2024-2025 Pre-AP Chemistry

#separator:tab #html:true "[...]: Anything that occupies space and has mass""Matter: Anything that occupies space and has mass " "The three most common [...] or [...] of matter: 1. A [...] is rigid and possesses a definite shape. 2. A [...] flows and takes the shape of its container. 3. A [...] takes both the shape and volume of its container.""The three most common states or phases of matter: 1. A solid is rigid and possesses a definite shape. 2. A liquid flows and takes the shape of its container. 3. A gas takes both the shape and volume of its container. " "[...] is a measure of the amount of [...] in an object.""Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object. " "[...] refers to the force that gravity exerts on an object. An object’s [...] is the same on the earth and the moon but its [...] is different.""Weight refers to the force that gravity exerts on an object. An object’s mass is the same on the earth and the moon but its weight is different. " "[...] is a measure of the amount of [...] in an object. [...] refers to the force that gravity exerts on an object.""Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object. Weight refers to the force that gravity exerts on an object. " "An object’s [...] is the same on the earth and the moon but its weight is different.""An object’s mass is the same on the earth and the moon but its weight is different. " "Law of [...]: There is no detectable [...] in the [...] of matter present when [...] converts from [...] to [...]""Law of conservation of matter: There is no detectable change in the total quantity of matter present when matter converts from one type to another. " "The law of conservation of matter is true for both [...] and [...] changes.""The law of conservation of matter is true for both chemical and physical changes. " "[...] substances have [...] composition.""Pure substances have constant composition. " "Elements: [...] substance that [...] be broken down into [...] by [...]. - Consist of [...] type of element""Elements: Pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical changes. - Consist of one type of element " "Compounds: [...] substances that [...] be broken down into [...] by [...]. - Consist of [...] chemically [...] - Example: [...]""Compounds: Pure substances that can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical changes. - Consist of two or more types of elements chemically bonded - Example: H2O " "[...] is an example of a physical change.""Evaporation is an example of a physical change. " "A [...] is composed of [...] matter that can be present in [...] amounts and can be [...] by [...] changes.""A mixture is composed of two or more types of matter that can be present in varying amounts and can be separated by physical changes. " "There are two types of mixtures: [...] mixtures and [...] mixtures.""There are two types of mixtures: homogenous mixtures and heterogeneous mixtures. " "A [...] mixture exhibits a uniform composition and appears visually the [...] throughout.""A homogenous mixture exhibits a uniform composition and appears visually the same throughout. " "Another name for a homogenous mixture is a [...].""Another name for a homogenous mixture is a solution. " "A [...] mixture has a composition that [...] from point to point.""A heterogeneous mixture has a composition that varies from point to point. " "Atom: The [...] of an element that has the properties of that element and can enter into a chemical combination.""Atom: The smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element and can enter into a chemical combination. " "Some examples of physical properties: [...], [...], [...], [...], and [...].""Some examples of physical properties: density, color, hardness, melting & boiling points, and electrical conductivity. " "A [...] property is a characteristic of matter that is not associated with a change in its chemical composition.""A physical property is a characteristic of matter that is not associated with a change in its chemical composition. " "The characteristics that enable us to distinguish one substance from another are called [...]""The characteristics that enable us to distinguish one substance from another are called properties. " "A [...] change is a change in the state or properties of matter without any accompanying change in its chemical composition.""A physical change is a change in the state or properties of matter without any accompanying change in its chemical composition. " "The change of one type of matter into another type (or the inability to change) is a [...]""The change of one type of matter into another type (or the inability to change) is a chemical property. " "Examples of chemical properties are: [...], [...], [...], [...], and [...].""Examples of chemical properties are: flammability, toxicity, acidity, reactivity, and heat of combustion. " "An extensive property: <ul><li>Depends on the amount of [...] present.</li><li>Examples: [...], [...], [...]</li></ul>""An extensive property: <ul><li>Depends on the amount of matter present.</li><li>Examples: mass, volume, heat</li></ul> " "Intensive property:<ul><li>[...] depend on the amount of [...] present.</li><li>Examples: [...], [...]</li></ul>""Intensive property:<ul><li>Does not depend on the amount of matter present.