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Chytridiomycota (<strong>Unicellular/Multicellular,&nbsp;</strong><strong>Hyphae,&nbsp;</strong><strong>Examples,&nbsp;</strong><strong>Reproduction)&nbsp;</strong><li><strong>Unicellular/Multicellular</strong>: Primarily unicellular; some form simple multicellular structures.</li><li><strong>Hyphae</strong>: Rare, usually non-septate when present.</li><li><strong>Examples</strong>: <em>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</em> (pathogen of amphibians).</li><li><strong>Reproduction</strong>: Asexual through motile zoospores; sexual reproduction involves alternation of generations.</li>Fungi
Chytridiomycota (Key Features, Dominant Generation, Ecological Role)<li><strong>Key Features</strong>: Only fungi with flagellated spores (zoospores). Typically aquatic or in moist environments.</li><li><strong>Dominant Generation</strong>: Haploid and diploid stages are distinct, showing true <i>alternation of generations.</i></li><li><strong>Ecological Role</strong>: Decomposers and parasites, affecting algae, plants, and animals.</li>Fungi
"<h3>Blastocladiomycota (<strong>Unicellular/Multicellular,&nbsp;</strong><strong style=""font-size: 20px;"">Hyphae,&nbsp;</strong><strong style=""font-size: 20px;"">Examples,&nbsp;</strong><strong style=""font-size: 20px;"">Reproduction</strong><span style=""font-size: 20px;"">)</span></h3>"<li><strong>Unicellular/Multicellular</strong>: Primarily multicellular.</li><li><strong>Hyphae</strong>: Coenocytic (non-septate).</li><li><strong>Examples</strong>: <em>Allomyces</em> (water mold).</li><li><strong>Reproduction</strong>: Alternation of generations with haploid and diploid stages; both sexual and asexual reproduction.</li>Fungi
<b>Blastocladiomycota (</b><strong>Key Features,&nbsp;</strong><strong>Dominant Generation</strong>,&nbsp;<strong>Ecological Role</strong><b>)</b><li><strong>Key Features</strong>: Nuclear cap present, aquatic or moist habitats.</li><li><strong>Dominant Generation</strong>: Alternation of generations; both stages are prominent.</li><li><strong>Ecological Role</strong>: Decomposers and some parasitic species.</li>Fungi
Neocallimastigomycota (<strong>Unicellular/Multicellular,&nbsp;</strong><strong>Hyphae,&nbsp;</strong><strong>Examples,&nbsp;</strong><strong>Reproduction</strong>)<li><strong>Unicellular/Multicellular</strong>: Mostly unicellular.</li><li><strong>Hyphae</strong>: Usually absent or rudimentary.</li><li><strong>Examples</strong>: Fungi in the digestive tracts of herbivores.</li><li><strong>Reproduction</strong>: Asexual only, via motile zoospores.</li>Fungi
Neocallimastigomycota&nbsp;<b>(</b><strong>Key Features,&nbsp;</strong><strong>Dominant Generation</strong>,&nbsp;<strong>Ecological Role</strong><b>)</b><li><strong>Key Features</strong>: Anaerobic lifestyle, lacking mitochondria.</li><li><strong>Dominant Generation</strong>: No true alternation of generations; asexual life cycle dominates.</li><li><strong>Ecological Role</strong>: Aid in cellulose digestion within herbivores.</li>Fungi
Glomeromycota (<strong>Unicellular/Multicellular,&nbsp;</strong><strong>Hyphae,&nbsp;</strong><strong>Examples,&nbsp;</strong><strong>Reproduction</strong>)<li><strong>Unicellular/Multicellular</strong>: Multicellular, forming large spores.</li><li><strong>Hyphae</strong>: Coenocytic (non-septate).</li><li><strong>Examples</strong>: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.</li><li><strong>Reproduction</strong>: Asexual reproduction only.</li>Fungi
Glomeromycota&nbsp;<b>(</b><strong>Key Features,&nbsp;</strong><strong>Dominant Generation</strong>,&nbsp;<strong>Ecological Role</strong><b>)</b><li><strong>Key Features</strong>: Form symbiotic relationships with plant roots (arbuscular mycorrhizae).</li><li><strong>Dominant Generation</strong>: Asexual life cycle; no known sexual stage.</li><li><strong>Ecological Role</strong>: Crucial for plant nutrient uptake (phosphorus, nitrogen).</li>Fungi
