BIOMEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
INTRODUCTION
Health care activities are a means protecting health, curing patients and saving lives. But they also generate
waste,20 percent of which entail risk either of infection of trauma or chemical radiation exposure. Although
the risk associated with hazardous medical waste and the ways and by means of managing that
waste1.Pharmaceutical waste can result from many activities and locations in a healthcare facility. Waste
produce from pharmacy expired drug, spills, half-used bottles, IV equipment with residual medicine on it
and contaminated pharmaceutical product including vaccines and biological product used for therapy. In the
past, health care facilities would routinely flush waste pharmaceutical down the drain. As a society we did
not know how harmful these drugs would be to the environment.
Now biologist have found remaining pharmaceuticals in fish and aquatic ecology, and we understand how
bad the unprocessed disposals of drugs are. As responsible citizens and waste managers we need to keep the
preventive principle in mind2.Pharmaceutical waste not a single waste streams that can affect the integrity
and uniformity of the chemicals that involve pharmaceuticals. Pharmaceutical waste is possibly generated
through a wide variety of deeds in health care facility, including but not limited to I.V. preparation, general
compounding, breakages, partially used ampoules, needles, IVs, outdated unused preparation, fallow unit
doses, personal medication and outdated pharmaceuticals3.
Improper management of waste generated in health care facilities causes a direct health impact on the
community and health care workers. The waste generated in this institution essentially consist of solid and
liquid, which may hazardous, infectious, non-infectious. It has been estimated that up to 85% to 90% of the
waste generated in hospitals in non-infectious. It is the remaining 10% to 20% of waste is hazardous and
infectious. If waste not treated with right manner would cause environmental pollution affecting the health
of the community. Proper handling, treatment and disposal of biomedical waste are elements of health care
office infection control programme. Correct procedure will help protect health care workers, patient and
local community.
Proper collection and segregation of biomedical waste are important. At the same time the quantity of waste
generated is equally important. A lesser amount of waste generated means less burden on waste disposal
worker, cost saving and more efficient waste disposal system. Hence, health care provider should try to
reduce the waste generation in day-to-day work in clinic or at hospitals4.
SSBTs, Institute of Pharmacy, Bambhori, Jalgaon.
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BIOMEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
Researc
h
centres
Hospital
Lab
s
Animal
research
Nursin
g
home
s
Chemic
al
industri
es
Fig.1. The major sources of Biomedical Waste
Fig.2.The minor sources of Biomedical Waste
SSBTs, Institute of Pharmacy, Bambhori, Jalgaon.
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BIOMEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
Needs of Biomedical Waste Management in Hospitals:
1. Injuries from sharps leading to infection to all categories of hospitals personnel and waste handler.
2. Nosocomial infection in patients from poor infection control practices and poor waste
management.
3. Risk of infection outside hospital for waste handlers and scavengers and at time general public in
the vicinity of hospitals.
4. Risk associated with hazardous chemicals, drugs to person handling waste at all levels.
5. Risk of air, water, soil pollution directly due to waste or due to defective incineration emission and
ash11
6. Waste management reduces the effect of waste on the environment, health and so on12
7. One of essential aspect of waste management is recycling and when you do it you are helping in
the conservation of natural resources by reusing material such as glass, plastics and papers13.
SSBTs, Institute of Pharmacy, Bambhori, Jalgaon.
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BIOMEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT PROCESS
Mismanagement of hospital waste implies a combination of improper handling of waste during
generation, collection, storage, transport and treatment. Improper handling comprises several unsafe
actions, such as handling without personal protective equipment (PPE), poor storage, use of uncovered
containers instead of close plastic bags. There is a big network of health Care Institution in India. The
hospital waste like body parts, organ, tissue, blood and body fluids along with soiled linen, cotton,
bandage and plaster casts from infected and contaminated areas are very essential to be properly
collected, segregated, stored, transported, treated and disposed of in safe manner to prevent nosocomial
or hospital acquired infection14.
Steps of Biomedical Waste Management:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Waste Collection
Segregation
Transportation and storage
Treatment and Disposal
Transport to final disposal site
Final Disposal
1) Waste Collection:
Collection of waste is part of the process of waste management. It is the transfer of solid waste from
the point of use and disposal to the point of treatment or landfill.
