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What does DNA stand for?Deoxyribonucleic acid
What is DNA?- DNA is double helix of paired bases, which contains all of an organism’s genetic material<br>- It is in the nucleus of every one of your cells<br>- It is a biological polymer made from nucleotide monomers
What is a chromosome?Each long molceule of DNA is a chromosome
How many chromosomes do organisms have?Humans have 46 chromosomes in each of their cells but other organisms have a different amount
Where do you get your chromosomes from?You inherit half your chromosomes from your mother and half from your father
Do all organisms have the same DNA?Everyone's DNA is unique. Only identical twins and clones share identical DNA.
How is DNA organised?DNA is arranged into sections. Short sections of DNA that code for a characteristic are called genes.
What are genes?<br>How do they work?Genes are short sections of DNA. Genes code for a characterisitic or a protein. The code that a gene contains, causes specific proteins to be made. These particular proteins determine the cell's function.
What does the combination of genes in an organism control?The combination of genes in an organism controls how the organism functions and what it looks like.
What is the structure of DNA?DNA is made up of two strands. These strands are joined together by bases. The strands are then twisted. This forms a shape known as a double helix.
What is DNA made up of?DNA is made of lots of small units called nucleotides, which are joined together. This makes DNA a polymer
What is each DNA nucleotide made of?Each nucleotide is made of a:-<br>- sugar - called deoxyribose<br>- phosphate group<br>- base
How are the two strands of DNA held together?The two strands of DNA are held together bonds between the bases.
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"
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How many DNA nucleotides are there?There are four different types of nucleotide in DNA, which each contain a different base. The four bases are:-<br>- A - adenine<br>- T - thymine<br>- C - cytosine<br>- G - guanine
What is a base pair?To hold strands of DNA together, a base from one strand bonds with a base on the other strand. This is a base pair
What is complementary base pairing?<br>Which base pairs bond together?Complementary base pairing is when base pairs always bond together in the same formation.<br>- Adenine bonds with Thymine (A - T)<br>- Cytosine bonds with Guanine (C - G)<br>This means A and T are a complementary base pair.
Put these in order of size - smallest to largest<br>- nucleus<br>- gene<br>- cell<br>- chromosome<br>- nucleotidenucleotide, gene, chromosome, nucleus, cell
What is mRNA?DNA can't leave the nucleus of cells as it is too big, so a copy of the DNA is made called mRNA. It is like a single strand of DNA. It stands for messanger RNA.
Which base is not in mRNA?There is no Thymine in mRNA, so the base Uracil (U) binds with Adenine.
What is the process in which mRNA is made?mRNA is produced in a process called transcription
What occurs in the process of transcription?The DNA around a gene unzips so that both strands are separated. One of the DNA strands acts as a template. Complementary bases attach to the strand being copied.<br>When complete, the strand of mRNA detaches itself from the DNA template. The DNA zips back up. mRNA is small enough to move out of the nucleus. It travels to subcellular structures called ribosomes in the cytoplasm. This is where the proteins will be made.
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"
What are proteins made from?Proteins are made from amino acids. Different amino acids join together to form different proteins. The order of nucleotides in your DNA determines the type of amino acids and the order of amino acids. This determines which proteins are produced.
What is the process called where mRNA is produced?mRNA is produced in a process called transcription.
What is the process called where proteins are made?Proteins are made by a process called translation
What occurs in translation?mRNA attaches to a ribosome. In the ribosome, the nucleotide sequence is interpreted and a new protein is made:-<br>1. The ribosome reads the nucleotides on the mRNA in groups of three. These groups are called base triplets or codons. Each triplet codes for a specific amino acid<br>2. The ribosome continues to read the triplet code adding more and more amino acids<br>3. The amino acids join together in a chain. This is a protein.
What does the sequence of amino acids determine?<br>Why is it important?The sequence of amino acids determines how the protein will fold. Each type of protein has a specific shape. This is important for protein function. Many types of proteins are produced, including enzymes and hormones.
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""
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"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the parts of the diagram of translation</div>
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<div id=""io-header"">Label the parts of the diagram of translation</div>
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""
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the parts of the diagram of translation</div>
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"
What are three differences between DNA and mRNA?- DNA isn't small enough to move out of the nucleus, but mRNA is<br>- DNA uses thymine but mRNA uses uracil<br>- DNA is two strands but mRNA is one strand
What are enzymes?Enzymes are made of proteins. They are biological catalysts - this means they speed up a reaction without being used themself. Once a reaction is finished, they can be used to catalyse the same type of reaction again.
Are enzymes involved in any reactions in your body?Enzymes are involved in many reactions in your body. They:-<br>- build larger molecules from small ones, such as in protein synthesis<br>- break down large molecules into smaller ones, such as digestion
What do enzymes look like?Enzymes are made up of long chains of amino acids, which are folded together to form a specific shape. The shape of one part of the enzyme is very important, as here, molecules of other substances bind to the enzyme. This is the active site.
What is the substrate?The molecule that binds to the enzyme is the substrate. When it binds to the active site, the substrate fits inside the enzyme.
Do enzymes bind to all molecules?Enzymes are highly specific, so they can only bind to one type of substrate molecule. The substrate must fit exactly into the active site. If it doesn't, then the molecule can't bind.
What is the lock and key hypothesis?When talking about the enzyme and the substrate, you can think of the enzyme being a lock and the substrate being a key. Only one key will fit the lock and be able to turn to open the door. This is the way scientists think enzymes work.
What happens when the substrate binds to the enzyme?When the substrate binds to the enzyme, an enzyme-substrate complex is formed. The reaction then occurs quickly and the products are released from the enzyme. The enzyme is then ready to catalyse another reaction.&nbsp;
What factors affect enzymes?The rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction depends on a number of factors including:-<br>- temperature<br>- pH<br>- concentration of the enzyme and substrate<br>The conditions in which an enzyme works best are the optimum conditions
How does temperature affect enzyme-controlled reactions?At higher temperatures, the enzyme and substrate molecules move faster and collide more often, so the higher the temperature, the faster the reaction. If the temp becomes too high, the amino acid chains in the protein start to unravel which causes the shape of the active site to change. The enzyme would now be denatured.
What happens once an enzyme is denatured?Once an enzyme is denatured, the substrate can no longer bind and so the rate of reaction decreases. Once all the enzyme molecules are denatured, the reaction stops. Most denatured enzymes can't return to their original shape - the change is irreversible.
How does pH affect enzyme-controlled reactions?A change in pH affects the interactions between amino acids in a chain. This may make the enzyme unfold, causing the active site to change shape. The enzyme would then be denatured. Each enzyme has its optimum pH.
How does substrate concentration affect enzyme-controlled reactions?The higher the substrate concentration, the faster the rate of reaction but at a certain substrate concentration, all the enzyme molecules are bound to substrate molecules and the rate of reaction is at its maximum. An increase in number of substrate molecules won't increase the rate of reaction as there aren't any enzyme molecules for them to bind to.
How does enzyme concentration affect enzyme-controlled reactions?The higher the enzyme the concentration, the faster the rate of reaction. However, this is limited by substrate concentration. If no new substrate molecules are added, the reaction will stop, as the enzyme molecules won't be able to bind to any substrate molecules.
Why do you need food?The amount and type of food you eat affects your health. <br>- Foods rich in carbohydrates provide you with energy to move and stay alive. <br>- Protein rich foods are used for growth and repair of body tissues. <br>- Small amounts of vitamans and minerals are needed to remain healthy.&nbsp;
What is your metabolic rate?Your metabolic rate is the speed at which chemical reactions in your cells transfer energy from its chemical stores in food. The higher your metabolic rate, the more food you need to eat.
What are carbohydrates?<br>What are they used for?Carbohydrates are polymers, made from smaller carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars. There are different types of sugars. You can use sucrose to make cakes and there is lactose in milk.&nbsp;
What is starch?<br>Where is it used?- Starch is a carbohydrate polymer, which is synthesised from glucose monomers<br>- Plants often convert glucose into starch<br>- Starch is a chemical energy store
How does your body break down carbohydrates and starch?Inside your body, carbohydrase enzymes break down carbohydrates. The enzyme that breaks down starch is amylase.
Where does carbohydrate digestion occur?Carbohydrate digestion happens in your mouth and small intestine.
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label this diagram on carbohydrate digestion</div>
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Label this diagram on carbohydrate digestion</div>
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"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label this diagram on carbohydrate digestion</div>
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Label this diagram on carbohydrate digestion</div>
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"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label this diagram on carbohydrate digestion</div>
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Label this diagram on carbohydrate digestion</div>
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"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label this diagram on carbohydrate digestion</div>
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Label this diagram on carbohydrate digestion</div>
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"
What are proteins?Proteins are polymers, formed from amino acids. There are about 20 different amino acids. The order in which amino acids are joined, determines the protein that is synthesised. Amino acids all contain carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen atoms.&nbsp;
What enzyme breaks down proteins?In your body, protease enzymes break down proteins into amino acids
Where does protein digestion occur?Protein digestion occurs in your stomach and small intestine
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label this diagram on protein digestion</div>
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Label this diagram on protein digestion</div>
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"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label this diagram on protein digestion</div>
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Label this diagram on protein digestion</div>
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What are lipids?<br>What are they made up of?Lipids are the fats and oils that you eat. They're made from glycerol and three fatty acids. They aren't polymers, as they don't form a long chain of repeating units. They contain hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen atoms. They are a good store of energy, and some animals use them for insulation and buoyancy. Lipids are synthesised from three fatty acid molecules and a glycerol molecule.
What enzyme breaks down lipids?In your body, lipase enzymes break down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
Where does lipid digestion occur?Lipid digestion occurs inside your small intestine.
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What happens once food molecules are fully digested?Once food molecules are fully digested, they are absorbed into your bloodstream. Then they travel to the cells that need them
What is the chemical formula for glucose?"C<sub style=""font-size: 16.6667px;"">6</sub><span style=""font-size: 16.6667px;"">H</span><span style=""font-size: 16.6667px;"">₁₂O</span><sub style=""font-size: 16.6667px;"">6</sub>"
What is the chemical formula for oxygen?"O<span style=""font-size: 16.6667px;"">₂</span>"
What is the chemical formula for carbon dioxide?CO₂
What is the chemical formula for water?H₂O
What does your body do with energy?<br>Why does your body need energy?Your body continually transfers energy. It is transferred so that you can move, grow, and keep warm. When you sleep, energy is transferred so that your body can function in activities such as keeping your heart beating.
Where do you get energy from?Your energy comes from chemical stores in the food you eat. To transfer this energy, glucose reacts with oxygen in a series of chemical reactions called aerobic respiration.
Where do you get energy for aerobic respiration?You get the oxygen need for respiration from the air you breathe. Blood carries it to your cells.
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?Glucose + Oxygen --&gt; Carbon Dioxide + Water
What is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration?"C₆H₁₂O<span style=""font-size: 16.6667px;"">₆&nbsp;+ 6</span>O₂&nbsp;--&gt; 6CO₂&nbsp;+ 6H₂O"
What does ATP stand for?Adenosine Triphosphate
In aerobic respiration, what happens with energy from its chemical energy store in glucose?The reaction transfers energy from its chemical energy store in glucose to another chemical energy store for all processes in the cell. This energy store is called ATP.
What is ATP?It is an energy store used by all living organisms
What are the reactants in aerobic respiration?- Glucose<br>- Oxygen
What are the products in aerobic respiration?- Carbon Dioxide<br>- Water
What happens to the ATP energy produced during respiration?ATP produced during respiration is used:-<br>- To synthesise larger molecules from smaller ones to make new cell material. Plants make amino acids from sugars, nitrates and other nutrients. In turn, the amino acids form proteins<br>- For movement - animals use ATP to contract muscle cells enabling the organism to move<br>- To stay warm - when an animal's surroundings are colder than they are, they increase their rate of respiration, which transfers more energy by heating, so that they can keep their body at a constant temperature
What aerobically respires?<br>Where does respiration take place?Aerobic respiration occurs all the time in plant and animal cells. This provides the organism with a constant supply of energy. Respiration takes place inside the mitochondria of a cell. Each chemical reaction that takes place during respiration is controlled by a specific enzyme.
Do all cells contain mitochondria?<br>Which cells would contain more/less mitochondria?Most cells contain mitochondria but different cells contain different numbers of them. The number of mitochondria in a cell tell you how active the cell is. Muscle cells transfer lots of energy, so they contain large numbers of mitochondria. Liver cells have many mitochondria since they carry out many reactions.
Where is energy transferred during respiration?During the process of respiration, energy is transferred to the surroundings by heating. Therefore, respiration is an exothermic reaction
What does your body do during exercise in terms of energy?During exercise, your muscles need to transfer more energy than normal when they contract.. Your heart and breathing rate increase to provide your cells with enough glucose and oxygen for respiration to increase. However, during strenuous exercise, your heart rate can't increase fast enough to meet the demand. Your body starts to transfer energy from its chemical store in glucose by anaerobic respiration.
What is anaerobic respiration?<br>Why is it useful?Anaerobic respiration is a series of chemical reactions which don't require oxygen. It allows the body to transfer extra energy for short periods of time
What happens in an anaerobic respiration reaction?In this reaction, glucose isn't completely broken down, but instead poisonous lactic acid is produced
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?Glucose --&gt; Lactic acid
How do you normally respire?You normally respire aerobically
Why do you normally respire aerobically?- Aerobic respiration produces more ATP molecules per glucose molecule than anaerobic respiration. It has a greater yield. This is because the glucose molecules are fully broken down<br>- The lactic acid produced from anaerobic respiration causes cramps. When lactic acid builds up in muscle cells, it causes pain and the muscles stop contracting. This is called fatigue.
What happens when you have finished exercising?<br>What is oxygen debt?When you have finished exercising, you keep on breathing heavily. The extra oxygen you inhale reacts with the lactic acid, breaking it down. The oxygen need for this process is called oxygen debt.
Do other organisms perform anaerobic respiration?Other animals use anaerobic respiration when they need to transfer a lot of energy quickly. Examples may include when a predator is chasing its prey. It also takes place in plants and some microoganisms when oxygen isn't available. Examples may include the roots of a plant in waterlogged soil.
How does anaerobic respiration occur in plant cells and microorganisms?Anaerobic respiration in microorganisms and plants cells produce carbon dioxide and ethanol instead of lactic acid. This is fermentation - it is an example of anaerobic respiration.&nbsp;
What is fermentation?Fermentation is an example of anaerobic respiration, as the organism respires without oxygen. The reaction transfers energy from its store in glucose. It occurs in plants and some fungi (e.g. yeast).<br>It requires glucose and produces ethanol and carbon dioxide
What is the word equation for fermentation?Glucose --&gt; Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide
What is the symbol equation for fermentation?"C₆H₁₂O₆ --&gt; 2C<span style=""font-size: 16.6667px;"">₂</span>H₅OH + 2CO₂"
What is the chemical formula for ethanol?C₂H₅OH
What do plants need for photosynthesis?<br>How do they get it?To make food, plants have to take in:-<br>- carbon dioxide - this diffuses from the air into the plant through the stomata<br>- water - this enters the roots from the soil through the root hair cells by osmosis
What happens in photosynthesis?<br>What happens to the products?Photosynthesis involves a series of chemical reactions. In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and water react together to make glucose and oxygen. The plant uses glucose as a food source and the some of the oxygen is used by the plant in respiration and the rest of the waste product is released back into the environment.
What is the word equation for photosynthesis?Carbon Dioxide + Water --&gt; Glucose + Oxygen
What is the balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis?6CO₂&nbsp;+ 6H₂O --&gt; C₆H₁₂O₆+ 6O₂
Where does photosynthesis occur?Photosynthesis takes place inside the plant's chloroplast. This means that it mainly occurs in the leaf, but a small amount happens in the green stem.
What is chlorophyll?Leaves and stems are green because they contain the pigment chlorophyll inside their chloroplasts. Light transfers energy from the Sun to chlorophyll, where carbon dioxide and water react to make glucose. Glucose stores energy within its chemical bonds.
Where does glucose store energy?Glucose stores energy within its chemical bonds
How are the series of photosynthesis reactions divided?The series of photosynthesis reactions are divided into two main stages:-<br>- Stage 1 - Light dependant - Energy transferred from light splits water molecules into oxygen gas and hydrogen ions<br>- Stage 2 - Light independent - carbon dioxide gas combines with the hydrogen ions to make glucose
What type of reaction is photosynthesis - endothermic or exothermic?Photosynthesis is an example of an endothermic reaction. This means that energy must be transferred from the surroundings to keep the reaction going.
What happens to glucose produced in photosynthesis?- The plant uses some of the glucose immediately in respiration&nbsp;<br>- Other glucose molecules are converted into other sugar molceules such as fructose and sucrose. <br>- Glucose that isn't needed straight away, is converted to starch, which provides a store of energy and can be used at night for respiration when the plant isn't photosynthesising. <br>Glucose not used in respiration may be used in :-<br>- cellulose to form cell walls<br>- fats and oils as a food store and for growth<br>- proteins for growth and repair (nitrogen would be needed)
What is fructose?Fructose is a sugar molecule which is found in high quantities in fruit
What is sucrose?Sucrose is a sugar molecule also known as 'table sugar'. It is made up of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose. It is found in high quantities in stems such as sugar cane, as it is the form in which glucose is transported around the plant's tissue.
What can you show by testing a leaf for starch?You can show that light, chlorophyll and carbon dioxide are essential for photosyntheis by testing a leaf for the presence of starch. The plant converts glucose into starch if it isn't used immediately.
How can you test for starch in a leaf?- First take the leaf you are testing and use forceps to place it in a beaker of boiling water for a minute to kill it<br>- Then use forceps to place the leaf in a boiling tube of boiling ethanol to remove all chlorophyll<br>- Then wash leaf with water to remove the ethanol and soften the leaf<br>- Spread it out on a white tile<br>- Add a few drops of iodine solution on the leaf<br>- If starch is present, the iodine will turn from yellow-brown to blue-black
How would you heat ethanol?Use a water bath to heat ethanol as it is flammable
What is iodine solution?Iodine solution is a mixture of iodine and potassium iodide
What is a way of testing that photosynthesis has taken place?If a plant is unable to photosynthesise, it won't be able to make starch, so a good way of testing that photosynthesis has taken place, is to test for starch.
What should you do before carrying out many photosynthesis experiments?Before carrying out many photosynthesis experiments, you will need to destarch the plant. This means making sure that there is no starch present in the leaves you're going to test. You can do this by keeping the plant in the dark for a minimum of 24 hours.
What is a variegated leaf?Variegated leaves only have chlorophyll in some areas of the leaf. This means some areas of the leaf appear green, whereas others are white.
How can you prove chlorophyll is needed for photosynthesis?To prove chlorophyll is needed for photosynthesis, you should place a destarched variegated plant in sunlight for several hours. Then test one of its leaves for the presence of starch
How can you prove light is need for photosynthesis?To prove light is needed for photosynthesis, take a destarched plant and cover part of its leaves with a black card or tin foil. Light can't reach the covered area of the leaf.<br>Place the plant in sunlight for several hours. Then remove the card from the leaf and test the leaf for the presence of starch
How can you prove carbon dioxide is needed for photosynthesis?Take a destarched plant and place it inside a polythene bag. Add a pot of soda lime then seal the bag. The soda lime is a chemical that absorbs carbon dioxide and water vapour.&nbsp;<br>Then place the plant in sunlight for several hours and then test one of its leaves for the presence of starch
How can you prove oxygen is given off during photosynthesis?Place an upturned test tube above an aquatic plant such as the pondweed (Elodea). Put the apparatus in the light for maximum photosynthesis.&nbsp;<br>When you have collected a full tube of gas, place a glowing splint inside the tube. It will relight due to the presence of oxygen.
Which factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?Light intensity, carbon dioxide, and temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis. These are known as limiting factors. If light or carbon dioxide is in short supply, or the temperature is too low, then the rate of photosynthesis is limited.
What is the rate of photosynthesis?The rate of photosynthesis is a measure of how much photosynthesis occurs in a given time.
What are the two ways of measuring the rate of photosynthesis?You can measure the rate of photosynthesis by:-<br>- Measuring how much oxygen the plant makes in a given time, then using the equation ((rate = 1/t) where 1 means 1cm³&nbsp;of oxygen produced and t means time taken to produce it, and the unit depends on the time e.g. seconds = s^-1)<br>- Measuring how much glucose a plant produces in given time, as it's used to make new cells, so you can measure the rate of photosynthesis by calculating the increase in biomass ((rate = 1/t) where 1 means 1cm³&nbsp;of biomass increase and t means time taken for the increase, and the unit depends on the time e.g. minutes = min^-1)
How does light intensity affect the rate of photosynthesis?The higher the light intensity, the faster the rate of photosynthesis. This continues until photosynthesis reaches its maximum rate. In very low light levels or if there is no light, photosynthesis stops
How does temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis?Photosynthesis is a series of enzyme-controlled reactions. Therefore, the higher the temperature the faster the reactions occur. However, if the temperature is too high, the enzymes will denature and the reactions will stop.
How does carbon dioxide affect the rate of photosynthesis?<br>How much carbon dioxide is available?<br>What do farmers do to affect the levels of carbon dioxide?Carbon dioxide is one of the reactants for photosynthesis. The greater the carbon dioxide concentration, the faster the rate of reaction. However, the atmosphere only contains 0.04% carbon dioxide. This means that carbon dioxide is most commonly the limiting factor.<br>Farmers artificially increase levels of carbon dioxide in greenhouses, which increases the rate of photosynthesis.
What would a graph of light intensity affecting the rate of photosynthesis look like?"<img src=""Screenshot 2021-09-03 at 20.07.10.png"">"
What would a graph of carbon dioxide concentration affecting the rate of photosynthesis look like?"<img src=""Screenshot 2021-09-03 at 20.08.26.png"">"
What would a graph of temperature affecting the rate of photosynthesis look like?"<img src=""Screenshot 2021-09-03 at 20.08.42.png"">"
What three factors can be altered to effect the rate of photosynthesis (while using Elodea)?<br>Explain their effect?- Light intensity - Place a light source at different distances from the plant (e.g. Elodea)<br>- Carbon dioxide concentration - Put different masses of potassium hydrogen carbonate powder to the water. Potassium hydrogen carbonate releases carbon dioxide to the atmosphere<br>- Temperature - Place the apparatus in water baths at different temperatures
What apparatus would you need to investigate the effect of light intensity on photosynthesis?- Lamp/Bulb - Light source<br>- Ruler<br>- Plant - preferabbly Elodea<br>- Water<br>- Test tube
How do you calculate the relative light intensity during photosynthesis?<br>How is it affected?When you double the distance from a light source, the light intensity falls by a factor of four. This is known as the inverse square law:-<br>Relative light intensity = 1 / (distance from light source)²<br>Relative Light Intensity doesn't have a unit.
How do limiting factors interact?"When you investiogate each of the limiting factors separately, you see that at some point, increasing a factor, no longer makes a difference to the rate of photosynthesis, because one of the other factors is now in short supply (it becomes the limiting factor).<br>For example, increasing the light intensity or temperature in experiment A will no longer increase the rate of photosynthesis. The carbon dioxide concentration has limited the rate of photosynthesis, so increasing the CO₂&nbsp;levels will increase the rate of photosynthesis, as it is the limiting factor.<img src=""Screenshot 2021-09-25 at 17.35.29.png"">"
What is diffusion?Diffusion is the net (overall) movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of a low concentration. They move down a concentration gradient. Diffusion continues until the concentration of the particles is the same everywhere. At this point, the concentration gradient is zero.<br><br>TIP: Do not refer to the movement along a concentration gradient, you must state that the movement occurs down the concentration gradient - from high to low concentration
What happens in terms of energy in diffusion?Energy isn't transferred during diffusion: it is a passive process. Diffusion happens because of the ordinary motion of the particles.
Describe the movement of particles in a gas or solution?Particles in a gas or solution move constantly. This movement is random, therefore particles move in all directions. However, more particles move from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration, rather than the other way around.
"<img src=""Screenshot 2021-09-29 at 21.14.47.png"">At which point is the concentration gradient zero?"After 5 minutes
Where does diffusion occur in the body?Diffusion is one process, by which particles enter and leave cells. They pass through cell membrane from a region of high concentration to an area of low concentration.<br>- All of your cells need glucose and oxygen for respiration. Your blood transports these substances around your body. Glucose and oxygen then diffuse into cells that need them.<br>- Some chemical reactions that occur in cells, make waste products, which can be toxic - e.g.CO₂&nbsp;is poisionous at high levels. It diffuses out of respiring cells
What factors affect diffusion?The rate at which a substance diffuses is affected by:-<br>- Distance<br>- Concentration gradient<br>- Surface area
What do you need to do to increase the rate of diffusion?To increase the rate of diffusion, you need to:-<br>- Decrease the distance the particles need to move - it takes less time to travel a shorter distance<br>- Increase the concentration gradient - the steeper the concentration gradient, the greater the net movement of particles<br>- Increase surface area - this allows more space for diffusion so more particles can move in a period of time
Why do cells vary?Cells are different depending on the job they do, and the organism the cell is from
What are subcellular structures?All cells contain structures inside the cell - known as subcellular structures.<br>They each have a specific function
What are the two types of cells?- Eukaryotic cells<br>- Prokaryotic cells
Describe eukaryotic cells?Eukaryotic cells:-<br>- Genetic material in a nucleus<br>- Are complex<br>- Relatively large - with sizes between 10 micrometers and 100 micrometers<br><br>Plant and animal cells are eukaryotic cells
Describe prokaryotic cells?Prokaryotic cells:-<br>- Don't contain a nucleus<br>- Their genetic material floats in the cytoplasm<br>- Simple cells<br>- Smaller than eukaryotic cells - with sizes between 1 micrometer and 10 micrometer<br><br>Bacterial cells are examples of prokaryotic cells
What subcellular structures do all eukaryotic cells contain?- Nucleus - at some stage of their development<br>- Cytoplasm<br>- Cell membrane<br>- Mitochondria
What subcellular structures do animals cells contain?- Nucleus<br>- Cytoplasm<br>- Cell membrane<br>- Mitochondria<br>- Ribosomes
What subcellular structures do plant cells contain?Plant cells include everything animal cells have and more:-<br>- Nucleus<br>- Cell membrane<br>- Ribosomes<br>- Mitochondria<br>- Cytoplasm<br>- Vacuole<br>- Cell wall<br>- Chlorplast
What is the function of the nucleus?The nucleus contains DNA (genetic material) arranged as chromosomes which controls the cell's activities, including the cell's appearance and function and contains instructions to make new cells or new organisms
What is the function of the cytoplasm?The cytoplasm:-<br>- Is a 'jelly-like' substance<br>- Is where most of the chemical reactions occur - all of the ones that keep the cell alive
What is the function of the cell membrane?The cell membrane:-<br>- Is a selective barrier that controls which substances pass in and out of the cell<br>- Holds the cell together<br>- Contains receptor molecules which are used for cell communication (e.g. by hormones)
What is the function of the mitochondria?The mitochondria:-<br>- Is the site of cellular respiration<br>- Contains the enzymes need for the reactions involved (Glucose and Oxygen)
What is the function of the chloroplast?Chloroplast:-<br>- Where photosynthesis occurs<br>- Contains a green substance - chlorophyll - transfers energy from the Sun to the plant as light , which is used in photosynthesis<br>- Are only in green parts of the plant
What is the function on the cell wall?The cell wall:-<br>- Made of a tough fibre - cellulose - which makes the wall rigid<br>- Gives support for the cell
What is the function of the vacuole?The vacuole:-<br>- Full of cell sap - a watery solution of sugar and salts<br>- Helps to keep the cell rigid, so supporting the plant and keeping it upright
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Why do plants have extra subcellular structures compared to animal cells?Plants and animals are very different. Plants make their own food and can't move their whole body from place to place, therefore plant cells need extra subcellular structures
What does every single cell carry out?Every single cell carries out the seven life processes:-<br>- Movement<br>- Reproduction<br>- Sensitivity<br>- Growth<br>- Respiration<br>- Excretion<br>- Nutrition
What are bacteria?<br>Describe them?Bacteria are:-<br>- Smallest living organisms<br>- Unicellular organisms - they consist of one cell<br>- Mostly around 1 micrometer - you would need a powerful microscope to see them<br>Each dot of bacteria on an agar plate is a colony, not an individual bacteria
What are examples of prokaryotes?Most prokaryotes are bacteria:-<br>- Escherichia coli - E.Coli - causes food poisoning<br>- Streptococcus bacteria - cause sore throats<br>- Streptomyces bacteria - found in soil, the antbiotic streptomycin comes from these bacteria - it kills many disease-causing bacteria
Are bacterial cells all the same, in terms of shape, and subcellular structures?Bacterial cells have a different shapes but they all contain:-<div>- a cell membrane</div><div>- a cell wall</div><div>- genetic material (one long strand of DNA known as the bacterial chromosome)<br>- cytoplasm</div><div><br>Some types of bacterial cells have extra subcellular structures, however these are adaptations to their environment</div>
What subcellular structures do most prokaryotic cells have?- Cell wall<br>- Genetic material<br>- Cell membrane<br>- Cytoplasm
What extra subcellular structures may adapted bacterial cells have?- Flagella<br>- Pili<br>- Plasmid<br>- Slime capsule
What is the function of a flagella?Flagella are 'tail-like' structures that allow the cell to move through liquids
What is the function of pili?Pili are tiny 'hair-like' structures that enable the cell to attach to structures. Pili are also used to transfer genetic material between bacteria
What is the function of the slime capsule?The slime capsule is a layer outside the cell wall that protects a bacterium from dying out and from poisonuous substances. It also helps the bacteria to stick to smooth surfaces
What is the function of the plasmid?The plasmid is a circular piece (small loop) of DNA that is used to store extra genes, which aren't normally needed for the bacterium's day to day survival, but may help in times of stress. Plasmids may contain genes for drug resistance.
