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Lesson 1 to Lesson 4 Notes Install Computer Software
computer installation, maintenance and repair (Kenya Technical Trainers College)
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Level 5 Install Computer Software Notes
INSTALL COMPUTER SOFTWARE NOTES
Element 1: Identify software to be installed
Demonstrate knowledge in:
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Definition of software
Classification of software: System and Application
Criteria for selection Operating systems
Types of operating systems: Single and multi-user, Single and multitasking, Real time,
Distributed, Batch
Functions of operating systems: Device management, Memory management, Storage
management, Process control, Security Management
Types of operating system interfaces: Menu driven and Graphical user Interface
Definitions:
1. Computer: can basically be defined as an electronic device that receives (raw) data,
transforms (processes) that data and produces (meaningful) output as information with the
capability of storing the data/information for future retrieval.
2. Hardware: The physical and tangible parts of a computer, that is, electrical, electronic and
mechanical parts e.g. monitor, keyboard, mouse, etc.
3. Software: Computer software is a collection of instructions that enable the user to interact
with a computer, its hardware, or perform tasks.
4. Data: can be anything like marks obtained by you in various subjects. It can also be name,
age, sex, weight, height, etc. of all the students in your class or income, savings,
investments, etc
5. Information: data that is processed, organized, structured or presented in a given context
so as to make them useful.
6. System software manages and controls the internal operations of a computer system. It is
a group of programs, which is responsible for using computer resources efficiently and
effectively. For example, an operating system is system software, which controls the
hardware, manages memory and multitasking functions, and acts as an interface between
application programs and the computer. System software is designed to provide platform
for other software.
7. Application software is the general designation of computer programs for performing tasks.
Application software may be general purpose (word processing, web browsers, etc.)
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8. Software installation is the process of making hardware and/or software ready for use.
Obviously, different systems require different types of installations. While certain
installations are simple and straightforward and can be performed by non-professionals,
others are more complex and time-consuming and may require the involvement of specialists.
1. Software - Is a set of programs, which is designed to perform a well-defined function hence
tells a computer what to do or how to perform a task as well as accomplishing the specific
user’s task
2. A program - Is a sequence of instructions written to solve a particular problem.
3. Installation - Refers to setting up of a computer program into the hardware (memory) hence
making the program ready for execution.
4. Program execution - Execution is the process by which a computer interprets our program
or performs the instructions of our program.
5. Software Acquisition – Includes processes that fund, manage, integrate, deploy and support
software before, during and after their software engineering life cycle.
6. Operating Systems - This is a set of complex programs that work together to control
execution of user programs called applications and acts as a go between (interfaces)
between the applications of the computer hardware.
7. Human Computer Interface - Refers to the method of interaction between the computer and
the user and determines how easily the user can operate the computer.
8. Security - Refers to providing a protection system to computer system resources such as
CPU, memory, disk, software programs and most importantly data/information stored in
the computer system.
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE
Computer software are classified using three approaches:
a) Classification according to purpose/functionality
b) Classification according to method of acquisition
c) Classification according to end-user license
A. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO PURPOSE/ FUNCTIONALITY
Computer software is classified according to the task they perform/functionality/purpose. i.e.
software that tells the computer hardware what to do and also the software that enables the user
accomplish their specific tasks.
These software include:
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SYSTEM SOFTWARE
System software performs a variety of fundamental operations that avails computer resources to
the user. These functions include:
a) Booting the computer and making sure that all the hardware elements are working properly.
b) Performing operations such as retrieving, loading, executing and storing application
programs.
c) Storing and retrieving files.
d) Performing a variety of system utility functions.
System software is further divided into:
1. Operating system.
2. Firmware.
3. Utility software.
4. Networking software.
1. The Operating System
This is a set of complex programs that work together to control execution of user programs called
applications and acts as a go between (interfaces) between the applications of the computer
hardware.
It manages input/output and storage operations in a computer. Examples of common operating
systems are Microsoft Windows 7/8/8.1/10, UNIX, Linux, Macintosh (Mac OS) and OS/2.
Therefore the operating system is the main program on the computer system.
2. Firmware
Firmware, also referred to as stored logic is a combination of both the software and hardware
recorded permanently on electronic chips. Usually, a firmware is a read-only memory chip that is
mounted or plugged into the motherboard. Firmware may hold an operating system, utility
programs, language processors etc.
3. Utility software
Utility software is a special program that performs commonly used services that make certain
aspects of computing to go on more smoothly. Such services include sorting, copying, file
handling, disk management etc.
The two basic types of utility software are:
i.
System-level utility software: These help the user to work with the operating system
and its functions. For example, a utility software tells the user when he/she enters a
wrong command and gives suggestions how the error can be corrected.
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ii.
Application utility software: These make the use of an application program smoother
and efficient. These utility programs are commonly purchased separately or may be
part of an operating system.
