and information policies.
Types of national policies that would support climate change mitigation
include:
• CONTROL AND REGULATORY PRINCIPLES AND STANDARDS:
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These set technology or performance standards.
They could be effective in addressing the market failure of informational
barriers.
If the costs of regulation are less than the benefits of addressing the market
failure, standards can result in net benefits.
One example is fuel-efficiency standards for cars.
Market-based instruments such as emission taxes and charges.
An emissions tax requires domestic emitters to pay a fixed fee or tax for
every ton of CO2-eq GHG emissions they release into the atmosphere.
If every emitter were to face the same level of tax, emitters would choose
the lowest cost way of achieving emission reductions at the first instance.
ECONOMICALLY AND FINACIALLY NEGOTIABLE PERMITS:
Since it is given that permit systems could contain and restrict emissions, some
number of permits could be issued which should be commensurate to the
accepted emission upper ranges.
In this scheme, every entity subject to greenhouse gas emissions statutory
regulation must hold the amount of permits in consonance to its real
emissions.
A tradable permit system can be cost-effective if costs are not excessive.
There must also be no significant imperfections in the permit market and
markets relating to emitting activities.
VOLUNTARY AGREEMENTS:
These are agreements between statutory policies, often in the form of public
agencies, academia and the industry.
These agreements may relate to general issues, such as research and
development.
PROPPING UP INFORMATIONAL CHANNELS AND INSTRUMENTS:
Since compromised communication and information is a barrier to improving
energy efficiency or reducing emissions, the communicative promotional
channels on renewable energy to mitigate climate change should be propped
up..
Examples of policies in this area include increasing public awareness of energy
saving with home heating and insulation or emissions from meat and dairy
products.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT POLICIES:
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Some areas, such as soil, may differ by physiographic regions and so multicentric
multinational research may be warranted.
Whereas other technologies endevours such as floating wind power, may need financial
support to reach commercial scales etc.
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LOW CARBON POWER:
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ENERGY NEEDS AND DEMAND REGULATORY MANAGEMENT APPROACHES:
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INTRODUCING OR ELIMINATING SUBSIDIES:
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Some statutory policies may favour to finance technologies considered risky by the
private sector, such as nuclear power with low carbon foot print (but with other safety
concerns) and postpone initiatives on solar power and onshore wind.
This aims to reduce energy demand, e.g. through energy audits, labelling, and
regulation.
An innovative project on subsidy for greenhouse gas emissions diminutions pays
private, public, NGOs and cooperate entities a dedicated and prescribed sum of funds
per ton of CO2-eq for every ton of greenhouse gas they diminished or sequestered.
However, overall, subsidies have less cost benefit co-efficients when compared to
properly managed statutory taxations.
In addition, it has been noted that maldistributional and unhealthy competitiveness
challenges and difficulties occasionally emanates when energy/emission taxes are
coupled with subsidies or tax exceptions.
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CREATING SUBSIDIES AND FINANCIAL INCENTIVES.
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ISSUING OUT OF SUBSIDIES ON ENERGY MITIGATING ACTIVITIES ETC.
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An archetypical example is the creation of energy subsidies to support clean generation
which is not yet commercially viable such as tidal power.
There is a growing interest in several regions to proffer subsidies for activities that
influence greenhouse gas emissions etc.
Examples are subsidies in the agriculture and energy sectors, and indirect subsidies for
conveyance.
A GREEN REVOLUTION AGENDA
• A GREEN REVOLUTION AGENDA, calls for global central bank
money creation to fund green infrastructure.
• LAISEZ AFFAIRES ENERGY ECONOMY.
• The operational Energy markets have been restructured in
several countries and regions.
• These policies mainly aim to increase competition in the
market.
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PHASING OUT FOSSIL FUEL SUBSIDIES IS VERY IMPORTANT.
• Some interesting data derived on this climate mitigating
strategy implies that, more often than not, however, low
fossil fuel prices favour the affluent family units more than
the less privileged ones households.
• CARBON PRICING,CARBON PRICE,CARBON EMISSION TRADE
AND ALLOWANCE PRICES
• Several proponents of this scheme, have argued that
imposing additional costs on greenhouse gas emissions can
make fossil fuels less competitive and accelerate
investments into low-carbon sources of energy.