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Where is genetic material stored in bacteria cells?In bacteria cells, genetic material floats freely in the cytoplasm. There is one long strand of DNA known as the bacterial chromosome, usually circular.
What is the function of a cell wall on bacteria cells?The cell wall is made of peptidoglycan which holds the cell together and protects it
What is the purpose of microscopes?Microscopes use lenses to magnify images - make them look bigger
What is a light microscope?Light microscopes can be used to observe small structures in detail
How does a light microscope work?The microscope passes light through an object placed on a slide on the stage, then through two lenses - the objective lens and the eyepiece lens. The lenses magnify the object, so when you view it through the eyepiece, you can see it in more detail
What are the two types of microscopes?- Light microscopes<br>- Electron microscopes
What are the steps of observing cells through a light micrscope?1. Move the stage to its lowest position<br>2. Select the objective lens with the lowest magnification<br>3. Place the slide, which has cells on it, on the stage<br>4. Raise the stage to its highest position, taking care that the slide doesn't touch the lens<br>5. Lower the stage slowly using the coarse focus knob until you see your object (it will usually be blurred)<br>6. Turn the fine focus knob slowly until your object comes into clear focus<br>7. To see the cells in greater detail, switch to a higher magnification objective lens without moving the stage. Use the fine focus knob to bring the object into clear focus again
What are parts of a light microscope?- Eyepiece lens<br>- Coarse focus<br>- Objective lens<br>- Stage<br>- Slide<br>- Light source / lamp<br>- Fine focus<br>- Handle
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Why are cells stained in microscopy?Many cells are colourless, so scientists stain them to make them easier to observe. Some stains colour the whole cells, and others highlight specific subcellular structures
What are common stains in microscopy?- Methylene blue - this makes it easier to see the nucleus of an animal cell<br>- Iodine solution - this makes it easier to see plant cell nuclei<br>- Crystal violet - this stains bacterial cell walls
What are the steps for apply stain to a cell in microscopy?1. Place the cells on a glass slide<br>2. Add one drop of stain<br>3. Place a coverslip on top<br>4. Tap the coverslip gently with a pencil to remove air bubbles
How do you calculate total magnification of a microscope?Total magnification = Eyepiece lens magnification X Objective lens magnification
How do you prepare specimens in microscopy?1. Your specimen needs to let light through, for you to be able to see it clearl, so if it is a thick specimen you'll need to take a thin slice of it<br>2. Then take a clean slide and use a pipette to put one drop of water or mountant (a clear, gloopy liquid) in the middle of the specimen, to keep it in place<br>3. Use tweezers to place your specimen on the slide<br>4. Add a drop of stain if needed<br>5. Place a coverslip (a square of then, transparent plastic or glass) at one end of the specimen, holding it at an angle with a mounted needle<br>6. Carefully lower the coverslip onto the slide. Press it gently with the neddle so that no air bubbles are trapped under it
What is resolution?The resolution of a microscope is defined as the smallest distance between two point that can be seen as separate entities
What are electron microscopes?Electron microscopes use electrons (instead of light) to produce an image. They allow scientists to see in greater detail than every before. The greater resolution is achieved by using high-energy electrons as the 'light-source'.
What are parts of an electron microscope?- Electron source<br>- Electron beam<br>- Specimen<br>- Electromagnetic lenses<br>- Viewing screen
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What are the two types of electron microscopes?The two types of electron microscopes are:-<br>- TEM - Transmission electron microscope - these produce the most magnified images<br>- SEM - Scanning electron microscopes - these produce a 3-dimensional image of the surface
Describe how a TEM works?They produce the most magnified images. A beam of electrons pass through a very thin slice of the sample. The beam is focused to produce an image.
Describe how a SEM works?SEMs produce a three-dimensional image of a surface. They send a beam of electrons across the surface of a specimen. The reflected electrons are collected to produce an image
Compare microscopes in terms of:<br>- Cost<br>- Portability<br>- Sample preparation<br>- Colour of sample seen<br>- Specimen status (living or dead)<br>- Resolution viewable?"<img src=""Screenshot 2021-10-25 at 17.17.13.png"">"
Explain how electron microscopy has impacted us (scientists and society)?The development of electron micrscopy has allowed scientists to see the detail within subcellular structures e.g. chloroplast. This also provides huge benefits to society, as scientists can study the structure of a virus and develop drugs to destroy the virus. The drugs can attach to structures on the surface of the virus, to prevent causing diseases
In what type of substances does diffusion occur?Diffusion occurs in liquids and gases, as the particles in these substances are free to move about randomly
What equation links magnification, image size, and real size?Image size = Magnification X Real size
What is osmosis?Osmosis is the net movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration. It is a special type of diffusion
What is a partially permeable membrane?A partially permeable membrane is a membrane with very small holes in. Only tiny molecules (like water) can pass through them, and bigger molecules (like sucrose) can't. A cell membrane is a partially permeable membrane
Explain what happens in osmosis, when there are more water molecules on one side of a membrane than the other?The water molecules pass both ways through the membrane during osmosis, as water molecules move about randomly all the time. However, as there are more water molecules on one side of the membrane than the other, there is a steady net flow of water molecules into the region with fewer molecules.
What is water potential?The concentration of free water molecules is known as the water potential. It is the potential (likelihood) of water molecules to diffuse out of or into a solution
"If a solution has a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">high</span> water potential, then it has a <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""high"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> concentration of water molecules""If a solution has a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">high</span> water potential, then it has a <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">high</span> concentration of water molecules<br>
"
"If a solution has a <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""high"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> water potential, then it has a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">high</span> concentration of water molecules""If a solution has a <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">high</span> water potential, then it has a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">high</span> concentration of water molecules<br>
"
"If a solution has a <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""low"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> water potential, then it has a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">low</span> concentration of water molecules""If a solution has a <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">low</span> water potential, then it has a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">low</span> concentration of water molecules<br>
"
"If a solution has a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">low</span> water potential, then it has a <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""low"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> concentration of water molecules""If a solution has a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">low</span> water potential, then it has a <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">low</span> concentration of water molecules<br>
"
"Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane, <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""down"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">water potential gradient</span>""Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane, <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">down</span> a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">water potential gradient</span><br>
"
"Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">down</span> a <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""water&#x20;potential&#x20;gradient"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">down</span> a <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">water potential gradient</span><br>
"
What happens when you water a plant ?Watering a plant increases the water potential of the soil around it, so all of the plant cells draw water in by osmosis until they become turgid - plump and swollen. The water goes into the vacuole and the cytoplasm, which causes the contents of the cell to be pushed against the cell wall - this is known as turgor pressure. Turgor pressure helps support the plant tissue.
What would happen if there is no water in the soil around a plant?If there's no water in the soil, a plant will start to wilt (droop), as the cells become flaccid - they start to lose water. The turgor pressure falls. Eventually the cell contents collapse away from the cell wall and the cell is now a plasmolysed cell. The plant doesn't totally lose its shape though, because the inelastic cell wall keeps things in position. The plant just droops a bit.&nbsp;
How are animal cells affected by osmosis?Animal cells don't have cell walls, so they're more bothered by their surroundings. Animal cells can burst if they're surrounded by a solution with a higher water potential than them. When an animal cell takes up water, swells and bursts, it is known as lysis.<br>When an animal cell is placed into a more concentrated solution, is loses water and the cell becomes crenated - it crinkles
What cells usually use osmosis in animals?Red blood cells
What happens when a plant cell or animal cell is placed in a solution with the same water potential?There is no net movement of water. The cell remains the same
What is active transport?Active transport is the movement of particles across a membrane against a concentration gradient (from an area of low to high concentration) using ATP released during respiration
Is energy needed in active transport?As the particles are moving against their concentration gradient, energy must be transferred from an energy store, in this case ATP is used, which is released during respiration
What are carrier proteins?Carrier proteins are special proteins that span (strech across) the <b>width</b> of the cell membrane
How do carrier proteins work?- A particular molecule that a cell requires binds to a specific carrier protein<br>- (ATP) Energy is transferred from an energy store to the protein, so that it can change shape or rotate<br>- The carrier protein transports the molecule into the cell
How are rate of respiration and rate of active transport are related?As active transport requires ATP, the rate of which it occurs depends on the rate of respiration. The greater the rate of respiration, the greater the rate of active transport
What are examples of active transport in the body?- Active transport is used to take nutrients into the blood from the guts, when there may be less nutrients in the guts than the blood - this is essential to stop us from starving
What is mitosis?Mitosis is the process by which body cells divide to produce two identical daughter cells, which are genetically identical to the parent cell, and are clones
Why does mitosis occur?Mitosis occurs to replace worn out cells, to repair damaged tissues, and to enable the organism to increase in size
What does mitosis do the number of cells in a multicellular organism?Mitosis <b>increases</b> the number of cells in a multicellular organism
What is the cell cycle?<br>What does it involve?The process of cell growth and division is called the cell cycle, It has four stages - DNA replication, movement of chromosomes, cytokinesis, and the growth of the daughter cell
How is DNA replicated in the first stage of the cell cycle?"This stage involves a cell copying its chromosomes. This means each new cell produced will include a complete set of genetic material. Each chromosome is made of one molecule of DNA, so in order to copy a chromosome, its DNA must be replicated:<br>- The DNA molecule 'unzips', forming two separate strands<br>- The DNA bases on each strand are exposed<br>- Free nucleotides in the nucleus line up against each of the strands following the rule of complementary base pairing (A-T, C-G)<br>- This forms DNA base pairs<br>- When the whole strand is complete, there are two identical molecules of DNA<br><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-08 at 20.12.30.png"">"
Why is the cell cycle known as a <b>cycle</b>?As after cytokinesis, each of the daughter cells will then grow independently, and after this, the daughter cells will begin replicating their DNA, and the cell cycle will continue
What is cell differentiation?Cell differentiation is the process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job
What is the difference between animal and plant cells in terms of cell differentiation?Most animal cells lose the ability to differentiate at an early stage, but most plant cells don't ever lose that ability
What happens when a cell becomes specialised?When a cell becomes specialised, its structure changes so that it is better adapted to perform its function. It is important, as it makes the entire organism more efficient, as life processes are carried out more efficiently
What is the function of a sperm cell?<br>How is it adapted for its function?"A sperm cell is specialised to transfer genetic material from the male to the ovum (egg). Its adaptations include:-<br>- Flagellum (tail) - whips from side to side to propel the sperm to the ovum<br>- Lots of mitochondria - respiration occurs in mitochondria, and the reactions of respiration transfer energy from chemical stores so that the flagellum can move<br>- Acrosome - stores digestive enzymes, which break down the outer layers of the ovum to allow the sperm to transfer and incorporate its genetic material<img src=""paste-a58e012e9ac3e42be27073727263cb8b435e8264.jpg"">"
What is the function of a fat cell?<br>How is it adapted for its function?Fat cells are specialised to store fat. This can be used as a store of energy, enabling an animal to survive when food is short. Fat cells also provide animals with insulation, and are used to form a protective layer around some organs such as the heart. However, too much fat in humans is dangerous to health.<br>- Fat cells are adapted by having a small layer of cytoplasm surrounding a fat reservoir, which can expand up to 1000 times their original size, as they fill with fat
What is the function of red blood cells?<br>How is it adapted for its function?Red blood cells are specialised to transport oxygen around the body. Their main adaptations include:-<br>-&nbsp; Biconcave discs - RBCs are pushed on both sides to form a biconcave shape, which increases the surface area to volume ratio, speeding up the diffusion of oxygen into the cell and carbon dioxide out of the cell<br>- Packed full of haemoglobin - this protein binds to oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin, which is bright red<br>- No nucleus - this means there is space to contain more haemoglobin molecules
What is the function of ciliated cells?<br>How is it adapted for its function?Ciliated cells are in your airways. In between these cells, are goblet cells, which produce sticky mucus, which traps dirt and bacteria. The cilia (tiny hairs) on the top of the cells sweep the mucus away from your lungs to the back of your throat. You then swallow the mucus, and any bacteria present are killed in your stomach
What is the function of palisade cells?<br>How is it adapted for its function?Palisade cells are specialised for carrying out photosynthesis. They're found near the surface of the leaf and are packed full of chloroplasts. They have a regular shape to allow close packing within the leaf, maximising the absorption of sunlight
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loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a fat cell</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""dee202bfb48f4fa68adc335be09b9f94-ao-2-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-08 at 21.32.24.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a fat cell</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""dee202bfb48f4fa68adc335be09b9f94-ao-2-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-08 at 21.32.24.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a fat cell</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""dee202bfb48f4fa68adc335be09b9f94-ao-3-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-08 at 21.32.24.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a fat cell</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""dee202bfb48f4fa68adc335be09b9f94-ao-3-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-08 at 21.32.24.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a fat cell</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""dee202bfb48f4fa68adc335be09b9f94-ao-4-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-08 at 21.32.24.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a fat cell</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""dee202bfb48f4fa68adc335be09b9f94-ao-4-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-08 at 21.32.24.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a red blood cell</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""54916c89cb504dd985cf7838f609e327-ao-1-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-08 at 21.32.58.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a red blood cell</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""54916c89cb504dd985cf7838f609e327-ao-1-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-08 at 21.32.58.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a red blood cell</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""54916c89cb504dd985cf7838f609e327-ao-2-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-08 at 21.32.58.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a red blood cell</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""54916c89cb504dd985cf7838f609e327-ao-2-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-08 at 21.32.58.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a red blood cell</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""54916c89cb504dd985cf7838f609e327-ao-3-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-08 at 21.32.58.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a red blood cell</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""54916c89cb504dd985cf7838f609e327-ao-3-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-08 at 21.32.58.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a palisade cell</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""c986627e256a43a9b22e798876e9924a-ao-1-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-08 at 21.33.08.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a palisade cell</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""c986627e256a43a9b22e798876e9924a-ao-1-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-08 at 21.33.08.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a palisade cell</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""c986627e256a43a9b22e798876e9924a-ao-2-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-08 at 21.33.08.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a palisade cell</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""c986627e256a43a9b22e798876e9924a-ao-2-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-08 at 21.33.08.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a palisade cell</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""c986627e256a43a9b22e798876e9924a-ao-3-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-08 at 21.33.08.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a palisade cell</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""c986627e256a43a9b22e798876e9924a-ao-3-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-08 at 21.33.08.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a palisade cell</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""c986627e256a43a9b22e798876e9924a-ao-4-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-08 at 21.33.08.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a palisade cell</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""c986627e256a43a9b22e798876e9924a-ao-4-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-08 at 21.33.08.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a palisade cell</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""c986627e256a43a9b22e798876e9924a-ao-5-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-08 at 21.33.08.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a palisade cell</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""c986627e256a43a9b22e798876e9924a-ao-5-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-08 at 21.33.08.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a palisade cell</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""c986627e256a43a9b22e798876e9924a-ao-6-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-08 at 21.33.08.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a palisade cell</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""c986627e256a43a9b22e798876e9924a-ao-6-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-08 at 21.33.08.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a palisade cell</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""c986627e256a43a9b22e798876e9924a-ao-7-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-08 at 21.33.08.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a palisade cell</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""c986627e256a43a9b22e798876e9924a-ao-7-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-08 at 21.33.08.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
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"
What are stem cells?Stem cell are undifferentiated. Depending on what instruction they're given, they can divide by mitosis to become new cells, which then differentiate. Stem cells can develop into any type of specialised cell and form all types of tissue and organs. They're used by the body during development, growth, and repair.
What are the two types of stem cells in animals?The two main types of stem cells are:-<br>- Embryonic stem cells<br>- Adult stem cells
What are embryonic stem cells?<br>Where are they found?Embryonic stem cells are found in embryos. They divide by mitosis, to produce all the cells needed to make an organism. They have the ability to differentiate into all cell types . They're really important for the growth and development of organisms
What are adult stem cells?<br>Where are they found?Adult stem cells are found in various body tissues, such as the brain, bone marrow, skin, and liver. They're able to differentiate into some different types of cell, but not into as many types as embryonic stem cells.&nbsp;<br>Once an animal is fully grown, many adult stem cells remain in a non-dividing state for years. If activated by disease or tissue injury, these cells can then start to divide. This generates many cells which can be used to repair damage. Adult stem cells act as a repair mechanism for the body.<br>They're used to replace damaged cells
What are meristems?Meristem tissue is found in the areas of a plant that are growing - such as the roots and shoots
Where are stem cells in plant cells?Meristems produce unspecialised cells that are able to divide and form any cell type in the plant (stem cells), for as long as the plant lives. <br>These unspecialised cells can become specialised and form tissues like xylem and phloem
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete this diagram of a blood stem cell and what it can differentiate into</div>
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<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a656d23e1ca5454e8bc10e3b2619dd1d-ao-1-Q.svg"" /></div>
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete this diagram of a blood stem cell and what it can differentiate into</div>
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<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a656d23e1ca5454e8bc10e3b2619dd1d-ao-1-A.svg"" /></div>
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"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete this diagram of a blood stem cell and what it can differentiate into</div>
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<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a656d23e1ca5454e8bc10e3b2619dd1d-ao-2-Q.svg"" /></div>
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete this diagram of a blood stem cell and what it can differentiate into</div>
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<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a656d23e1ca5454e8bc10e3b2619dd1d-ao-2-A.svg"" /></div>
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"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete this diagram of a blood stem cell and what it can differentiate into</div>
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<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a656d23e1ca5454e8bc10e3b2619dd1d-ao-3-Q.svg"" /></div>
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete this diagram of a blood stem cell and what it can differentiate into</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a656d23e1ca5454e8bc10e3b2619dd1d-ao-3-A.svg"" /></div>
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if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
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aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
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"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete this diagram of a blood stem cell and what it can differentiate into</div>
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<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a656d23e1ca5454e8bc10e3b2619dd1d-ao-4-Q.svg"" /></div>
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete this diagram of a blood stem cell and what it can differentiate into</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""a656d23e1ca5454e8bc10e3b2619dd1d-ao-4-A.svg"" /></div>
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"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the diagram of where stem cells are found in a plant</div>
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<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""dbef7fcdef7d4c88b6271e138ccba322-ao-1-Q.svg"" /></div>
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the diagram of where stem cells are found in a plant</div>
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<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""dbef7fcdef7d4c88b6271e138ccba322-ao-1-A.svg"" /></div>
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aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
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"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the diagram of where stem cells are found in a plant</div>
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the diagram of where stem cells are found in a plant</div>
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<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""dbef7fcdef7d4c88b6271e138ccba322-ao-2-A.svg"" /></div>
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"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the diagram of where stem cells are found in a plant</div>
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<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""dbef7fcdef7d4c88b6271e138ccba322-ao-3-Q.svg"" /></div>
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the diagram of where stem cells are found in a plant</div>
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<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""dbef7fcdef7d4c88b6271e138ccba322-ao-3-A.svg"" /></div>
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"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the diagram of where stem cells are found in a plant</div>
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<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""dbef7fcdef7d4c88b6271e138ccba322-ao-4-Q.svg"" /></div>
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the diagram of where stem cells are found in a plant</div>
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"
What cells can a blood stem cell differentiate into?- Red blood cell<br>- White blood cell<br>- Platelets
What is a surface area to volume ratio?The surface area to volume ratio (surface area : area) is the surface area per unit volume of an object. It's calculated as a ratio
What is your nervous system?Your nervous system works by detecting changes in your external environment. This information is sent to your brain where it's processed. Your brain decides on an appropriate response and sends an impulse to another part of your body, telling it how to respond - a nervous response
What are the three main stages in a nervous response?1. There's a change in the environment - this is the stimulus<br>2. Groups of cells detect the stimulus - these are the sensory receptors<br>3. A response occurs from the effectors (these are muscles or glands). Muscles respond to an impulse by contracting, which causes movement. Glands respond by releasing hormones
What are receptor cells?Receptor cells are found in your sense organs. Different receptors detect different stimuli. They change the stimuli into electrical impulses that travel along neurones (nerve cells) to your CNS
"
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"
<div id=""io-header""></div>
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""
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""
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"
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""
<div id=""io-header""></div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""89594931001a48a2962433721cb7dce3-ao-4-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.12.29.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
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aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
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original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
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loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
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"
"
<div id=""io-header""></div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""89594931001a48a2962433721cb7dce3-ao-5-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.12.29.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header""></div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""89594931001a48a2962433721cb7dce3-ao-5-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.12.29.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header""></div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""89594931001a48a2962433721cb7dce3-ao-6-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.12.29.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header""></div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""89594931001a48a2962433721cb7dce3-ao-6-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.12.29.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header""></div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""89594931001a48a2962433721cb7dce3-ao-7-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.12.29.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header""></div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""89594931001a48a2962433721cb7dce3-ao-7-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.12.29.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header""></div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""89594931001a48a2962433721cb7dce3-ao-8-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.12.29.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header""></div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""89594931001a48a2962433721cb7dce3-ao-8-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.12.29.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
How is the CNS protected?The CNS is made up of the brain and spinal cord. These structures are made of delicate nervous tissue, so are protected by bones. The skull protects the brain, and the vertebral column (backbone) protects the spinal cord
How do impulses travel to and from the CNS?Neurones are used to carry electrical impulses to and from the CNS. The three types are:-<br>- sensory neurones<br>- relay neurones<br>- motor neurones
What do sensory neurones do?Sensory neurones carry electrical impulses from receptor cells to the CNS.&nbsp;
What do relay neurones do?Relay neurones carry electrical impulses from sensory neurones to motor neurones. These are only found within the CNS
What do motor neurones do?Motor neurones carry electrical impulses from the CNS to effectors
What are the complete summarised steps involved in a nervous reaction?<br>How long does it take?Stimulus - Receptor cells - Sensory neurone - Spinal cord - Brain - Spinal cord - Motor neurone - Effector - Response<br>This whole process takes around 0.7 seconds
"
<div id=""io-header""></div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""889230d1478a44c2b357b4f4b5aae486-ao-1-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.37.54.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header""></div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""889230d1478a44c2b357b4f4b5aae486-ao-1-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.37.54.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header""></div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""889230d1478a44c2b357b4f4b5aae486-ao-2-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.37.54.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header""></div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""889230d1478a44c2b357b4f4b5aae486-ao-2-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.37.54.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header""></div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""889230d1478a44c2b357b4f4b5aae486-ao-3-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.37.54.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header""></div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""889230d1478a44c2b357b4f4b5aae486-ao-3-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.37.54.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header""></div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""889230d1478a44c2b357b4f4b5aae486-ao-4-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.37.54.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header""></div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""889230d1478a44c2b357b4f4b5aae486-ao-4-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.37.54.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
What are reflex actions?<br>What are reflex arcs?Reflex actions are automatic (they occur without thinking), so they're even quicker than normal responses. Reflex actions usually occur when you're in danger, however they are many relfex actions which take care of basic bodily functions (e.g. breathing, heart rate, and digestion). The passage of information in a reflex action is called a reflex arc. The brain isn't involved in a reflex arc - this allows the body to react faster. Reflex actions take around 0.2 seconds. The reflex arc is: stimulus - receptor cells - sensory neurone - spinal cord - motor neurone - effector - response
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the structure of the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""d18c4ed6a13f4fc9b3de41bf45b44861-ao-1-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.36.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the structure of the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""d18c4ed6a13f4fc9b3de41bf45b44861-ao-1-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.36.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the structure of the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""d18c4ed6a13f4fc9b3de41bf45b44861-ao-2-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.36.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the structure of the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""d18c4ed6a13f4fc9b3de41bf45b44861-ao-2-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.36.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the structure of the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""d18c4ed6a13f4fc9b3de41bf45b44861-ao-3-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.36.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the structure of the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""d18c4ed6a13f4fc9b3de41bf45b44861-ao-3-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.36.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the structure of the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""d18c4ed6a13f4fc9b3de41bf45b44861-ao-4-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.36.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the structure of the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""d18c4ed6a13f4fc9b3de41bf45b44861-ao-4-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.36.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the structure of the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""d18c4ed6a13f4fc9b3de41bf45b44861-ao-5-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.36.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the structure of the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""d18c4ed6a13f4fc9b3de41bf45b44861-ao-5-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.36.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the structure of the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""d18c4ed6a13f4fc9b3de41bf45b44861-ao-6-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.36.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the structure of the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""d18c4ed6a13f4fc9b3de41bf45b44861-ao-6-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.36.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the structure of the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""d18c4ed6a13f4fc9b3de41bf45b44861-ao-7-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.36.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the structure of the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""d18c4ed6a13f4fc9b3de41bf45b44861-ao-7-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.36.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the structure of the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""d18c4ed6a13f4fc9b3de41bf45b44861-ao-8-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.36.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the structure of the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""d18c4ed6a13f4fc9b3de41bf45b44861-ao-8-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.36.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table of different structures in the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""4e27645c9ec24345932f61bd68a99b29-ao-1-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.55.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table of different structures in the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""4e27645c9ec24345932f61bd68a99b29-ao-1-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.55.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table of different structures in the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""4e27645c9ec24345932f61bd68a99b29-ao-2-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.55.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table of different structures in the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""4e27645c9ec24345932f61bd68a99b29-ao-2-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.55.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table of different structures in the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""4e27645c9ec24345932f61bd68a99b29-ao-3-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.55.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table of different structures in the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""4e27645c9ec24345932f61bd68a99b29-ao-3-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.55.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table of different structures in the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""4e27645c9ec24345932f61bd68a99b29-ao-4-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.55.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table of different structures in the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""4e27645c9ec24345932f61bd68a99b29-ao-4-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.55.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table of different structures in the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""4e27645c9ec24345932f61bd68a99b29-ao-5-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.55.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table of different structures in the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""4e27645c9ec24345932f61bd68a99b29-ao-5-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.55.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table of different structures in the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""4e27645c9ec24345932f61bd68a99b29-ao-6-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.55.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table of different structures in the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""4e27645c9ec24345932f61bd68a99b29-ao-6-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.55.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table of different structures in the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""4e27645c9ec24345932f61bd68a99b29-ao-7-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.55.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table of different structures in the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""4e27645c9ec24345932f61bd68a99b29-ao-7-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.55.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table of different structures in the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""4e27645c9ec24345932f61bd68a99b29-ao-8-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.55.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table of different structures in the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""4e27645c9ec24345932f61bd68a99b29-ao-8-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.55.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table of different structures in the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""4e27645c9ec24345932f61bd68a99b29-ao-9-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.55.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table of different structures in the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""4e27645c9ec24345932f61bd68a99b29-ao-9-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.55.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table of different structures in the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""4e27645c9ec24345932f61bd68a99b29-ao-10-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.55.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table of different structures in the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""4e27645c9ec24345932f61bd68a99b29-ao-10-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.55.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table of different structures in the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""4e27645c9ec24345932f61bd68a99b29-ao-11-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.55.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table of different structures in the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""4e27645c9ec24345932f61bd68a99b29-ao-11-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.55.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table of different structures in the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""4e27645c9ec24345932f61bd68a99b29-ao-12-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.55.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table of different structures in the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""4e27645c9ec24345932f61bd68a99b29-ao-12-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.55.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table of different structures in the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""4e27645c9ec24345932f61bd68a99b29-ao-13-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.55.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table of different structures in the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""4e27645c9ec24345932f61bd68a99b29-ao-13-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.55.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table of different structures in the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""4e27645c9ec24345932f61bd68a99b29-ao-14-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.55.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table of different structures in the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""4e27645c9ec24345932f61bd68a99b29-ao-14-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.55.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table of different structures in the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""2d35a8029d5e489d942127ffac26c91b-ao-1-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.55.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table of different structures in the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""2d35a8029d5e489d942127ffac26c91b-ao-1-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.55.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table of different structures in the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""2d35a8029d5e489d942127ffac26c91b-ao-2-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.55.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table of different structures in the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""2d35a8029d5e489d942127ffac26c91b-ao-2-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.55.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table of different structures in the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""2d35a8029d5e489d942127ffac26c91b-ao-3-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.55.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table of different structures in the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""2d35a8029d5e489d942127ffac26c91b-ao-3-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.55.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table of different structures in the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""2d35a8029d5e489d942127ffac26c91b-ao-4-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.55.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table of different structures in the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""2d35a8029d5e489d942127ffac26c91b-ao-4-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.55.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table of different structures in the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""2d35a8029d5e489d942127ffac26c91b-ao-5-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.55.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table of different structures in the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""2d35a8029d5e489d942127ffac26c91b-ao-5-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.55.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table of different structures in the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""2d35a8029d5e489d942127ffac26c91b-ao-6-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.55.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table of different structures in the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""2d35a8029d5e489d942127ffac26c91b-ao-6-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.55.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table of different structures in the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""2d35a8029d5e489d942127ffac26c91b-ao-7-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.55.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table of different structures in the eye</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""2d35a8029d5e489d942127ffac26c91b-ao-7-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-14 at 21.50.55.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
How are images formed?The cornea refracts (changes direction of) incoming light rays. This provides most of the focus to the incoming light. The light then passes through the pupil and is further refracted by the lens. This creates a sharp image on the retina. Light sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina produce a nervous impulse when exposed to light. This impulse travels down the optic nerve to the brain, which interprets the impulses as a visual image
What part of the eye must change for the lens to change shape?Ciliary muscle
How must the ciliary muscle change, to be able to focus on nearby and distant objects, which will change the shape of the lens?- When the ciliary muscle contracts, your lens becomes more convex - fatter. You can focus on nearby objects<br>- When your ciliary muscle relaxes, your lens becomes less convex - thinner. You can focus on distant objects
How are people with long and short sightedness affected?- Distant objects appear blurry to a person who is short sighted<br>- A person who is long sighted can't focus on nearby objects
What is short sightedness caused by?Short sightedness is caused by a person's lens being too strong, or by the eyeball being too long
What is long sightedness caused by?Long sightedness is caused by a person's lens being too weak, or by the eyeball being too short
How can short/long sightedness be treated?Opticians can prescribe glasses or contact lenses to correct these types of vision defects
How can short sightedness be corrected?Light rays meet infront of the retina (not on it) so the image is blurred. A concave lens bends outwards before they enter the eye, so the light rays now meet on the retina so the image is in focus
How can long sightedness be corrected?Light rays don't meet on the retina, so the image is blurred - they would meet behind it. A convex lens bends the light rays inwards before they enter the eye, so the light rays now meet on the retina so the image is in focus
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Concave"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> lenses correct short sightedness. <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Convex"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> lenses correct long sightedness""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Concave</span> lenses correct short sightedness. <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Convex</span> lenses correct long sightedness<br>
"
What is colour blindness?People who have difficulty making out different colours, or can't see colour at all, are colour blind
What are the two types of photorecptor cells in the retina?- Rods - these respond to light and allow you to see in low light levels. They're not responsive to different colours<br>- Cones - these respond to different colours. Different cone cells respond to red, blue, and green light
What is the function of the brain?You brain processes all the information collected by receptor cell about changes in your internal and external environment. It also receives and processes information about your hormonal system. It produces a coordinated response using all of this information
What is the benefit of having a brain?Having a <b>central control centre</b>&nbsp;means that neuronal communication is much faster than if control centres for different functions were spread around your body
How many neurones does your brain contain?<br>How is it protected?An adult membrane contains approx. 86 billion neurones. This delicate nervous tissue is protected by your skull and protective membranes
What are the main areas of the brain?- Cerebrum<br>- Cerebellum<br>- Medulla<br>- Hypothalamus<br>- Pituitary gland
What is the function of the cerebrum?The cerebrum controls complex behaviour such as learning, memory, personality, and conscious thought
What is the function of the cerebellum?The cerebellum controls posture, balance, and involuntary movement
What is the function of the medula?The medula controls automatic actions such as heart rate and breathing rate
What is the function of the hypothalamus?The hypothalamus regulates temperature and water balance
What is the function of the pituitary gland?The pituitary gland stores and releases hormones that regulate many body functions
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How can you investigate brain function?- Scientists placed electrodes inside animal and human brains. The electrodes transmit electrical impulses, which result in movement in different parts of the animal's body. This enables scientists to link an area of the brain to the region of the body it controls.<br>- Computed tomography (CT) scans use x-rays to create 3D images of inside the body. The position of any abnormalities can be linked to changes in a patient's behaviour. CT scans of brains can't be used regularly, as x-ray radiation increases the risk of cancer.<br>- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans use powerful magnets to identify brain abnormalities. A new technique fMRI (functional MRI), produces images in real time. Scientists identify areas of the brain that show increased blood flow. These areas are active when a person is carrying out a specific activity
What are scientist's understanding of brain function?<br>What have they done in the past?- Scientists don't fully understand the functions of all regions of the brain. They continually make new discoveries as technology improves.<br>- In the past, scientists mapped the brain using evidence from stroke victims. Analysing the damaged region and its effects, such as loss of limb movement, has enabled scientists to work out the function of different regions
How is the mammalian nervous system organised?The mammalian nervous system is organised structurally into two systems:-<br>- CNS - this consists of your brain and spinal cord<br>- PNS - this consists of all the neurones that connect the CNS to the rest of the body. These are the sensory neurones (carry nerve impulses from the receptors to the CNS) and motor neurones (carry nerve impulses away from the CNS to the effectors)
What is nervous system damage?<br>How could it occurDamage to any part of your PNS or CNS is known as nervous system damage. It could occur from:-<br>- injury<br>- disease<br>- a genetic condition<br>- ingesting a toxic substance
What does damage to the nervous system prevent?Damage to the nervous system prevents impulses from being passed effectively through the nervous system
What can damage to the PNS result in?Damage to the PNS can affect sensory and motor neurones, and can result in:-<br>- an inability to detect pain<br>- numbness<br>- loss of coordination
What can damage to the CNS result in?Damage to the CNS can result in:-<br>- a loss of control of body systems<br>- partial or complete paralysis (inability to move body regions)<br>- memory loss or processing difficulties
"Damage to the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""central"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> nervous system is more severe""Damage to the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">central</span> nervous system is more severe<br>
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How does the peripheral nervous system deal with damage?The PNS has a limited ability to regenerate. Minor nerve damage often self-heals, and the symptoms gradually decrease. More severe nervous damage can be treated through surgery
Why is it difficult to repair the central nervous system?The CNS can't regenerate, and any damage is permanent unless it can be corrected by surgery - it is usually impossible to repair. <br>The spinal cord consists of 31 pairs of nerves, each of which contains many nerve fibres. The spinal cord is around 1.5 cm in diameter, so identifying and repairing damage to an individual nerve fibre without damaging other, is extremely difficult.&nbsp;<br>Damage to the brain is often difficult to diagnose. MRI or CT scans may be used to build up an image of the damage site. Treatments are available for some conditions.<br>Many scientists are researching treatments for brain disease or damage. Many conditions currently remain untreatable.