 Household Waste Collection
Waste collection also includes the curb side collection of recyclable material that technically are not
waste, as part of a municipal landfill diversion program17




Fig.3.Household Waste Collection
SSBTs, Institute of Pharmacy, Bambhori, Jalgaon.
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BIOMEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
 Hospital Waste Collection
Hospital Waste is any kind of waste containing infectious material. It may be solid, or liquid
generate from biological and medical sources and activities such as the diagnosis, prevention
and treatment of disease18.
Fig. 4. Hospital Waste Collection
2) Segregation:
Biomedical waste generated from health care facility required to be segregated at the point of
generation as per colour coding stipulated under Schedule-l of BMWM Rules, 2016.
 Waste must be segregated at point of generation of source and not in later stage. Point of
generation means the location where waste initially generate, accumulate.
 Adequate number of colour coded bin/ containers and bags should be available at the point of
generation of bio-medical waste.
 Colour coded plastics bags should be in line with the Plastic Management Rules, 2016.
 Provide PPE kit to biomedical waste handling staff19.
3) Transportation:
Transportation is transfer of waste from site of generation to disposal site. Truck mounted
refuse compactors the refuse compactor vehicles are the solid waste collection equipment
designed for lifting and unloading the garbage from garbage bin to transportation to dumping
processing plants.
Fig.5.Refuse Compactor Vehicle
SSBTs, Institute of Pharmacy, Bambhori, Jalgaon.
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BIOMEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
 Storage of waste as per colour
Sr.
No.
Category
Type of Waste
Colour
Type of Container
1.
Yellow
Category
-Discarded or expired
medicine
-Chemical liquid waste
-Soiled Waste
-Human
Anatomical
Waste
-Animal
Anatomical
Waste
-Microbiology,
Biotechnology and other
clinical laboratory waste
-Chemical Waste
Yellow colour nonchlorinated
Plastics
Bags and containers
2.
Red Category
Contaminated Waste
(Recyclable)
such
as
tubing, bottles, intravenous
tubes, sets, urine bags,
gloves, oxygen mask,
rubber apron, pipette tips,
plastic pipette, vail not
containing blood
Red Coloured nonchlorinated
plastics
Bags and containers
3.
White
Category
Waste Sharps including
metals needles, syringe
with fix needle scalpels,
blades, insulin pen needle,
surgical stab knife, other
sharp object that cause
puncture and cuts
White
coloured
translucent, puncture
proof,
leak
proof,
Temper proof container
SSBTs, Institute of Pharmacy, Bambhori, Jalgaon.
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BIOMEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
4.
Blue Category
Glassware
Metallic body Implant
Puncture
Proof,
leakproof boxes, and
containers
5.
Black
Category
Cytotoxic, expired drug,
chemical
substance,
pharmaceutical waste
Black Colour plastic
bags and containers
Various methods to be adopted for disposal of waste are: 1) Incineration
2) Deep burial
3) Autoclaves
4) Irradiation
5) Microwaving
6) Disposal in Landfill
7) Chemical Treatment
SSBTs, Institute of Pharmacy, Bambhori, Jalgaon.
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BIOMEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
 Incineration:
Incineration is the high temperature burning or rapid oxidation of waste. It is also known as
controlled flam combustion or calcination and is a technology that destroy organic constituents in
waste material. It is a treatment process to convert pathological and pharmaceutical waste into ash,
flu gases and heat. Incineration is a thermal waste treatment that primary objective of volume
reduction and energy recovery from waste.
Process of Incineration: -
Waste Storage
Pre-treatment /
Feed Preparation
Emission
From stack
Combustion/
Incineration
Heat
Recovery
Air
Pollution
Control
System
Ash
Scrubber Water
and ash
Handling
Diesel Biomedical Waste Incinerator: -
Product description: 



Bio Medical Waste Incinerator is an advanced bio medical waste incineration system which can be
used for the disposal of biomedical waste such as sharps, syringe, needle, bandage, etc.
The incinerator has been developed using latest technologies ad material.