A GROWING NUMBER OF COUNTRIES RAISE A FIXED
CARBON TAX OR PARTICIPATE IN DYNAMIC
CARBON EMISSION TRADING SYSTEMS.
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In 2021, more than twenty percent of the global greenhouse gas emissions
were covered by a carbon price.
This was a big increase from earlier figures, due to the introduction of the
Chinese national carbon trading scheme.
Although, methane emissions from fossil fuel extraction are occasionally
taxed, however methane and nitrous oxide from agriculture are typically not
subject to taxation.
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INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS,POLITICS OF CLIMATE CHANGE:CLIMATE CHANGE &
POLICIES AND POLITICS, AND CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION FRAMEWORKS.
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Globally, almost all countries are parties to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
The ultimate objective of the UNFCCC is to stabilize atmospheric
concentrations of greenhouse gases at a level that would prevent dangerous
human interference with the climate system
Although not designed for this purpose, the Montreal Protocol has positively
impacted on climate change mitigation efforts.
Similarly, the Montreal Protocol is an international treaty that has
successfully reduced emissions of ozone-depleting substances such as
CFCs.
These are also greenhouse gases, whose mitigation needs to have been
factored into the Paris agreement.
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THE ESSENCE AND REMITS OF THE PARIS AGREEMENT
The Paris Agreement (French: Accord de Paris), often referred to as the Paris Accords or the Paris Climate
Accords, is an international treaty on climate change.
Adopted in 2015, the agreement covers climate change mitigation, adaptation, and the required financial
resources.
The Paris Agreement was negotiated by about two hundred parties at the 2015 United Nations Climate
Change Conference near Paris, France.
As of February 2023, almost two hundred members of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC) are parties to the agreement. (UN Framework Convention on Climate
Change – UNFCCC, 2022).(United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change | United Nations
Secretary-General,2022).
The United States receded from the agreement in 2020, but rejoined in 2021. (Whitehouse.gov, 2016)
The Paris Agreement's long-term temperature goal is to keep the rise in mean global temperature to well
below 2 °C (3.6 °F) above pre-industrial levels, and preferably limit the increase to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F),
recognizing that this would substantially reduce the effects of climate change. (UNFCCC, 2015)
To achieve this goal, emissions should be diminished reduced as soon as would be achievable, with the
intent of attaining a net zero by the middle of the twenty first century.
To stay below one and half degrees centigrade of global warming, emissions need to be cut by roughly one
half by 2030.
It aims to assist countries to fiduciarily adapt to climate change effects, and mobilize enough financial and
technical resources.
Under this contractual agreement, each country must identify, determine, plan, implement and regularly
report on its contributions to climate change mitigation initiatives.
No approach or strategy compels any given country to set specific emissions targets, but the overall aim
is that each succeeding target should go above preceding targets.
In contrast to the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, the distinction between developed (more industrialised) and
developing(less industrialised) countries is blurred, so that the latter also have to submit plans for
emission reductions.
HISTORIOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVES OF THE INTERNATIONAL DIPLOMATIC EFFORTS ON CLIMATE CAHNGE
MITIGATION:CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION FRAMEWORK, HISTORY OF CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY AND
POLITICS, KYOTO PROTOCOL &CHRONOLOGY, AND PARIS AGREEMENT& DEVELOPMENT
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Historigraphically, efforts to deal with climate change have taken place at a
multinational level.
They involve attempts to reach a consensus decision at the United Nations, under the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). (UNFCCC, 2019),
(UNFCCC, 2002), (UNFCCC. 2021)
This is the dominant approach historically of engaging as many international statutory
organisational and sovereign policies as would be achievable in taking decisions,
initiatives and execution on critical impactful global public health issue such as climate
change mitigating initiatives.
The Montreal Protocol in 1987 is an evidence that this approach is achievable.
The Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC adopted in 1997 set out legally binding emission
reduction commitments for the "Annex 1" countries.
The Paris Agreement reached in 2015, (UNFCCC, 2015) initially overlapped and
eventually succeeded the Kyoto Protocol which expired in 2020.