What treatments are available for damage to the CNS?- Radiotherapy and chemotherapy - to treat a brain tumour<br>- Surgery - to remove damaged brain tissue<br>- Deep brain stimulation - inserting an electrode to stimulate brain function
What are nerves?Neurones are usually found in bundles of hundreds or even thousands - these are known as nerves
What are neurones?Neurons transmit information as electrical impulses, around the body
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<div id=""io-header"">What type of neurone is this?<br />Label the diagram of this neurone?</div>
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<div id=""io-header"">What type of neurone is this?<br />Label the diagram of this neurone?</div>
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<div class=""io-field-descr"">Extra 1</div>This is a sensory neurone
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amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">What type of neurone is this?<br />Label the diagram of this neurone?</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3516f416bf2b463099d93597a11eecc0-ao-2-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-15 at 19.30.44.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">What type of neurone is this?<br />Label the diagram of this neurone?</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3516f416bf2b463099d93597a11eecc0-ao-2-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-15 at 19.30.44.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
<div class=""io-extra-entry"">
<div class=""io-field-descr"">Extra 1</div>This is a sensory neurone
</div>
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">What type of neurone is this?<br />Label the diagram of this neurone?</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3516f416bf2b463099d93597a11eecc0-ao-3-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-15 at 19.30.44.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">What type of neurone is this?<br />Label the diagram of this neurone?</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3516f416bf2b463099d93597a11eecc0-ao-3-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-15 at 19.30.44.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
<div class=""io-extra-entry"">
<div class=""io-field-descr"">Extra 1</div>This is a sensory neurone
</div>
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">What type of neurone is this?<br />Label the diagram of this neurone?</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3516f416bf2b463099d93597a11eecc0-ao-4-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-15 at 19.30.44.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">What type of neurone is this?<br />Label the diagram of this neurone?</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3516f416bf2b463099d93597a11eecc0-ao-4-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-15 at 19.30.44.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
<div class=""io-extra-entry"">
<div class=""io-field-descr"">Extra 1</div>This is a sensory neurone
</div>
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">What type of neurone is this?<br />Label the diagram of this neurone?</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3516f416bf2b463099d93597a11eecc0-ao-5-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-15 at 19.30.44.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">What type of neurone is this?<br />Label the diagram of this neurone?</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3516f416bf2b463099d93597a11eecc0-ao-5-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-15 at 19.30.44.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
<div class=""io-extra-entry"">
<div class=""io-field-descr"">Extra 1</div>This is a sensory neurone
</div>
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">What type of neurone is this?<br />Label the digram of this neurone?</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""93932d5f82a44d83980b8d5461df98d0-ao-1-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-15 at 19.31.01.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">What type of neurone is this?<br />Label the digram of this neurone?</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""93932d5f82a44d83980b8d5461df98d0-ao-1-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-15 at 19.31.01.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
<div class=""io-extra-entry"">
<div class=""io-field-descr"">Extra 1</div>This is a relay neurone
</div>
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">What type of neurone is this?<br />Label the digram of this neurone?</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""93932d5f82a44d83980b8d5461df98d0-ao-2-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-15 at 19.31.01.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">What type of neurone is this?<br />Label the digram of this neurone?</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""93932d5f82a44d83980b8d5461df98d0-ao-2-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-15 at 19.31.01.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
<div class=""io-extra-entry"">
<div class=""io-field-descr"">Extra 1</div>This is a relay neurone
</div>
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">What type of neurone is this?<br />Label the digram of this neurone?</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""93932d5f82a44d83980b8d5461df98d0-ao-3-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-15 at 19.31.01.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">What type of neurone is this?<br />Label the digram of this neurone?</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""93932d5f82a44d83980b8d5461df98d0-ao-3-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-15 at 19.31.01.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
<div class=""io-extra-entry"">
<div class=""io-field-descr"">Extra 1</div>This is a relay neurone
</div>
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">What type of neurone is this?<br />Label the digram of this neurone?</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""93932d5f82a44d83980b8d5461df98d0-ao-4-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-15 at 19.31.01.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">What type of neurone is this?<br />Label the digram of this neurone?</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""93932d5f82a44d83980b8d5461df98d0-ao-4-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-15 at 19.31.01.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
<div class=""io-extra-entry"">
<div class=""io-field-descr"">Extra 1</div>This is a relay neurone
</div>
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">What type of neurone is this?<br />Label the digram of this neurone?</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""93932d5f82a44d83980b8d5461df98d0-ao-5-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-15 at 19.31.01.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">What type of neurone is this?<br />Label the digram of this neurone?</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""93932d5f82a44d83980b8d5461df98d0-ao-5-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-15 at 19.31.01.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
<div class=""io-extra-entry"">
<div class=""io-field-descr"">Extra 1</div>This is a relay neurone
</div>
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">What type of neurone is this?<br />Label the digram of this neurone?</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""93932d5f82a44d83980b8d5461df98d0-ao-6-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-15 at 19.31.01.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">What type of neurone is this?<br />Label the digram of this neurone?</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""93932d5f82a44d83980b8d5461df98d0-ao-6-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-15 at 19.31.01.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
<div class=""io-extra-entry"">
<div class=""io-field-descr"">Extra 1</div>This is a relay neurone
</div>
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">What type of neurone is this?<br />Label the diagram of this neurone?</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""650b670afeb6487eb7e307212587876c-ao-1-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-15 at 19.31.12.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">What type of neurone is this?<br />Label the diagram of this neurone?</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""650b670afeb6487eb7e307212587876c-ao-1-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-15 at 19.31.12.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
<div class=""io-extra-entry"">
<div class=""io-field-descr"">Extra 1</div>This is a motor neurone
</div>
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">What type of neurone is this?<br />Label the diagram of this neurone?</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""650b670afeb6487eb7e307212587876c-ao-2-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-15 at 19.31.12.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">What type of neurone is this?<br />Label the diagram of this neurone?</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""650b670afeb6487eb7e307212587876c-ao-2-A.svg"" /></div>
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<div class=""io-field-descr"">Extra 1</div>This is a motor neurone
</div>
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</div>
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"
"
<div id=""io-header"">What type of neurone is this?<br />Label the diagram of this neurone?</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""650b670afeb6487eb7e307212587876c-ao-3-Q.svg"" /></div>
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""
<div id=""io-header"">What type of neurone is this?<br />Label the diagram of this neurone?</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""650b670afeb6487eb7e307212587876c-ao-3-A.svg"" /></div>
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<div class=""io-field-descr"">Extra 1</div>This is a motor neurone
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</div>
<script>
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"
"
<div id=""io-header"">What type of neurone is this?<br />Label the diagram of this neurone?</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""650b670afeb6487eb7e307212587876c-ao-4-Q.svg"" /></div>
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""
<div id=""io-header"">What type of neurone is this?<br />Label the diagram of this neurone?</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
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<div class=""io-field-descr"">Extra 1</div>This is a motor neurone
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"
"
<div id=""io-header"">What type of neurone is this?<br />Label the diagram of this neurone?</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""650b670afeb6487eb7e307212587876c-ao-5-Q.svg"" /></div>
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</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">What type of neurone is this?<br />Label the diagram of this neurone?</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""650b670afeb6487eb7e307212587876c-ao-5-A.svg"" /></div>
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<div class=""io-field-descr"">Extra 1</div>This is a motor neurone
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"
How do neurones work to transmit information?- Electrical impulses are passed along the axon of a neurone. <br>- On the end of sensory and motor neurones, there are branched endings (dendrites), so they can connect with lots of other neurones. <br>- Dendrites and dendrons carry impulses towards the cell body, and axons carry impulses away from it<br>- Some axons are surrounded by a fatty (myelin) sheath, which acts as an insulator, speeding up the electrical impulse. <br>- Neurones are long which speeds up the impulse, but connecting with another neurone slows down the impulse, so one long neurone is much quicker than lots of short ones joined together. <br>- The connection between two neurones is called a synapse (it's a tiny gap). Between two neurones, the electrical impulse triggers the release of transmitter chemicals which diffuse across the gap. These chemicals bind to receptor molecules in the membrane of the next neurone. This sets off a new electrical impulse
What is a coordinated response?Your brain receives hige amounts of information from your sensory receptors all at the same time. The brain processes this information, and forms a coordinated response. This often results in a series of impulses being sent to different parts of the body, producing the required action
What are hormones?Hormones are chemical messangers, which are made in endocrine glands and secreted into the blood. The blood transports the hormones in the plasma around the body. Hormones cause a response in specific cells that are found in target organs. Hormones regulate the functions of many cells and organs. Hormonal responses are fairly slow and long lasting (e.g. testosterone), but some can act more quickly (e.g. adrenaline). Hormones control body processes that need constant adjustment - e.g. body temp.
What is testosterone responsible for?Testosterone is responsible for the changes that take place during puberty. It is responsible for stimulating sperm production in males. Its rising levels during puberty also cause an increase in height, body and pubic hair growth, and enlargement of the penis and testes
What is homeostasis?Keeping the conditions in your body constant is called homestasis
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label this diagram of major endocrine glands and the hormones they produce</div>
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if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
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</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label this diagram of major endocrine glands and the hormones they produce</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""b84e707ef38c4c8c98d11d418c42cf84-ao-1-A.svg"" /></div>
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aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
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var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
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if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
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mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
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"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label this diagram of major endocrine glands and the hormones they produce</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""b84e707ef38c4c8c98d11d418c42cf84-ao-2-Q.svg"" /></div>
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Label this diagram of major endocrine glands and the hormones they produce</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""b84e707ef38c4c8c98d11d418c42cf84-ao-2-A.svg"" /></div>
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if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
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aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
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original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
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if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
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"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label this diagram of major endocrine glands and the hormones they produce</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""b84e707ef38c4c8c98d11d418c42cf84-ao-3-Q.svg"" /></div>
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if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Label this diagram of major endocrine glands and the hormones they produce</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""b84e707ef38c4c8c98d11d418c42cf84-ao-3-A.svg"" /></div>
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amask.style.display = 'block'
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aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
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var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
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if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
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mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
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"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label this diagram of major endocrine glands and the hormones they produce</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""b84e707ef38c4c8c98d11d418c42cf84-ao-4-Q.svg"" /></div>
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Label this diagram of major endocrine glands and the hormones they produce</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""b84e707ef38c4c8c98d11d418c42cf84-ao-4-A.svg"" /></div>
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aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
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"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label this diagram of major endocrine glands and the hormones they produce</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""b84e707ef38c4c8c98d11d418c42cf84-ao-5-Q.svg"" /></div>
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Label this diagram of major endocrine glands and the hormones they produce</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""b84e707ef38c4c8c98d11d418c42cf84-ao-5-A.svg"" /></div>
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"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label this diagram of major endocrine glands and the hormones they produce</div>
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<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""b84e707ef38c4c8c98d11d418c42cf84-ao-6-Q.svg"" /></div>
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Label this diagram of major endocrine glands and the hormones they produce</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""b84e707ef38c4c8c98d11d418c42cf84-ao-6-A.svg"" /></div>
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if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
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"
What are target cells?<br>Why are they needed?Nerve impulses travel to specific parts of the body, but hormones travel all over the body in the bloodstream but only target organs respond. Hormones diffuse out of the blood and bind to specific receptors for that hormone, found on the membranes or in the cytoplasm of cells in the target organs. These are target cells. Once bound to their receptors, the hormones stimulate the target cells to produce a response
What is the endocrine system?The endocrine system is the name given to all the endocrine glands and the hormones they produce. The endocrine system controls and coordinates body processes with the nervous system.
What do the endocrine system and the nervous system do together?Both systems send messages around the body to provide information about any changes in your internal and external environment. They also send information as to how the body should respond. However, they carry out their roles in different ways
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table for differences between the nervous system and the endocrine system </div>
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table for differences between the nervous system and the endocrine system </div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""df8720b0d3d34e71a86fcacb54e2a2a2-ao-1-A.svg"" /></div>
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"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table for differences between the nervous system and the endocrine system </div>
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<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""df8720b0d3d34e71a86fcacb54e2a2a2-ao-2-Q.svg"" /></div>
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table for differences between the nervous system and the endocrine system </div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""df8720b0d3d34e71a86fcacb54e2a2a2-ao-2-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 10.11.53.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table for differences between the nervous system and the endocrine system </div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""df8720b0d3d34e71a86fcacb54e2a2a2-ao-3-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 10.11.53.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table for differences between the nervous system and the endocrine system </div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""df8720b0d3d34e71a86fcacb54e2a2a2-ao-3-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 10.11.53.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table for differences between the nervous system and the endocrine system </div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""df8720b0d3d34e71a86fcacb54e2a2a2-ao-4-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 10.11.53.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table for differences between the nervous system and the endocrine system </div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""df8720b0d3d34e71a86fcacb54e2a2a2-ao-4-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 10.11.53.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table for differences between the nervous system and the endocrine system </div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""df8720b0d3d34e71a86fcacb54e2a2a2-ao-5-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 10.11.53.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table for differences between the nervous system and the endocrine system </div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""df8720b0d3d34e71a86fcacb54e2a2a2-ao-5-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 10.11.53.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table for differences between the nervous system and the endocrine system </div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""df8720b0d3d34e71a86fcacb54e2a2a2-ao-6-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 10.11.53.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table for differences between the nervous system and the endocrine system </div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""df8720b0d3d34e71a86fcacb54e2a2a2-ao-6-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 10.11.53.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table for differences between the nervous system and the endocrine system </div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""df8720b0d3d34e71a86fcacb54e2a2a2-ao-7-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 10.11.53.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table for differences between the nervous system and the endocrine system </div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""df8720b0d3d34e71a86fcacb54e2a2a2-ao-7-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 10.11.53.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table for differences between the nervous system and the endocrine system </div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""df8720b0d3d34e71a86fcacb54e2a2a2-ao-8-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 10.11.53.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table for differences between the nervous system and the endocrine system </div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""df8720b0d3d34e71a86fcacb54e2a2a2-ao-8-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 10.11.53.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
What is thyroxine?Thyroxine is a hormone produced in the thyroid gland (in the neck). It plays an important role in regulating metabolic rate - the speed at which the body transfers energy from its chemical stores in order to perform its functions. The function of the thyroid gland is to take iodine - found in many foods - and convert it into thyroxine by combining it with amino acid tyrosine. Thyroxine is released in response to thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), which is released from the pituitary gland
What is adrenaline?Adrenaline is a hormone released by the adrenal glands (located just above the kidneys). Adrenal glands secrete adrenaline in times of stress. It immediately prepares the body for intensive action. This is the flight or fight response.&nbsp;
What is negative feedback?Negative feedback is an important type of control used in homeostasis.&nbsp;<br>A small change in one direction is detected by sensory receptors. As a result, effectors work to reverse the change and restore conditions to their base level.
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the stages in negative feedback</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""ace7983bc2a44f8bab1b6f284cce1518-oa-1-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 10.42.22.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the stages in negative feedback</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""ace7983bc2a44f8bab1b6f284cce1518-oa-1-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 10.42.22.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the stages in negative feedback</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""ace7983bc2a44f8bab1b6f284cce1518-oa-2-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 10.42.22.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the stages in negative feedback</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""ace7983bc2a44f8bab1b6f284cce1518-oa-2-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 10.42.22.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the stages in negative feedback</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""ace7983bc2a44f8bab1b6f284cce1518-oa-3-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 10.42.22.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the stages in negative feedback</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""ace7983bc2a44f8bab1b6f284cce1518-oa-3-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 10.42.22.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the stages in negative feedback</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""ace7983bc2a44f8bab1b6f284cce1518-oa-4-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 10.42.22.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the stages in negative feedback</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""ace7983bc2a44f8bab1b6f284cce1518-oa-4-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 10.42.22.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the stages in negative feedback</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""ace7983bc2a44f8bab1b6f284cce1518-oa-5-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 10.42.22.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the stages in negative feedback</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""ace7983bc2a44f8bab1b6f284cce1518-oa-5-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 10.42.22.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
How are thyroxine levels controlled?Thyroxine controls how much energy is available to cells. When the body requires more energy, the hypothalamus sauses the pituitary gland to release throid-stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroxine. This increases the metablic rate, allowing cells to transfer additional energy. When the cells have the required amount of energy, the hypothalamus inhibits the production of TSH. The thyroid gland therefore stops releasing thyroxine
How are adrenaline levels controlled?Adrenaline prepares the body for intensive action. When you feel threatened or scared, the brain signals the adrenal glands to secrete adrenaline. This causes the body to respond by:-<br>- respiring more quickly, to increase the rate of ATP production<br>- increasing the rate of breathing to cope with extra demand of oxygen<br>- increasing heart rate<br>- diverting blood away from areas such as digestive system, and towards the muscles<br>When the stress is removed, the signals to the adrenal glands stop. Therefore the glands stop producing adrenaline. The affected body systems return to their previous state
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the dirgam about controlling thyroxine levels</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""835ccb90e4014585927cc68a2b10d615-ao-1-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 11.01.04.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the dirgam about controlling thyroxine levels</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""835ccb90e4014585927cc68a2b10d615-ao-1-A.svg"" /></div>
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"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the dirgam about controlling thyroxine levels</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""835ccb90e4014585927cc68a2b10d615-ao-2-Q.svg"" /></div>
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the dirgam about controlling thyroxine levels</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""835ccb90e4014585927cc68a2b10d615-ao-2-A.svg"" /></div>
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<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
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<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
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if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
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mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
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"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the dirgam about controlling thyroxine levels</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""835ccb90e4014585927cc68a2b10d615-ao-3-Q.svg"" /></div>
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if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the dirgam about controlling thyroxine levels</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""835ccb90e4014585927cc68a2b10d615-ao-3-A.svg"" /></div>
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original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
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if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
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mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
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"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the dirgam about controlling thyroxine levels</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""835ccb90e4014585927cc68a2b10d615-ao-4-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 11.01.04.png"" /></div>
</div>
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<script>
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if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
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mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the dirgam about controlling thyroxine levels</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""835ccb90e4014585927cc68a2b10d615-ao-4-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 11.01.04.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
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if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
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amask.style.display = 'block'
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"
What is the menstrual cycle?The menstrual cycle is a monthly cycle, during which a woman's body gets ready for pregnancy - the female body releases an egg and prepares the uterus (womb) in case it receives a fertilised egg. The cycle lasts about 28 days
How many stages are there in the menstrual cycle?<br>What occurs in each stage?There are four stages:-&nbsp;<br>- Stage 1 - Day 1 is when menstruation starts. The uterus lining breaks down and is released<br>- Stage 2 - Day 4 to 14 the lining of the uterus builds up again into a thick spongy layer full of blood vessels ready to receive a fertilised egg<br>- Stage 3 - Day 14 an egg develops and is released from an ovary (this is ovulation)<br>- Stage 4 - Day 14 to 28 The lining is then maintained. If no fertilised egg has implanted into the uterus wall by day 28, the spongy lining starts to break down again and the whole cycle starts over
What controls the menstrual cycle?The menstrual cycle is controlled by four hormones that are made in the pituitary gland and the ovaries:-<br>- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) - Secreted by the pituitary gland, and travels to the ovaries where it causes an egg to mature. FSH also stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen<br>- Oestrogen - Made and secreted by the ovaries, and causes the lining of the uterus to build up. As oestrogen levels rise, they inhibit the production of FSH, whcih usually prevents more than one egg maturing and stimulates the pituitary gland to release luteinising hormone (LH)<br>- Luteinising hormone (LH) - When LH levels reach a peak in the middle of the cycle, ovulation is triggered<br>- Progesterone - Maintains the uterus lining. Levels of this hormone remain high throughout pregnancy. This hormone also inhibits LH
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a female reproductive system, and what happens there</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""000015c193f74767b896b4d8208eb8e1-ao-1-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 13.11.24.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
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var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a female reproductive system, and what happens there</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""000015c193f74767b896b4d8208eb8e1-ao-1-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 13.11.24.png"" /></div>
</div>
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var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
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amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
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</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a female reproductive system, and what happens there</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""000015c193f74767b896b4d8208eb8e1-ao-2-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 13.11.24.png"" /></div>
</div>
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<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a female reproductive system, and what happens there</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""000015c193f74767b896b4d8208eb8e1-ao-2-A.svg"" /></div>
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</div>
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</div>
<script>
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var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a female reproductive system, and what happens there</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""000015c193f74767b896b4d8208eb8e1-ao-3-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 13.11.24.png"" /></div>
</div>
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<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
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var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a female reproductive system, and what happens there</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""000015c193f74767b896b4d8208eb8e1-ao-3-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 13.11.24.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a female reproductive system, and what happens there</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""000015c193f74767b896b4d8208eb8e1-ao-4-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 13.11.24.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
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aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
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var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a female reproductive system, and what happens there</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""000015c193f74767b896b4d8208eb8e1-ao-4-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 13.11.24.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
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<script>
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var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a female reproductive system, and what happens there</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""000015c193f74767b896b4d8208eb8e1-ao-5-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 13.11.24.png"" /></div>
</div>
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<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
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var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a female reproductive system, and what happens there</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""000015c193f74767b896b4d8208eb8e1-ao-5-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 13.11.24.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
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<div id=""io-extra"">
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</div>
<script>
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var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
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mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
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"
What are levels of pituitary hormones in the blood like during the menstrual cycle?"<img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 13.14.34.png"">"
What are levels of oestrogen in the blood like during the menstrual cycle?"<img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 13.14.39.png"">"
What are levels of progesterone in the blood like during the menstrual cycle?"<img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 13.14.46.png"">"
What is contraception?Any technique used to prevent pregnancy is known as contraception
What are the two types of contraception?- Non-hormonal / Barrier - These are barrier methods that prevent a sperm contacting the egg or physical devices that release chemical compounds. These chemicals kill sperm cells (spermicides) or prevent the implantation of fertilised eggs<br>- Hormonal - these use hormones to disrupt the normal female reproductive cycle
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e3af1dbc97bc447da9328f95a09a53db-ao-1-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 13.37.25.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
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aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e3af1dbc97bc447da9328f95a09a53db-ao-1-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 13.37.25.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e3af1dbc97bc447da9328f95a09a53db-ao-2-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 13.37.25.png"" /></div>
</div>
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<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
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var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e3af1dbc97bc447da9328f95a09a53db-ao-2-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 13.37.25.png"" /></div>
</div>
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</div>
<script>
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var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e3af1dbc97bc447da9328f95a09a53db-ao-3-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 13.37.25.png"" /></div>
</div>
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<script>
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original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e3af1dbc97bc447da9328f95a09a53db-ao-3-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 13.37.25.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e3af1dbc97bc447da9328f95a09a53db-ao-4-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 13.37.25.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e3af1dbc97bc447da9328f95a09a53db-ao-4-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 13.37.25.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e3af1dbc97bc447da9328f95a09a53db-ao-5-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 13.37.25.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e3af1dbc97bc447da9328f95a09a53db-ao-5-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 13.37.25.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e3af1dbc97bc447da9328f95a09a53db-ao-6-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 13.37.25.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e3af1dbc97bc447da9328f95a09a53db-ao-6-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 13.37.25.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e3af1dbc97bc447da9328f95a09a53db-ao-7-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 13.37.25.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e3af1dbc97bc447da9328f95a09a53db-ao-7-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 13.37.25.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e3af1dbc97bc447da9328f95a09a53db-ao-8-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 13.37.25.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e3af1dbc97bc447da9328f95a09a53db-ao-8-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 13.37.25.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e3af1dbc97bc447da9328f95a09a53db-ao-9-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 13.37.25.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e3af1dbc97bc447da9328f95a09a53db-ao-9-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 13.37.25.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e3af1dbc97bc447da9328f95a09a53db-ao-10-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 13.37.25.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e3af1dbc97bc447da9328f95a09a53db-ao-10-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 13.37.25.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e3af1dbc97bc447da9328f95a09a53db-ao-11-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 13.37.25.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e3af1dbc97bc447da9328f95a09a53db-ao-11-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 13.37.25.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e3af1dbc97bc447da9328f95a09a53db-ao-12-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 13.37.25.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e3af1dbc97bc447da9328f95a09a53db-ao-12-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 13.37.25.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e3af1dbc97bc447da9328f95a09a53db-ao-13-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 13.37.25.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e3af1dbc97bc447da9328f95a09a53db-ao-13-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 13.37.25.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e3af1dbc97bc447da9328f95a09a53db-ao-14-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 13.37.25.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e3af1dbc97bc447da9328f95a09a53db-ao-14-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 13.37.25.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e3af1dbc97bc447da9328f95a09a53db-ao-15-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 13.37.25.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e3af1dbc97bc447da9328f95a09a53db-ao-15-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 13.37.25.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e3af1dbc97bc447da9328f95a09a53db-ao-16-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 13.37.25.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e3af1dbc97bc447da9328f95a09a53db-ao-16-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 13.37.25.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
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var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
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mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
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original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
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if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
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} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
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</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
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"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
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<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
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"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
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if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
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<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e3af1dbc97bc447da9328f95a09a53db-ao-20-A.svg"" /></div>
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var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
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}
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aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
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original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
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if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
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"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
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<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e3af1dbc97bc447da9328f95a09a53db-ao-21-Q.svg"" /></div>
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
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<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e3af1dbc97bc447da9328f95a09a53db-ao-21-A.svg"" /></div>
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var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
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amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
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var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
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if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
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"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e3af1dbc97bc447da9328f95a09a53db-ao-22-Q.svg"" /></div>
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if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
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<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e3af1dbc97bc447da9328f95a09a53db-ao-22-A.svg"" /></div>
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var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e3af1dbc97bc447da9328f95a09a53db-ao-23-Q.svg"" /></div>
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original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
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var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
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"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on different contraception methods</div>
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"
How effective are contraception methods?No form of contraception is 100% effective
What are causes of infertility?- Blocked fallopian tubes<br>- Blocked sperm ducts<br>- Not enough sperm produced in the testes<br>- A lack of mature eggs produced in the ovaries<br>- A failure of the ovaries to release an egg
What is fertility treatment?Infertilty can be treated using hormones. This is infertility treatment. FSh can be used as an artifical fertility drug. When the woman takes this drug, it stimulates eggs to mature in her ovaries. It also triggers oestrogen production. This significantly increases her chances of getting pregnant as it increases the likelihood of one or more eggs being released
What is (IVF) in vitro fertilisation?<br>How does it work?If fertility treatment with hormones alone is unsuccessful, then people may use IVF. It involves doctors collecting eggs from the ovary of the mother and fertilising them with sperm from the father outside the body. FSH and LH atr given to the mother to ensure that as many eggs in her ovaries mature as possible and are harvested. However IVF isn't reliable and may result in: no prgnancy, or multiple pregnancies.