4. Networking software
This type of software is mostly used to establish communication between two or more computers
by linking them using a communication channel like cables to create a computer network.
Networking software enables the exchange of data in a network as well as providing data security.
Network software may come as independent software or integrated in an operating system. An
example of networking software is Cisco’s iOS, Microsoft Windows Server
2003/2008/2012/2016, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X and Novell NetWare.
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
Application software, also called application packages, are programs that are designed to help the
user accomplish specific tasks.
Examples and uses of common application packages are listed in the table below:
No
1
Software
Word processors
Desktop
publishing/Graphics
Designing
Computer aided design
Databases
Statistical Data Analysis
Uses
Typing documents
like letters
Designing
publications like
newspapers, books
Technical drawing
Examples
Ms Word, Lotus, WordPro,
WordStar
Adobe PageMaker,
Ms publisher, Corel Draw, Adobe
Photoshop/Illustrator/
AutoCAD, ArchiCAD, MAYA
3D,Atlantis
Keeping records
and files
Analyzing
statistical data
Ms Access, dBase
Ms Excel, SPSS, Stata, Epi info
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PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES/COMPUTER PROGRAMMING TOOLS
Computer programming tools, such as compilers and linker, are used to translate and combine
computer program source code and libraries into executable files. Examples of programming
languages include Assembler language, Fortran, BASIC, COBOL, Pascal, C, C++, Visual Basic,
Java, Python, C#, etc.
Definition of Terms
Source Code: Any program written in a high-level language is known as source code. However,
computers cannot understand source code. Before it can be run, source code must first be translated
into a form which a computer understands.
Object Code: generally refers to the output, a compiled file, which is produced when the Source
Code is compiled by a translator e.g. compiler, assembler or interpreter
A translator is a program that converts source code into machine code.
Generally, there are three types of translator:
i)
A Compiler: A compiler takes the source code as a whole and translates it into machine
code all in one go. Once converted, the object code can be run unassisted at any time.
Compilation: The process of translating source code into object code all in one go. The
program can then be executed as a whole.
ii)
Interpreters: a program that translates source code into machine code one instruction at a
time. It is similar to a human translator translating what a person says into another
language, sentence by sentence, as they speak. The resulting machine code is then executed
immediately. The process is called interpretation.
iii)
An Assembler: Assemblers are a type of a translator. The purpose of an assembler is to
translate assembly language into machine code.
CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE
Although one may have a good computer with the best hardware, the actual real determinant of a
computer’s value to the user is the software in that it can run to solve the data and information
processing needs.
The following factors/criteria should be considered when selecting software:
a. Authenticity
The term authenticity refers to genuineness, validity and or legitimacy of an item. When you
acquire software from the vendor, make sure it is an original copy that is accompanied by the
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developer s license and certificate of authenticity. This is because some people illegally produce
pirated copies which is an offence.
b. Documentation
It refers to the manuals prepared by the developer having details on how to install, use and maintain
the software. These include installation guides, maintenance guides and user guides.
These documentations enable the user to work with the software with minimum guidance.
c. User needs
The needs of the user determine the type of operating system and application programs that should
be considered for acquisition. For example, if the user needs to type documents most often, he/she
would go for a word-processor.
People with special disability will require software that recognizes other forms of input like voice
and natural sound. A good example is software used in mobile phones to store voice and allow the
user to make a call by just calling a name instead of keying in the number.
d. Reliability and security
People are more comfortable with software that offers good security to confidential and private
information. Reliability refers to the guarantee that a software will perform with the same
consistency over the period which the owner will be using it with minimal or completely no errors.
e. User friendliness
This is a measure of how easily the users can be able to operate the computer. Some programs are
more user- friendlier than others.
f. Cost
The cost of software is perhaps one of the most controversial issues that must be considered
carefully. One cannot just go for software because it is cheap. Many other factors may force a
person to buy far much more expensive software even with cheaper alternatives available.
However, it is illogical to buy expensive software if there is a reliable cheaper alternative that will
meet one’s needs.
g. Compatibility and System Configuration
Software compatibility refers to the ability of the computer to run the software depending on the
system setup. For example, some software may only run on a computer that has 4GB of RAM and
above so that they will be held temporarily as they are being executed.
h. Portability
Portability in this aspect refers to whether a program can be copied or installed in more than one
computer.
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Level 5 Install Computer Software Notes
B. CLASSIFICATION BY METHOD OF ACQUISTION
They include:
a. Off-the-Shelf/Standard Software
b. In-House Developed Programs
c. Open Source/ Freeware
a. OFF-THE-SHELF/STANDARD SOFTWARE
These programs are developed by software engineers, packaged and then made available
for purchase through a vendor, a distributor or directly from the developer. Examples of
suites are Lotus Suite, Microsoft-Office, Adobe Suite, Corel WordPerfect etc. while those
of single purpose are QuickBooks and Sage Line 50.