Countries that ratified the Kyoto protocol committed to reduce their emissions of
carbon dioxide and five other greenhouse gases, or engage in carbon emissions trading
if they maintain or increase emissions of these gases.
In 2015, the UNFCCC's structured expert dialogue came to the conclusion that, in some
regions and vulnerable ecosystems, high risks are projected even for warming above
1.5 °C. (UNFCCC, 2015)
Together with the strong diplomatic voice of the least privileged nations, this expert
finding was the driving force leading to the decision of the 2015 Paris Climate
Conference to lay down this 1.5 °C long-term target on top of the existing 2 °C goal.
(UNFCCC, 2021.)(UNFCCC, 2015)
The SOCIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL ASPECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
MITIGATION INITIATIVES:VOLUNTARY COMMITMENTS TO DIVEST.
More firms plan to invest in climate change mitigation,
specifically focusing on low-carbon sectors and divest in
fossil fuel.
Socially responsible investing funds allow investors to invest in
funds that meet high environmental, social and corporate
governance (ESG) standards, although there will be need to
watch out for greenwashing and greensheening, and
discourage such climate change mitigation malpractices.
In order to decarbonise societies the state needs to play a
predominant role.
This is because it requires a massive coordination and
governance approaches and strategies.
This strong government role could only work well if there is
social cohesion, political stability, sense of purpose and
trust.
For land-based mitigation options, finance is a major barrier.
Other barriers are cultural values, governance, accountability
and institutional capacity and capability.
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES FACE FURTHER BARRIERS TO MITIGATION.
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There was an estimated cost of capital increased in the early 2020s, probably related to the impact of
the COVID Virus.
A lack of available capital and finance is common in the developing regions.
Together with the absence of regulatory standards, this barrier supports the proliferation of inefficient
equipment.
There are also financial and capacity barrier in many of these most vulnerable regions.
Several investigations have asserted that only an inconsequential fraction of all the internationally
and domiciliary sourced funding for climate-related research goes on the psychological and social
aspects of climate change mitigation.
Vastly more funding goes on natural science studies of climate change.
There are some research into ways to recycle solar panels and electronic waste.
This would create a source for materials so there will no need to mine them.
Scholars have found that discussions about risks and negative side-effects of mitigation measures
could lead to deadlock or the feeling that there are insuperable barriers to taking action.
Previous research in various regions globally, have asserted that food coupons and cash transfers ,in
addition to supply of staple foods and cereals are encouraging measure’s to ameliorate starvation and
give the most vulnerable communities hope.
Greenhouse gas emissions rebounded later in the pandemic as many countries began lifting
restrictions. The direct impact of pandemic policies had a negligible long-term impact on climate
change.
An attempt to determine the proximate carbon dioxide emission by regions using Geospatial
Information Systems(GIS) etc suggest that though overall, China has larger emissions, however, North
America has more emissions per person.
It is an axiom that wealthier industrialized regions emit more carbon dioxide (CO2) per person than
less privileged and less industrialized developing regions.
Histriographically, the statutory policies on climate change has been subjected to several
authoritative modifications in North America.
Although, the 2001 to 2009 statutory policy elected not to endorse the Kyoto Protocol, however, the
2009 to 2017 executives accepted to participate and honoured the Paris Agreement.
(Whitehouse.gov.2016.US )
The 2017 to 2021 governance however receded from the Paris Agreement while increasing the export
of crude oil and gas, making the United States the largest exporter and producer.
FURTHER EFFORTS AND CONTRIBUTIONS TO CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION.
• In 2021, the US statutory policy committed to reducing
emissions to one-half of the 2005 levels by 2030.
(Whitehouse.gov.2016). (AP NEWS. 2022-08-16.)
• The US in 2022, endorsed the Inflation Reduction Act into
law, which is estimated to provide about four hundred billion
US Dollars over a decade towards climate change mitigation
initiatives.( United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change | United Nations Secretary-General.2020.)
• As of 2022 the social cost of carbon is fifty one dollars a ton,
whereas academics say it should be more than three times
higher.
• As a climate change mitigation measure, the Chinese
national carbon trading scheme commenced in 2021.
• As part of its commitment to attain the international climate
mitigation standards, China has committed to peak its
highest greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 and attain its net
zero levels by 2060.