What are advantages and disadvantages of IVF?"<span style=""background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);""><font color=""#08e409"">- It enables older parents to have children<br>- It allows younger women to focus on their careers, and choose to have a baby later in life<br>- It allows parents to conceive who would otherwise not be able to have a baby</font></span><br><font color=""#ec0027"">- It isn't a natural process<br>- It could result in multiple births - this could be dangerous to the mother<br>- IVF is very expensive and limited availability</font>"
What is a tropism?Plants detect stimuli in their environment and can respond by growth in a particular direction. This is a tropism. If a part of a plant grows towards a stimulus, this is a positive tropism. If it grows away from the stimulus, it is a negative tropism
What is phototropism?Phototropism means growing towards the light. When a stem grows towards the light, the plant can photosynthesise more. This means more food is produced for the plant, so it can grow faster. This increases the plants chances of survival.
What is gravitropism?Gravitropism means growing in the same direction as gravity. It is important for the roots to grow downwards, as growing deeper into the soil helps provide anchorage. In a normally takes the roots are nearer to water.
Why is phototropism and gravitropism important?These responses are important for germinating seeds, and for adult plants. When seeds are scattered they often land the wrong way up, but these responses ensure that the plant grows correctly
What is auxin?Auxin is a plant hormone that enables a plant to grow towards or away from a stimulus. Auxin is made in cells near the tips of plant shoots or roots. The response to a stimulus occurs because of an uneven distribution of auxin. This causes an unequal growth rate, which results in the shoot or root bending. Auxin stimulates shoot cells to grow more, but inhibits the growth of root cells
How do plants respond to light?"When light hits one side of a shoot tip, the auxin moves to the other side of the shoot. This causes the concentration of auxin to build up in the unlit side. The cells respond by elongating. This increases the length of this side of the shoot, so the shoot bends towards the light.<br>When light falls evenly on the shoot, the level of auxin is evenly distributed throughout the tip. All the cells in the tip grow at the same rate so the shoot grows straight.<br>In roots, the shaded side also contains more auxin, but these cells elongate less so the root bends away from the light<img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 18.00.25.png"">"
How do plants respond to gravity?"<img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-21 at 18.04.52.png"">"
What does a plant use hormones for?Plant hormones are produced by cells in one area of the plant and then transported to a different area to produce a response. The main functions of three plant hormones are:-<br>- Auxin - Stimulates growth by causing cell elongation and help to regulate fruit development. Without auxins, fruits are too small<br>- Ethene - Causes plant fruits to ripen by stimulating the conversion of starch into sugar - this is why ripe fruit tastes sweeter than an unripe one. It's the only plant hormone to exist as a gas<br>- Gibberellins - Promotes growth, partiularly stem elongation. They can also end the dormancy period of seeds and buds. This leads to shoots and flowers opening
What are commercial uses of plant hormones?Plant hormones can be used to speed up or slow down plant growth. This helps create more plants, enabling farmers to make more money. Uses include:-<br>- Killing weeds - Weed killers contain auxins. The auxin weedkiller maes the weeds grow too fast. This rapid uncontrolled growth kills the plant<br>- Promoting root growth - Rooting powder contains auxin. Gardeners use auxin to produce identical plants or clones, from cuttings. They cut off a plant shoot and dip it into rooting powder and plant it. After a few days, roots develop from the cut stem and the new roots anchor into the soil and take up water and minerals<br>- Delaying ripening - Auxin is sprayed on fruit trees to delay ripening - this allows a harvest to be collected all at the same time, and can prevent fruit from dropping off trees early<br>- Ripening fruit - Ethene is sprayed on fruit trees and plants so that their fruits ripen quicker<br>- Producing seedless fruit - Fruit without seeds is wanted more - using auxins can produce seedless fruit. If auxins are applied to unpollinated flowers, the plant produces seedless fruit<br>- Controlling dormancy - Seeds remain dormant (alive but not growing) until conditions are ideal for growth. Spraying them with gibberellins or auxins triggers seeds to germinate (grow)
Why is surface area to volume ratio important?Tapeworms have a large surface area to volume area. Nutrients can diffuse directly into the organism quickly enough to sustain life, as diffusion distance are small. However, the larger the organism, the lower the surface area to volume ratio becomes. Most multicellular organisms can't use simple diffusion to survive, as diffusion over greater distance can't occur fast enough to meet the cells demand.
What are exchange surfaces?<br>How are they useful?An exchange surface is the place that substances are moved across membranes in an organism. The exchange surfaces in specialised exchange organs are adapted to maximise effectiveness and increase surface area to volume ratio:-<br>- They're thin, so substances only have a short distance to travel<br>- They have a large surface area so lots of substances can move at once<br>- E.S in animals have lots of blood vessels, to get stuff into and out of the blood quickly<br>- Gas E.S in animals are often ventilated - air moves in and out
What are some examples of adapted exchange surfaces in multicellular organisms?- Lungs contain <b>alveoli</b><br>- Small intestine contain <b>villi</b>
Explain what the alveoli is?"<img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 13.19.22.png"">The job of the lungs is to transfer oxygen to the blood and to remove waste carbon dioxide from it. To help it, lungs contain millions of little air sacs (alveoli). Gas exchange takes place in the alveoli. Alveoli are specialised to maximise the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide. They have: an enormous surface area, very thin walls, a moist lining for dissolving gases, and a good blood supply. The blood passing next to the alveoli has just returned to the lungs from the rest of the body via the heart, so it contains lots of CO₂&nbsp;and very little oxygen. CO₂&nbsp;diffuses out of the blood (higher concentration) into the aveolus (lower concentration) to be breathed out. O₂&nbsp;diffuses out of the alveous (higher concentration) into the blood (lower concentration)."
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the use of alveoli</div>
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the use of alveoli</div>
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"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the use of alveoli</div>
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<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the use of alveoli</div>
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var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the use of alveoli</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""77ff00888ea549029c53fc12cb757580-ao-3-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 13.19.05.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the use of alveoli</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""77ff00888ea549029c53fc12cb757580-ao-3-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 13.19.05.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the use of alveoli</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""77ff00888ea549029c53fc12cb757580-ao-4-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 13.19.05.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the use of alveoli</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""77ff00888ea549029c53fc12cb757580-ao-4-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 13.19.05.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the use of alveoli</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""77ff00888ea549029c53fc12cb757580-ao-5-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 13.19.05.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the use of alveoli</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""77ff00888ea549029c53fc12cb757580-ao-5-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 13.19.05.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the use of alveoli</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""77ff00888ea549029c53fc12cb757580-ao-6-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 13.19.05.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the use of alveoli</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""77ff00888ea549029c53fc12cb757580-ao-6-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 13.19.05.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the use of alveoli</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""77ff00888ea549029c53fc12cb757580-ao-7-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 13.19.05.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the use of alveoli</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""77ff00888ea549029c53fc12cb757580-ao-7-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 13.19.05.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the use of alveoli</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""77ff00888ea549029c53fc12cb757580-ao-8-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 13.19.05.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the use of alveoli</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""77ff00888ea549029c53fc12cb757580-ao-8-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 13.19.05.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
Explain what the villi is?"The small intestine is where dissolved food molecules are absorbed out of the digestive system and into the blood. The inside of the small intestine is covered in millions and millions of tiny little fingerlike villi. They increase the surface area of the the intestine wall, so dissolved food molecules are absorped much more quickly. Villi have a single layer of surface cells. Microscopic microvilli on the villi increase the surface area further<img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 13.41.51.png"">"
Why are transport systems needed?Once a required substances has diffused into your body, it must be transported to where it is needed.&nbsp;<br>In animals, the circulatory systen is the main transport system. The blood carries materials to where they are required. <br>Plants also have a transport system. Xylem tubes carry water and mineral ions around a plant and phloem tubes transport sugars and amino acids
What is the circulatory system?<br>How does it work?The circulatory system is made up of your heart, bloods, and your blood vessels. As blood remains within these structures, it is known as a closed system. Human hearts have four chambers. Humans have a double circulatory system - two circuits joined together. In the first one, the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the gas exchange surfaces in the lungs to take in oxygen. The oxygenated blood then returns to the heart. In the second one, the heart pumps oxygenated blood around all the other organs of the body. The blood gives out oxygen at the body cells and the deoxygenated blood returns to the heart to be pumped out to the lungs again.&nbsp;&nbsp;
What are the benefits to mammals of having a double circulatory system?Returning the blood to the heart after it's picked up oxygen at the lungs means it can be pumped out around the body at much higher pressure. This increases the rate of blood flow to the tissues (blood can be pumped much faster) some more oxygen can be delivered to the cells. It's important for mammals because they use a lot of oxygen maintaining their body temperature
What are blood vessels?They're tubelike structures that transport blood around the body
What are the different types of blood vessels?- Arteries<br>- Veins<br>- Capillaries
What do arteries do?"<img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 15.07.48.png"">Artieries carry blood away from the heart under high pressure"
What do veins do?"<img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 15.07.55.png"">Veins carry blood to the heart. They have valves to stop blood flowing the wrong way"
What do capillaries do?"<img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 15.07.59.png"">Capillaries link veins and artieries in tissues and organs. They form a network so that every cell is close to a capillary. Their semipermeable walls are only one cell thick, so substances can easily move through them"
How is blood transported around the body using blood vessels?The strong contractions of the heart cause the blood to leave at very high pressure. To withstand the high pressure waves that are created when the heart beats, the arterial wall is thick and muscular. The wall expands with the force of each contraction then snaps back (known as recoil) to push the blood foward.<br>As the blood passes along the vessels and into the capillaries, the blood pressure falls. In the veins the pressure is very low. Thick vessel walls are therefore not required in veins. The one-way valves keep the blood flowing back to the heart.
What is the effect on the blood of having a double circulatory system?The double circulatory system means that for each journey around the body, the blood is pumped twice. The blood is therefore under a higher pressure than in a single circulatory system, as the blood doesn't have to travel as far. The high pressure means that meterials are transported quickly around the body. This is essential for larger organisms.
What is your heart?Your heart is a pumping organ that keeps the blood flowing around the body. Your heart is made of cardiac muscle, a type of muscle only found in the heart. Cardiac mucle cells are unusual. They contract without receiving a nerve impulse from your brain. Many heart cells contract together to produce a heartbeat. A typical heart beats 70 times a minute
How many chambers does a human heart have?Your heart contains four chambers. The two smaller chambers at the top of called atria. The two larger chambers at the bottom are called ventricles. Valve separate the chambers.
How does blood move through the heart?Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium. It's then pumped into the right ventricle when the heart beats. From here it is pumped to the lungs (through the pulmonary artery) to collect oxygen. The blood returns to the heart (via the pulmonary vein) into the left atrium. It's then pumped into the left ventricle. The muscle in the left ventricle has to be very thick to pump blood at high pressure (through the aorta). This makes blood travel all the way around your body
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the heart</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""ab017703ffee41eaba2c0cf747231747-ao-1-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 15.19.17.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the heart</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""ab017703ffee41eaba2c0cf747231747-ao-1-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 15.19.17.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the heart</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""ab017703ffee41eaba2c0cf747231747-ao-2-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 15.19.17.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the heart</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""ab017703ffee41eaba2c0cf747231747-ao-2-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 15.19.17.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the heart</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""ab017703ffee41eaba2c0cf747231747-ao-3-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 15.19.17.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the heart</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""ab017703ffee41eaba2c0cf747231747-ao-3-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 15.19.17.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the heart</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""ab017703ffee41eaba2c0cf747231747-ao-4-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 15.19.17.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the heart</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""ab017703ffee41eaba2c0cf747231747-ao-4-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 15.19.17.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the heart</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""ab017703ffee41eaba2c0cf747231747-ao-5-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 15.19.17.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the heart</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""ab017703ffee41eaba2c0cf747231747-ao-5-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 15.19.17.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the heart</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""ab017703ffee41eaba2c0cf747231747-ao-6-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 15.19.17.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the heart</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""ab017703ffee41eaba2c0cf747231747-ao-6-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 15.19.17.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
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</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the heart</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""ab017703ffee41eaba2c0cf747231747-ao-7-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 15.19.17.png"" /></div>
</div>
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<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the heart</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""ab017703ffee41eaba2c0cf747231747-ao-7-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 15.19.17.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
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</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the heart</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""ab017703ffee41eaba2c0cf747231747-ao-8-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 15.19.17.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the heart</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""ab017703ffee41eaba2c0cf747231747-ao-8-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 15.19.17.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the heart</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""ab017703ffee41eaba2c0cf747231747-ao-9-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 15.19.17.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the heart</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""ab017703ffee41eaba2c0cf747231747-ao-9-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 15.19.17.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the heart</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""ab017703ffee41eaba2c0cf747231747-ao-10-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 15.19.17.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the heart</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""ab017703ffee41eaba2c0cf747231747-ao-10-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 15.19.17.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the heart</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""ab017703ffee41eaba2c0cf747231747-ao-11-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 15.19.17.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the heart</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""ab017703ffee41eaba2c0cf747231747-ao-11-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 15.19.17.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the heart</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""ab017703ffee41eaba2c0cf747231747-ao-12-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 15.19.17.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the heart</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""ab017703ffee41eaba2c0cf747231747-ao-12-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 15.19.17.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
How much blood is the human body?5 litres
What is in blood?Blood is made up of:-<br>- Red Blood Cells - RBC - small biconcave cells that have no nucleus and contain haemoglobin. They carry oxygen and fit through the lumen of the capillary one cell at a time<br>- White Blood Cells - WBC - large cells that contain a nucleus. They fight disease by making antibodies, or by changing shape to engulf microorganisms<br>- Plasma - straw-coloured liquid that blood cells float in. Over 90% is water. Many materials (digested food, waste, hormones, and antibodies) are transported by being dissolved in plasma. Excess water is taken from the large intestines to the kidneys, where it's removed<br>- Platelets - tiny structures that help the blood to clot
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a human blood smear</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""6f1ca766db834b23805d342b6a067da0-ao-1-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 15.40.16.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a human blood smear</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""6f1ca766db834b23805d342b6a067da0-ao-1-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 15.40.16.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a human blood smear</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""6f1ca766db834b23805d342b6a067da0-ao-2-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 15.40.16.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a human blood smear</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""6f1ca766db834b23805d342b6a067da0-ao-2-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 15.40.16.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a human blood smear</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""6f1ca766db834b23805d342b6a067da0-ao-3-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 15.40.16.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a human blood smear</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""6f1ca766db834b23805d342b6a067da0-ao-3-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-22 at 15.40.16.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
How does a plant transport materials?Plants have two transport systems, which are made of long vessels (tubes) formed from many cells joined end to end. The transport systems are: xylem tubes, and phloem tubes.
What do the xylem tissue do in a plant?The xylem tissue transports water and mineral ions from the roots to the stem, leaves, and flowers. Water diffuses into the roots by osmosis. Mineral ions are taken in by active transport
What do the phloem tissue do in a plant?The phloem tissue transports dissolved sugars produced during photosynthesus, and other soluble food molecules, from the leaves to all other area of the plant. Translocation occurs here. Sugars are taken to meristems where they're needed for making new plant cells, and to storage tissues in the roots. This provides an energy store
What is translocation?Translocation is the movement of substances (usually food substances) from where they're made to where they're used or stored. Translocation occurs in the phloem tissue in plants, but not in the xylem tissue
What do the phloem tissue and xylem tissue have in common?The phloem and xylem tissue are found close to each other in plants. They form a structure known as a vascular bundle. As well as being used for transport, they also provide support
What is the structure of the xylem?"<img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-25 at 20.37.45.png"">The xylem vessels are made from dead xylem cells. There are no cell walls at the ends of these cells. This forms tubes through which the water and dissolved minerals can flow. The rest of the xylem cellulose cell wall is thickened. This helps to provide support.<br>In woody plants, like trees, xylem tissue makes up the bulk of the plant"
What is the structure of the phloem?"Phloem vessels are made of living cells. The cell walls of these cells don't completely break down. Instead sieve plates are formed - small holes in the end wall which allow the dissolved sugars to pass through. The connection of phloem cells effectively forms a tube which allows dissolved sugars to be transported<img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-25 at 20.40.53.png"">"
How do vascular bundles provide support?"The location of the vascular bundles helps to provide support:-<br>- in the leaf they form a network that supports the softer leaf tissue<br>- in the stem they're located around the outer edge, providing the stem with strength to resist bending in the breeze<br>- in the root they're found in the centre enabling the root to act as an anchor - the root can bend as the plant moves in the wind<img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-26 at 19.18.00.png"">"
What is transpiration?Transpiration is the loss of water from a plant's leaves. Water moves through xylem vessels because of transpiration. The water lost during transpiration, must be replaced, by uptake through the roots.
What is the transpiration stream?"<img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-27 at 10.13.08.png"">The constant flow of water from the roots, through the xylem and out of the leaves is called the transpiration stream"
How does water enter the xylem?Water diffuses from the soil into the root hairs by osmosis. Before the water can enter a xylem vessel, it must travel from cell to cell, until it reaches the centre of the root. Once inside the xylem, the water can be transported throughout the plant
How is water lost from leaves?"The stomata on the surface of leaves allow carbon dioxide to diffuse in for photosynthesis. Guard cells allow the stomata to open and close. While the stomata are open, water evaporates from cells inside the leaf into the leaf's air spaces. This creates a concentration gradient between the air inside the leaf, and the surrounding air. Water vapour then diffuses out of the leaf (high concentration of water vapour) into the air (low concentration of water vapour).<br>The loss of water in the leaves reduces the pressure in the xylem vessels in the leaf. As the pressure at the top of a xylem tube is reduced, water moves up through the tube, flowing from high pressure (at the bottom of the tube) to lower pressure (at the top of the tube).&nbsp;<br><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-27 at 10.40.52.png"">"
What is done to prevent uncontrolled water loss from leaves?To prevent uncontrolled water loss, the upper surface of many leaves is covered in a wxy waterproof layer - known as the cuticle. In hot environments, this is normally very thick and shiny. Most stomata are found on the underside of the leaf
Why do plants wilt?If a plant loses water faster than it takes it in, it may wilt. The leaves collapse and droop. This greatly reduces the surface area available for evaporation.<br>The stomata close. This stops photosynthesis but also prevents further water loss. The plant will remain wilted and will eventually die if it doesn't receive water, but reducing the temperature and light intensity can help to keep it to survive for longer
How can you measure how quickly a plant shoot takes up and loses water (rate of transpiration)?"You can use a potometer:-<br>1. Take an air bubble into the capillary tube<br>2. As water moves into the shoot and evaporates from its leaves, the air bubble will move towards the plant<br>3. Measure how fast the air bubble travels. This will give you an idea of how fast the plant is transpiring<br>4. Refill the capillary tube and repeat the measurements. You can change the environmental conditions investigate how they affect transpiration<br><img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-27 at 10.52.58.png""><br>Then use the equation: rate of movement (mm/s^-1) = distance (mm) / time (s)"
What factors affect the rate of transpiration?<br>ExplainAnything that increases the rate of photosynthesis, increases the rate of transpiration, because more stomata open to allow more carbon dioxide into the plant. As a result, the plant loses more water by evaporation:-<br><br>- Light intensity - Stomata open in the light and close in the dark. Increased light intensity = More water evaporates. The rate of transpiration increases until all the stomata are open, then transpiration is at its maximum rate<br>- Temperature - Water evaporates more quickly from a leaf if the temperature is increased. Diffusion of water vapour out of the leaf becomes more rapid. This increases the rate of transpiration<br>- Air movement (wind) - When&nbsp;air moves over the surface of leaf, it moves evaporated water molecules away from the leaf. The faster the air moves, the faster the water molecules are moved. This increases the concentration gradient between the leaf and the air, as fewer water molecules are present in the air surrounding the leaf, compared to inside the leaf. This means that water diffuses more quickly out of the leaf<br>- Humidity - Humidity is the amount of water in the air. The higher the humidity, the more water contains. If you decrease the humidity, this increases the concentration gradient between the leaf and the air so water diffuses out more quickly. This increases the rate of transpiration.
What does a graph of light intensity against rate of transpiration look like?"<img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-27 at 11.02.41.png"">"
What does a graph of temperature against rate of transpiration look like?"<img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-27 at 11.02.51.png"">"
What does a graph of air movement (wind) against rate of transpiration look like?"<img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-27 at 11.02.56.png"">"
What does a graph of humidity against rate of transpiration look like?"<img src=""Screenshot 2021-11-27 at 11.03.03.png"">"
What is normal body temperature?<br>What happens when body temperature is too high or too cold?"Your body works best at 37^o, as this is the optimum temperature for your enzymes. Small temperature changes can stop the body from working efficiently.<br>Exposure to extreme cold can reduce core body temperature. This causes enzyme reactions to occur too slowly. Respiration doesn't release enough energy, and cells begin to die. If your core temperature drops below 35<span style=""font-size: 16.6667px;"">^o</span>, you're at risk of hypothermia.<br>Exercise, exposure to very high temperatures and some infections can cause the body to overheat. If your core temperature rises above 40-42^oC, your enzymes may denature so body reactions can't occur. In extreme circumstances you may die."
How is body temperature controlled?The thermoregulatory centre in your brain is responsible for regulating body temperature. It relies on signals received from receptor cells in your skin (to monitor the external temperature), and from internal receptor cells (to monitor the temperature of your blood). When a change in temperature is detected, the brain causes different parts of the body to respond by sending impulses to effectors. These responses return the body back to its normal temperature. This is an example of homestasis.
What happens to your body when you get too hot?If you get too hot, your brain triggers changes that work to cool you down. These triggers cause:-<br>- Body hairs to lower so they lie flat - this prevents an insulating layer of air being trapped around the body<br>- Sweat glands to produce sweat - sweat is mainly made of water, but contains salt and urea (a waste material). As the water is sweat evaporates, energy is transferred by heating from your body to the environment. This reduces your temperature<br>- Vasodilation occurs - blood vessels supplying capillaries near the surface of the skin widen. This increases blood flow through capillaries, increasing heat loss by radiation
What happens to your body when you get too cold?If you get too cold, the brain trigges changes that work to prevent heat loss. These triggers include:-<br>- Body hairs rise, trapping a layer of air close to the skin - this insulates the body<br>- Sweat glands stop producing sweat<br>- Vasconstriction occurs - blood vessels supplying capillaries near the surface of the skin narrow. This reduces blood flow through capillaries, reducing heat loss<br>- Shivering begins - this occurs when your muscles contract and relax quickly. This makes your cells respire more quickly, transferring extra energy by heating
What is glucose?<br>Why is it important?Glucose is an energy store. Chemical reactions transfer energy from glucose to ATP, which is used by cells. Thi sallows them to perform normal body functions. To remain healthy, it is important that blood sugar (glucose) levels are kept constant.
What happens to blood sugar levels after you eat?<br>What are dangers?After you eat, the glucose released by digestion passes into the bloodstream. This causes blood sugar levels to rise. If this is maintained over a long period of time, body systems can be damaged, especially the nerves and blood vessels
What happens to blood sugar levels when you exercise?<br>What are dangers?When you exercise, more glucose is need as the body needs to transfer more energy. This causes your blood sugar levels to drop. This can prevent cells from respiring effectively
Describe what happens when blood sugar levels are too high?If blood sugar levels are too high, this is detected by the pancreas, which releases the hormone insulin. Insulin travels in the blood to the liver, and stimulates the liver to turn glucose into glycogen by a series of enzyme-controlled reactions. Glycogen is then stored in the liver. As there's now less glucose in the blood, the blood sugar level falls
Describe what happens when blood sugar levels are too low?If the blood sugar levels are too low, the pancreas releases a hormone called glucagon. Glucagon travels in the blood to the liver and makes it change glycogen back into glucose, which is then released into the blood, increasing blood sugar levels
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What is diabetes?Diabetes is a condition that affects your ability to control your blood sugar level
How many types of diabetes are there?Two - Type 1 and Type 2
Explain what type 1 diabetes is?People who have type 1 diabetes can't produce insulin. Their immune system has destroyed the pancreatic cells that make insulin. This condition usually begins in childhood. It's controlled by regular injections of insulin. A type 1 diabetic should also eat a balanced diet and exercise regularly
Explain what type 2 diabetes is?People who have type 2 diabetes can't effectively use insulin. The person's cells don't produce enough insulin or the person's body cells don't respond properly to insulin. It normally occurs later in life and is linked to obesity. It's controlled by regulating a person's carbohydrate intake through their diet and matching this to their exercise levels. Overweight people are encouraged to exercise. Sometime drugs are used to stimulate insulin production, or insulin injections are given
How does your body gain water?Water and salts enter your body through consuming food and drink. Respiration also produces water
How does your body lose water?Water and salts are lost through sweating and in urine. Water also leaves your body (as water vapour) when you exhale
What is excretion?Removal of waste products is known as excretion
What happens if your water levels are too high?If too much water is present, it will move into your blood cells, causing them to swell and burst - this is known as lysis
What happens if your water levels are too low?If too little water is present, or if there is too much of a solute, water will diffuse out of your blood cells causing them to shrink
What is urine?Urine is a sloution containing water, urea, and other waste substances.&nbsp;
What is urea?Urea is a waste product that's filtered out of the body, as it's toxic
What do your kidneys do with urea and urine?Your kidneys filter urea out of your blood and produce urine constantly. The urine trickles into your bladder, which stores it until you urinate
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</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on organs and body parts and their function, in regulating the amount of water and salts in your body</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""19a102b6ac0541c4a18b64a478f98214-ao-2-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-12-22 at 11.38.27.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on organs and body parts and their function, in regulating the amount of water and salts in your body</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""19a102b6ac0541c4a18b64a478f98214-ao-3-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-12-22 at 11.38.27.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on organs and body parts and their function, in regulating the amount of water and salts in your body</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""19a102b6ac0541c4a18b64a478f98214-ao-3-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-12-22 at 11.38.27.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on organs and body parts and their function, in regulating the amount of water and salts in your body</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""19a102b6ac0541c4a18b64a478f98214-ao-4-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-12-22 at 11.38.27.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on organs and body parts and their function, in regulating the amount of water and salts in your body</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""19a102b6ac0541c4a18b64a478f98214-ao-4-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-12-22 at 11.38.27.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on organs and body parts and their function, in regulating the amount of water and salts in your body</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""19a102b6ac0541c4a18b64a478f98214-ao-5-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-12-22 at 11.38.27.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on organs and body parts and their function, in regulating the amount of water and salts in your body</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""19a102b6ac0541c4a18b64a478f98214-ao-5-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-12-22 at 11.38.27.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on organs and body parts and their function, in regulating the amount of water and salts in your body</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""19a102b6ac0541c4a18b64a478f98214-ao-6-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-12-22 at 11.38.27.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on organs and body parts and their function, in regulating the amount of water and salts in your body</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""19a102b6ac0541c4a18b64a478f98214-ao-6-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-12-22 at 11.38.27.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on organs and body parts and their function, in regulating the amount of water and salts in your body</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""19a102b6ac0541c4a18b64a478f98214-ao-7-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-12-22 at 11.38.27.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on organs and body parts and their function, in regulating the amount of water and salts in your body</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""19a102b6ac0541c4a18b64a478f98214-ao-7-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-12-22 at 11.38.27.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on organs and body parts and their function, in regulating the amount of water and salts in your body</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""19a102b6ac0541c4a18b64a478f98214-ao-8-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-12-22 at 11.38.27.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on organs and body parts and their function, in regulating the amount of water and salts in your body</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""19a102b6ac0541c4a18b64a478f98214-ao-8-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-12-22 at 11.38.27.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on organs and body parts and their function, in regulating the amount of water and salts in your body</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""19a102b6ac0541c4a18b64a478f98214-ao-9-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-12-22 at 11.38.27.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on organs and body parts and their function, in regulating the amount of water and salts in your body</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""19a102b6ac0541c4a18b64a478f98214-ao-9-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-12-22 at 11.38.27.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on organs and body parts and their function, in regulating the amount of water and salts in your body</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""19a102b6ac0541c4a18b64a478f98214-ao-10-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-12-22 at 11.38.27.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on organs and body parts and their function, in regulating the amount of water and salts in your body</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""19a102b6ac0541c4a18b64a478f98214-ao-10-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-12-22 at 11.38.27.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on organs and body parts and their function, in regulating the amount of water and salts in your body</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""19a102b6ac0541c4a18b64a478f98214-ao-11-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-12-22 at 11.38.27.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on organs and body parts and their function, in regulating the amount of water and salts in your body</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""19a102b6ac0541c4a18b64a478f98214-ao-11-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-12-22 at 11.38.27.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on organs and body parts and their function, in regulating the amount of water and salts in your body</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""19a102b6ac0541c4a18b64a478f98214-ao-12-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-12-22 at 11.38.27.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on organs and body parts and their function, in regulating the amount of water and salts in your body</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""19a102b6ac0541c4a18b64a478f98214-ao-12-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-12-22 at 11.38.27.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
Describe how urine is produced?Small molecules including water, glucose, salts, pass into tubes inside the kidney. Blood cells are too large, so remain within the capillaries. Then the kidneys put back any useful substances into the blood. This includes all of the glucose, any salts the body needs, and some water. This process is known as selective reabsorption.