This incinerator suitable for hospitals, clinics, laboratories, nursing homes, blood banks, dental
offices, veterinary clinics, research institute, etc.
Capacity 40kg/batch, Burning Ability300kg/time, Time required 3hrs
 Feature easy to operate and fast incineration.
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BIOMEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
 Deep Burial: 




A pit or trench should be drug about 2m deep. It should be half filled with waste, and then covered
with lime within 50cm of the surface, before filling the rest of the pit with soil.
On each occasion, when wastes are added to the pit, a layer of 10cm of soil be added to cover the
waste.
Burial must be performed under close dedicated supervision.
The Pit should be distant from habitation and sited so as no contamination occurs of any surface water
or ground water.
The location of the site will be authorised by the prescribe authority.
 Autoclave: 

Autoclaving is process of steam sterilization and is the most common alternative to
incineration.
Some autoclave refers as waste converters can operate in the atmospheric pressure range to
achieve full sterilization of pathogenic waste.
SSBTs, Institute of Pharmacy, Bambhori, Jalgaon.
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BIOMEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
 Irradiation: In these process wastes are exposed to ultraviolet or ionizing radiation in an enclosed chamber40.
Irradiation disinfects waste by exposing it to gamma rays that are fatal to bacteria. This is same radiation
source used for radiation treatment of cancer. In radiation for sterilization of equipment or treatment of
waste, the radiation is intended to kill pathogens. Some irradiation treatment system used electron
beams42.
 Microwaving: Microwave irradiation is suitable tool for inactivation of biohazardous solid waste. There are several
health care waste treatment systems using microwave commercially available (e.g.,Sanitec systems)
with batch or semi-continuous feeding. Microwave technology has advantage that can implement onsite in the site health care facility which generated the hazardous waste avoiding the need of
transport43.
SSBTs, Institute of Pharmacy, Bambhori, Jalgaon.
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 Disposal in Landfill: A landfill is a facility designed for solid waste disposal into the ground. A well-engineered land fill is
safe, minimizes adverse effect to public health44. Sanitary landfills are intended as bioreactor in
which microbes will break down complex organic waste into simpler, less toxic compound45.
 Chemical Treatment: When liquid waste is common biomedical waste disposal method can be chemical disinfectant.
Chlorine is a regular choice for this process and is introduce to the liquid waste in order to kill
microorganisms and pathogens47.
SSBTs, Institute of Pharmacy, Bambhori, Jalgaon.
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BIOMEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
Pharmaceutical waste is potentially generated through pharmaceutical industries and health care
facility like expired drugs, outer packing, contaminated garments, etc.
Pharmaceutical waste categories: A. Hazardous waste
B. Non-Hazardous Waste
C. Chemo Waste
A) Hazardous Waste: Waste dangerous or potentially harmful to human health or environment. These can be liquid, solid,
glass, sludges49.
(1) Listed Wastes
(2) Characteristics Waste
1) Listed Waste: Listed waste appear on one of four list of hazardous waste (F, K, P and U). Pharmaceuticals are
found on two of these lists the P and U list which contain commercial chemical product.
P-Listed Pharmaceutical waste: P-listed pharmaceutical
Waste code
Arsenic trioxide
Epinephrine
Nicotine
Nitroglycerine
Physostigmine
Physostigmine salicylate
Warfarin
P012
P042
P075
P081
P204
P188
P001
U -listed Pharmaceuticals: U-listed pharmaceutical
Waste code
Chloral hydrate
Paraldehyde
Chlorambucil
Phenol
Cyclophosphamide
Reserpine
Melphalan
U034
U182
U035
U188
U058
U200
U150
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BIOMEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
2) Characteristics of waste: The EPA define characteristics of hazardous waste: -
a) Ignitability(D001): The objective of the ignitability is to identify waste that either present a fire
hazard under routine storage, disposal and transportation or capable of exacerbating a fire once it has
started. Many of the waste that pharmacies handles are hazardous because they are ignitable.
b) Corrosivity(D002): Corrosive waste damage metals or other material or burn the skin. These
liquids have pH of 2 or lower or 12.5 or higher. Generation of corrosive pharmaceutical waste are
generally limited to compounding chemical in pharmacy.
c) Reactivity(D003): Reactive waste are unstable under normal conditions. They can cause toxic
fumes, gases, vapours when heated, compressed or mixed with water.