• The responsible statutory authorities have accepted the fact
that these targeted international climate mitigation
standards cannot be attained even if it is only the coal plants
without the fossil fuel plants operate in china, unless there
are carbon recapture mechanisms inherent in the coal
MY FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS ON THE HEALTH IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE.
• As I conclude, this written statement on the human health impact of global warming
due to climate change other important ecological, geographical and epidemiological
themes worthy of consideration would be further updates on the global health impact
of hypothermia and multisystemic cold injury associated with climate change and its
multimodal management, besides those related to climate change instigated near
drowning and drowning which culminated in my synthesis of an updated account of my
research on this theme following a rigorous examination, reviews and analysis on this
theme after taking ideas from my previous works and other related subjects.
• Another pertinent research, that I am addressing in my ongoing research development,
while Homo sapiens are undertaking the climate change mitigation and adaptation
efforts in earnest is, whether climate change is an attempt by nature to persuade Homo
sapiens to gradually leave our earth planet by instigating Homo sapiens to rigorous
commence and sustain the rigorous discovery and search for other more congenial,
natural, pristine and preplanned habitable planet, where there would be codes of
conduct, rules, regulations and statutory policies already in place for the conservation
and preservation nature?.
• These earth bound Homo sapiens, planetary migration to a novel planet intiatives will
draw lessons from the previous histriographic abrupt impulsive climatic change about
3,000 years ago that forced the “Homo (archaic human being)” out of animalistic
wildlife to undergo a graded time phased evolutionary transformation into a more
encephalized, healthier,
ethically,mentally,psychologically,morally,culturally,p[hysically, and socially advanced
Homo sapiens with a continual cogent ,spontaneous and need driven developmental
mindset.
• Another pertinent question that I aimed to tackle is, whether by instinct or necessity,
has Homo sapiens been driven to develop a growing interest in theoretical, observatory
and explorative astronomical research of any amateur or professional character or
intent due to the impact of climate change ? In my opinion, anecdotally probably yes.
However, I am quite keen to know and have commenced scientific evidential research
on this seminal theme. (Onyekwelu.E.Monographs In press)
• How much little time do we have, since the impact of climate change is consequential,
enormous and rapid.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
THE ESSENCE,HISTRIOGRAPHY,PHYSIOGRAPHY
AND IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE
ANTHROPOLOGY, ECOLOGY AND ITS
MULTISYSTEMIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS AND
POSITIVE INTERVENTIONAL DOMICILLIARY AND
INTERNATIONAL GLOBALISED CONTEXT
INITIATIVES.
P R O F. D O T T. E M M A N U E L U D E M E Z U E O N Y E K W E L U .
CSci,CSciTeach,ChirB(Hons),MB(Hons)MD,MRQA,FRSA,FCILED,FRGS,FRSH,FRCEM,FRSPH,FRSB,DSc/PhD(Hon)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
•ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
•ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
THE ESSENCE,HISTRIOGRAPHY,PHYSIOGRAPHY
AND IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE
ANTHROPOLOGY, ECOLOGY AND ITS
MULTISYSTEMIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS AND
POSITIVE INTERVENTIONAL DOMICILLIARY AND
INTERNATIONAL GLOBALISED CONTEXT
INITIATIVES.
P R O F. D O T T. E M M A N U E L U D E M E Z U E O N Y E K W E L U .
CSci,CSciTeach,ChirB(Hons),MB(Hons)MD,MRQA,FRSA,FCILED,FRGS,FRSH,FRCEM,FRSPH,FRSB,DSc/PhD(Hon)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
•ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
THE ESSENCE,HISTRIOGRAPHY,PHYSIOGRAPHY
AND IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE
ANTHROPOLOGY, ECOLOGY AND ITS
MULTISYSTEMIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS AND
POSITIVE INTERVENTIONAL DOMICILLIARY AND
INTERNATIONAL GLOBALISED CONTEXT
INITIATIVES.
P R O F. D O T T. E M M A N U E L U D E M E Z U E O N Y E K W E L U .
CSci,CSciTeach,ChirB(Hons),MB(Hons)MD,MRQA,FRSA,FCILED,FRGS,FRSH,FRCEM,FRSPH,FRSB,DSc/PhD(Hon)