What happens to your urine if you're short of water?If you're short of water, your kidneys produce very little urine. Water is saved for your body's use. You will produce a small amount of concentrated urine. This will appear dark yellow
What happens to your urine if you take in lots of water?If you take in too much water, the kidneys produce lots of urine. Excess water is therefore lost from the body. When you quickly consume several drinks, you will produce a large amount of dilute urine - this will appear almost colourless
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label this gross structure of the kidney</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""f62767c8bcc0461ba2fd05efc6d25928-ao-1-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-12-22 at 12.25.20.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label this gross structure of the kidney</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""f62767c8bcc0461ba2fd05efc6d25928-ao-1-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-12-22 at 12.25.20.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label this gross structure of the kidney</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""f62767c8bcc0461ba2fd05efc6d25928-ao-2-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2021-12-22 at 12.25.20.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
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In the kidney, what is the capsule and what is it's function?The capsule is the outer membrane of the kidney. It helps to maintain the kidney's shape and protect it from damage
In the kidney, what is the cortex and what is it's function?The cortex is the outer part of the kidney
In the kidney, what is the medulla and what is it's function?The medulla is the inner part of the kidney
What is an ecosystem?An ecosystem is made up of all the living organisms and physical conditions in an area
What is a community?The organisms within an ecosystem are known as the community
What is a habitat?The area in which the community live, is the habitat
What is the population?The total number of organisms of each species is known as the population.
What are the different levels of organisation in an ecosystem?- Population<br>- Community<br>- Habitat<br>- Individual
What is an individual?An individual is a single organism
What are the three groups that organisms in a community are divided into?- Producers<br>- Consumers<br>- Decomposers
What are producers?Producers are organisms that make their own food by photosyntheis. These include all plants and algae
What are consumers?Consumers are organisms that can't make their own food, so they have to eat other organisms to gain energy. All animals are consumers
What is biomass?Biomass is the mass of living material present
Describe how energy is transferred between organisms?Energy from the Sun is transferred by light to the chlorophyll in the cells of a producer. Here, carbon dioxide and water react to produce glucose, which stores energy within its chemical bonds. Glucose can then be converted into carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, which are used as energy stores, and for growth and repair. As an organism grows, it increases its biomass.<br>Consumers then eat producers. When the organism respires, the energy stored in its food is transferred in the production of ATP. The organism grows and its biomass increases
What is a food chain?<br>Explain how they show it?A food chain displays what an organism eats. The arrows in a good chain show the transfer of bioass (and ergo energy transferred) from one organism to the next. Each step in the food chain is a <b>trophic level</b>.
How are consumers further classified in a food chain?- Herbivores are <b>primary consumers</b><br>- Carnivores are <b>secondary consumers</b><br>- A <b>tertiary consumer</b>&nbsp;eats a secondary consumer
What is a food web?"Food chains only show organisms eating one food source, however in most communities, animals eat more than one type of organism, so scientists draw food webs to illustrate this. Food webs contain a series of interlinked food chains. E.G.<img src=""Screenshot 2021-12-22 at 20.24.11.png"">"
What are different types of factors that can affect an ecosystem?- Biotic factors<br>- Abiotic factors
What are abiotic factors?Abiotic factors are the non-living (or physical) factors.
What are biotic factors?<br>What would they be in a woodland ecosystem?Biotic factors are the living factors. In a woodland ecosystem, the presence and number of beech trees, squirrels, and hedgehogs are biotic factors.<br>Biotic factors normally refer to the interactions between living organisms, or those which once lived. Competition is the most common biotic factor, as most organisms compete for food, space, and breeding partners.
What are different abiotic factors?- Light intensity<br>- Temperature&nbsp;<br>- Moisture level<br>- Soil pH
<div>How does the abiotic factor - light intensity - affect communities?</div>Light is required for photosynthesis. Usually, th greater the light availability, the greater the success of a plant.<br>Plants evolve to grow successfully in different light levels - e.g. a plant in low light will have larger leaves
<div>How does the abiotic factor - temperature - affect communities?</div>Temperature has its greatest effect on the enzymes that control metabolic reactions. Plants develop more rapidly in warmer temperatures, as their metabolisms will be faster.<br>This is also true for cold-blooded animals, which rely on the Sun to warm them up. Warm-blooded animals are less affected by their external environment
<div>How does the abiotic factor - moisture level - affect communities?</div>Water is the main component of blood plasma. For most plants and animals, a lack of water leads to death. A lack of water causes most plants to wilt because ater is required to keep their cells turgid, which keeps plants upright. Water is also required for photosynthesis
<div>How does the abiotic factor - soil pH - affect communities?</div>The pH of soil affects the biological activity in soil, and the availabilty of certain minerals. Some plant species grow better in acidic soils, including ferns and rhododendrons. Others grow better in alkaline soils, including cucumbers and cauliflowers
What do animals need to survive?- Light<br>- Water<br>- Breeding partners<br>- Space (territory)<br>- Shelter
What do plants need to survive?- Light<br>- Water<br>- Carbon dioxide<br>- Minerals<br>- Space
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Competition"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> has a direct effect on the size of a population""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Competition</span> has a direct effect on the size of a population<br>
"
What is interdependence?Interdependence is about how different organisms depend on each other within a community
What are ecological relationships?The interactions between organisms are known as ecological relationships
What are the different types of ecological relationships?- Predation (also known as a predator-prey relationship)<br>- Mutualism<br>- Parasitism
Describe the ecological relationship - predation (aka predator-prey)?<br>Give an example"This is the relationship between a predator and a prey species. The size of the predator population directly affects the size of the prey population<img src=""Screenshot 2021-12-23 at 12.29.52.png"">"
Describe the ecological relationship - mutualism?<br>Give an exampleBoth organisms benefit from the relationship. <br>Example - oxpeckers (small birds) live on buffalo. Oxpeckers are known as the cleaner species, because they eat ticks and fleas living on the buffalo's skin. They gain food, while the buffalo is free from irritation and potential disease
Describe the ecological relationship - parasitism?<br>Give an exampleIn a parastici relationship, only one organism (the parasite) gains. The organism it lives off (the host) suffers.<br>Example - humans (host) and mosquitos (parasite)
What are pyramids of numbers?<br>How do they work?"Pyramids of numbers show the population at each trophic level. The producer in the food chain is placed at the base, with the next trophic level placed above. The bar width represents the number of organisms present. They're usually pyramid shaped, as you go up, the size of the organism increases, but the number of organisms decreases. Not all are pyramid shaped, as it doesn't take into account the size of the organisms - e.g. one tree can support a large number of living organisms. Some can be inverted<img src=""Screenshot 2021-12-23 at 13.14.09.png"">"
What is a pyramid of biomass?<br>How does it work?"Pyramids of biomass show the biomass at each trophic level, and takes into account the number and size of the organism present. Each bar shows the mass of living material at that stage in the food chain<img src=""Screenshot 2021-12-23 at 13.56.19.png"">"
How do you calculate biomass?The average mass of the organism is multiplied by the number of organisms present. The dry mass of the organism needs to be used, as water content can very between individuals. Therefore, this requires the organisms to be killed, and dried in a kiln
How do producers get energy?<br>How much do they pass on?Energy is transferred to producers by sunlight. The producers only transfer around 1% of this energy into chemical stores. Most of the light is reflected from the leaf. <br>The remaining energy that's transferred to chemical stores via photosynthesis, it limited by factors such as temperature or water availabilty.<br>Up to half of the energy transferred by photosynthesis is transferred in respiration. The remaining energy is transferred in order to increase the plant's biomass
Why does biomass decrease at each trophic level?Consumers at each trophic level convert 10% (approx) of the chemical energy in their food to new body tissue. Biomass is lost when:-<br>- Not all of an organism is eaten - e.g. plant roots and animal bones may not be consumed<br>- Some of the biomass is used in respiration - respiration produces ATP, which muscles use to produce movement. Respiration also causes thermal energy to transfer to the environment<br>- Some parts of an organism can't be digested, such as hair and teeth. These are removed from the body in faeces - this is known as egestion<br>- Waste products produced by the body are lost through excretion
Why do very few food chains have more than four trophic levels?At each stage of a food chain, the amount of energy transferred becomes less. A large plant biomass can only support a small herbivore biomass, and an even smaller carnivore biomass can be supported. Therefore, very few food chains have more than four trophic levels as not enough energy can be transferred to sustain life processes
How do you calculate the efficiency of biomass transfer?Efficiency of biomass transfer (%) = <br>(Biomass available after the transfer (g or kg) / Biomass available before the transfer (g or kg)) X 100
What is nutrient cycling?<br>Explain it?"Nutrient cycling is a process in which materials are passed between the biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem.<br>Plants obtain the nutrients they need for growth from the soil. These are passed onto animals when the plant is eaten. When plants lose material, such as leaves, and organisms die, decomposers release the trapped nutrients. Many of the nutrients are released back into the soil, where they're absorbed by plants. Some are released into the atmosphere<img src=""Screenshot 2021-12-24 at 20.10.11.png"">"
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<div id=""io-header"">Label this diagram on nutrient cycling</div>
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<div id=""io-header"">Label this diagram on nutrient cycling</div>
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<div id=""io-header"">Label this diagram on nutrient cycling</div>
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"
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""
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"
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""
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"
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""
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"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label this diagram on nutrient cycling</div>
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Label this diagram on nutrient cycling</div>
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"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label this diagram on nutrient cycling</div>
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Label this diagram on nutrient cycling</div>
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"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label this diagram on nutrient cycling</div>
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Label this diagram on nutrient cycling</div>
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"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label this diagram on nutrient cycling</div>
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Label this diagram on nutrient cycling</div>
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"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label this diagram on nutrient cycling</div>
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Label this diagram on nutrient cycling</div>
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"
<div id=""io-header"">Label this diagram on nutrient cycling</div>
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Label this diagram on nutrient cycling</div>
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"
What are common materials that are cycled?- Carbon<br>- Nitrogen<br>- Water
Where is urine produced?Urine in produced in microscopic tubules called nephrons, inside your kidneys
How many nephrons are in each kidney?Each kidney contains approx. 1 million nephrons
Where about in the kidney is the nephron?The top of the nephron is found in the cortex. The lower section (loop of Henle) is found in the medulla
Why is carbon useful?<br>Where is it used?Carbon is one of the most common elements in organisms. It's used to make carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and DNA. It cycles between the atmosphere, living organisms, and fossil fuels. It can also become trapped in the oceans and in rocks.
Why is nitrogen useful?<br>Where is nitrogen used?Nitrogen makes up nearly 80% of the atmosphere. Organisms use nitrogen to make DNA and proteins. Most organisms can only use nitrogen when it is part of a compound, such as a nitrate.
Describe the nitrogen cycle?- Plants get their nitrogen from the soil, so nitrogen in the air has to be turned into nitrates before plants can use it. Nitrogen exists in the soil as nitrates dissolved in water.<br>- The water containing the dissolved nitrates is taken up by the roots and the nitrates are used to make proteins.<br>- When the plant is eaten, the nitrogen compounds are passed onto an animal<br>- Decomposers break down proteins in rotting plants and animals and urea in animal waste, into ammonia which goes on to form ammonium ions, which returns the nitrogen compounds to the soil.<br>- Animals also put nitrogen back into the soil in faeces and urea (in urine)<br>- Nitrogen fixation also occurs, to put nitrogen compounds into the soil
What is nitrogen fixation?Nitrogen fixation is the process of turning nitrogen in the air into nitrogen compounds in the soil which plants can use
What are methods of nitrogen fixation?- Lightning<br>- Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
Explain how lightning is a method of nitrogen fixation?There's so much energy is a bolt of lightning that it's enough to make nitrogen react with oxygen in the air to give nitrates
Explain how nitrogen-fixing bacteria is a method of nitrogen fixation?Some plants such as peas and beans (legumes) form mutualistic relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. These bacteria live in their rots and combine nitrogen from the air with oxygen to form nitrates. These are then used by the plant.
Why is water useful?<br>Where is it used?Water is an essential component of any ecosystem. All living organisms need to drink or absorb water to survive.<br>Water also determines the physical characteristics of many habitats necessary for particular organisms to survive (e.g. some organisms can only survive in water).
Describe the water cycle?- The Sun makes water evaporate from the land and sea, turning it into water vapour. Water also evaporates from plants via transpiration<br>- The warm water vapour is carried upwards (as warm air rises). When it gets higher up, it cools and condenses to form clouds<br>- Water falls from the clouds as precipitation (usually rain, but sometimes snow or hail) and is returned to the land and sea<br>- The flow of fresh water through the water cycle allows nutrients to be transported to different ecosystems
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the water cycle and explain what occurs at each stage</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3c8fed9855664ba9b4a4b1763aa1bfcf-ao-1-Q.svg"" /></div>
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if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the water cycle and explain what occurs at each stage</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3c8fed9855664ba9b4a4b1763aa1bfcf-ao-1-A.svg"" /></div>
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</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
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aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
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original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
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if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
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mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
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</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the water cycle and explain what occurs at each stage</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3c8fed9855664ba9b4a4b1763aa1bfcf-ao-2-Q.svg"" /></div>
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<script>
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if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
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} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
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</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the water cycle and explain what occurs at each stage</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3c8fed9855664ba9b4a4b1763aa1bfcf-ao-2-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-01-02 at 10.58.21.png"" /></div>
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<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
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var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the water cycle and explain what occurs at each stage</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3c8fed9855664ba9b4a4b1763aa1bfcf-ao-3-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-01-02 at 10.58.21.png"" /></div>
</div>
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<script>
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original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
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if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the water cycle and explain what occurs at each stage</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3c8fed9855664ba9b4a4b1763aa1bfcf-ao-3-A.svg"" /></div>
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var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
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amask.style.display = 'block'
}
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aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the water cycle and explain what occurs at each stage</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3c8fed9855664ba9b4a4b1763aa1bfcf-ao-4-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-01-02 at 10.58.21.png"" /></div>
</div>
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<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the water cycle and explain what occurs at each stage</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3c8fed9855664ba9b4a4b1763aa1bfcf-ao-4-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-01-02 at 10.58.21.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
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</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the water cycle and explain what occurs at each stage</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3c8fed9855664ba9b4a4b1763aa1bfcf-ao-5-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-01-02 at 10.58.21.png"" /></div>
</div>
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<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the water cycle and explain what occurs at each stage</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3c8fed9855664ba9b4a4b1763aa1bfcf-ao-5-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-01-02 at 10.58.21.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
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<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
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if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
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</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the water cycle and explain what occurs at each stage</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3c8fed9855664ba9b4a4b1763aa1bfcf-ao-6-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-01-02 at 10.58.21.png"" /></div>
</div>
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<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of the water cycle and explain what occurs at each stage</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3c8fed9855664ba9b4a4b1763aa1bfcf-ao-6-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-01-02 at 10.58.21.png"" /></div>
</div>
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// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
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if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
What is the carbon cycle?The carbon cycle is the process by which carbon is cycled through the atmosphere, the Earth, plants, and animals
How is carbon removed from the atmosphere?- Carbon dioxide is removed from the environment during photosynthesis. This process occurs in green plants, algae, and phytoplankton. It converts carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen - the glucose can be used to make comlex carbohydrates, which enables plants to grow and develop<br>- When animals eat plants, carbon in the plant is transferred to the animal. Some of this carbon is used to produce fats and proteins in the animal's body
How is carbon released back into the atmosphere?- Respiration - all living organisms respire to transfer energy from chemical stores in food. As a result, carbon dioxide is produced and released<br>- Decomposition - when plants, algae, and animals die, decomposers break down their remains, releasing carbon dioxide as their respire<br>- Burning fossil fuels - fossil fuels are a store of carbon. When they burn, the trapped carbon is released. Fossil fuels include coal, oil, and natural gas
Why does the level of atmospheric carbon dioxide vary?Carbon dioxide levels vary throughout the day:-<br>- Photosynthesis only takes place in the light, so carbon dioxide is only removed from the atmosphere in the daytime<br>- Respiration is carried out by all living organisms throughout the day and night, releasing carbon dioxide at a relatively consistent rate
How have carbon dioxide levels changed over time?Over the past 200 years, the average atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration has increased significantly, mainly due to human activities such as the combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation
What are decomposers?- Decomposers are microorganisms.<br>- The main type of decomposers are bacteria and micropscopic fungi, which break down, or decay dead organic material at a microscopic level. They also break down animal waste, including faeces and urine.<br>- The decomposition nutrients which are released, can then be recycled<br>- Organisms that feed on dead material are known as saprophytes
What are detritivores?Detritivors are small animals, which speed up decomposition by shredding organic material into very small pieces. This creates a larger surface area for decomposers to work on
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the table on detritivores and the material it breaks down</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""da23da68fcf0402a826ead9822b50bdf-ao-1-Q.svg"" /></div>
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</div>
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aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
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var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the table on detritivores and the material it breaks down</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""da23da68fcf0402a826ead9822b50bdf-ao-1-A.svg"" /></div>
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var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the table on detritivores and the material it breaks down</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""da23da68fcf0402a826ead9822b50bdf-ao-2-Q.svg"" /></div>
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var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the table on detritivores and the material it breaks down</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""da23da68fcf0402a826ead9822b50bdf-ao-2-A.svg"" /></div>
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var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the table on detritivores and the material it breaks down</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""da23da68fcf0402a826ead9822b50bdf-ao-3-Q.svg"" /></div>
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var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the table on detritivores and the material it breaks down</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""da23da68fcf0402a826ead9822b50bdf-ao-3-A.svg"" /></div>
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</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
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<script>
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var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the table on detritivores and the material it breaks down</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""f1be233d0c3548d4ab322aff7a037836-ao-1-Q.svg"" /></div>
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original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the table on detritivores and the material it breaks down</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""f1be233d0c3548d4ab322aff7a037836-ao-1-A.svg"" /></div>
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<script>
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var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the table on detritivores and the material it breaks down</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""f1be233d0c3548d4ab322aff7a037836-ao-2-Q.svg"" /></div>
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var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the table on detritivores and the material it breaks down</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""f1be233d0c3548d4ab322aff7a037836-ao-2-A.svg"" /></div>
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if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
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if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
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</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the table on detritivores and the material it breaks down</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""f1be233d0c3548d4ab322aff7a037836-ao-3-Q.svg"" /></div>
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original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the table on detritivores and the material it breaks down</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""f1be233d0c3548d4ab322aff7a037836-ao-3-A.svg"" /></div>
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<script>
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if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
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"
Explain how decomposers release nutrients?"Bacteria and fungi release enzymes, which break down substances in the organic matter. They can then absorb the soluble nutrients into their bodies, and use them for growth and as an energy store. Many of the bacteria and fungi may be eaten by other organisms, resulting in the nutrients being passed on. Some of the nutrients are released directly into the soil or the environment<img src=""Screenshot 2022-01-02 at 17.25.39.png"">"
What factors affect the rate of decompostion?<br>What conditions do microorganisms decompose most efficiently in?- Warm temperatures<br>- Moist environments<br>- Aerobic conditions
Explain why warm temperatures allow microorganisms to decompose materials more efficiently?At very high temperatures, the enzymes used by microorganisms are denatured. This prevents decomposition, and often results in the death of a microorganism.<br>At low temperatures, the rate of decomposition is slow as the rates of enzymes-controlled reactions are reduced. The rate of microorganism replication is also slow
Explain why moist environments allow microorganisms to decompose materials more efficiently?- If not enough water is available, reactions with the microorganisms will slow down or be prevented, as decomposers need water to survive. This reduces or stops the process of decomposition. <br>- However, waterlogged soils don't contain much oxygen (which decomposers need to respire) so the rate decreases if there is too much water
Explain why aerboic conditions allow microorganisms to decompose materials more efficiently?Oxygen is needed for the microorganisms to respire. Anaerobic conditions will prevent most forms of decomposition as the microorganisms can't survive in this environment.<br>When there are low levels of oxygen, the rate of decomposition is slower.<br>Some decomposers can respire anaerobically but this transfers less energy, so these decomposers work more slowly.<br>The rate of decomposition increases where there is plenty of oxygen available.
What is the equation to calculate the rate of decay of biological material?Rate of decay (g/day) = Change in mass (g) / Time (day)
What is variation?Differences within a species are called variation
What are the two causes of variation?- The genetic matieral you inherit from your parents - <b>genetic variation</b><br>- The environment in which you live - <b>environmental variation</b>
What is a phenotype?The appearance of an organism is known as its phenotype
How many genes control characteristics?Some characteristics (e.g. the presence of a genetic disorder) are controlled by one gene, but most features are causes by multiple genes
What variation causes most characteristics?Many characteristics are affected by both environmental and genetic variation
What are the two types of variation groups?- Discontinuous variation<br>- Continuous variation
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on continuous and discontinuous variation</div>
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on continuous and discontinuous variation</div>
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"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on continuous and discontinuous variation</div>
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on continuous and discontinuous variation</div>
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"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on continuous and discontinuous variation</div>
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<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3cf3bc53afde4862a08a9783a147983e-ao-3-Q.svg"" /></div>
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if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on continuous and discontinuous variation</div>
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<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3cf3bc53afde4862a08a9783a147983e-ao-3-A.svg""></div>
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"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on continuous and discontinuous variation</div>
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<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3cf3bc53afde4862a08a9783a147983e-ao-4-Q.svg"" /></div>
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on continuous and discontinuous variation</div>
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<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3cf3bc53afde4862a08a9783a147983e-ao-4-A.svg""></div>
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"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on continuous and discontinuous variation</div>
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<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3cf3bc53afde4862a08a9783a147983e-ao-5-Q.svg"" /></div>
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original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
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if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
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mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on continuous and discontinuous variation</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3cf3bc53afde4862a08a9783a147983e-ao-5-A.svg""></div>
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"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on continuous and discontinuous variation</div>
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<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3cf3bc53afde4862a08a9783a147983e-ao-6-Q.svg"" /></div>
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if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on continuous and discontinuous variation</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3cf3bc53afde4862a08a9783a147983e-ao-6-A.svg""></div>
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"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on continuous and discontinuous variation</div>
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<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3cf3bc53afde4862a08a9783a147983e-ao-7-Q.svg"" /></div>
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if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on continuous and discontinuous variation</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3cf3bc53afde4862a08a9783a147983e-ao-7-A.svg""></div>
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"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on continuous and discontinuous variation</div>
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<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3cf3bc53afde4862a08a9783a147983e-ao-8-Q.svg"" /></div>
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on continuous and discontinuous variation</div>
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<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3cf3bc53afde4862a08a9783a147983e-ao-8-A.svg""></div>
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"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on continuous and discontinuous variation</div>
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<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3cf3bc53afde4862a08a9783a147983e-ao-9-Q.svg"" /></div>
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if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on continuous and discontinuous variation</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3cf3bc53afde4862a08a9783a147983e-ao-9-A.svg""></div>
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"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on continuous and discontinuous variation</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3cf3bc53afde4862a08a9783a147983e-ao-10-Q.svg"" /></div>
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if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on continuous and discontinuous variation</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3cf3bc53afde4862a08a9783a147983e-ao-10-A.svg""></div>
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"
What is a clone?A clone is an organism that is genetically identical to its parent
What is asexual reproduction?<br>What occurs in asexual reproduction?In asexual reproduction, there's only one parent so the offspring is genetically identical to the parent.<br>When organisms reproduce asexually, they replicate their genetic material and divide in half. This occurs by the process of mitosis. There's no mixing of genetic material. Each new organism contain identical genes, which are genetically identical to the parent cell.
Which plants can redproduce asexually?Many plants can reproduce asexually, including:<br>- Potato plants<br>- Spider plants<br>- Daffodils
What are gametes?- Organisms produce sex cells called gametes.<br>- These are the sperm (male sex cells) and ova (female sex cells), in animals.<br>- Gametes only contain half the number of chromosomes of normal cells.&nbsp;<br>- Gametes are haploid cells
What is sexual reproduction?<br>What occurs in sexual reproduction?Sexual reproduction requires two parents. As genetic information is taken from both parents, the offspring produced is not identical, therefore resulting in variation. Most animals reproduce sexually.<br>Organisms produce sex cells called gametes (which have half the number of chromosomes of normal cells).&nbsp;
Do plant reproduce sexually?Mnay plants reproduce sexually. To create a new seed, which will grow into a plant, a pollen cell (male sex cell) has to fuse with an egg cell (female sex cell) in the ovule
What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?- Variation in offspring leads to adaptations in a species - some organisms will contain the adaptations required to cope with an environmental pressure. These organisms can reproduce and enable the population to continue
What are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction?- Reproduction requires two parents - therefore reproduction is slower, so fewer offsprings are produced
What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?- If the parent is well adapted to an area, so will the offspring<br>- Only one partner is needed - so organisms don't need to find a partner, and reproduction is faster, therefore more offsprings can be produced
What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction?- There's no genetic variation - so adverse changes to biotic and abiotic factors may destroy the species, as all organisms are affected
Can organisms reproduce sexually and asexually?Some organisms are able to reproduce sexually and asexually. These organisms can take advantages of all conditions, and are highly successful
What is meiosis?Meiosis is a type of cell division, which results in four different haploid cells being produced from one diploid parent cell. In humans, this occurs in the ovaries to produce ova (egg cells) and in the testes to produce sperm cells.<br>Meiosis results in cells that are genetically different from each other and from the parent cell. This creates genetic variation
What are diploid cells?- Normal body cells are known as diploid cells. <br>- They contain two sets of each chromosome. <br>- Diploid cells in humans contain 46 chromosomes
What are haploid cells?- Haploid cells only have one of each chromosome. <br>- Haploid cells only contain half the number of chromosomes of normal cells. <br>- Sex cells are haploid cells.
What happens during fertilisation?At fertilisation, a male gamete fuses with a female gamete to produce a diploid cell known as a fertilised egg cell or a zygote, which ends up with the full set of chromosomes. The fertilised egg then undergoes cell division by mitosis and develops into an embryo. The embryo inherits characteristics from both parents as it receives a mixture of chromosomes from both parents
What is a genome?The entire genetic material of an organism is known as its genome.<br>All individuals produced by sexual reproduction have a unique genome except for identical twins
How are gametes made?Gametes are produced by a type of cell division called meiosis. This results in four different haploid cells being produced from one diploid parent cell.<br>In humans, this occurs in the ovaries to produce ova (egg cells) and in the testes to produce sperm cells
What occurs in meiosis?<br>What are the stages?- Interphase - Before the cell starts to divide, it duplicates its DNA (so there's enough for each cell). One arm of each X-shaped chromosome is an exact copy of the other arm<br><br>Stage 1:-<br>- Prophase 1 - The chromosomes condense, and the nuclear envelope breaks down. Crossing-over occurs - this is the swapping of genetic material<br>- Metaphase 1 - Pairs of homologous chromosomes move to the equator of the cell<br>- Anaphase 1 - Homologous chromosomes move to the opposite poles of the cell<br>- Telophase 1 - Chromosomes gather at the poles of the cells<br>- Cytokinesis 1 - The cytoplasm of the parental cell divides into two daughter cells<br><br>Stage 2:-<br>- Prohase 2 - A new spindle forms around the chromosomes<br>- Metaphase 2 - Chromosomes line up at the equator<br>- Anaphase 2 - Centromeres (the part of the chromosome which joins the sister chromatids) divide. Homologous chromatids move to the opposite poles of the cell<br>- Telophase 2 - A nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes. The cytoplasm divides<br>- Cytokinesis 2 - The cytoplasm of the parental cells, each divide into two daughter cells
What are alleles?Different versions (forms) of the same gene are called alleles - e.g. there is an allele that codes for brown eyes
What are the different types of alleles?- Dominant alleles<br>- Recessive alleles
How do you know which characteristic a person will have?Dominant alleles will always show up in an organism's phenotype if they are present in it's genetic material. Only one copy of a dominant allele is needed for the characteristic to be expressed (appear) in the organism. <br>Two copies of the recessive allele are needed for it to be expressed in the organism.<br>If at least one dominant allele is inherited from from either of your parents, then it will be present in your phenotype.<br>If two copies of the recessive allele are inherited from both of your parents (one copy from each) then it will be present in your phenotype.
