THE OPEN INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE
OF NATUROPATHIC MEDICINE
Biological Foundation
→ Basic Medical Science
Baliqis Olukade (B.Sc., M.Sc.)
baliqisolukade@theoicnm.com
28th September 2024
OICNM
1
Lecture Objectives
At the end of this lecture, students should be able to:
➢ Describe science from a layman language and scientific process
➢ Define Anatomy and Physiology in Basic Medical Science
➢ Describe parts of the system anatomy/physiology
OICNM
2
The Existence of Life
• Earth does not reveal the variety of life
forms present.
• Scientists suggest that the first life
forms were microorganisms in the
ocean for billions of years before plants
and animals.
• Mammals, birds, and flowers emerged
130 to 250 million years ago.
• The earliest Homo genus members,
including humans, have been on Earth
for 2.5 million years, with human
appearance changing in the last
300,000 years.
credit: NASA/GSFC/NOAA/USGS
OICNM
3
The Existence of Life
The contents of the earth (Lofts and Evergreen, 2011).
• Life exist in the spheres of life (Litosphere, Atmosphere, Hydrosphere)
• Biology is study of Life
• Biology involves the study of living organisms and their interactions in
various environments.
• A person who studies biology is referred to as a BIOLOGIST → Scientist.
• Biologists explore topics ranging from cellular structures to ecosystems
OICNM
and the entire planet.
4
The Process of Science
• Science is the knowledge that deals with general
truths and laws, tested through the scientific
method.
• The scientific method involves defined steps like
observation, questions, testing hypotheses through
repeatable experiments, provide findings from
observation and disclose by concluding.
• Conclusions from hypothetical question can either
be wrong or right. This meets the demand of
scientists. Such that an immediate scientist can
check again the facts provided.
• A well proofed hypothesis becomes a theory.
OICNM
5
Branches of Science
Sciencewithd.com
Of importance to us in this course is the science of biology referred to as
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
OICNM
6
Types of Science
1. Basic Science or Pure Science
2. Applied Science
• Basic science focuses on expanding knowledge without immediate practical
applications. It is not aimed at creating products or services.
• Applied science, on the other hand, uses science to solve real-world issues like
finding cures for diseases. Incorporates basic science applications
7
OICNM
Types of Science
Basic Science
Basic Science
Basic Science
Applied Science
Applied Science
Applied Science
Is Medical Science Basic Science of Applied Science?
OICNM
8
Basic Medical Science
Is Basic Medical Science a Basic
or Applied Science?
OICNM
https://www.conceptdraw.com/
9
Basic Medical Science
BMS → Applied Science
OICNM
10
https://www.conceptdraw.com/
BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES
• These are courses in the bioscience that focuses on the
molecular, cellular and system organizations of the
body. However, a basic medical scientist can advance
further in paramedical
• Courses in Basic Medical Sciences are:
• Anatomy
• Biochemistry
• Pharmacology
• Medical Laboratory Science
• Medical Microbiology and Parasitology
• Physiology
• Biomedical Engineering
Paramedical – Public Health, Community Health Nursing,
Pathology…..
OICNM
11
Definition of Anatomy And Physiology
• Anatomy is defined as the study of structures that
which makes a whole parts of the human body.
• Gross Anatomy: subdivided into - Surface Anatomy, Regional
Anatomy and Systemic Anatomy
• Developmental: Embryological development
• Microscopic: Cellular structures
• Physiology is the study of the functions of
structures of different body parts. These functions
are based on features/characteristics of a structure
and its mechanism of action.
OICNM
12
Gross Anatomy
• This is the ability to describe a whole structure, based
on surface, regions and system
• Surface Anatomy: is the study of inner tissues of the body using
the external features description
• Regional Anatomy : This is the topographical representation or
organization of the human body as major parts into regions.
• Systemic Anatomy: is the study of the body organs systems
OICNM
13
Regional Anatomy
Regional Anatomy : This is the
topographical representation or
organization of the human body
as major parts into regions.
Major Human Body Parts are:
1. Head
2. Neck
3. Trunk: thorax, abdomen,
back, and pelvis/perineum
4. Lower Limb and
5. Upper Limb
Source: Keith Moore
OICNM
14
Source: Keith Moore
OICNM
15
Surface Anatomy
Surface Anatomy: is the study of inner tissues of the body using the
external features description. Inner vision description
OICNM
JABSOM
16
Systemic Anatomy
Systemic Anatomy: is the study of the body organs systems
OICNM
1. Circulatory system
2. Integumentary system
3. Articular system
4. Nervous system
5. Skeletal system
6. Muscular system
7. Respiratory system
8. Lymphatic system
9. Endocrine system
10. Urinary System
17
11. Digestive System
QUICK ONE
Circulatory
System
Respiratory
System
Nervous
System
Skeletal
System
Digestive
System
OICNM
Muscular
System
18
Human Physiology
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
OICNM
Cardiovascular system
Respiratory system
Nervous system
Gastrointestinal system
Musculoskeletal system
19
Systemic Anatomy
Cardiovascular System
OICNM
20
Systemic Anatomy
Respiratory System
OICNM
21
Systemic Anatomy
Nervous System
OICNM
22
Systemic Anatomy
Digestive System
OICNM
23
Systemic Anatomy
Musculoskeletal System
OICNM
24
Systemic Anatomy
From our discussion how many systems do we have
here?
OICNM
25
Any
Question(s)
OICNM
26
Direct any question you have in future
to the email address
baliqisolukade@theoicnm.com
OICNM
27