E.g., Clinitest (test tablet to determine sugar in urine)
d) Toxicity (Multiple D Codes): Waste are toxic if they contain toxic organic chemical such as
heavy metals lead, chromium, mercury.
Ingredient Waste
Code
Regulatory level(mg/l)
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Lindane
Mercury
Selenium
Silver
D004
D005
D006
D013
D009
D010
D011
5.0
100.0
1.0
0.4
0.2
1.0
5.0
B) Non-Hazardous waste: Certain medical product has no pharmaceutical properties but still
controlled and administered by medical staff such as sodium chloride or dextrose solution. These
products may become contaminated or mixed with other compound and therefore require assessment
for hazardous properties prior to disposal.
C) Chemo Waste: Chemo waste is most hazardous waste in the medical field. They are highly toxic
and corrosive. They cause damage to natural resources.
Trace Chemotherapy waste: Includes vials, syringe, IV bags, gloves, etc.
Bulk Chemotherapy Waste: Includes items that used to contain chemotherapy agent.
SSBTs, Institute of Pharmacy, Bambhori, Jalgaon.
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BIOMEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
METHODS OF WASTEMANAGEMENT: 1) Waste immobilization: - Encapsulation
Encapsulation involve immobilizing the pharmaceuticals in a solid block within a plastic or steel drums.
Drums should be cleaned prior to use and should not have contained explosive or hazardous material
previously. Care should be taken to avoid cuts to hand when placing pharmaceutical in drum. Waste
Immobilization is conversion of waste into waste form by solidification50.
2) Waste Immobilization: - Inertization
Inertization is a variant of encapsulation and involves removing the packaging materials, papers, cardboard
and plastics from pharmaceuticals. Pills need to be removed from their blister packs. The pharmaceuticals
then ground and mix of water cement and lime added homogenous paste. The paste then transported in the
liquid state by concrete mixer trunk to landfill and decanted into the normal urban waste.53



 Reduction of environment Pollution by minimizing the pharmaceutical waste:
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BIOMEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
3) Waste Minimization:
It is set processes and practice intended to reduce the amount of waste produced. By reducing or
eliminating the generation of harmful and persistent wastes, waste minimization supports efforts to
promote the more sustainable society.55
a) Reduce: Reduction of the waste which is being generated is an important method of waste management.
Waste reduction also known as source reduction it is practice of using less material and energy to
minimize waste generation and preserve natural resources.
b) Reuse: Reuse means that the product can be used multiple times same reason pr for different reason without
need for reprocessing. Reuse avoid discarding material to waste stream when initial use has
concluded.
c) Recycling:
Recycling is process which involve of substances that recycled to its original form. The recovery of
energy from waste materials. Recyclate is a raw material sent to and processed in recycling plant so it
can be used in the production of new materials.
Regulatory Bodies for Pharmaceutical waste management: 1)The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
2)Environmental Protection Agency
3)Department of Transportation
4) State environmental Protection Agencies
5) Drug Regulatory Authority (DRA)
SSBTs, Institute of Pharmacy, Bambhori, Jalgaon.
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BIOMEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
CONCLUSION: In today’s scenario with the growing lifestyle, the need of pharmaceutical compound is also increasing, and
they are with environment in extremely large quantity and the system present is not able to control the
untreated or partially pharmaceutical waste. The management of waste is an increasing complex task with
new waste classification and disposal techniques being developed and released on continual basis. Thus,
there need for adopting cost effective system for providing better medical treatment facilities and require the
implementation of new system to ensure proper waste management and to reduce the amount of waste
generation by awareness and education of all concerned.
Modern waste management methods are far safer for people and the environment than past
practice. Recycling and composting grown fast in many countries. Proper handling, treatment and disposal
of biomedical wastes are important element of health care office infection control programme. Correct
procedure will help to protect health care worker, patients and local community.
SSBTs, Institute of Pharmacy, Bambhori, Jalgaon.
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