What is a genotype?The combination of alleles present in an organism is known as its genotype
How do scientists represent different alleles?Scientists always use capital letters to represent the dominant allele, and lower case letters to represent the recessive allele. If both are present, the dominant allele is written first
What are the different genotypes?<br>Give examples with B, b- Homozygous dominant - the individual has two of the same copies of the dominant allele - e.g. BB<br>- Homozygous recessive - the individual has two of the same copies of the recessive allele - e.g. bb<br>- Hetrozygous - an individual is hetrozygous if they have different copies of a gene - e.g. Bb
How can you predict the outcome of a genetic cross?1. State the phenotype of both parents<br>2. State the corresponding genotype of both parents<br>3. State the gametes of each parent and circle the individual letters<br>4. Use a Punnet Square - put the possible alleles from one parent across the top of the square and the alleles from the other parent down the left side, then complete it<br>5. State the proportions of each genotype that are produced<br>6. State the corresponding phenotype for each of the possible genotypes
What happens when two different homozygous organisms are crossed?<br>Who experimented crossing two different homozygous organisms?"Gregor Mendel discovered most of the basic laws by which characteristics are inherited. He carried out experiments using pea plants. Pea plants can produce pods that are either green or yellow.&nbsp;<br>Green pea pods were the dominant characteristic and yellow pea pods were the recessive characteristic.<br>This is the outcome of when the different homologous organisms were crossed<br><img src=""Screenshot 2022-01-18 at 05.33.46.png""><br>All of the offsprings are hetrozygous. This means that all plants will have green pods, as this is the dominant allele.<br>This is true for all crosses between homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive genotypes - all offspring will be hetrozygous."
What happens if two hetrozygous individuals are crossed?<br>Who experimented this?"Gregor Mendel experimented this with pea pods - both parents had green pods and were hetrozygous.<br>This was the outcome of the cross between two hetrozygous&nbsp;<img src=""Screenshot 2022-01-18 at 06.00.02.png""><br><br>75% (3) of offsprings had green pea plants - 1 was homozygous dominant and 2 were hetrozygous<br>25% (1) of offsprings had yellow pea plants - it was homozygous recessive"
What happens if you cross a hetrozygous individual and a homozygous recessive individual?"This is the outcome of offsprings, using the example of green (d) and yellow (r) pea plants<img src=""Screenshot 2022-01-18 at 06.12.05.png""><br>50% (2) of offsprings had green pea plants - 2 were hetrozygous<br>50% (2) of offsprings had yellow pea plants - 2 were homozygous recessive"
How can you use chromosomes to find out if your a male or female?"- Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes. 22 pairs are identical in appearance, but the 23rd pair (known as the sex chromosomes) are different. <br>- If your cells&nbsp; contain two large X chromosomes, you are female. <br>- If you have one large X chromosome and one smaller Y chromosomes, you are male. <br>- The Y chromosomes carries a gene that results in male offspring<br>- Male gametes (sperm) can either have an X or a Y chromosome, so it is the father that determines the sex of its offspring<br>- All the female gametes (eggs) contain an X chromosome.<br>- This is the genetic diagram for how sex is inherited<img src=""Screenshot 2022-01-18 at 06.36.10.png""><br>- At each pregnancy, there is a 50:50 chance of conceiving a boy or a girl. In a large population, this will result in equal number of boys and girls"
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if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on meiosis</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""29159367f8204a3e9dbb0b0c0ca1eda8-oa-4-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Meiosis-Stages.jpeg"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on meiosis</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""29159367f8204a3e9dbb0b0c0ca1eda8-oa-4-A.svg""></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Meiosis-Stages.jpeg"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on meiosis</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""29159367f8204a3e9dbb0b0c0ca1eda8-oa-5-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Meiosis-Stages.jpeg"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on meiosis</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""29159367f8204a3e9dbb0b0c0ca1eda8-oa-5-A.svg""></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Meiosis-Stages.jpeg"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on meiosis</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""29159367f8204a3e9dbb0b0c0ca1eda8-oa-6-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Meiosis-Stages.jpeg"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on meiosis</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""29159367f8204a3e9dbb0b0c0ca1eda8-oa-6-A.svg""></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Meiosis-Stages.jpeg"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on meiosis</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""29159367f8204a3e9dbb0b0c0ca1eda8-oa-7-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Meiosis-Stages.jpeg"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on meiosis</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""29159367f8204a3e9dbb0b0c0ca1eda8-oa-7-A.svg""></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Meiosis-Stages.jpeg"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on meiosis</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""29159367f8204a3e9dbb0b0c0ca1eda8-oa-8-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Meiosis-Stages.jpeg"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on meiosis</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""29159367f8204a3e9dbb0b0c0ca1eda8-oa-8-A.svg""></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Meiosis-Stages.jpeg"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on meiosis - Pictures and Steps</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""c8968f892068449b873bbf77e4148f10-ao-1-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Meiosis-Stages.jpeg"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on meiosis - Pictures and Steps</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""c8968f892068449b873bbf77e4148f10-ao-1-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Meiosis-Stages.jpeg"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on meiosis - Pictures and Steps</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""c8968f892068449b873bbf77e4148f10-ao-2-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Meiosis-Stages.jpeg"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on meiosis - Pictures and Steps</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""c8968f892068449b873bbf77e4148f10-ao-2-A.svg""></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Meiosis-Stages.jpeg"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on meiosis - Pictures and Steps</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""c8968f892068449b873bbf77e4148f10-ao-3-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Meiosis-Stages.jpeg"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on meiosis - Pictures and Steps</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""c8968f892068449b873bbf77e4148f10-ao-3-A.svg""></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Meiosis-Stages.jpeg"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on meiosis - Pictures and Steps</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""c8968f892068449b873bbf77e4148f10-ao-4-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Meiosis-Stages.jpeg"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on meiosis - Pictures and Steps</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""c8968f892068449b873bbf77e4148f10-ao-4-A.svg""></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Meiosis-Stages.jpeg"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on meiosis - Pictures and Steps</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""c8968f892068449b873bbf77e4148f10-ao-5-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Meiosis-Stages.jpeg"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on meiosis - Pictures and Steps</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""c8968f892068449b873bbf77e4148f10-ao-5-A.svg""></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Meiosis-Stages.jpeg"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on meiosis - Pictures and Steps</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""c8968f892068449b873bbf77e4148f10-ao-6-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Meiosis-Stages.jpeg"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on meiosis - Pictures and Steps</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""c8968f892068449b873bbf77e4148f10-ao-6-A.svg""></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Meiosis-Stages.jpeg"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on meiosis - Pictures and Steps</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""c8968f892068449b873bbf77e4148f10-ao-7-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Meiosis-Stages.jpeg"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on meiosis - Pictures and Steps</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""c8968f892068449b873bbf77e4148f10-ao-7-A.svg""></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Meiosis-Stages.jpeg"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on meiosis - Pictures and Steps</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""c8968f892068449b873bbf77e4148f10-ao-8-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Meiosis-Stages.jpeg"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on meiosis - Pictures and Steps</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""c8968f892068449b873bbf77e4148f10-ao-8-A.svg""></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Meiosis-Stages.jpeg"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
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What is a mutation?A mutation occurs when the sequence of DNA bases is altered. It is a change to the genome. They occur spontaneously. Some substance such as benzene and ethanol and ionising radiation, such as ultraviolet, can greatly increase the chance of a mutation occuring
What is a genetic variant?A genetic variant is a different version of an allele, which is caused by a change in the DNA. All variants arise from mutation.
What determines the effect of a mutation?The position of the mutation in the DNA sequence determines the effect that it will have on the organism.<br>- In most cases, the mutation will not affect an organism's phenotype<br>- Some mutations may influence an organism's phenotype<br>- A few mutations will determine an organism's phenotype. These mutations lead to the variation that can be seen within a species
Are all mutations that affect an organism's phenotype harmful?<br>Give examples?Most mutations that affect an organism's phenotype are harmful. For example:-<br>- They can cause cancer - this is when cells grow and divide uncontrollably<br>- They cause the production of abnormal protein channels (channels that allow molecules to be transported through the cell membrane) that do not function properly, such as in cystic fibrosis<br>- They cause different shaped protein molecules to be made - e.g. people with sickle celled anaemia have unusually shaped haemoglobin molecules. This makes their blood cells sickle shaped<br>Some mutations are neutral - they don't bemefit or harm the organism - e.g. you may not be able to roll your tongue as a result of a gene mutation.<br>A few mutations are beneficial - e.g. mutations in some bacteria enable them to be resistant to antibiotics, which increases their chances of survival
How can mutations alter an organism's phenotype?- A strand of DNA is organised into sectrions of coding DNA - genes. These are separated by sections of non-coding DNA.<br>- If a mutation occurs within a gene, DNA bases may be changed, added, or deleted. This changes the sequence of bases, so the order of bases (in mRNA) produced during transcription may be different. In turn the amino acids may be assembled in a different order, the wrong protein may be produced, or it may fold incorrectly and form a different shape<br>- There are specific sequences of DNA bases found before a gene, which triggers the process of transcription. These are located within the non-coding sections of DNA. If a mutation occurs within this sequence, the gene may not be transcribed into mRNA. This means that the protein the gene codes for, will not be produced
How may a protein that's an enzyme be affected by a mutation?If the protein is an enzyme, its active site may change shape. It will no longer be able to bind to its substrate and catalyse a specific chemical reaction. This can result in diseases
Create a summarised timeline of the understanding of genetics?- 1866 - Gregor Mendel discovered that certain characteristics are inherited<br>- 1869 - Friedrich Miescher discovered DNA<br>- 1944 - Oswald Avery discovered genes can be transferred from one generation to the next<br>- 1950 - Erwin Chargaff discovered DNA base pairs<br>- 1952 - Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin photographed DNA crystals<br>- 1953 - James Watson and Francis Crick identified the double-helix structure of DNA<br>- 1953-2000 - Advances in genetics<br>- 2003 - Human genome project completed<br>- 2003+ - Further scientific breakthroughs + research
What happened in 1866 that changed the understanding of genetics?In 1866, Gregor Mendel carried out experiments on peas. He observed that characteristics such as height and colour are passed on from parents to their offspring.<br>He noticed that:-<br>- Characteristics in plants were determined by hereditary units (now known as genes)<br>- Hereditary units are passed on from both parents, one unit from each<br>- Hereditary units are dominant or recessive
What happened in 1869 that changed the understanding of genetics?Friedrish Miescher discovered that there is an acidic substance present in the nucleus of a cell - this is DNA
What happened in 1944 that changed the understanding of genetics?Oswald Avery transferred DNA between bacteria. This passed the ability to cause disease from one strain of bacteria to another. These bacteria passed the trait on to their offspring. This showing that genes are made up of DNA
What happened in 1950 that changed the understanding of genetics?Erwin Chargaff found out that even though different organisms have different amounts of DNA, all DNA contains equal quantities of adenine and thymine, and of cytosine and guanine
What happened in 1952 that changed the understanding of genetics?Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin imaged DNA crystals using x-rays
What happened in 1953 that changed the understanding of genetics?James Watson and Francis Crick published their description of DNA. They described it as a double helix - two spirals held together by complementary base pairs
What happened in 1953-2000 that changed the understanding of genetics?Scientists identified individual genes that code for genetically inherited disorders, such as cystic fibrosis.<br>The field of genetic engineering developed. Scientists altered an organism' s characteristics by adding genetic material
What happened in 2003 that changed the understanding of genetics?In a project lasting over 20 years, scientists working across the globe identified and sequenced around 24000 genes - the complete set of genes in the human body
What happened 2003 onwards that changed the understanding of genetics?Further scientific breakthroughs may enable many more diseases to be cured or prevented in the future. For example, scientists are currently trying to replace faulty (mutated) genes with normal copies of the gene. This is gene therapy, which may be able to cure genetic diseases, such as cystic fibrosis
What is evolution?Evolution is the change in inherited characteristics of a population over time, through the process of natural selection
What is scientist's understanding of life due to evolution?Evidence has led many scientists to conclude that life began with unicellular organisms that lived over three billion years ago. These were similar to modern day bacteria. Over time they evolved into multicellular organismsand eventually into the amazing variety of land, air, and aquatic organisms that are alive today
What speed does evolution occur?Evolution is generally a very slow process as it occurs over many generations. The speed at which species evolve depends partly on how quick it reproduces.
How do organisms evolve?Organism evolve through the process of natural selection
Describe the process of natural selection?- Organisms in a species show variation - this is caused by differnces in their genes due to genetic variation or mutations<br>- The genetic variation results in a range of phenotypes. The organisms that are best suited to their environment will survive and reproduce, passing on these advantageous characteristics through their genes - this is known as survival of the fittest<br>- Genes from successful organisms are passed to the offspring in the next generation, meaning the offspring are likely to posses the characteristics that made their parents successful<br>- This process is then repeated many more times. Over a period of time, this can lead to the development of a new species
What are two common species that evolved?- Peppered moths<br>- Antibiotic-resistant bacteria
Explain how antibiotic-resistant bacteria formed due to evolution?Bacteria reproduce very rapidly, and so can evolve within a relatively short time frame. If a mutation occurs, the bacterium usually dies. However, sometimes the mutation can be advantageous. It could cause resistance to an antibiotic, so the antibiotic doesn't kill the bacterium. The bacterium will reproduce, passing on the antibiotic resistance, while antibiotics will kill non-resistant bacteria. Eventually this may result in the whole species becoming antibiotic resistant
What are fossils?<br>How are they formed?A fossil is any trace os an animal or plant that lived long ago. Tehy're ramins of plants and animals.<br>Fossils are formed when animal or plant remains, or traces are preseved in rocks
What is the fossil record?The fossils found within the different rock layers are different, with the most recent layer usually found on the top. The fossil layers form a sequence showing that organisms have gradually changed over time. This is known as the fossil record
How does a fossil form?<br>Use a reptile as an example1. The reptile dies and falls to the ground<br>2. The flesh rots, leaving the skeleton to be covered in sand or soil and clay before its damaged.<br>3. Protected over millions of years, the skeleton becomes mineralised and turns to rock. The rocks shift in the Earth with the fossil trapped inside.<br>4. Eventually, the fossil emerges as the rocks move and erosion takes place
What evidence does the fossil record give us?The fossil record provides most of the evidence for the theory of evolution, for example, it shows that:-<br>- Fossils of the simplest organisms (such as bacteria) are found in the oldest rocks, whereas fossils of more complex organisms such as vertebrates are found in more recent rocks. This supports the theory that simple life forms gradually evolved into more complex ones<br>- Plant fossils appear before animal fossils. This is consistent with the fact that animals require plants to survive<br>- Closely related organisms have evolved from the same ancestor. By studying similarities in anatomy, such as bone structure, scientists can show how modern day species are related to species that are now extinct
What are drawbacks of the fossil record?There are gaps in the fossil record. For example, many organisms are soft-bodied and decompose quickly before they have a chance to fossilise. Many other fossils have been destroyed - e.g. by volcanic eruptions. Some fossils are waiting to be discovered
What evidence is the there for evolution?- Fossils<br>- Rapid changes in a species<br>- Extinction<br>- Molecular comparison
How does rapid changes in a species provide evidence for evolution?<br>Give examplesAs bacteria replicate rapidly, scientists can study evolution in action. They can observe how an advantageous characteristic (such as antibiotic resistance) becomes common in a bacterial population.
How does extinction provide evidence for evolution?Species that don't adapt to environmental changes die out. Scientists estimate that more than 99% of all species that have ever lived on the planet are now extinct
How does molecular comparison provide evidence for evolution?In recent years, scientists have started comparing the DNA and proteins of different species. They look at the order of nucleic acid baces, or at the order of amino acids in a protein. Closely related species have the most similar DNA and proteins. Those which are distantly related have fewer similarities
Who formed the theory of evolution?Charles Darwin, but Alfred Russel Wallace contributed too
How did Charles Darwin contribute to the theory of evolution?- When Darwin was born in 1809, many British people believed that all species on Earth were created by God<br>- In 1831, Darwin joined a scientific expedition to the Galapagos&nbsp;Islands. Whilst abroad the HMS Beagle, Darwin read Principles of Geology - it suggested that fossils were evidence of animals that had lived millions of years ago<br>- Darwin noticed that differnt islands had different finches. The birds were closely related but their beaks and claws were different shapes and sizes. Darwin realized that the design of the finches's beaks were linked to the food available on each island.<br>- He concluded that a bird born with a beak more suited to the food available would survive longer than a bird less suited. Therefore, it would have more offspring and pass its beak characteristic on. Over time, the finch population would all share that characteristic - Darwin called this process natural selection<br>- In 1859, after his work with Wallace, Darwin published his book - On the origin of species. This presented Darwin's ideas to non scientists
How did Alfred Russell Wallace contribute to the theory of evolution?At the same time as Darwin was formulating his theory, Alfred Russell Wallace was working in Borneo on his own theory of natural selection and evolution. He sent his ideas to Darwin for peer review before publishing his own theory. As Wallace's were so similar to Darwin's, they proposed the theory of evolution through a joint presentation of two scientific papers to the Linnean Society of London in 1858
What was the response to Charles Darwin's book - On the origin of species?It was hugely successful, while also controversial, as the theory of evolution conflicted with the common belief that God had created all living things. As a result of Darwin's publication, people gradually heard the theory that humans were simply a type of animal, and share a common ancestor with apes.
What is the response to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution today?Darwin's theory of evolution is now widely accepted, due to the increasing amount of evidence that supports this theory, including the fossil record, observations of microorganisms, extinctions, and recent advances in DNA studies. However, some people don't accept the theory of evolution today
What is classification?Classification is the process of sorting living organisms into groups.<br>The organisms within each group share similar features
Why do scientists classify organisms?Scientists classify organisms to:-<br>- Identify species<br>- Predict characteristics<br>- Find or show evolutionary links
Why do scientists use a single classification system?By using a single classification system, scientists can chare their research worldwide. Links between different organisms can be seen, even if they live on different continents
What classification system do scientists use?<br>How does it work?The system that scientists use, classifies organisms at seven taxonomic levels: <b>Kingdom</b>, <b>Phylum</b>, <b>Class</b>, <b>Order</b>, <b>Family</b>, <b>Genus</b>, <b>Species</b>. This system separates organisms into five kingdoms - plants, animals, fungi, protoctista (amoeba and algae), and prokaryotes (organisms with no nucleus).<br>As you move down the hierarchy, the organisms share more and more characteristics. There are more groups at each level, but fewer organisms in each group.<br>The system end with organisms being classified as individual species. These are the smallest units of classification - each group only contains one type of organism. A species is a group of organisms that are able to reproduce to produce fertile offspring.
What are the types of classification?- Artificial classification<br>- Natural classification
What is artificial classification?Artificial classification systems group organisms together using observable characteristics. They don't take evolutionary relationships into account - this has led to difficulties in accurate classification
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What is natural classification?Natural classification systems use information about organisms's common ancestors and about their common structural features to sort organisms. Scientists can use DNA sequencing to link the evolutionary relationships between organisms.<br>The study of evolutionary links is known as phylogeny. Phylogenic links are established by studying the similarities and difference in DNA between species. The more similar the DNA, the more closely related the species are
What is sampling?Sampling means taking observations or measurements from a small area, which is representative of a larger area. You can then scale up the sample to make estimates about the larger area
What must you do before you sample an area?Before sampling an area, you must design a results table to record your findings. Your table will need three columns:-<br>- Organism name<br>- Tally to record organisms quickly<br>- Frequency - to give the total for each identified organism
What equipment and apparatus are needed to sample animals?- Pooters<br>- Sweep nets<br>- Pond nets<br>- Kick sampling<br>- Tree beating<br>- Pitfall traps
What are pooters?Pooters are a piece of apparatus used to sample animals, in which you suck on the mouthpiece to draw insects into the holding chamber. A filter stops organisms from entering your mouth
What are sweep nets?Sweep nets are a piece of apparatus&nbsp;used to sample animals, in which you sweep a large net through the air to catch flying insects or those in long grass
What is kick sampling?Kick sampling is a technique used to sample animals, in which you 'kick' a river bed or bank to disturb mud and vegetation. Hold a net downstream to capture any organisms released into the flowing water
What is tree beating?Tree beating is a technique used to sample animals, in which you stretch a large white cloth under a tree or bush, then shale or beat the tree to dislodge invertebrates, which will fall onto the cloth
What are pitfall traps?Pitfalls traps is a technique used to sample animals, in which you dig a hole in the ground, which crawling invertebrates such as beetles, spiders, and slugs can fall into. Cover the hole with a roof so that the trap doesn't fill with rain water
How can you identify unknown organisms?Scientists use identification keys to identify living organisms. Keys ask a series of questions about an organism's characteristics
What are the types of identification keys?- Branched key (or spider key)<br>- Numbered key (or dichotomous key)
How does a branched/spider key work?By answering yes or no for each question, you can determine an organism's identity
How does a numbered/dichotomus key work?The correct answer to a question tells you which question you need to answer next. After answering a series of questions, you will identify your unknown organism
How are animal populations of a large area estimated?"The capture-recapture technique scales up results from a small sample area to estimate a population. The capture-recapture technique involves:-<br>1. Capture organisms from sample area<br>2. Mark individual organisms, then release them back into the community<br>3. At a later date, recapture organisms in the original sample area<br>4. Record the number of marked and unmarked individuals<br>5. Estimate the population size using the formula:<br><img src=""Screenshot 2022-01-25 at 20.32.25.png"">"
What is a quadrat?A quadrat is a square frame divided into a grid
How can you sample plants?- You can place a quadrat on the ground to take a sample and record the type and number of organisms within each section. <br>- You should take a number of samples, and calculate a mean average. The larger the number of samples, the more reliable your results.<br>- To work out the total population of an organism, multiply the mean population per m²&nbsp;by the total area<br>- Plants can be sampled using random sampling or non-random sampling
What is random sampling?- When randomly sampling areas of plant populations, individuals are selected by chance.<br>- A common approach is to mark out a grid on the sample area, then use a random number generator to determine the coordinates of where to place your quadrat - this prevents bias, as it's tempting to place the quadrat in areas that look more interesting
What is non-random sampling?- Non-random sampling is usually used to study how the distribution of organisms varies over a distance, samples can be taken along a line - this is known as transect - you can use this technique to see how plant species change as you move location<br>- Samples can be taken by counting organisms that touch the line, or placing a quadrat at fixed positions along the line
What must you do before sampling plants with a quadrat?You must decide if plants on the edge are included or not
What is abundance of an organism?The abundance of an organism is how many individuals you find in an area
What is the distribution of an organism?The distribution of an organism is where an organism is found in a habitat
What are pond nets?- Pond nets are piece of apparatus used to collect insects from ponds and rivers<br>- When using one, stand in your first sample area and sweep the net along the bottom of the pond or river. Turn the net out into a white tray with a bit of water in to count the organisms you've caught<br>- Then sweep your pond net in your second sample area and compare what you find
What must you assume when using the capture-recapture method?You must assume:-<br>- There has been no change in the population size between the samples - e.g. births and deaths<br>- By marking them, you haven't affected individuals's chance of survival - e.g. making them more visible to predators
What affects the distribution of organisms?- The distribution of organisms is affected by abiotic and biotic factors.<br>- The abiotic factors include: temperature, moisture level, light intensity, and soil pH.<br>- The biotic factors include: competition between species
How would you measure the abiotic factors that affect the distribution of organisms?- Use a thermometer to measure the temperature in different places<br>- Use an electronic device called a light sensor to measure light intensity<br>- Use a soil meter to measure the level of moisture in some soil<br>- Measure soil pH using indicator liquid - add water to a soil sample then add indicator liquid, which changes colour depending on the pH. The colour is compared to a chart to find out the pH of the soil
Why is biodiversity important?- Species are interconnected, so the removal of one species can affect others - e.g. it could lead to a loss of another species's food or shelter.<br>- Biodiversity is essential for maintaining a balanced ecosystem<br>- As humans, we rely on biodiversity for the raw materials we need, such as food, wood, and oxygen, however, humans are the leading cause of loss of biodiversity
How is biodiversity lost?There are over 7 billion people on the Earth, which has increased over time. This has caused an increased need for food and materials, which is reducing biodiversity through:-<br>- Deforestation<br>- Agriculture<br>- Hunting and fishing<br>- Pollution
What is deforestation?<br>How has deforestation led to biodiversity being lost?- Deforestation is the permanent removal of large areas of forest.<br>- Removing forests provides wood for building and fuel, and creates space for roads, buildings, and agriculture<br>- Deforestation reduces both the number of trees and the number of supported animal species, as their food source or home has been lost. This in turn can affect predator species
How has agriculture led to biodiversity being lost?- Agriculture is the process of farming, usually to provide food<br>- More land is farmed, in order to feed the increasing population<br>Many intensive farming techniques lead to a loss in biodiversity:-<br>- Remove hedgerows to use large machinery and to free up extra land for crops. This reduces the number of plant species and destroys the habitat of animals such as mice and hedgehogs<br>- Use pesticides to kill pests (usually insects) that eat crops, or live on livestock. This reduces the number of pest species, and removes the food source of other organims. Pesticides can also accumulate in a food chain, killing animals that weren't targeted<br>- Use herbicides to kill plants growing where they're not wanted. This reduces the number of plant species and the number of animal species present, as it removes a food source or shelter
How has hunting and fishing led to biodiversity being lost?- Overfishing has led to some fish populations decreasing significantly, or even being lost from some areas<br>- Other marine species may also be caught and killed<br>- Hunting decreases the target species' population, which removes food for other species - this may allow the unchecked growth of some plant species, which then outcompete other plants. This further reduces biodiversity
How has pollution led to biodiversity being lost?- When pollutants enter the environment, they have an impact on the number and types of organism.<br>- Generally, the more polluted an area is, the fewer the number of species that can survive
What is conservation?<br>Why is it important?- Conservation means protecting a natural environment to ensure that habitats aren't lost<br>- It is important, as by protecting an organism's habitat, the organism's chance of survival increases, allowing them to reproduce<br>- It also preserves the relationships present in a habitat, so populations of interlinked species are supported
Explain how are nature reserves designated to conserve wildlife?Marine, aquatic, and terrestial (land-based) nature reserves have been designated to conserve wildlife. These sites require active management, such as:-<br>- Controlled grazing - only allowing animals to graze land for a certain period of time, giving plant species time to recover<br>- Restricting human access - e.g. providing paths to prevent plants being trampled<br>- Feeding animals - to ensure more organisms survive to reproductive age<br>- Reintroduction of species - adding new individuals of a species into an area where numbers have decreased significantly, or where the species has not survived
What is captive breeding?<br>What is its aim?- Captive breeding means breeding animals in human-controlled environments, such as zoos or aquariums<br>- The animals are given shelter, plenty of nutritious food, veterinary treatment and predator-free environment<br>- Suitable breeding partners can be imported from other zoos<br><br>Scientists working on captive breeding programmes aim to:-<br>- create a stable, healthy population of a species<br>- gradually reintroduce the species back into its natural habitat
What are the problems with captive breeding?Problems associated with captive breeding include:-<br>- Maintaining genetic diversity can be difficult since few breeding partners are available<br>- Organisms born in captivity may not be suitable for release into the wild - e.g. they may not know how to hunt for food
What are methods of conservation?- Protected habitats for species to live in<br>- Legal protection to stop hunting and trade<br>- Education to make people aware of the problem<br>- Captive breeding in zoos to increase the population<br>- Seed bans to store the seed from rare plants<br>- Artificial ecosystems to replace destroyed ones
What are seed banks?- Seed banks are a way of conserving plants and biodiversity<br>- Seeds are carefully stored so that new plants may be grown in the future<br>- A seed bank is an example of a gene bank - it provides a store of genetic material
What is the Millennium Seed Bank Project?- The Millennium Seed Bank Project, at Kew Gardens, is an international project<br>- Its purpose is to provide a backup against the extinction of plant species, by storing seed for future use<br>- Its large underground frozen vaults preserve over a billion seeds
What are conservation agreements?To conserve biodiversity, local and international cooperation is required to preserve habitats and individual species. Many animals naturally move between countries and so global action is required. Therefore agreements are made.
