Statement
5
4
3
2
1
Part 3
(Y)
(S)
(P)
(NS)
(N)
1.Do you fell unxious
91
84
10
2
8
due to your family
(46.67%)) (43.08%)
financial status.
(5.13%)
2. Do you think your
86
73
14
financial problems
(44.10%)
(37.44%)
(7.18%)
90
63
26
(46.15%)
(32.31%)
(3.33%)
100
626
23
(1.02%) (4.10%)
12
10
(6.15%) (5.13%)
affect your mental
health?
3. Do seek help or
support
for
your
family’s
financial
problems?
4. Are you aware of
the impact of financial
problems on your
mental health?
5. Do you believe
financial
problems
can lead to long-term
mental health issues?
6. Those the family’s
financial
income
affect
the
relationships among
every
family
member?
7. Do family’s
low-income
experience
difficulties?
with
(51.28%)
79
(40.51%)
8
8
(4.10%) (4.10%)
8
2
(31.97%) (11.79%) (4.10%) (1.03%)
63
34
10
9
(32.31%) (17.43%) (5.13%) (4.62%)
88
74
19
(43.13%)
(37.95%)
(9.74%)
106
64
14
(54.36%)
(32.82%)
(7.18%)
4
10
(2.05%) (5.13%)
8
3
(4.10%) (1.54%)
Main
average
Description
8. Do
financially
unstable
families
have higher risk of
mental health issues?
9. Does the families
socioeconomic status
affect the social
capabilities of youth?
64
81
32
(32.82%)
(41.54%)
(16.41)
70
80
27
(35.90%)
13
5
(6.67%) (2.56%)
13
(41.03%) (13.85%) (6.67%)
8
5
(2.56%
10. Does the family’s
low income affect the
youth emotionally
93
72
15
7
(47.69%)
(36.92%)
(7.69%)
(4.10%) (3.58%)
Percentage
86.7%
128%
21.4%
8.6%
6.7%
Daram National High School
ASSESMENT ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIOECONOMIC
STATUS AND MENTAL HEALTH OF YOUTH
IN DARAM SENIOR HIGH SHOOL
Barras, Michael T.
Barredo, Lyka Rose
Bohol, Eulla France Angel B.
Calipayan, Shiena Marie V.
Certimo, Hermalene I.
Depaz, Eljane E.
Gatil, Kenleer Gion P.
Labro, Ronald John P.
Martinito, Rhian Angela G.
Pigao, Ma. Crestina P.
Tablatin, John Adams
General Academic Strand 12 Researchers
Mr. Jomie D. Tejones
Research Teacher
CHAPTER I
INTRODCUTION
Background of the Study
According to the study conducted by Reiss Francisca et al. (2019), children and
adolescent with low socioeconomic status suffer from mental health problems
more often than their peers with high socioeconomic status. Socioeconomic
status encompasses various economic and social indicators, such as income,
education, and occupation that reflect an individual social standing and access to
resources. Furthermore, according to the Department of Health in the Philippines,
mental illness is becoming a common disability and at least 3.6 million Filipinos
suffer from mental, neurological and substance use disorder.
Based on the research conducted by Faris and Dunham, a low socioeconomic
status is known to be associated with more frequent mental health problems.
People of lowest socioeconomic status are estimated to be two to three times as
likely to have mental disorder than are those with highest socioeconomic status.
A decrease in socioeconomic status was associated with increasing mental
health problems. According to National Youth Commission, Youth refers to the
individuals not below or above the ranges 15 to 30 years old.
As far as noticed, the Youth in Daram Senior High School that have
socioeconomic disadvantage may have limited access to quality education,
extracurricular activities and educational resources. This lack of access can lead
to stress feeling of inadequacy and reduced self-esteem, potentially impacting
their mental health.
This study aims to assess the relationship between socioeconomic status and
mental health of Youth in Daram Senior High School.
Statement of the Problem
This study aims to examine the correlation between the socioeconomic status
and mental health of youth in Daram Senior High School.
Specially, this study seeks to answer the following questions:
1. Demographic profile of the respondents:
1.1. Educational background
1.2. Monthly Income
2. What is the mental status of the respondents?
3. What is the relationship between socioeconomic status and mental health of
youth in Daram Senior High School.