</li><li>Examples: density, temperature</li></ul> " "[...] provide the information that is the basis of most of the hypotheses, theories, and laws in chemistry.""Measurements provide the information that is the basis of most of the hypotheses, theories, and laws in chemistry. " "Every measurement provides three kinds of information:<ul><li>The size or [...] of the measurement: a [...]</li><li>A standard of comparison for the measurement: a [...]</li><li>An indication of the [...] of the measurement</li></ul>""Every measurement provides three kinds of information:<ul><li>The size or magnitude of the measurement: a number</li><li>A standard of comparison for the measurement: a unit</li><li>An indication of the uncertainty of the measurement</li></ul> " "[...]: The measure of the amount of space occupied by an object.""Volume: The measure of the amount of space occupied by an object. " "[...] is the only type of measurement that is free from uncertainty.""Counting is the only type of measurement that is free from uncertainty. " "The result of a [...] measurement is an example of an exact number.""The result of a counting measurement is an example of an exact number. " "Quantities derived from measurements other than counting are [...] to [...] extents.""Quantities derived from measurements other than counting are uncertain to varying extents. " These numbers are always significant.<ul><li>Nonzero digits</li><li>Captive zeros (0.0023)</li><li>Trailing zeroes (1,000,000)<ul><li>When they are to the right of the decimal place</li><li>When in scientific notation</li></ul></li></ul> "A measurement is said to be [...] if it yields very similar results when repeated in the same manner.""A measurement is said to be precise if it yields very similar results when repeated in the same manner. " "A measurement is considered [...] if it yields a result that is very close to the true or accepted value.""A measurement is considered accurate if it yields a result that is very close to the true or accepted value. " "Temperature refers to the [...] or [...] of a substance.<ul><li>Celsius scale<ul><li>Water freezes at [...]</li><li>Water boils at [...]</li></ul></li><li>Fahrenheit scale<ul><li>Water freezes at [...]</li><li>Water boils at [...]</li></ul></li><li>Kelvin scale<ul><li>Water freezes at [...]</li><li>Water boils at [...]</li></ul></li><li>[...] °C covers the same temperature interval as [...] °F</li></ul>""Temperature refers to the hotness or coldness of a substance.<ul><li>Celsius scale<ul><li>Water freezes at 0 °C.</li><li>Water boils at 100 °C.</li></ul></li><li>Fahrenheit scale<ul><li>Water freezes at 32 °F.</li><li>Water boils at 212 °F.</li></ul></li><li>Kelvin scale<ul><li>Water freezes at 273.15 K.</li><li>Water boils at 373.15 K.</li></ul></li><li>100 °C covers the same temperature interval as 180 °F</li></ul> " "The volume occupied by an atom must consist of a [...] amount of [...] space.""The volume occupied by an atom must consist of a large amount of empty space. " "A small, relatively [...], [...] charged body, the nucleus, must be at the center of each atom.""A small, relatively heavy, positively charged body, the nucleus, must be at the center of each atom. " "The nucleus contains most of the [...].""The nucleus contains most of the atom’s mass. " "Negatively charged [...] surround the nucleus.""Negatively charged electrons surround the nucleus. " "The [...], a positively charged, [...] particle is located in the nucleus.""The proton, a positively charged, subatomic particle is located in the nucleus. " "[...]: Uncharged, [...] particles with a mass approximately [...] as that of protons.""Neutrons: Uncharged, subatomic particles with a mass approximately the same as that of protons. " "Neutrons are also found in the [...].""Neutrons are also found in the nucleus. " "Protons and [...] are much heavier than [...].""Protons and neutrons are much heavier than electrons. " "[...] occupy almost all of an atom’s volume.""Electrons occupy almost all of an atom’s volume. " "Diameter of an atom: [...][...][...]""Diameter of an atom: ~10 ^–10 m. " "Diameter of a nucleus is [...] times smaller: [...].""Diameter of a nucleus is 100,000 times smaller: ~10 –^15 m. " "Atoms and [...] are very small.""Atoms and subatomic particles are very small. " "AMU stand for [...].""AMU stand for atomic mass unit. " "1 amu = [...]""1 amu = 1.6605 x 10 ^–24 g. " "Mass of a carbon-12 atom = [...]""Mass of a carbon-12 atom = 12 amu. " "Fundamental unit of charge: [...].""Fundamental unit of charge: e. " "The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is its [...]""The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is its atomic number (Z). " "The value of the [...] determines the identity of the atom.""The value of the atomic number determines the identity of the atom. " "Any atom that contains six protons is the element carbon and has the atomic number 6, regardless of how many [...] or [...] it may have.""Any atom that contains six protons is the element carbon and has the atomic number 6, regardless of how many neutrons or electrons it may have. " "A neutral atom must contain the same number of [...] and [...] charges.""A neutral atom must contain the same number of positive and negative charges. " "The number of [...] equals the number of [...].""The number of protons equals the number of electrons. " "The atomic number also indicates the number of [...] in a neutral atom.""The atomic number also indicates the number of electrons in a neutral atom. " "The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom is called it's [...].""The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom is called it's mass number (A). " "The number of neutrons is therefore the difference between the [...] and the [...].""The number of neutrons is therefore the difference between the mass number and the atomic number. " "atomic number (Z) = number of[...]mass number (A) = number of [...] + number of [...]A – Z = number of [...]""atomic number (Z) = number of protonsmass number (A) = number of protons + number of neutronsA – Z = number of neutrons " "When the number of protons and electrons are NOT equal, the atom is [...] and called an [...].""When the number of protons and electrons are NOT equal, the atom is electrically charged and called an ion. " "Charge of an atom = number of [...] – number of [...]""Charge of an atom = number of protons – number of electrons " "Atoms (and molecules) acquire charge by [...] or [...] electrons.""Atoms (and molecules) acquire charge by losing or gaining electrons. " "An atom that gains one or more electrons will exhibit a [...] charge and is called an [...].""An atom that gains one or more electrons will exhibit a negative charge and is called an anion. " "An atom that loses one or more electrons will exhibit a [...] charge and is called a [...].""An atom that loses one or more electrons will exhibit a positive charge and is called a cation. " "A chemical symbol is an [...] that we use to indicate an [...] or an [...] of an element.""A chemical symbol is an abbreviation that we use to indicate an element or an atom of an element. " "Only the [...] letter of a chemical symbol is capitalized.""Only the first letter of a chemical symbol is capitalized. " "The symbol for a specific isotope of any element is written by placing the mass number as a [...] to the [...] of the element symbol.""The symbol for a specific isotope of any element is written by placing the mass number as a superscript to the left of the element symbol. " "The atomic number is sometimes written as a [...] to the [...] of the element symbol.""The atomic number is sometimes written as a subscript to the left of the element symbol. " "Each proton and each neutron has a mass of [...]:<ul><li>Each electron weighs [...]</li></ul>""Each proton and each neutron has a mass of ~1 amu:<ul><li>Each electron weighs far less.</li></ul> " "The atomic mass of a single atom in amu is [...]""The atomic mass of a single atom in amu is approximately equal to its mass number. " "Most elements exist naturally as a [...] of [...] isotopes.""Most elements exist naturally as a mixture of two or more isotopes. " "The [...] lists the weighted, average mass of all the isotopes present in a [...] occurring sample of that element.""The periodic table lists the weighted, average mass of all the isotopes present in a naturally occurring sample of that element. " "Molecular formula: A representation of a molecule or compound which consists of the following:<ul><li>Chemical [...] to indicate the [...] of atoms.</li><li>Subscripts after the symbol to indicate the [...] in the molecule.</li><li>Subscripts are used only when [...] of a given type is [...].</li></ul>""Molecular formula: A representation of a molecule or compound which consists of the following:<ul><li>Chemical symbols to indicate the types of atoms.</li><li>Subscripts after the symbol to indicate the number of each type of atom in the molecule.</li><li>Subscripts are used only when more than one atom of a given type is present.</li></ul> The first is an example of a molecular formula.<img src=""https://storage.googleapis.com/dekki-master-flashcard-media-bucket/users/auth0|6568c699f1709c28d37caaf3/decks/66eb132f6766423a43efb8f4/cards/66eb17fa6766423a43efbbe3/images/1726683131289_0.png"" style=""width: 100%" Identify the subatomic particle that determines the identity of an element.The proton. How do you identify the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons that are in a neutral atom?"First, the atomic number identifies the amount of protons in an element, the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons, and the number of neutrons is equal to the atomic mass number (amu) minus the amount of protons. <img alt=""Image result for How do you identify the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons that are in a neutral atom?"" src=""paste-bc12c022aa780ae2f26eb2a14279083533572551.jpg"">" Explain why electronegativity increases as you move from left to right across a period.Because atomic size decreases. What is the trend in atomic radius across a period and down a group in the Period Table."It increases right to left across a period, and increases down a group. <img alt=""Atomic Radius Periodic Table Electronegativity - Periodic Table Timeline"" src=""chart-of-periodic-table-trends-608792-v1-6ee35b80170349e8ab67865a2fdfaceb.png"">" List two examples of physical and chemical changes.Physical: <ul><li>Melting an ice cube</li><li>Boiling water</li></ul><div>Chemical:</div><div><ul><li>Rusting of iron</li><li>Burning of wood</li></ul></div> Is dissolving salt in water a physical or chemical change? Explain.It's a chemical change, because it breaks bonds. Is rusting of iron a chemical or physical change?It's a chemical change.

2024-2025 Pre-AP Chemistry

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2024-2025 Pre-AP Chemistry

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