What are the types of conservation agreements?- International agreements<br>- Local agreements
What international conservation agreements are there?Intergovernmental organisations help to secure agreements between nations. For example:-<br>- The IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature) publishes the 'Red List', which details the current conservation status of threatened animals. Countries can work together to conserve these species<br>- The CITIES (Convention on Interntional Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) treaty regulates the international trade of wild plants and animals, and their products, to prevent over-exploitation. The treaty protects more than 35,000 species.<br>- The Rio Earth Summit of 1992 resulted in an international agreement known as the Rio Conventions. These require countries to develop strategies for sustainable deleopment, to reduce greenhouse emissions to combat desertification. Together, the conventions aim to mainatin biodiversity. However, individual countries can't be forced to implement them
What local conservation agreements?Through Stewardship Schemes, farmers in England are offered government payments to conserve the landscape. Their aim is to make conservation a part of normal farming practices, so securing the beauty of the landscape and the biodiversity found there
What are the effects of tourism?- Large numbers of human vistors in any region can lead to habitats being lost or destroyed, resulting in a loss of biodiversity<br>- Tourism brings money, which can be used to support natural wildlife by extending and improving habitats, and preventing poaching<br>- Landowners are encouraged to maintain biodiversity - if this decreases, tourists will no longer come
What is ecotourism?<br>What does it aim for?- Ecotourism aims to ensure that tourism doesn't have a negative impact on the natural environment or local communities<br>- It supports conservation, whilst allowing people to observe wildlife.<br>- Tourists are often restricted to certain areas, and are asked to keep to footpaths - this ensures that animal breeding grounds aren't disturbed, or endangered plants trampled<br>- However, the tourist movement such as the repeated use of hiking trails or vehicles carrying tourists, may contribute to soil erosion and other habitat changes
How do scientists monitor pollution?- Scientists regularly samples of plants and animals from the environment to monitor the type and number of organims present<br>- A decrease in the range or number of species indicates that environmental changes have taken place - the more polluted an area, the fewer species that are present<br>- Indicator species are organisms that can be used to measure environmental quality. Their presence (or absence) tells biologists that an area is polluted
How are organisms used to monitor air pollution?- Sulfur dioxide is one of the most common forms of air pollution. It's released from the combustion of some fossil fuels. It causes acid rain, which can result in the death of trees and fish<br>- Lichens are indicator species that are used to measure this type of air pollution. As they have no root systems, most of their nutrition comes from the air. Rainwater contains just enough nutrients to keep them alive. However, air pollutants dissolved in rainwater, especially sulfur dioxide, can damage lichens and prevent their growth<br>- Some species of lichen can cope with high levels of pollution and are found in industrial cities. Other species can only grow in clean air away from towns and motorways<br>- A lack of lichens is a sign of high pollution
How are organisms used to monitor water pollution?- Water pollution is caused by the discharge of harmful substances into rivers, lakes, and seas<br>- The higher the level of pollution, the lower the level of dissolved oxygen,<br>- The oxygen content of the water can be estimated by identifying the indicator species found living in it, as some require higher oxygen content than others<br>- Mayfly larvae are usually present in large numbers in a river, but their numbers decrease around a sewage discharge point<br>- There are large numbers of sludgeworms immidiately downstream from a sewcarge leak, as sewage-contaminated water contains little oxygen<br>- Further downstream, the discharge becomes more and more diluted. This decreases the number of sludgeworms, and allows other organisms to survive
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What is the biononmial nomenclature?<br>How does it work?It is a universal system of naming species. All species have a Latin name consisiting of two parts:-<br>- The first part is the organism's genus.<br>- The second part is the organism's species<br>No two species have the same name
What is food security?Food security is the ability of human populations to access affordable food of sufficient quality and quantity. It could be an issue for individuals or entire countries
What factors affect food security?&nbsp;- Increasing human population - as the population is increasing, we need to produce more food so that each person still has the same amout of food to eat<br>- Changing diets - as people become more wealthy, they tend to eat a more varied diet which often includes more meat, which is more energy intensive to produce than plant products<br>- Climate change - scientists predict that global warming will cause more droughts, and that deserts will expand, however, increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide may lead to increasing yields of some crops<br>- New pest and pathogens - these can result in the loss of crops or livestock and could lead to widespread famine<br>- Agriculture costs (are increasing) - these increasing costs are passed on to the consumer, making some foods unaffordable for some people<br>- Sustainability - if unsustainable methods (e.g. relying on non-renewable resources) are used to produce food, it is more likely to negatively impact the level of food security
How can we increase food production?To produce more food from the land available, many farmers improve efficiency by:-<br>- Maximising photosynthesis - light levels, temperature, and water supply are controlled in industrial glasshouses<br>- Using fertilisers - as a plant grows, it removes minerals from the soil but fertilisers help land to remain fertile<br>- Removing competition and pests - this include herbicides to kill weeds, insecticides to remove insects, and fungicidies to destroy disease-causing fungi<br>- Planting varieties of crops that are pest resistant, or that produce a higher yield
What is intensive farming?Intensive farming techniques aim to produce the maximum food product yield from the minimum area of land. This is achieved through:-<br>- Using fertilizers and pesticides to aid plant growth<br>- Maximising animal growth rates<br>- Minimising labour inputs by using machinery
What is organic farming?Organic farming uses more natural methods of producing crops and rearing animals, and avoids the use or artificial chemicals. Yields are generally smaller, so products may be more expensive
What is sustainable food production?Sustainable food production means producing food in ways that can be continued indefinitely
What is a common type of sustainable food production?Fish farming
Why is fish farming a type of sustainable food production?- Fish are a valueable source of protein<br>- Overfishing has led to reductions in the some fish species populations, which then can't regenerate meaning they will no longer be able to feed us in the future<br>- Fishing quotas have been introduced, which provide a limit on the numbers and types of fish that may be caught in an area. The aim is to allow enough fish to survive and reproduce, to maintain their population<br>- Fishing regulations also limit the mesh size of nets. Bigger holes means that only mature, full-sized fish are caught and young fish can escape<br>- Fish can be farmed - the fish are bred and reared in large cages in the sea or rivers. This protects the fish from predators, makes them easier to catch and allows wild populations to recover. However, as fish are kept are kept so close together, disease can spread quickly and there is a risk of disease spreading to wild populations
Why do farmers use fertilizers?- Plants need ceratin elements such as nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus, so they can make important compounds like proteins<br>- If plants don't get enough of these elements, their growth and life processes are affected. Sometimes these elements are missing from the soil because they've been used up by a previous crop planted in the same soil<br>- Farmers use fertilizers to replace these missing elements or provide more of them. This helps to increase the crop yield by boosting plant growth<br>- However, fertilizers can cause environmental problems - excess fertilizers can run off fields and end up in ponds, rivers, and lakes, which can result in the death of organisms living in the water
What is pest control?Pest control stops pests eating crops. Pests that feed on crops are killed by various methods of pest control. This means fewer plants are damaged or destroyed, increasing crop yield. There are two types of pest control: pesticides, biological control
What are pesticides?<br>Why are they used?- Pesticides are a form of chemical pest control which are sprayed onto crops to kill the pests that damage them. They're often poisonous to humans, so they must be used carefully to keep the amount of pesticides in food below a safe level<br>- There are different types of pesticides which target different types of pest. Insecticides kill insects, herbicides kill unwanted plants (weeds) and fungicidies destroy fungi<br>- Some pesticides can also harm other wildlife that aren't pests, which can cause a shortage of foods for animals higher up the food chain<br>- Some pesticides stick around and can be passed along food chains which can kill organisms further up - e.g. they can end up consuming a lot of pesticide that has accumulated in organisms lower down the chain
What is biological control?<br>Why is it used?- Biological control is an alternative to using pesticides. It is a type of pest control. It involves using other organisms to reduce the numbers of pests. This is done by encouraging wild organisms or adding new ones<br>- Crop pests have natural predators and organic farmers exploit these relationships to kill pests<br>- The helpful organisms could be predators, parasites or disease-causing<br>- The predators are bred in large numbers, and then released onto crops where they eat the pests<br>- Biological control can have a longer-lasting effect than spraying pesticides and be less harmful to wildlife, but introducing new organisms can cause problems, such as them becoming a major pest themself<br>- Biological control can be sonsidered a safer alternative to pesticides, because no chemicals are used so there's less pollution, less risk to people eating the food, and no passing of chemicals along food chains
How can farmers reduce the use of fertilisers and pesticides?- Instead of using artificial fertilisers, farmers replace soil nutrients by spreading manure<br>- Different crops take different crops from the soil. Crop rotation - planting different crops each year - gives soil a chance to recover, and maximises plant growth. It also prevents building up a population of a particular crop pest<br>- Biological control can be used to reduce the use of pesticides<br>- Gene technology (such as genetic modification) can be used by scientists to develop crop varieties that are more resistant to pests and disease
What is genetic modification?<br>How can it be used for crop plants?- Genetic modification can be used to transfer useful genes (foreign genes) into plants and animals, which means they'll develop the useful characteristic of the inserted gene<br>- It is a type of biotechnology<br>- Genetic modification is another name for genetic engineering, but is normally used when referring to plants and animals
What is a hydroponics system?Hydroponics is where plants are grown in water containing dissolved minerals rather than soil. A glasshouse may contain several rows of hydroponic plants stacked above each other, so more plants can be grown in the same space
What are the advantages of a hydroponic system?- Pests and diseases can be controlled more effectively<br>- Nutrient levels can be controlled precisely to ensure maximum growth <br>- Hydroponics can deliver much higher yields
What are the disadvantages of a hydroponic system?- Lots of fertilisers need to be added<br>- The costs of setting up can be very high<br>- If diseases enter the hydroponic system, they can spread quickly and cause major damage to the crop
What is selective breeding?- Selective breeding can be used to breed other animals and plants for particular characteristics. Organisms are selectively bred to develop the best features according to what we want from them<br>- To produce the highest yields, farmers choose their best plants and animals to breed from<br>- Selective breeding can also produce crops with high resistance to disease. Plant scientists cross high-yielding plants with disease-resistant plants to produce high-yielding, disease-resistant crops
How does a farmer selectively breed organisms?1. Decide which characteristic of the species is desirable<br>2. Select parents with high levels of this characteristic<br>3. Breed from these individuals<br>4. Select the best offspring and breed again<br>5. Repeat for many generations
What are the disadvantages of selective breeding?- It reduces the gene pool (the number of alleles) of a species, which reduces variation. This mans that if a new disease arises, within the resulting reduced gene pool, there may not be an organism that contains the allele for resistance to this disease and the species may become extinct<br>- It increases the chance of inheriting a genetic disease
What is genetic engineering?Genetic engineering is altering an organism's genome to produce an organism with the desired characteristics. It's a very accurate process as single genes can be targeted. It can also occur in one generation.
What is a vector?A vector is something that's used to transfer DNA into a cell. Plasmids are often used as vectors. They're small circular molecules of DNA that can be transferred between bacteria
What are the benefits of using genetic engineering in agriculture?Scientists have genetically engineered many organisms:-<br>- Cotton - to increase the crop yield from the same area of land<br>- Corn - to produce toxins that kill insects. This makes the plant resistant to pests, so smaller amount of pesticides are needed<br>- Bacteria - to produce medical drugs such as insulin, or drugs to treat diseases in domesticated animals
How do scientists produce a genetically engineered organism?- Identify the genes that code for the desired characteristic<br>- To create an organism with a desired characteristic, scientists take genes from another organism that code for this characteristic. These are foreign genes. The scientists removes the gene from the donor organism<br>- The scientists put the foreign genes into plant or animal cells at an early stage of the organism's development.<br>- As the organism develops, it displays the characteristic coded for by the foreign genes
What are the risks of genetic engineering?- Eating genetically engineering organisms may eventually lead to health problems - e.g. it may introduce new allergens that may cause some people to be allergic to the organism<br>- Genetically engineered crops may cross-pollinate with wild plants, introducing the new gene into wild plants, which could disrupt the balance of an ecosystem
What is people's reponse to genetic engineering?- Some people don't like eating GE organisms ans some newspapers have labelled GE foods as Frankenstein foods<br>- Others feel that it is unethical, as altering with an organism's genome is seen as science interfering with nature
How can bacteria be used in genetic engineering?- Scientists can genetically engineer bacteria to produce useful substances, including hormones, vaccines, and antibiotics
What do restriction enzymes do in genetic engineering?Restriction enzymes cut the donor DNA at specific base sequences (either side of the desired gene). They make a staggered cut leaving a few exposed unpaired bases on the ends of the DNA strands. These are called sticky ends. The same restriction enzymes are also used to cut open the bacterial plasmid (a loop of DNA that is separate from the chromosomal DNA and is able to replicate independently)
What do ligase enzymes do in genetic engineering?Ligase enzymes and rejoin DNA strands at the sticky ends. As both host and donor DNA have the same sticky ends, the new gene is joined into the plasmid DNA
Describe the steps in the process of genetic engineering with bacteria?1. The gene that codes for the desired characteristic is removed from the donor organism's DNA by using restriction enzymes<br>2. A loop of bacterial DNA called a plasmid is removed from a bacterial cell (this is the host organism) and cut open using the same restriction enzymes<br>3. The gene from the donor organism is mixed with the plasmid. The gene becomes inserted between the cut ends of the loops of the plasmid DNA and the cut surfaces (sticky ends) of the DNA are repaired using ligase enzymes<br>4. The plasmid is a vector - it carries the human gene<br>5. The plasmid vector can then be inserted into other cells (e.g. bacterium) known as hosts.<br>6. The host cells can now use the gene you inserted to produce the desired characteristic
What are antibiotic resistance markers?<br>How are they used?- Antibiotic resistance markers are used to select cells with the new DNA, as genetic engineering is not always successful and scientists need to check that the gene has successfully transferred into the host's genome<br><br>1. Insert an antibiotic resistance gene into the plasmid at the same time as inserting the gene coding for the desired characteristics<br>2. Transfer the bacteria to an agar plate containing the selected antibiotic. Incubate, and allow time for the bacteria to grow.<br>3. Any bacterial colonies present will survive because they now contain the antibiotic resistance marker gene. These bacteria will also contain the desired gene
What is transgenic bacteria?Transgenic bacteria are bacteria that now have DNA from another organism
What is biotechnology?Biotechnology is the use of biological processes or living organisms to manufacture products.
How has genetic modification been used in plants?Crops can be genetically modified to increase food production in many ways:-<br>- Insect-resistant - this prevents the crop being damaged by insects which increases crop yield. It also means that farmers don't have to spray as many pesticides so other wildlife isn't harmed<br>- Virus-resistant - this means that they won't be damaged by disease caused by a virus<br>- Herbicide-resistant - this means farmers can spray their crops to kill weeds without affecting the crop itself<br>- Golden rice - This is created when a gene&nbsp; taken from a daffodil is placed into rice. The rice produces beta-carotene, which the body uses to make vitamin A<br>- Bt corn - This is produced by inserting a gene into a maize from the bacteria - Bacillus Thuringiensis. This gene codes for a protein that it's poisonous to insect pests. The corn then produces the poison, killing pests that try to eat it.
Describe the steps in the process of genetic modification?1. The gene that codes for a useful characteristic is identified<br>2. The gene is removed from the donor organism using restriction enzymes<br>3. The DNA of a carrier or vector (e.g. bacteria or a virus) is cut open using the same restriction enzymes<br>4. The useful gene is inserted into the carrier DNA and the combined DNA is placed in a virus. The virus is injected into a plant cell. This is called insertion<br>5. The new gene is inserted into the host DNA<br>6. The new gene begins to work. The host is now a transgenic organism - a genetically modified organism<br>7. The genetically modified organism can be cloned, producing large numbers of identical individuals
What is the difference between genetic engineering and genetic modification?The process of genetic modification is very similar to the process of genetic engineering, however it includes an extra stage during which the engineered bacteria or virus carries a modified gene into a plant or animal cell. Plasmids, bacteria, and viruses can you be used as vectors to transfer foreign DNA into an organism.
What is a disease?A disease is a condition that impairs the normal functioning of an organism. An organism's health can be affected by disease. Diseases can affect mental health and physical health. Plants and animals can get diseases
What is a healthy organism?A healthy organism is one that is functioning just as it should be - mentally and physically
What are the two main categories that diseases can be grouped into?- Communicable diseases<br>- Non-communicable diseases
What is a communicable disease?<br>How is it caused?- Communicable diseases are diseases that can be spred between organisms.&nbsp;<br>- They're also known as contagious or infectious diseases<br>- They're caused by pathogens (microorganisms) infecting an organism. These harmful microorganisms are parasites
What is a pathogen?A pathogen is a type of microorganism (microbe) that causes diseases when they enter an organism.&nbsp;<br>Types of pathogens include: bacteria, viruses, protists, and fungi
What is a non-communicable disease?<br>How is it caused?- Non-communicable diseases can't be spread between organisms<br><br>They're caused by:-<br>- Poor diet - not eating enough freash fruit and vegetables can result in vitiman and mineral deficiencies<br>- Obesity - being very overweight can lead to conditions, including arthiritis, type 2 diabetes, heart disease and stroke<br>- Inheriting a genetic disorder - e.g. cystic fibrosis<br>- Body processes not operating correctly - e.g. cells may divide uncontrollably, which could lead to cancer
Are non-communicable and communicable diseases linked?Although NC diseases and C diseases have separate causes, some conditions are linked. For example:-<br>- Human papilloma virus (HPV) causes most forms of cervical cancer. People usually recover from an HPV infection without long term problems. In some cases, HPV causes cell changes that lead to cervical cancer<br>- The human immunodeficieny virus (HIV), which causes AIDS (acquired immume deficiency syndrome), weakens a person's immune system, making it much easier for other microorganisms, such as the tuberculosis-causing bacteria, to cause disease. Many people with HIV die from tuberculosis
How can pathogens spread between animals?To cause harm, pathogens have to enter an animal's body, which can happen:-<br>- Through cuts in the skin - from injury, or through insect and animal bites<br>- Through the digestive system - when foods and drinks are shared<br>- Throughthe respiratory system - by inhaling pathogens<br>- Through the reproductive system - during sexual intercourse<br><br>The closer together organisms live, the greater the risk of a disease being passed on
How can pathogens spread between plants?Pathogens can spread between plants through the soil and water in which plants grow. They can also be spread by:-<br>- Vectors, such as insects<br>- Direct contact of sap from an infected plant with a healthy plant. Sap can be released by agricultural damage, or through animals feeding on the plants<br>- The wind - fungal spores can be blown between plants. Infected seeds can also be blown across large distances, resulting in the spread of a disease
How do pathogens cause disease?- There is the incubation period - this is a time delay between harmful microorganisms entering your body and you feeling unwell. During this time, the pathogens reproduce rapidly.<br>- As they grow and reproduce thay cause cell damage; some pathogens also produce toxic waste products. These toxins cause a range of symptoms, including fever, rashes and sores
How do viruses cause disease?- Viruses can't replicate by themselves. They can only reproduce by 'taking over' and using a host organism's cells to make more viruses.<br><br>Viral replication occurs in this way:-<br>1. Virus attacks a cell<br>2. Inserts its genes<br>3. 'Tells' the nucleus to copy its genes<br>4. New viruses are made<br>5. Cell bursts, releasing the new viruses and destroying your cell
How do scientists monitor disease?- When scientists monitor a disease outbreak, they normally study the incidence of a disease. This is the rate at which new cases occur in a population over a period of time<br>- When monitoring non-communicable diseases, studies often last long periods and involve many people. A typical study may look at the number of cases per 10,000 people, per year, or over a 10-year period. Outcomes from studies such as these, provide scientists with evidence for the effectiveness of disease treatments of prevention techniques
How can you prevent the spread of communicable diseases?- Covering your mouth and nose when you cough or sneeze - e.g. in a tissue, then discarding it<br>- Not touching infected people or objects - some diseases can be spread by touching objects that an infected person has touched<br>- Using protection - to prevent body fluids from being exchanged during sexual intercourse<br>- Not sharing needles - all needles used to inject drugs should be disposed of immidiately after signle use, as diseases can be passed on in blood on the needle<br>- Washing your hands - before eating<br>- Cook food properly - some animals contain bacteria which could cause food poisoning. Thorough cooking kills the bacteria<br>- Drink clean water - untreated water can contain microorganisms that cause diseases. If water is untreated, you must boil it or use sterilisation tablets
What are the different types of pathogens?- Bacteria - very small cells which can reproduce rapidly. They make you feel ill by producing toxins (poisons) that damage you cells and tissues<br>- Viruses - these aren't cells. They're really tiny. They replicate themselves inside the infected organism's cells. These cells then burst, releasing the viruses<br>- Protists - these are eukaryotic usually single-celled and vary in size. Protists that cause disease are often parasites<br>- Fungi - some fungi are single-celled while others have a body, which is made up of thread-like structure called hyphae. These hyphae can grow and penetrate human skin and the surface of plants, causing diseases. They can also produce spores, which can be spread to other plants and animals
How do farmers identify and prevent the spread of disease in plants and animals?- Diseases are identified by changes to an organism's appearance, or through identifying the pathogen by its DNA or antigens<br>Once identified:-<br>- Diseased plant material is normally burnt to prevent the disease spreading<br>- Animals may be treated using drugs, although some communicable diseases require whole herds to be slaughtered<br>- Livestock can't be moved<br>- Chemical dips are installed on farms to kill pathogens on footwear<br>- Farmers also spray plants with fungicides to prevent fungal disease and get their animals vaccinated against some pathogens
What is athlete's foot?- Athlete's foot is caused by a group of parasitic fungi called dermatophytes. <br>Your feet provide a warm, humid environment which is ideal for dermatophytes to live and multiply in<br><br>- The symptoms include cracked, flaking, and itchy skin.<br><br>- It's normally treated by using an anti-fungal cream<br><br>- It's very contagious and spread through direct contact and through indirect contact
What is food poisoning?- Food poisoning is caused by the growth of microorganisms in food.&nbsp;<br>Three main types:-<br>- Campylobacter - found in raw meat, unpasteurised milk, and untreated water<br>- Salmonella - found in raw meat, eggs, raw unwashed vegetables and unpasteurised milk<br>- E.coli - only some types of E.coli cause food poisoning. This is found in raw and undercooked meats, and unpasteurised milk and dairy products.<br><br>- All thse bacteria can survive refrigeration and freezer storage, but thorough cooking kills them
What are sexually transmitted infections (STI)?- STIs are passed from one person to another through unprotected sex or genital contact. They are passed on through bodily fluids or by skin on skin contact<br>- People protect themselves from STIs by avoiding sexual intercource or by using a condom.<br>- Many STIs initially have no symptoms - this makes their spread more likely, as people don't realise that they're infected
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<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on viral infections</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""febe294eedea42999312a35f531eee79-oa-1-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 14.51.42.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on viral infections</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""febe294eedea42999312a35f531eee79-oa-2-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 14.51.42.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on viral infections</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""febe294eedea42999312a35f531eee79-oa-2-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 14.51.42.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on viral infections</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""febe294eedea42999312a35f531eee79-oa-3-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 14.51.42.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on viral infections</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""febe294eedea42999312a35f531eee79-oa-3-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 14.51.42.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on viral infections</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""febe294eedea42999312a35f531eee79-oa-4-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 14.51.42.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on viral infections</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""febe294eedea42999312a35f531eee79-oa-4-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 14.51.42.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on viral infections</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""febe294eedea42999312a35f531eee79-oa-5-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 14.51.42.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on viral infections</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""febe294eedea42999312a35f531eee79-oa-5-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 14.51.42.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on viral infections</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""febe294eedea42999312a35f531eee79-oa-6-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 14.51.42.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on viral infections</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""febe294eedea42999312a35f531eee79-oa-6-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 14.51.42.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on viral infections</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""febe294eedea42999312a35f531eee79-oa-7-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 14.51.42.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on viral infections</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""febe294eedea42999312a35f531eee79-oa-7-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 14.51.42.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on viral infections</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""febe294eedea42999312a35f531eee79-oa-8-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 14.51.42.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on viral infections</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""febe294eedea42999312a35f531eee79-oa-8-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 14.51.42.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on STIs</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3e0033c4c43743dd99b66fff3b93b98e-ao-1-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 14.52.01.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on STIs</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3e0033c4c43743dd99b66fff3b93b98e-ao-1-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 14.52.01.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on STIs</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3e0033c4c43743dd99b66fff3b93b98e-ao-2-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 14.52.01.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on STIs</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3e0033c4c43743dd99b66fff3b93b98e-ao-2-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 14.52.01.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on STIs</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3e0033c4c43743dd99b66fff3b93b98e-ao-3-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 14.52.01.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on STIs</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3e0033c4c43743dd99b66fff3b93b98e-ao-3-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 14.52.01.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on STIs</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3e0033c4c43743dd99b66fff3b93b98e-ao-4-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 14.52.01.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on STIs</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3e0033c4c43743dd99b66fff3b93b98e-ao-4-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 14.52.01.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on STIs</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3e0033c4c43743dd99b66fff3b93b98e-ao-5-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 14.52.01.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on STIs</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3e0033c4c43743dd99b66fff3b93b98e-ao-5-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 14.52.01.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on STIs</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""3e0033c4c43743dd99b66fff3b93b98e-ao-6-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 14.52.01.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
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""
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<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on STIs</div>
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<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on STIs</div>
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<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on STIs</div>
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<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on STIs</div>
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<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on STIs</div>
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<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on STIs</div>
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"
What is the difference between HIV and AIDS?- HIV is the human immunodeficiency virus. It invades white blood cells and reproduces inside the cells. This weakens your immune system as the affected cells should be producing antibodies to defend against disease but can't. Without them, the body becomes the target of everyday infections and cell changes that cause cancers - this is what happens to someone who has AIDS<br>- AIDS is the final stage of HIV infection, when the body can no longer fight life-threatening infections
What is agrobacterium tumefaciens?- Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a bacterial plant disease. It has a large plasmid, known as a tumour-inducing plasmid, that contains genes that cause crown gall disease. This affect many plants, including roses, and fruit, and nut trees<br>- It enters a plant through a wound. The plasmid integrates into the host's genome, and causes the production of greater amounts of growth chemicals the normal<br>- This leads to the production of large tumour-like growths called galls<br>- As the disease progresses, the galls can totally encircle the plant's stem or trunk, cutting of the flow of sap. This causes stunted growth and eventual death<br>- To prevent its spread, infected plants must be destroyed and removed. Planting other susceptible plants in the area should also be avoided for two years, until the bacteria die out for lack of a host plant
What is a fungal plant disease?A fungal plant disease is powdery mildew
What is powdery mildew?- Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that affects a wide range of plants.<br>- It's caused by many different species of fungi<br>- Infected plants display white powdery spots (fungal growth) on the leaves and stems. The fungus reduces growth, and makes leaves drop off early. This reduces the crop yield, typically by 10 to 15%<br>- Powdery mildew grows well in areas of high humidity and moderate temperatures. It survives between seasons on plant residues. It then releases spores, which are spread by the wind to infect the new crop<br>- It can be controlled by spraying the crop with a fungicide
How do plants defend themselves against communicable diseases?Plants have two types of defence:-<br>- Physical defences - physical barries that prevent microorganisms entering<br>- Chemical defences - substances secreted by the plant that kill microorganisms
What physical defences do plants have?- Cuticle<br>- Cell wall
How does the cuticle act as a physical defence for a plant?"<img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 15.25.36.png"">- The epidermal cells of most parts of the plant, above the ground, are covered in a waxy cuticle<br>- This prevents water loss from the plant. It also prevents pathogens from coming into direct contact with epidermal cells. This limits the chance of infection<br>- Plant cuticles can be relatively thin, such as those on aquatic plants or extremely thick, for example on a cactus<br>- The hydrophobic (water repelling) nature of the cuticle prevents water from collecting on the leaf surface. This is an important defence against many fungal pathogens, as most require standing water on the leaf surface for spore germination"
How does the cell wall act as a physical defence for a plant?- The cell wall is a major defence against fungal and bacterial pathogens. It provides an excellent structural barrier. All plants have all plant cells have a primary cell wall that provides structural support. This is composed mainly of cellulose fibres, which gives strength and flexibility. <br>- These fibres across linked with other substances, such as pectin. This from the gel that helps to cement neighbouring cells together<br>- Many cells also form a secondary cell wall, which develops inside the primary cell wall. This provides a further structural barrier<br>- A cell wall also contains a variety of chemical defences that can be activated rapidly when the cell detects pathogens
What chemical defenses do plants have?Plants produce antimicrobial chemicals which kill pathogens or inhibit their growth:-<br>- Insect repellents - to repel the insect vectors that carry disease.&nbsp;<br>- Insecticides - to kill insects.&nbsp;<br>- Antibacterial compounds - to kill bacteria. E.g. phenols which disrupt the bacterium's cell wall, and defensins, which disrupt the cell membrane<br>- Antifungal compounds - to kill fungi. E.g. chitinases which are enzymes that break down the chitin in fungal cell walls, and caffeine, which is toxic to fungi and insects<br>- Cyanide - Some plants make chemicals that break down to form cyanide compounds when the plant cell is attacked. Cyanide is toxic to most living things
How are plant diseases detected in the field?- Observation&nbsp;<br>- Microscopy<br>Plant diseases can only be identified in the field once an infection has taken hold, and the symptoms become apparent
How is observation used to detect plant diseases?- Most plants have visual symptoms<br>- Growths may indicate crown gall disease, or mottling of leaves may mean that the plant has tobacco mosaic disease
How is microscopy used to detect plant diseases?- The symptoms of many plant diseases are very similar<br>- Plant pathologists (scientists who specialise in plant diseases) often use microscopy to identify the pathogen. For example, they identify different species of bacteria by their shape<br>- Electron microscopes are sometimes required to provide an accurate diagnosis
How are plant disease identified in the laboratory?- DNA analysis<br>- Identification of antigen
How is DNA analysis used to detect plant diseases?- Every plant pathogen has a unique genome. Scientists identify these using DNA fingerprinting. The map of the genome produced is known as a profile<br>- Scientists compare an unknown plant pathogen's genome to a known DNA. If a match is found, accurate diagnosis can be made.<br>- DNA profiles can be used to identify individual strains of microorgansim
How is identification of analysis used to detect plant diseases?- Antigens can be detected using antibodies -proteins that bind to a specific antigen<br>- Antigens from a pathogen will be present in a plant infected with that pathogen<br>- In an ELISA test, antibodies from the pathogen's antigens are used. These antibodies have enzyme attached to them, which can react with a substrate causing a colour change<br>- The antibodies are added to the sample being tested, and are then washed off, but if the antibodies bind to the antigens, they will remain in the sample. If there's a colour change when the substrate is added, it demonstrates that the antigen (and so the pathogen) is present<br>- Scientists have developed diagnostic kits to enable farmers to identify common crop pathogens
What is the advantage of using laboratory based techniques to identify plant diseases?The key advantage of both these laboratory-based techniques is the potential to identify a plant pathogen before it causes significant damage to a crop