Significance of the study
The following are the beneficiaries of this study.
YOUTH:
This study will help the youth to identify social and economic factors that affect
their mental health and help them make informed decisions and seeks support
when needed.
POLICY MAKERS:
This study can help in developing the interventions and policies to address the
issue between the relationship of socioeconomic status and mental health.
COMMUNITY:
This study can inform the community about the unique challenges faced by
youth, leading to the development of community – based support programs and
resources to address these challenges.
FAMILY:
This study can encourage open and informed communication within families
about mental health, making it easier for family member to seek help when
needed.
FUTURE RESEARCHER
This study can serve as a foundational for future researchers interest in
exploring the relationship between socioeconomic status and mental health,
providing a reference point for further studies.
Scope and Delimitation
This study focused on the youth population within Daram Senior High School.
The World Health Organization did not provide specific definition of Youth,
however, the World Health Organization generally refers Youth as the period
between childhood and adulthood, furthermore according to the National Youth
Commission, youth refer to individual aged 15 to 30 years old and not extended
to other age groups.
This
study examined
the relationship
between
socioeconomic status and mental health.
While the study examined the relationship between socioeconomic status and
mental health, and establish caution. Thus, this study only conducted in Daram
Senior High School and not generalized to other high school regions or locations,
as the focus is limited to Daram Senior High School. This study conducted within
the School Year 2023 - 2024.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW
OF
THE
RELATED
LITERATURE
AND
CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
Related Literature
This study contains academic and professional literature related to the study
conducted. The Literature and Studies attached to the research also provide
clear knowledge of the readers.
Socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent Health 2002 – 2010 a time-series
analysis of 34 countries participating in the health behavior in school-age children
study. Elgar et al., Lancet, (2015), found that socioeconomic inequality has
increase in many domains of adolescent health, coinciding with unequal
distribution of income between rich and poor people. Widening gaps in
adolescent health could predict future inequalities in adult health and need urgent
policy actions.
Moreover, the study of Hazell M. et al. (2022) found that five objectives of
socioeconomic position (SEP) indicators were associated with parent – reported
adolescent internalizing mental health in a nationally representative cohort. The
mental health of adolescents in more disadvantage grouped was rated worse
than their peer s from less disadvantaged groups, thus producing a health
gradient.
Likewise, many studies indicate that low socioeconomic status (SES) confers
access to material resources and social standing and is an established risk
factors of both depressive symptoms and suicidality. Madigan A. et al. (2023),
where mostly saying that SES truly affect the mental health o young adults.
In addition, according to the study conducted by Vukojevic et al. (2017)
parental socioeconomic status is highly influential in determining child’s physical
and mental health and future outcomes including his/her academic achievements
and education, as well as the parameters of his/her physical abilities, cognitive
function and fundamental neurobiology affecting brain development.
Furthermore, Piera Pi-Sunyer B. et al., (2023) conclude that, adolescent is
period of life when young people increasingly define themselves through peer
comparison and are vulnerable to developing mental health problems. This is
where young people start figuring out who they are by looking at how they
compare to their friends. This is where adolescent can be more sensitive and
prone to facing challenges with their mental well-being.
Related Studies
People with adverse socioeconomic status are more likely to fall into negative
environment, have negative emotions, and suffer from potential stress, all of
which have negative effect on health (Cristine et al., 2013).
Significant changes in the economic familial and social support in India have
occurred in recent times, making it an interesting naturalistic seting to observe
the effect of dynamic socioeconomic environment on behavioral and emotional
disorders in adolescents (Aggarwal, S., et al., 2015).
Low socioeconomic status affects different areas of social life, including access
to education of income, health status, and healthcare utilization.
Income predicts less daily sadness but not greater happiness among
Americans (Kushlev et al. 2015).
People with a lower income tend to spend more time socializing with their
neighbors than those with a higher income. Income is positively associated with
health – related quality of life. Respondent who engage more frequently in
neighborhood socializing report poorer health – related quality of life (Zhang, S.
et al. 2019).
