plete Ebook By email at etutorsou plete Ebook By email at etutorsou We Don’t reply in this website, you need to contact by email for all chapters Instant download. Just send email and get all chapters download. Get all Chapters For E-books Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com You can also order by WhatsApp https://api.whatsapp.com/send/?phone=%2B447507735190&text&type=ph one_number&app_absent=0 Send email or WhatsApp with complete Book title, Edition Number and Author Name. Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com Globalization: A Very Short Introduction Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com VERY SHORT INTRODUCTIONS are for anyone wanting a stimulating and accessible way into a new subject. They are written by experts, and have been translated into more than 45 different languages. The series began in 1995, and now covers a wide variety of topics in ­ iscipline. The VSI library currently contains over 700 volumes—a every d Very Short Introduction to everything from Psychology and Philosophy of Science to American History and Relativity—and continues to grow in every subject area. Very Short Introductions available now: ABOLITIONISM Richard S. Newman THE ABRAHAMIC RELIGIONS Charles L. Cohen ACCOUNTING Christopher Nobes ADDICTION Keith Humphreys ADOLESCENCE Peter K. Smith THEODOR W. ADORNO Andrew Bowie ADVERTISING Winston Fletcher AERIAL WARFARE Frank Ledwidge AESTHETICS Bence Nanay AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY Jonathan Scott Holloway AFRICAN AMERICAN RELIGION Eddie S. Glaude Jr AFRICAN HISTORY John Parker and Richard Rathbone AFRICAN POLITICS Ian Taylor AFRICAN RELIGIONS Jacob K. Olupona AGEING Nancy A. Pachana AGNOSTICISM Robin Le Poidevin AGRICULTURE Paul Brassley and Richard Soffe ALEXANDER THE GREAT Hugh Bowden ALGEBRA Peter M. Higgins AMERICAN BUSINESS HISTORY Walter A. Friedman AMERICAN CULTURAL HISTORY Eric Avila AMERICAN FOREIGN RELATIONS Andrew Preston AMERICAN HISTORY Paul S. Boyer AMERICAN IMMIGRATION David A. Gerber AMERICAN INTELLECTUAL HISTORY Jennifer Ratner-­Rosenhagen THE AMERICAN JUDICIAL SYSTEM Charles L. Zelden AMERICAN LEGAL HISTORY G. Edward White AMERICAN MILITARY HISTORY Joseph T. Glatthaar AMERICAN NAVAL HISTORY Craig L. Symonds AMERICAN POETRY David Caplan AMERICAN POLITICAL HISTORY Donald Critchlow AMERICAN POLITICAL PARTIES AND ELECTIONS L. Sandy Maisel AMERICAN POLITICS Richard M. Valelly THE AMERICAN PRESIDENCY Charles O. Jones THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION Robert J. Allison AMERICAN SLAVERY Heather Andrea Williams THE AMERICAN SOUTH Charles Reagan Wilson THE AMERICAN WEST Stephen Aron AMERICAN WOMEN’S HISTORY Susan Ware AMPHIBIANS T. S. Kemp ANAESTHESIA Aidan O’Donnell Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY ASTROPHYSICS James Binney Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com Michael Beaney ANARCHISM Alex Prichard ANCIENT ASSYRIA Karen Radner ANCIENT EGYPT Ian Shaw ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ART AND ARCHITECTURE Christina Riggs ANCIENT GREECE Paul Cartledge ANCIENT GREEK AND ROMAN SCIENCE Liba Taub THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST Amanda H. Podany ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY Julia Annas ANCIENT WARFARE Harry Sidebottom ANGELS David Albert Jones ANGLICANISM Mark Chapman THE ANGLO-­SAXON AGE John Blair ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR Tristram D. Wyatt THE ANIMAL KINGDOM Peter Holland ANIMAL RIGHTS David DeGrazia ANSELM Thomas Williams THE ANTARCTIC Klaus Dodds ANTHROPOCENE Erle C. Ellis ANTISEMITISM Steven Beller ANXIETY Daniel Freeman and Jason Freeman THE APOCRYPHAL GOSPELS Paul Foster APPLIED MATHEMATICS Alain Goriely THOMAS AQUINAS Fergus Kerr ARBITRATION Thomas Schultz and Thomas Grant ARCHAEOLOGY Paul Bahn ARCHITECTURE Andrew Ballantyne