The word package is sometimes used to refer to these types of software that are packaged
and sold by vendors.
The Advantages of Off the Shelf Software
i.
The initial cost of acquisition is cheaper compared to in-house developed
software.
They are readily available in the market.
They are more reliable since they have tested and reviewed intensively.
They offer a wide variety of functionality.
They receive automatic and regular updates.
They offer after-sales service support.
They are time and cost-saving in comparison to in-house developed software.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
.
The Disadvantages of Off the Shelf Software
i. Can be more expensive in the long-run due to licensing and subscription fees.
ii. They cannot easily be customised to the owner’s needs.
iii. They have limited functionality and cannot easily be modified.
iv.
Some have an end-of-life support.
v.
May attract extra costs for the upgrades.
vi.
May offer unnecessary features and functionalities.
vii.
May have integration issues.
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b. IN-HOUSE DEVELOPED PROGRAMS
These are programs that are uniquely designed and tailored to meet a particular user’s
needs. For example, a bank may decide to manage its banking operations using a unique
program developed by hired programmers. These programs are not available in the shops
and once developed for one company or user may not address the needs of other users.
Advantages of In-House Developed Programs
i. They are easily customisable to the customer’s needs.
ii. They offer services and functionalities that precisely fit the owner’s needs.
iii. Disadvantages of In-House Developed Programs
iv.
They are costly to develop and implement.
v.
They are prone to bugs and errors.
vi.
They require special training for their proper use.
vii.
They may not be compatible with other off-the-shelf software.
FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN PURCHASING SOFTWARE
When purchasing computer software, there are several factors to consider to ensure you
make the right choice. Here are some key factors to keep in mind:
1. Compatibility: Check if the software is compatible with your operating system and
hardware specifications. Ensure that your computer meets the minimum requirements for
the software to run smoothly.
2. Purpose: Determine the specific purpose or task you need the software for. Consider
whether the software provides the features and functionalities required to fulfill your needs.
3. User Interface: Evaluate the software's user interface. It should be intuitive and userfriendly, allowing you to navigate and use the software efficiently.
4. Support and Updates: Look for software that offers reliable customer support and regular
updates. This ensures that you can seek assistance if you encounter any issues and that the
software remains up-to-date with the latest features and security patches.
5. Cost: Consider the software's cost and your budget. Compare prices from different vendors
and assess whether the software provides value for money based on its features and
benefits.
6. Reviews and Ratings: Read reviews and ratings from other users to get an idea of their
experiences with the software. This can help you gauge the software's reliability,
performance, and user satisfaction.
7. Trial or Demo Version: Whenever possible, try out a trial or demo version of the software
before making a purchase. This allows you to test its functionality and determine if it meets
your requirements.
8. Security: Ensure that the software has robust security measures in place to protect your
data and privacy. Look for features such as encryption, authentication, and regular security
updates.
By considering these factors, you can make an informed decision when purchasing
computer software that best suits your needs and requirements.
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c. OPEN SOURCE/FREEWARE
A software for which the original source code is made freely available and may be
redistributed and modified according to the requirement of the user. It is free to download.
Read more on open-source software by following this link:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_categories
Advantages of Open Source/Freeware
i. Cheaper than commercially marketed products.
ii. Created by skillful and talented people.
iii. Highly reliable.
iv.
Help you become more flexible.
Disadvantage of Open Source/Freeware
i. Vulnerable to malicious users.
ii. Might not be as user-friendly as commercial versions.
iii. Don’t come with extensive support.
FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN SELECTING THE RIGHT OPEN SOURCE
SOFTWARE
As much as Open Source Software can be better for you in many ways, you should land up with
the Open Source Software (OSS) that is right for you.
There are several OSS available out there, and in order to choose the right OSS for your needs, you
should first know the main factors that help to decide which OSS is best suited for your business
and purposes. Of course, cost plays an important role in the decision, and there are quite a few
frameworks that can help with the comparison between different Open Source Software.
In this article, I have listed a few of such factors, which I consider out of my experience, as the main
factors that will help you with the decision. They are:
1. Reliability:
This is obviously an important factor to consider. Being an OSS, the primary attribute that it should
have is reliability. If the product is built on a reliable OSS, half the river is crossed, and other issues
that will arise can be managed or solved with relative ease.
2. Reputation:
With several Open Source Software in the market, reputation of the software is important to be
considered. Word of mouth reputation goes a long way with respect to OSS, and some of the
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examples of well-reputed OSS include Linux, Apache Web Server, GNU, etc. Another factor is to
compare the top reputed OSS as chosen by you, with their proprietary counterparts.