According to Reiss F. (2013), Socioeconomic disadvantage children and
adolescent were two to three times more likely to develop mental health
problems. Low socioeconomic status that persisted over time was strongly
related to higher rates of mental health problems.
Conceptual Framework
Assessment on the
relationship between
socioeconomic status and
mental
Analysis of
Analysis
ofData
Data
Socioeconomic status and
Demographic Profile of
Socioeconomic Status and
youth in terms of:
Demographic profile of
- Educational
Background
youth in terms
of:
Mental Health of Youth
Mental Health of Youth
-Monthly income
of the
-Educational
background
Family
-Monthly Income of the
Family
in Daram
HighHigh
SchoolSchool
Youth Youth
in Daram
Senior
Theoretical Basis
Social Gradient Theory
The social gradient in health is a term used to describe the phenomenon
whereby people who are less advantage in terms of socioeconomic status of
socioeconomic position have worse health (and short lives) than those who ae
more advantage.
The Social Gradient in Adolescent Mental Health: Mediated or Moderated
by Belief in a Just World?
Adolescent with lower family affluence and lower perceived family wealth
reported more emotional symptoms, and association between perceived family
wealth and emotional symptoms was mediated by lower personal and general
belief in a just world. Furthermore, higher personal belief in a just world amplified
association between socioeconomic status and peer problems.
Social Capital Theory
Contends that social relationship are sources that can lead to development and
accumulation of human capital.
Social Stress Theory
People with disadvantaged social status are more likely to be exposed stressor
and to be more vulnerable to stress because they have limited psychosocial
coping resources.
Life Course Theory
Suggest that each life influence the next, and together the social economic and
physical environment in which we live have a profound influence on our mental
health and the health of our community.
Research Hypothesis
this study assumes that at the end of the study it will appear that:
Null Hypothesis: There is a significant relationship between the socioeconomic
status and mental health of youth in Daram Senior High School.
Alternative
Hypothesis:
There
is
no
significant
relationship
between
socioeconomic status and mental health of youth in Daram Senior High School.
Definition of Terms
Conceptual Definition
Socioeconomic Status- Refers to the economic and social combined total
measure of a person’s economic and social position in relation to others, based
on income, education and occupation.
Mental Status- Refers to an individual’s current cognitive and emotional state,
including aspects like mood, memory, attention and overall mental functioning.
Youth- Refers to the early period of existence, growth or development, it can
also mean the time between childhood and adulthood (maturity), but it can also
refer to one’s peak, in terms of health or the period of life known as being a
young adult.
Monthly Income- Refers to the monthly average of any and all monies received
on a periodic or predictable basis, which the family relies on to meet their
personal need.
Operational Definition
Socioeconomic Status- Refers to the income, and educational background of
our respondent families.
Mental Status- Refers to the understanding and evaluation of our respondents
about themselves and other aspects of their health.
Youth- Refers to the individual aged 15 to 30 years old.
Monthly Income- Refers to the recurring monthly average of all income sources
that the families of our respondents depend on to meet their personal needs.
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHOD
3.1 Research Design
The researchers used quantitative research design that aims to discover how
many people think, act, or feel in a specific way for this study, it focuses objective
measurement and the statistical of data that will be collected.
The researchers also apply correlational method that investigate relationship
between two variables without the researchers controlling or manipulating any of
them to see if there’s a significance relationship of the variable namely
Socioeconomic Status and Mental Health of Youth.
3.2 Participant/Subject of the Study
The total youth population within Daram National High School – Senior High
School Department is 383 individuals. The researchers employed the slovens
formula to ascertain the appropriate sample size, leading to the selection of 195
youth from Daram Senior High School as respondents of the study.
The respondents utilize non-random sampling, specifically convenience
sampling as a method in identifying the respondent. The names of youth are
intentionally chosen by the researchers.
3.3 Research Locale
This study
conducted in Daram National High School – Senior High
Department located at Poblacion 02, Daram, Samar, School year 2023-2024.
The researchers chose to conduct their study in Daram National High School –
Senior High School Department because the purpose of this study is to
determine if there is a significant relationship between Socioeconomic Status and
the Mental Health of Youth.