THE ARCTIC Klaus Dodds and Jamie Woodward HANNAH ARENDT Dana Villa ARISTOCRACY William Doyle ARISTOTLE Jonathan Barnes ART HISTORY Dana Arnold ART THEORY Cynthia Freeland ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Margaret A. Boden ASIAN AMERICAN HISTORY Madeline Y. Hsu ASTROBIOLOGY David C. Catling ATHEISM Julian Baggini THE ATMOSPHERE Paul I. Palmer AUGUSTINE Henry Chadwick JANE AUSTEN Tom Keymer AUSTRALIA Kenneth Morgan AUTISM Uta Frith AUTOBIOGRAPHY Laura Marcus THE AVANT GARDE David Cottington THE AZTECS Davíd Carrasco BABYLONIA Trevor Bryce BACTERIA Sebastian G. B. Amyes BANKING John Goddard and John O. S. 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Cooper Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com BRITISH CINEMA Charles Barr By email COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL Download Complete Ebook at etutorsource@gmail.com THE BRITISH CONSTITUTION Martin Loughlin THE BRITISH EMPIRE Ashley Jackson BRITISH POLITICS Tony Wright BUDDHA Michael Carrithers BUDDHISM Damien Keown BUDDHIST ETHICS Damien Keown BYZANTIUM Peter Sarris CALVINISM Jon Balserak ALBERT CAMUS Oliver Gloag CANADA Donald Wright CANCER Nicholas James CAPITALISM James Fulcher CATHOLICISM Gerald O’Collins CAUSATION Stephen Mumford and Rani Lill Anjum THE CELL Terence Allen and Graham Cowling THE CELTS Barry Cunliffe CHAOS Leonard Smith GEOFFREY CHAUCER David Wallace CHEMISTRY Peter Atkins CHILD PSYCHOLOGY Usha Goswami CHILDREN’S LITERATURE Kimberley Reynolds CHINESE LITERATURE Sabina Knight CHOICE THEORY Michael Allingham CHRISTIAN ART Beth Williamson CHRISTIAN ETHICS D. Stephen Long CHRISTIANITY Linda Woodhead CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS Russell Foster and Leon Kreitzman CITIZENSHIP Richard Bellamy CITY PLANNING Carl Abbott CIVIL ENGINEERING David Muir Wood THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Thomas C. Holt CLASSICAL LITERATURE William Allan CLASSICAL MYTHOLOGY Helen Morales CLASSICS Mary Beard and John Henderson CLAUSEWITZ Michael Howard CLIMATE Mark Maslin CLIMATE CHANGE Mark Maslin CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY Susan Llewelyn and Katie Aafjes-­van Doorn THERAPY Freda McManus COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE Richard Passingham THE COLD WAR Robert J. McMahon COLONIAL AMERICA Alan Taylor COLONIAL LATIN AMERICAN LITERATURE Rolena Adorno COMBINATORICS Robin Wilson COMEDY Matthew Bevis COMMUNISM Leslie Holmes COMPARATIVE LITERATURE Ben Hutchinson COMPETITION AND ANTITRUST LAW Ariel Ezrachi COMPLEXITY John H. Holland THE COMPUTER Darrel Ince COMPUTER SCIENCE Subrata Dasgupta CONCENTRATION CAMPS Dan Stone CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS Ross H. McKenzie CONFUCIANISM Daniel K. Gardner THE CONQUISTADORS Matthew Restall and Felipe Fernández-­Armesto CONSCIENCE Paul Strohm CONSCIOUSNESS Susan Blackmore CONTEMPORARY ART Julian Stallabrass CONTEMPORARY FICTION Robert Eaglestone CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY Simon Critchley COPERNICUS Owen Gingerich CORAL REEFS Charles Sheppard CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY Jeremy Moon CORRUPTION Leslie Holmes COSMOLOGY Peter Coles COUNTRY MUSIC Richard Carlin CREATIVITY Vlad Glăveanu CRIME FICTION Richard Bradford CRIMINAL JUSTICE Julian V. Roberts CRIMINOLOGY Tim Newburn CRITICAL THEORY Stephen Eric Bronner THE CRUSADES Christopher Tyerman Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com CRYPTOGRAPHY Piper and By email EMOTION Dylan Evans Download CompleteFredEbook at etutorsource@gmail.com Sean Murphy CRYSTALLOGRAPHY A. M. Glazer THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION Richard Curt Kraus DADA AND SURREALISM David Hopkins DANTE Peter Hainsworth and David Robey DARWIN Jonathan Howard THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS Timothy H. Lim DECADENCE David