Zygomycota (<strong>Unicellular/Multicellular,&nbsp;</strong><strong>Hyphae,&nbsp;</strong><strong>Examples,&nbsp;</strong><strong>Reproduction</strong>)<li><strong>Unicellular/Multicellular</strong>: Multicellular.</li><li><strong>Hyphae</strong>: Coenocytic, with few septa.</li><li><strong>Examples</strong>: <em>Rhizopus</em> (black bread mold).</li><li><strong>Reproduction</strong>: Asexual via sporangia; sexual involves zygospores.</li>Fungi
Zygomycota&nbsp;<b>(</b><strong>Key Features,&nbsp;</strong><strong>Dominant Generation</strong>,&nbsp;<strong>Ecological Role</strong><b>)</b><li><strong>Key Features</strong>: Forms zygospores during sexual reproduction; hyphae lack septa.</li><li><strong>Dominant Generation</strong>: Haploid life cycle is predominant.</li><li><strong>Ecological Role</strong>: Saprobic, decomposing dead organic material.</li>Fungi
Ascomycota (<strong>Unicellular/Multicellular,&nbsp;</strong><strong>Hyphae,&nbsp;</strong><strong>Examples,&nbsp;</strong><strong>Reproduction</strong>)<li><strong>Unicellular/Multicellular</strong>: Both; includes yeasts (unicellular) and molds (multicellular).</li><li><strong>Hyphae</strong>: Septate.</li><li><strong>Examples</strong>: Truffles, morels, <em>Saccharomyces</em> (yeast).</li><li><strong>Reproduction</strong>: Sexual via ascospores in asci; asexual through conidia.</li>Fungi
Ascomycota&nbsp;<b>(</b><strong>Key Features,&nbsp;</strong><strong>Dominant Generation</strong>,&nbsp;<strong>Ecological Role</strong><b>)</b><li><strong>Key Features</strong>: Spore production in sac-like structures (asci).</li><li><strong>Dominant Generation</strong>: asexual phase dominates; sexual reproduction occurs under certain conditions.</li><li><strong>Ecological Role</strong>: Decomposers, pathogens, and symbionts (lichens).</li>Fungi
Basidiomycota (<strong>Unicellular/Multicellular,&nbsp;</strong><strong>Hyphae,&nbsp;</strong><strong>Examples,&nbsp;</strong><strong>Reproduction</strong>)<li><strong>Unicellular/Multicellular</strong>: Multicellular.</li><li><strong>Hyphae</strong>: Septate with clamp connections.</li><li><strong>Examples</strong>: Mushrooms, rusts, smuts.</li><li><strong>Reproduction</strong>: Sexual reproduction via basidiospores on basidia.</li>Fungi
Basidiomycota&nbsp;<b>(</b><strong>Key Features,&nbsp;</strong><strong>Dominant Generation</strong>,&nbsp;<strong>Ecological Role</strong><b>)</b><li><strong>Key Features</strong>: Club-shaped structures (basidia) for spore production.</li><li><strong>Dominant Generation</strong>: Dikaryotic stage is extended before karyogamy.</li><li><strong>Ecological Role</strong>: Wood decomposers, mycorrhizal partners, some are plant pathogens.</li>Fungi
Monophyletic Group (Definition &amp; Example)<ul><li><strong>Definition</strong>: A monophyletic group includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants, representing a complete branch on the tree of life.</li><li><strong>Fungal Example</strong>: <em>Ascomycota</em> is monophyletic because it includes a common ancestor and all fungi that reproduce through asci (sac-like structures). <em>Basidiomycota</em> is another example, with all members forming spores on basidia.</li></ul>Fungi PylogeneticTrees
Paraphyletic Group (Definition &amp; Example)<ul><li><strong>Definition</strong>: A paraphyletic group includes a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants, excluding certain lineages.</li><li><strong>Fungal Example</strong>: <em>Zygomycota</em> is paraphyletic, as some descendant lineages like <em>Glomeromycota</em> have been reclassified separately. <em>Chytridiomycota</em> is also considered paraphyletic due to some species being reassigned to other groups based on evolutionary relationships.</li></ul>Fungi PylogeneticTrees