3.4 Research Instrument
The researchers of this study used
survey questionnaire as the tool in
gathering and collecting data of each respondent. The survey questionnaire
adapted by the researchers contains Three parts. Part one present items meant
for the demographic profile of the respondents including the educational
background of the parent and monthly income of the family. Part two presented
the descriptive research question aiming to assess the relationship between
family income and youth mental health from various perspectives. Containing at
least 5 statement were scaled ranging from “5” presenting strongly agree to “1”
representing strongly disagree. Part three fall under the category psychosocial
assessment questions aiming to gather quantitative data on respondents
perspectives. Part three contains 5 statement ranging from “5” presenting Yes to
“1” representing No. Respondent indicated their answer by putting check mark on
the column that correspond to their perception towards given statement.
The researchers conducted pilot testing in Daram National High School –
Junior High School to test the validity and reliability of the instrument. 10 survey
questionnaire will be distribute to the youth ranging 15 to 30 years old in Daram
National High School – Junior High Department.
3.5 Data Gathering Procedure
Permission letter address to school before operating the surveys. The letter
is undersigned by the Senior High School Coordinator and Research Teacher
Mr. Jomie D. Tejones, Senior High School Department Head Mrs. Janet L.
Tamor, and the School Principal Mrs. Cynthia O. Laureta.
The questionnaires are distributed by the researchers via google form. The
researchers see to it that the data gather kept in a safe account to maintain
confidentiality.
3.6 Data Analysis
The statistical tools used were as follow:
Frequency. Used in reporting the number of the respondents of frequency of the
educational background.
Percentage. Used for analysis and interpretation of data on educational
background and income.
Mean. Used to calculate the middle point of the data..
Z- Test. Used to determine if the relationship between Socioeconomic status and
mental health of youth does really exist.
Table 3.7.1
Five-point Likert Scale
Point
Scale
Description
Qualifying Statement
5
4.50 – 5.00
Strongly Agree
4
3.50 – 4.49
Moderately Agree
3
2.50 – 3.49
Uncertain
2
1.50 – 2.49
Moderately Disagree
1
1.00 – 1.49
Strongly Disagree
Socioeconomic status
affects youth’s mental
health always
Socioeconomic status
affects youth’s mental
health fairly often
Socioeconomic status
affects youth’s mental
health often
Socioeconomic status
affects youth’s mental
health
moderately
often
Socioeconomic status
affects youth’s mental
health rarely
CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This Presentation Analysis, and Interpretation of Data
4.1 Educational Background of Parent
Educational
Background
Masters
Mother
Frequency
Father
Percentage
Frequency
Percentage
7
3.59%
5
2.56%
15
7.69%
14
7.18%
5
2.56%
6
3.08%
57
29.23%
34
17.44%
College Level
6
3.08%
7
3.59%
High School
30
15.38%
16
8.21%
31
15.90%
54
57.64%
151
77.43%
136
99.7%
Degree
College
Degree
Senior High
School
Graduate
Elementary
Graduate
Level
Elementary
Level
Total:
Table 4.1.1 shows that the Highest percentage of the respondents, parents
educational background for the mothers educational background is High School
Graduate with 29.23%. Followed by Elementary Graduates having 18.46%,
Elementary Level with 15.90%, High School Level with 15.38%, College Degree
with 7.69%, Masters Degree with 3.59%, College Graduate with 3.08% and lastly
Senior High School
Graduate and Senior High School Level are both have
2.56%. The fathers educational background of the respondents. Table shows
that the highest percentage, table shows that the highest level is Elementary
Level with 27.69%. Followed by elementary graduate having 8.21%, College
Degree with 7.18%, Senior High School Graduate with 3.08%, College Graduate
with 3.59%, Masters Degree with 2.56% and Senior High School Graduate with
the lowest 1.54%.
In the study, 44 respondent did not provide their mothers educational background,
and 54 respondents did not provide their fathers educational background, citing a
lack of knowledge about their parents identities.
Table 4.1.2
Monthly income
Frequency
Percentage
500-2,000
78
40%
2,000-5,000
80
41%
9,000-11,000
14
7.2%
12,000 and above
23
11.8%
Total:
195
100%
Table 4.1.2 displays the distribution of respondents of respondents monthly
income. The income range of 2,000-3,000 has the highest percentage of
respondents at 41%, followed closely by the 500-3,000 range at 40%. The 9,000-
10,000 range for 7.2% of respondents, while the 12,000 above range has the
lowest percentage at 11.8%.