Why do scabs form?<br>How does a scab form?- The main barrier to infection is your skin, but if your skin is cut or grazed, pathogens can enter your body<br>- To prevent microorganisms entering, the skin needs to seal a cut as quickly as possible by forming a scab. This also stops you losing too much blood<br>- Platlets are essential for helping the blood to clot. They're small fragments from cells that are made in the bone marrow. They are then carried around the body in plasma<br>They form by:-<br>1. The skin is cut and starts to bleed - blood leaks out of the body<br>2. Platelets change the blood protein fibrinogen into fibrin. This forms a network of fibres in the cut<br>3. Red blood cells are trapped in the fibres. This forms a blood clot<br>4. The clot hardens to form a scab. This keeps the skin clean and gives it time to heal. In time, the scab falls off
What defence does the body have against microorganisms (preventing them from entering the body)?- Scabs<br>- Skin<br>- Acid in stomach<br>- Cilia and mucus in airways<br>- Nasal hairs<br>- Tears<br>- These are non specific and prevent the entry of all microorganisms
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a cross section of a leaf</div>
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a cross section of a leaf</div>
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aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
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original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
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"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a cross section of a leaf</div>
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram of a cross section of a leaf</div>
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"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on how scabs form</div>
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""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on how scabs form</div>
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aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
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var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
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if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
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"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on how scabs form</div>
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<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on how scabs form</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""d542ff2ce9af49c5b3491db79493a2aa-ao-2-A.svg""></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 16.21.06.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on how scabs form</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""d542ff2ce9af49c5b3491db79493a2aa-ao-3-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 16.21.06.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on how scabs form</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""d542ff2ce9af49c5b3491db79493a2aa-ao-3-A.svg""></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 16.21.06.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on how scabs form</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""d542ff2ce9af49c5b3491db79493a2aa-ao-4-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 16.21.06.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on how scabs form</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""d542ff2ce9af49c5b3491db79493a2aa-ao-4-A.svg""></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 16.21.06.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on how scabs form</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""d542ff2ce9af49c5b3491db79493a2aa-ao-5-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 16.21.06.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on how scabs form</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""d542ff2ce9af49c5b3491db79493a2aa-ao-5-A.svg""></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 16.21.06.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on how scabs form</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""d542ff2ce9af49c5b3491db79493a2aa-ao-6-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 16.21.06.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on how scabs form</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""d542ff2ce9af49c5b3491db79493a2aa-ao-6-A.svg""></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 16.21.06.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on how scabs form</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""d542ff2ce9af49c5b3491db79493a2aa-ao-7-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 16.21.06.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on how scabs form</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""d542ff2ce9af49c5b3491db79493a2aa-ao-7-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 16.21.06.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on how scabs form</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""d542ff2ce9af49c5b3491db79493a2aa-ao-8-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 16.21.06.png""></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on how scabs form</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""d542ff2ce9af49c5b3491db79493a2aa-ao-8-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 16.21.06.png""></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on how the human body prevents microorganism from entering the body</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""c0819ec82d1545bcb60616696ce4e193-ao-1-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 16.21.16.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on how the human body prevents microorganism from entering the body</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""c0819ec82d1545bcb60616696ce4e193-ao-1-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 16.21.16.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on how the human body prevents microorganism from entering the body</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""c0819ec82d1545bcb60616696ce4e193-ao-2-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 16.21.16.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on how the human body prevents microorganism from entering the body</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""c0819ec82d1545bcb60616696ce4e193-ao-2-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 16.21.16.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on how the human body prevents microorganism from entering the body</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""c0819ec82d1545bcb60616696ce4e193-ao-3-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 16.21.16.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on how the human body prevents microorganism from entering the body</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""c0819ec82d1545bcb60616696ce4e193-ao-3-A.svg""></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 16.21.16.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on how the human body prevents microorganism from entering the body</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""c0819ec82d1545bcb60616696ce4e193-ao-4-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 16.21.16.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on how the human body prevents microorganism from entering the body</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""c0819ec82d1545bcb60616696ce4e193-ao-4-A.svg""></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 16.21.16.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on how the human body prevents microorganism from entering the body</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""c0819ec82d1545bcb60616696ce4e193-ao-5-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 16.21.16.png""></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Complete the table on how the human body prevents microorganism from entering the body</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""c0819ec82d1545bcb60616696ce4e193-ao-5-A.svg""></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 16.21.16.png""></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
What are antigens?Antigens are unique molecules on the surface of cells. They're proteins that are found on the surface of pathogens
What are phagocytes?Phagocytes are a type of white blood cell. They are cells that engulf (ingest) microorganisms. They then make enzymes that digest the microorganism
What are lymphocytes?Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell. They are cells that make antitoxins or antibodies
How does the body defend itself if microorganisms do enter your body?- Your immune system is supposed to prevent pathogen in the body causing diseases. The immune system's main form of defence is white blood cells. There are two types: phagocytes and lymphocytes<br>- When your WBCs come across a foreign antigen, your lymphocytes will start producing antibodies<br>- Antibodies are proteins that bind to antigens on the surface of microorganisms. Once bound, the pathogen can be ingested by a phagocyte cell and destroyed. This is a specific form of defense<br>- Each antibody binds to one type of antigen, and therefore to one type of microorganism. Everytime a new type of microorganism enters the body, a different lymphocyte makes a new antibody to fight it<br>- After a disease has been successfully removed from the body, some white blood cells called memory cells stay around incacse the person is infencted with the same pathogen, so next time white blood cells are able to make the same antibodies more quickly if an infection occurs again. The body will now have immunity to the disease - the antibodies destroy the pathogens before they cause illness
What are monoclonal antibodies?- Monoclonal antibodies are produced in the laboratory using special cells known as hydridomas, a fusion of myelomas (cancer cells) and lymphocytes.&nbsp;<br>- They are called monoclonal antibodies as they're produced by a single clone of cells<br>- Each monoclonal antibody is designed to target a specific type of cell<br>- Like antibodies produced by WBCs, they bind to the antigen of the target cell. This kills the target cell, or prevents it from operating effectively<br>- Monoclonal antibodies are like magic bullets - they're inserted into your body, where they search out the cells that you wish to neutralise
How are monoclonal antibodies produced?- Genetically modified mice are injected with the required antigen<br>- The body then produces an immune response, producing antibodies to the specific antigen<br>- The antibody-producing lymphocytes cells are collected. These can't survive outside the body so are fused with myeloma cells (cancerous cells) from the bone marrow, which reproduce indefinitely. The fused cell is called hybridoma<br>- As the hybridoma cells reproduce, they form clones. Each clone produces the required antibody, which harvested. These proteins are the monoclonal antibodies
Where can monoclonal antibodies be used?- Pregnancy testing<br>- Detecting disease<br>- Treating cancers
How can monoclonal antibodies be used in pregnancy testing?- When a woman becomes pregnant, she produces a hormone called human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). The hormone is first produced two weeks after contraception.<br>- Monoclonal antibodies have been produced that bind to the hCG protein, causing a colour-change reaction<br>- A home pregnancy test consists of a short stick, impregnated with a band of these monoclonal antibodies. When urine containing each hCG contacts the antibodies, a line appears on the stick, indicating that the woman is pregnant
How can monoclonal antibodies be used in detecting diseases?- Some monoclonal antibodies can act as markers. By binding to a specific antigen, they confirm its presence<br>- Monoclonal antibodies have been developed that bind to the antigens of prostate cancer cells in men. This allows doctors to diagnose the disease, often as an early stage. Early diagnosis of cancer is essential for successful treatment
What are monoclonal antibodies?<br>How can monoclonal antibodies be used in treating cancers?- Monoclonal antibodies target specific cells, killing them or preventing them from operating effectively. They can also carry drugs or radioactive substances directly to a cancer cell, increase in the effectiveness of treatment. This also minimises damage to surrounding tissue<br>- There are monoclonal antibody treatment for a range of cancers, including breast cancer, stomach cancer and bowel cancer.<br>- Scientists are researching the use of monoclonal antibodies for almost every other type of cancer
What are vaccines?- Vaccines contain small amounts of weakened or dead versions of a pathogen<br>- They're inserted into your body, usually by an injection
How do vaccines work?- The vaccination causes your lymphocyte cells to produce antibodies to the pathogen<br>- The antigens in the vaccine stimulates your white blood cells to make antibodies.<br>- The antibodies destroy the antigens without any risk of you getting the disease<br>- You are immune to future injections by the pathogen. This is the because your body can respond rapidly and make correct antibody as if you had already had the disease
What are antiseptics?- Antisepctics kill or neutralise all types of pathogens, but don't damage human tissue. This makes them different to disinfectants, which are applied to non-living surfaces<br>- Different antiseptic act on different micro organisms. Many kill bacteria, a common source of infection.<br>- Common antiseptics include alcohol and iodide
What are antivirals?- Antivirals are drugs that destroy viruses, usually by preventing them from replicating<br>- They treat infections such as influenza (flu), HIV, herpes, and hepatitis B<br>- Many antiviral drugs are specific and are designed to act on one type of virus<br>- The activity of an antiviral drug might include: blocking the virus from entering a host cell, preventing the virus from releasing genetic material, preventing the virus from inserting it's genetic data into the host cell's DNA
What are antibiotics?- Antibiotics are drugs that kill bacteria without damaging new cells. They have no effect on viruses or fungi<br>- There are several different types of antibiotics - each kill a different range of bacteria
How do doctors find the right antibiotic for you?- To identify the bacteria that will make me ill, doctors send blood or stool samples to laboratory<br>- Scientist grow the bacteria in the samples in agar plate which they can then treat with antibiotics, to see which is the most effective. You would then be prescribed this drug<br>- Around the discs on the agar plate, there is a zone of inhibition - a region where the growth of bacteria is prevented
What is asecptic technique?- Aseptic technique prevents foreign microorganisms from being introduced into&nbsp; a test sample<br>- It is an approach to working, which prevents cross-contamination from unwanted microorganisms.<br>- It ensures that apparatus and the environment remain sterile (free from any microorganisms)
What are approaches of asecptic techniques?- Wash working areas with alcohol before and after working<br>- Wear gloves, if at risk of working with pathogens<br>- Autoclave glassware and apparatus before and after use<br>
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Why must you heat a wire loop in a bunsen burner flame?Microorganisms are often transferred from one medium to another using a wire loop. Before you use the loop it must be sterilised. Heat the loop in a Bunsen burner flame until it glows red then cool before use.<br>While cooling, hold the loop close to the flame, away from the bench, to ensure it remains sterile.
How do you identify bacteria?"<img src=""Screenshot 2022-02-21 at 18.11.04.png"">"
How are new drugs discovered?- Scientists increasingly use computer modelling to develop possible drug. The computer software produces a list of compounds of compounds that may target a particular condition<br>- When scientists find a potentially useful substance, they perform laboratory tests to find out how it behaves. These include testing on live cells, on bacteria, and on tissue cultures. This is done before the drug is tested on live animals. This is known as preclinical testing<br>- Most drugs fail at this stage because they damage cells, or don't work
How are new drugs developed?They have to undergo several stages of testing:-<br>1. Drug is tested using computer models and human cells grown in the laboratory. Many drugs fail at this stage because they damage cells or appear not to work<br>2. Drug is tested on animals to study any side effects. In the UK, data is needed from two animal species before it can be used in trials involving humans<br>3. Drug is tested on a small group of healthy human volunteers to check its safety. Testing drugs on humans is known as clinical trials<br>4. Drug tested on small numbers of volunteer patients who have the illness, to ensure it works<br>5. Drug tested on large numbers of volunteer patients to monitor drug effectiveness, safety, dosage and side effects<br>6. Drug approved and can be prescribed<br><br>Once a new drug has been approved, studies continue to monitor the drug to see if there are any unexpected side effects, or if it causes problems in certain categories of people
What is the placebo effect?- Sometimes people feel better simply because they expect to feel better as a result of taking a medicine - this is the placebo effect
What are the four different types of bacteria involved in the nitrogen cycle and what do they do?- Decomposers - decompose proteins and urea and turn them into ammonia, which goes on to form ammonium ions<br>- Nitrifying bacteria - turn ammonia ions in decaying matter into nitrates<br>- Nitrogen-fixing bacteria - turn atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen compounds that plants can use<br>- Denitrifying bacteria - turn nitrates back into nitrogen gas. This is no benefit to living organisms. Denitrifying bacteria are normally found in waterclogged soils
What happens when blood enters the kidney?- Blood enters the kidney at high pressure from the renal artery. This contains many branches, each of which leads to a glomerus. Each glomerus contains a knot of capillaries<br>- The blood vessels narrow at the exit to the glomerus, so increasing the blood pressure here. The increased blood pressure forces small molecules (such as water, glucose, salts, and urea) out through the capillary wall into the Bowman's capsule. Large molecules (such as proteins) are too large to fit through through the capillary wall, so they remain in the blood stream<br>- Next, selective reabsorption takes place. As the filtrate moves through the nephron tubule, all of the glucose is reabsorbed as well as some of the water and any salts needed by the body. Finally, the filtrate passes through the loop of Helene and the collecting dusts. These structures regulate the amount of salt and water in the body by reabsorbing extra water and salts if needed<br>- Excretion then occurs. The waste solution (urine) collects in the collecting duct. It travels to the bladder before it is removed from the body
How does the body control how much urine is produced?- The volume of urine produced is controlled through a negative feedback loop. Your hypothalamus detects the water potential of your blood as it passes through the brain. It responds by secreting the hormone ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) from the pituitary gland. ADH travels in the blood stream to the kidney where it makes the walls of the collecting ducts more permeable to water. This means more water is reabsorbed into the blood.<br>- If the blood water potential is too low, more ADH is produced. This results in more water being reabsorbed from the nephron into the blood stream. Less water is lost from the body, so a small volume of concentrated urine is produced<br>- If the blood water concentration is too high, less ADH is produced. This results in less water being reabsorbed from the nephron into the bloodstream. More water is lost from the body so a large volume of dilute urine is produced
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var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the structure of a nephron and label what happens in the different coloured parts of the nephron</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e57f4d8792754418912be20d4c7db6b4-ao-6-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-03-06 at 14.07.14.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the structure of a nephron and label what happens in the different coloured parts of the nephron</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e57f4d8792754418912be20d4c7db6b4-ao-6-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-03-06 at 14.07.14.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the structure of a nephron and label what happens in the different coloured parts of the nephron</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e57f4d8792754418912be20d4c7db6b4-ao-7-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-03-06 at 14.07.14.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the structure of a nephron and label what happens in the different coloured parts of the nephron</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e57f4d8792754418912be20d4c7db6b4-ao-7-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-03-06 at 14.07.14.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the structure of a nephron and label what happens in the different coloured parts of the nephron</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e57f4d8792754418912be20d4c7db6b4-ao-8-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-03-06 at 14.07.14.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the structure of a nephron and label what happens in the different coloured parts of the nephron</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e57f4d8792754418912be20d4c7db6b4-ao-8-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-03-06 at 14.07.14.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on ADH production</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e30175c126fe490faa8f924ff6ff4a45-ao-1-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-03-06 at 14.07.32.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on ADH production</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e30175c126fe490faa8f924ff6ff4a45-ao-1-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-03-06 at 14.07.32.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on ADH production</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e30175c126fe490faa8f924ff6ff4a45-ao-2-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-03-06 at 14.07.32.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on ADH production</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e30175c126fe490faa8f924ff6ff4a45-ao-2-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-03-06 at 14.07.32.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on ADH production</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e30175c126fe490faa8f924ff6ff4a45-ao-3-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-03-06 at 14.07.32.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on ADH production</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e30175c126fe490faa8f924ff6ff4a45-ao-3-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-03-06 at 14.07.32.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on ADH production</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e30175c126fe490faa8f924ff6ff4a45-ao-4-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-03-06 at 14.07.32.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on ADH production</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e30175c126fe490faa8f924ff6ff4a45-ao-4-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-03-06 at 14.07.32.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on ADH production</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e30175c126fe490faa8f924ff6ff4a45-ao-5-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-03-06 at 14.07.32.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on ADH production</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e30175c126fe490faa8f924ff6ff4a45-ao-5-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-03-06 at 14.07.32.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on ADH production</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e30175c126fe490faa8f924ff6ff4a45-ao-6-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-03-06 at 14.07.32.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on ADH production</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e30175c126fe490faa8f924ff6ff4a45-ao-6-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-03-06 at 14.07.32.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on ADH production</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e30175c126fe490faa8f924ff6ff4a45-ao-7-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-03-06 at 14.07.32.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on ADH production</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e30175c126fe490faa8f924ff6ff4a45-ao-7-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-03-06 at 14.07.32.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on ADH production</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e30175c126fe490faa8f924ff6ff4a45-ao-8-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-03-06 at 14.07.32.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on ADH production</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e30175c126fe490faa8f924ff6ff4a45-ao-8-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-03-06 at 14.07.32.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on ADH production</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e30175c126fe490faa8f924ff6ff4a45-ao-9-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-03-06 at 14.07.32.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
""
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on ADH production</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e30175c126fe490faa8f924ff6ff4a45-ao-9-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-03-06 at 14.07.32.png"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-extra"">
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
amask.style.display = 'none';
else
amask.style.display = 'block'
}
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
"
"
<div id=""io-header"">Label the diagram on ADH production</div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""e30175c126fe490faa8f924ff6ff4a45-ao-10-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""Screenshot 2022-03-06 at 14.07.32.png"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
original.style.visibility = ""visible"";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
loaded();
} else {
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How much water does the body need?- On average, you need to take in around two litres of water each day. However, in some circumstances you may need to consume more<br>- If you take part in strenuous exercise or are exposed to high temperatures, these activities increase the rate of water loss through sweating. When you sweat, water and salts are lost from the body
How does the body respond to a lack of water?- A reduction in water potential of your blood plasma, an increase in salt concentration, triggers the first response. An impulse is sent to your brain, which informs you to take on more fluids. The kidney responds by producing less urine. If you do not take on more fluids, you become dehydrated<br>- Dehydration is the condition when you have not taken enough water into your body. Symptoms include:- (1) passing of dark, concentrated urine, (2) headaches and dizziness, (3) a lack of energy<br>- If a personal remains dehydrated, the kidneys and liver may suffer permanent damage. Eventually, dehydration can be fatal
How does the body respond to too much water?- Taking in too much water (or not enough salt) causes the water potential of your blood plasma to rise above the water potential of your cells.<br>- Your kidneys respond by increasing the volume of urine produced. However, if a large volume of water is consumed rapidly, water will move by osmosis into your cells. This may cause these cells to burst. The concentration of sodium in the blood plasma also drops. This can lead to muscle cramping, confusion and seizures.<br>- In extreme circumstances, when water moves into brain cells by osmosis, it can lead to death
What are sports drinks used for?- Sports drinks are widely used for rehydration<br>- Sports drinks are often marketed as being able to improve the performance of an athlete, however, the scientific evidence for this claim is limited. Not all scientists believe that these claims are true
What are the different groups of sports drinks?- Hypertonic - contain high levels of glucose and salts<br>- Hypotonic - contain low levels of glucose and salts<br>- Isotonic - contain ion concentrations equal to those in blood plasma
How do smoking and drinking alcohol linked to health?They increase the chance of developing a non-communicable disease
How is smoking harmful?Tobacco smoke contains over a thousand substances, many of which are harmful. These include:-<br>- Tar<br>- Nicotine<br>- Carbon monoxide<br>- Particulates.<br>Other substances in the smoke paralyse the ciliated cells lining the airways, allowing mucus to flow into the lungs. This can cause an infection, such as bronchitis. It is also the cause of 'smoker's cough', which can damage lungs
How is tar harmful?Tar collects in the lungs when the smoke cools. It is carcinogenic
How is nicotine harmful?Nicotine is an addictive drug that affects the nervous system. It makes the heart beat faster, and narrows blood vessels
How is carbon monoxide harmful?Carbon monoxide is a poisonuous gas that attaches to haemoglobin in the red blood cells, in place of oxygen. The blood carries less oxygen, so the heart has to work harder, which can lead to heart disease
How are particulates harmful?Particulates are small pieces of solid that are engulfed by white blood cells. An enzyme is released which weakens the walls of the alveoli. The alveoli don't inflate properly when the person inhales, so less oxygen passes into the blood, leaving them breathless. This is emphysema
What does carcinogenic mean?Carcinogenic means something causes cancer
What is cancer?Cancer is a disease that occurs as the result of cell changes that lead to uncontrolled growth and division
What are the effects of drinking alcohol?- Alcohol contains the drug ethanol, which affects the nervous system<br>- It is a depressant, which means that it slows down the body's reactions <br>- Even small quantities can change your behaviour<br>- Many people feel relaxed and happy for a short time, but some become aggressive or feel sad<br>- Short-term effects include blurred vision, loss of balance and increased reaction times<br>- Ethanol is toxic to humans. The liver breaks down ethanol into waste products, which are excreted from your body. The livers of heavy drinkers become scarred. Healthy cells are replaced with fat or fibrosis tissue, causing the liver to be less effective. This is cirrhosis, which can be fatal<br>- Over months and years, heavy drinking can also cause stomach ulcers, heart disease, and brain damage (including memory loss and depression)
What is cardiovascular disease (CVD)?CVD is a general term that describes a disease of the heart or blood vessels. Blood flow to the heart, brain or body can be reduced by a build up of fatty deposits inside an artery. This causes atherosclerosis - a hardening and narrowing of the arteries. CVD can also occur as the result of a blood clot (a thrombosis). If this occurs in an artery supplying the heart muscle, it causes a heart attack. It it occurs in an artery supplying the brain, it causes a stroke
What factors increase your risk of CVD?- Having a poor diet - e.g. eating too much saturated fat or too much salt<br>- Take too little exercise&nbsp;<br>- Smoke - e.g. carbon monoxide causes an increase in high blood pressure<br>- Having high blood pressure - this can damage your blood vessels
How does diet affect your risk of CVD?- Too much salt results in more water being absorbed back into the blood, following filtration in the kidney. This extra water causes high blood pressure<br>- Animal products such as butter and red meat contain high levels of saturated fat. A diet high in saturated fats causes cholesterol to be deposited in the artery walls. This narrows the vessel, restricting blood flow and increasing blood pressure
How does exercise affect your health?Scientifici research shows that people who take part in regular exercise are healthier than those who don't because:-<br>- Your body mass is likely to be lower. Exercise transfers stored energy to the surroundings by heating, meaning that less of the food you eat is stored as fat. This reduces your risk of CVD and diabetes<br>- Your joints are healthier. Your risk of arthiritis decreases, as your joints have regular use and your body mass is lower<br>- You have more muscle tissue, including a stronger heart<br>- Your cholesterol levels are lower
What lifestyle changes decrease your risk of CVD?- Eating less processed foods - this reduces your salt and saturated fat intake. It also reduces your intake of sugar, which lowers the risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes greatly increases the risk of CVD<br>- Exercising regularly - this strengthens your heart muscles, and can lead to weight loss. This reduces your risk of high blood pressure<br>- Reducing alcohol consumption - heavy drinking and binge drinking increases the risk of a heart attack<br>- Stopping smoking - smoking is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis and heart attack
How is CVD treated medically?Some forms of CVD are treated using medication along with a healthy lifestyle. However, all drugs have side effects. Doctors evaluate the benefits and risks before prescribing these to a patient. Common drugs used to treat CVD include: statins, antiplatelets, beta blockers, and nitrates
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How is CVD treated surgically?Surgery may involve:-<br>- Replacing valves that have been damaged by infection or as a result of age. If heart valves don't close properly, blood can flow backwards. This leads to heart failure, as not enough oxygenated blood reaches the heart muscles<br>- Widening partially blocked arteries using a stent, which is a wire mesh tube. This is known as angioplasty<br>- Bypassing blocked coronary arteries using blood vessels taken from other areas of the body<br>In cases where the heart is severly damaged, a heart transplant is required. There is often a long wait to find a suitable donor
How are organ transplants used?- Damaged organs can be replaced with donated organs.<br>- When an organ is donated, doctors carefully match it to the recipient. If an organ is incorrectly matched, the body will recognise the organ as foreign material and the immune system will destroy it
How can the risk of rejection be reduced in an organ transplant?- Tissues are matched, ensuring that the recipient receives a donated organ with a similar tissue type. E.g. the donor and recipient must have the same blood group<br>- Immunosuppressant drugs are given to the recipient, which reduce the effect of the body's immune system. These drugs increase the chance of a donated organ being accepted
What are embryonic stem cells?- Embryos contain stem cells, which can differentiate into any cell in the human body. Fertility treatments produce many embryos that aren't implanted; these are a source of stem cells.
How can embryonic stem cells be used?Stem cells can be used for:-<br>- Testing new drugs for safety and effectiveness, before testing them on animals and humans<br>- Potentially reversing the damage caused by diseases. These include: (1) manufacturing new brain cells, to treat Parkinson's disease (2) rebuilding bones and cartilidge, to treat certain types of arthiritis (3) making replacement heart valves.<br>Research is also being undertaken into using stem cells to develop tissues and entire organs for transplant<br>- Stem cell therapy offers great potential to treat many medical conditions, however, concerns remain about long-term side-effects, such an increased risk of cancer and about the possible junction of foreign materials in the body
What is gene therapy?Gene therapy is the placement of a fully functioning allele into a cell containing a faulty allele for the same gene.
How is gene therapy used for cystic fibrosis sufferers?- Cystic fibrosis sufferers have a faulty copy of the CFTR gene<br>- Gene therapy would involve the placing of the normal version of this gene<br>- The CFTR gene codes for a protein that ensures that thick sticky mucus doesn't build up in the lungs
What do the main steps of gene therapy involve?1. Cutting out the normal version of the gene from the DNA of a healthy person using restriction enzymes<br>2. Producing many copies of the normal (healthy) allele<br>3. Inserting copies of the normal allele into the cells of a person with the genetic disorder. This can be achieved by injecting a virus, which is modified to carry the allele, into the body. When the virus infects body cells, DNA (including the healthy allele of the gene) is placed into them
What is the main difficulty in gene therapy?<br>What are problems with gene therapy?The main difficult in gene therapy is in inserting the new into the target cells, because:-<br>-&nbsp;The healthy alleles may not go into every target cell<br>- The healthy alleles may join chromosomes in random places, so they don't work properly.<br>In addition, the treatment may only be short lived, as treated cells may be replaced naturally by the patient's own untreated cells.<br>Gene therapy is only used to target normal body cells. It is currently illegal in the UK to target gametes using gene therapy
What future advances in medicine may be made?Information gained from the human genome project is enabling many medical advances. These include:-<br>- Locating genes that might be linked to inherited diseases. This allows doctors to identify people who are at high risk of a disease before the disease occurs, allowing preventative steps to be taken<br>- Developing drugs that directly target disease-causing genes, or the proteins they code for<br>- Developing new gene therapy treatments for diseases that currently have no cure<br>- Developing personalised medicines. A knowledge of your genetic and molecular make-up allows doctors to prescribe medicines suited to an individual. Targeted drugs have been shown to achieve greater success rates than standard medicines, and produce fewer side effects.<br>As research into our genome continues, scientists are confident that further medical advances will be made, improving the quality and length of human lives
What are symptoms of food poisoning?- Common symptoms include: stomach pains, diarrhoea, vomiting and fever<br>- Most people get better within a few days. Sometimes doctors may need to use a drip to replace fluids. Rarely, food poisoning kills
What is control variable?This is what you want to remain constant and unchanged
What is the dependent variable?This is what changes, as a result of the independent variable
What is the independent variable?It is what uou change - you should limit it to one per experiment
A drug has some negative side effects which can be controlled by using antibodies.<br>How can large amounts of antibodies be made using monoclonal antibody techniques?"<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>1. inject drug into mice <br>2. fuse with tumour cells<br>
3. hybridoma cells made</div>
<div>4. hybridoma make antibodies against/drug</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>"
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Compare the amounts of energy transferred in aerobic and anaerobic respiration?In aerobic respiration 32 ATP is made, however in anaerobic respiration 2 ATP is made
What is a destarched plant?A destarched plant should have been placed in the dark for at least 48 hours to remove any starch
Describe what happens in mitosis?"1. Interphase - The cell spends most of its life in this phase. The DNA in chromosomes copies itself ready for mitosis.<br>2. Prophase - The DNA in chromosomes and their copies condenses to become more visible. The membrane around the nucleus disappears.<br>3. Metaphase - Chromosomes and their copies line up in the middle of the cell.<br>4. Anaphase - Chromosomes and their copies are pulled to different ends of the cell.<br>5. Telophase -&nbsp;<span style=""background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"">New membranes form around the chromosomes at each end of the cell.</span><br>6. Cytokinesis - The cell membrane pinches in and eventually divides into two daughter cells."
What does extracellular mean?Outside cells
Photosynthesis occurs in the guard cells but not the epidermal cells.&nbsp;<br>Explain why this is important in the control of the rate of transpiration in the plant?"- Photosynthesis makes sugars in the guard cells<br>- Epidermal cells don't photosynthesise, so lower in sugar than guard cells<br>- Epidermal cells higher water potential than guard
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<div>- Water enters guard cells (by osmosis)&nbsp;increasing turgidity of guard cell closes stomata</div>
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Explain why guard cells are an example of specialised cells?- They have differentiated<br>- Have a specific job to do (in the leaf/plant)
How to test for proteins?Add biuret solution. It should go purple
How to test for sugars?Add benedicts solution. It should green-yellow, orange, to red depending on the amount of sugars.<br>Heat before by heating the solution to 60 degrees in a water bath then add the benedicts solution