3. Support (both Community-wise and commercially):
Support for OSS is vital. All OSS thrives on a talented and active support community. The
community decides the progress and sustenance of the OSS. If the OSS has a strong community
support, there is better chance of receiving help for all issues that you might face in the future, with
regards to the OSS. Check out the OSS’ support community’s mailing lists, forums, and so on, in
order to determine if they are active, prompt and helpful. This will help in deciding if you want to
opt for the particular OSS or not.
Similarly, the commercial support for many OSS is available, and the support is diverse, originating
from a diverse range of companies. From big organisations such as RedHat, IBM, etc., to local and
independent companies extend commercial support to the OSS.
4. Documentation:
Next, of course, to check, is the documentation available on the OSS. Usually, Open Source
Software do not contain detailed documentation for the end user. However, it is a given that a good
OSS has detailed documentation on its development, which includes the history of bugs, fixing of
bugs, versions, upgrades, extensions, and so on. It is important that you read the documentation of
the OSS thoroughly before taking a decision, so as to understand the history of it, and also the level
of activity that has gone into the development of the OSS. It also gives an idea of the current state
of the software, the latest updates, and how active the development process has been, and will be.
5. Versions:
Check out the version of the OSS, and see how frequent and active the updates are. If bugs are fixed
actively, upgrades are done periodically, etc., be sure to check out the latest and current version of
the OSS. With OSS, there is also the flexibility of fixing any bugs or patches by ourselves, since
the code is publicly available. Also, we need to keep in mind that version numbers do not contain
much meaning when it comes to OSS. A version 1.0 of the OSS need not necessarily mean to be a
production-use software. But then again, it can be a production-use software. There are no norms
attached to the version numbers, and therefore checking out the proper version by reading and
research alone helps determine the latest and current version.
6. Compatibility and interoperability:
The more compatible the OSS is with other software, the better it is for you. Interoperability pays
off in the long run, when your product needs to be extended and therefore needs to interact and
work with other pieces of different software.
7. Technical resources:
Of course, with the OSS you choose, you need technical resources to work with it. You/your team
needs to possess the skill set required to work with the technology chosen, and if not available, you
should have a plan to deploy people accordingly for the purpose. Therefore, the cost of these subfactors needs to be taken into account when deciding the right OSS.
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8. The development model:
You should check out the development model adopted by the OSS development team. In some
cases, there are specifications for the significant contributors to the OSS to become part of the
product/project management, and so on. Such points have to be taken into consideration and
assessed whether the model suits your idea of project development and management, and whether
it suits your business environment as a whole. You should be able to clearly understand how
contributors are placed within the model, how contributions are made, and how the development
team will be inclusive with your use of the OSS.
9. License:
OSS License forms an integral part of the software, and has to be thoroughly read before any use
of the OSS. This is a significant step that should not be avoided or skipped, since many details given
in the license of the OSS can determine and influence your decision for the use of the OSS. A good
OSS contains a well-defined and detailed license, which will describe the terms and conditions for
your contribution to the ongoing development of the software, your use of the software, as well as
your incorporation of the software into other packages. Take help from others who are experienced
with these points, in case you are not familiar with these issues.
10. Ongoing development:
You should check the OSS’ ongoing development, the activities that are happening on the software,
the upgrades that are proposed and going on, and the bug fixing activities that are taking place.
These will help you determine if the software is being worked upon, will be kept alive and thriving
or whether the software will fade out in the near future.
These are the head-checking factors that I would suggest you consider before choosing the right
Open Source Software for you business needs. Once this is done, much is done… and the next step
towards your product development can commence.
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C. CLASSIFICATION BY END USER LICENSE
Two common categories for software under copyright law, and therefore with licenses which grant
the licensee specific rights, are proprietary software and free and open-source software (FOSS)
Software licensing is a process through which a software developer offers their product to an
individual or business for a fee. Licensing your software can be an effective way to access valuable
tools that make a business more productive. Learning about common software licenses a company
may use to release a product can help you understand your options when using licensed software.
A software license is an agreement that grants a user access to software and its functions. Although
daily interactions with software may be similar regardless of whether you purchase or license,
there are benefits to each option of accessing software. Understanding both can help you determine
whether licensing is ideal for you. Software licenses often place restrictions on how a user may
work with the software, and licenses may be conditional, such as a piece of software offering basic
functions for free and more advanced functions or opportunities for a licensing fee.
Why are software licenses important?
Software licenses are important because they protect the intellectual property of developers.
Licenses also can provide developers with a clear pathway of legal recourse when users don't
comply with the stipulations in licensing agreements. Software licenses aim to ensure all parties
that create and use the software can benefit from it. These licenses also help define the extent to
which a user can operate the software, access it and modify its source code with EULAs that
establish a legal outline of a user's rights to install and use the software after purchasing it.
Further Reading: Read about types of Software licenses
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