Table 4.1.3
Statements
5
4
3
2
1
(Part 2)
(SA)
(MA)
(U)
(MD)
(SD)
1.The families
79
80
20
12
4
(40.51%)
(41.03%)
(10.25%)
(6.15%)
(2.05%)
85
72
26
9
3
(43.59%)
(36.92%)
(13.33%)
(4.61%)
(1.54%)
68
65
42
13
7
(34.87%)
(33.33)
(21.54%)
(6.67%)
(3.59%)
73
68
42
8
5
(37.43%)
(34.87%)
(21.02%)
(4.10)
(2.56%)
82
77
28
3
5
(42.05%)
(39.49%)
(14.36%)
(1.54%)
(2.56%)
financial income
affects the mental
Mean
Description
Average
8.03
Strongly
Agree
health of youth.
2. Being in low
income families affect
the mental health of
8.12
Agree
youth.
3. Being in low High
income affect the
mental health of
7.59
youth.
4. Financial instability
can lead to mental
health problem.
5. Income is the one
factor that help
improve the mental
health of youth.
Strongly
7.84
8.13
6. Do you feel
uncomfortable talking
about your financial
69
68
39
15
4
(35.38%)
(34.87)
(20%)
(7.69%)
(2.05%)
89
70
21
8
7
(35.64%)
(35.90%)
(10.77%)
(4.10)
(3.59%)
71
81
26
11
6
(36.41%)
(41.54%)
(13.33%)
(5.64%)
(3.08%)
70
67
38
9
11
(35.90%)
(34.36%)
(19.49%)
(4.61%)
(5.64%)
76
74
29
9
7
(38.37%)
(37.95%)
(14.81%)
(4.61%)
(3.59%)
76.2%
72.2%
31.1%
9.7%
5.9%
7.68
status?
7. Do you think your
financial problems
affect your mood?
8. Do
feel
any
distruction from your
financial problem?
9.Do you feel
hopeless with your
financial status?
10 Do you feel sad
about having a low
socioeconomic
status?
Percentage
SCALE:
5- STRONGLY AGREE (SA)
4 -MODERATELY AGREE (MA)
3- UNCERTAIN (U)
2- MODERATELY DISAGREE (MD)
1- STRONGLY DISAGREE (SD)
8.11
7.85
7.61
7.88
INTERPRETATION OF SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
(Part II)
1. There are 79 of the respondents answered Strongly Angree, 80 were
Moderately Agree, 20 answered certain, 12 answered moderately disagree.
While 4 respondent answered strongly disagree. Therefore majority of the youth
says that the family’s financial income affects their mental health.
2.
There are 85 of the respondents answered strongly agree, 72 were
moderately agree, 26 answered uncertain, 9 answered MD,while 3 respondents
answered strongly disagree, therefore, majority of the youth says that being in
low income families affects their mental health.
3.
There are 68 of the respondents answered SA, 65 were MA, 42 answered U,
13 answered MD, while 7 respondents answered SD. Therefore, majority of the
youth says that being in high income affect their mental health problems.
4.
There are 73 of the respondents answered SA, 68 were MA, 41 answered U,
8 answered MD, while 5 respondents answered SD. Therefore , majority of the
youth agreed that financial instability can lead to mental health problems.
5.
There are 82 of the respondents answered SA, 77 were MA, 28 answered
uncertain, 3 answered MD, while 5 respondents answered SD. Therefore
majority of the youth agreed that income is one of the factor that can improve
their mental health.
6.
There are 69 of the respondents answered SA, 68 were MA, 39 answered U,
15 answered MD. While 4 of the respondents answered 4, therefore majority of
the youth felt uncomfortable talking about their financial status.
7.
There are 89 of the respondent answered SA, 70 were MA, 21 answered SD,
therefore majority of the youth think that financial problems affect their mood.
8.
There are 71 of the respondents answered SA, 81 were MA, 26 answered
MA, 11 answered SD, therefore, majority of the youth felt hopeless with their
financial status.