Weir DECOLONIZATION Dane Kennedy DEMENTIA Kathleen Taylor DEMOCRACY Naomi Zack DEMOGRAPHY Sarah Harper DEPRESSION Jan Scott and Mary Jane Tacchi DERRIDA Simon Glendinning DESCARTES Tom Sorell DESERTS Nick Middleton DESIGN John Heskett DEVELOPMENT Ian Goldin DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY Lewis Wolpert THE DEVIL Darren Oldridge DIASPORA Kevin Kenny CHARLES DICKENS Jenny Hartley DICTIONARIES Lynda Mugglestone DINOSAURS David Norman DIPLOMATIC HISTORY Joseph M. Siracusa DOCUMENTARY FILM Patricia Aufderheide DREAMING J. Allan Hobson DRUGS Les Iversen DRUIDS Barry Cunliffe DYNASTY Jeroen Duindam DYSLEXIA Margaret J. 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FILM Complete Michael Wood Ebook By email GLOBAL HISTORY Download atECONOMIC etutorsource@gmail.com FILM MUSIC Kathryn Kalinak FILM NOIR James Naremore FIRE Andrew C. Scott THE FIRST WORLD WAR Michael Howard FLUID MECHANICS Eric Lauga FOLK MUSIC Mark Slobin FOOD John Krebs FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY David Canter FORENSIC SCIENCE Jim Fraser FORESTS Jaboury Ghazoul FOSSILS Keith Thomson FOUCAULT Gary Gutting THE FOUNDING FATHERS R. B. Bernstein FRACTALS Kenneth Falconer FREE SPEECH Nigel Warburton FREE WILL Thomas Pink FREEMASONRY Andreas Önnerfors FRENCH LITERATURE John D. Lyons FRENCH PHILOSOPHY Stephen Gaukroger and Knox Peden THE FRENCH REVOLUTION William Doyle FREUD Anthony Storr FUNDAMENTALISM Malise Ruthven FUNGI Nicholas P. Money THE FUTURE Jennifer M. Gidley GALAXIES John Gribbin GALILEO Stillman Drake GAME THEORY Ken Binmore GANDHI Bhikhu Parekh GARDEN HISTORY Gordon Campbell GENES Jonathan Slack GENIUS Andrew Robinson GENOMICS John Archibald GEOGRAPHY John Matthews and David Herbert GEOLOGY Jan Zalasiewicz GEOMETRY Maciej Dunajski GEOPHYSICS William Lowrie GEOPOLITICS Klaus Dodds GERMAN LITERATURE Nicholas Boyle GERMAN PHILOSOPHY Andrew Bowie THE GHETTO Bryan Cheyette GLACIATION David J. A. Evans GLOBAL CATASTROPHES Bill McGuire Robert C. Allen GLOBAL ISLAM Nile Green GLOBALIZATION Manfred B. Steger GOD John Bowker GÖDEL’S THEOREM A. W. Moore GOETHE Ritchie Robertson THE GOTHIC Nick Groom GOVERNANCE Mark Bevir GRAVITY Timothy Clifton THE GREAT DEPRESSION AND THE NEW DEAL Eric Rauchway HABEAS CORPUS Amanda L. Tyler HABERMAS James Gordon Finlayson THE HABSBURG EMPIRE Martyn Rady HAPPINESS Daniel M. Haybron THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE Cheryl A. Wall THE HEBREW BIBLE AS LITERATURE Tod Linafelt HEGEL Peter Singer HEIDEGGER Michael Inwood THE HELLENISTIC AGE Peter Thonemann HEREDITY John Waller HERMENEUTICS Jens Zimmermann HERODOTUS Jennifer T. Roberts HIEROGLYPHS Penelope Wilson HINDUISM Kim Knott HISTORY John H. Arnold THE HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY Michael Hoskin THE HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY William H. Brock THE HISTORY OF CHILDHOOD James Marten THE HISTORY OF CINEMA Geoffrey Nowell-­Smith THE HISTORY OF COMPUTING Doron Swade THE HISTORY OF EMOTIONS Thomas Dixon THE HISTORY OF LIFE Michael Benton THE HISTORY OF MATHEMATICS Jacqueline Stedall THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE William Bynum Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com THE Complete HISTORY OF PHYSICS INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Download Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com J. L. Heilbron THE HISTORY OF POLITICAL THOUGHT Richard Whatmore THE HISTORY OF TIME Leofranc Holford‑Strevens HIV AND AIDS Alan Whiteside HOBBES Richard Tuck HOLLYWOOD Peter Decherney THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE Joachim Whaley HOME Michael Allen Fox HOMER Barbara Graziosi HORMONES Martin Luck HORROR Darryl Jones HUMAN ANATOMY Leslie Klenerman HUMAN EVOLUTION Bernard Wood HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY Jamie A. Davies HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Adrian Wilkinson HUMAN RIGHTS Andrew Clapham HUMANISM Stephen Law HUME James A. Harris HUMOUR Noël Carroll IBN SĪNĀ (AVICENNA) Peter Adamson THE ICE AGE Jamie Woodward IDENTITY Florian Coulmas IDEOLOGY Michael Freeden THE IMMUNE SYSTEM Paul Klenerman INDIAN CINEMA Ashish Rajadhyaksha INDIAN PHILOSOPHY Sue Hamilton THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Robert C. Allen INFECTIOUS DISEASE Marta L. Wayne and Benjamin M. Bolker INFINITY Ian Stewart INFORMATION Luciano Floridi INNOVATION Mark Dodgson and David Gann INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY Siva Vaidhyanathan INTELLIGENCE Ian J. Deary INTERNATIONAL LAW Vaughan Lowe INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION Khalid Koser Christian Reus-­Smit INTERNATIONAL SECURITY Christopher S. Browning INSECTS Simon Leather IRAN Ali M. Ansari ISLAM Malise Ruthven ISLAMIC HISTORY Adam Silverstein ISLAMIC LAW Mashood A. Baderin ISOTOPES Rob Ellam ITALIAN LITERATURE Peter Hainsworth and David Robey HENRY JAMES Susan L. Mizruchi JAPANESE LITERATURE Alan Tansman JESUS Richard Bauckham JEWISH HISTORY David N. Myers JEWISH LITERATURE Ilan Stavans JOURNALISM Ian Hargreaves JAMES JOYCE Colin MacCabe JUDAISM Norman Solomon JUNG Anthony Stevens THE JURY Renée Lettow Lerner KABBALAH Joseph Dan KAFKA Ritchie Robertson KANT Roger Scruton KEYNES Robert Skidelsky KIERKEGAARD Patrick Gardiner KNOWLEDGE Jennifer Nagel THE KORAN Michael Cook KOREA Michael J. Seth LAKES Warwick F. Vincent LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Ian H. Thompson LANDSCAPES AND GEOMORPHOLOGY Andrew Goudie and Heather Viles LANGUAGES Stephen R. Anderson LATE ANTIQUITY Gillian Clark LAW Raymond Wacks THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS Peter Atkins LEADERSHIP Keith Grint LEARNING Mark Haselgrove LEIBNIZ Maria Rosa Antognazza C. S. LEWIS James Como LIBERALISM Michael Freeden LIGHT Ian Walmsley LINCOLN Allen C. Guelzo LINGUISTICS Peter Matthews LITERARY THEORY Jonathan Culler Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com THE MIDDLE AGES Miri Rubin LOCKEComplete John Dunn Download Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com LOGIC Graham Priest LOVE Ronald de Sousa MARTIN LUTHER Scott H. Hendrix MACHIAVELLI Quentin Skinner MADNESS Andrew Scull MAGIC Owen Davies MAGNA CARTA Nicholas Vincent MAGNETISM Stephen Blundell MALTHUS Donald Winch MAMMALS T. S. Kemp MANAGEMENT John Hendry NELSON MANDELA Elleke Boehmer MAO Delia Davin MARINE BIOLOGY Philip V. Mladenov MARKETING Kenneth Le Meunier-­FitzHugh THE MARQUIS DE SADE John Phillips MARTYRDOM Jolyon Mitchell MARX Peter Singer MATERIALS Christopher Hall MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS Richard Earl MATHEMATICAL FINANCE Mark H. A. Davis MATHEMATICS Timothy Gowers MATTER Geoff Cottrell THE MAYA Matthew Restall and Amara Solari THE MEANING OF LIFE Terry Eagleton MEASUREMENT David Hand MEDICAL ETHICS Michael Dunn and Tony Hope MEDICAL LAW Charles Foster MEDIEVAL BRITAIN John Gillingham and Ralph A. Griffiths MEDIEVAL LITERATURE Elaine Treharne MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY John Marenbon MEMORY Jonathan K. Foster METAPHYSICS Stephen Mumford METHODISM William J. Abraham THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION Alan Knight MICROBIOLOGY Nicholas P. Money MICROBIOMES Angela E. Douglas MICROECONOMICS Avinash Dixit MICROSCOPY Terence Allen MILITARY JUSTICE Eugene R. Fidell MILITARY STRATEGY Antulio J. Echevarria II JOHN STUART MILL Gregory Claeys MINERALS David Vaughan MIRACLES Yujin Nagasawa MODERN ARCHITECTURE Adam Sharr MODERN ART David Cottington MODERN BRAZIL Anthony W. Pereira MODERN CHINA Rana Mitter MODERN DRAMA Kirsten E. Shepherd-­Barr MODERN FRANCE Vanessa R. Schwartz MODERN INDIA Craig Jeffrey MODERN IRELAND Senia Pašeta MODERN ITALY Anna Cento Bull MODERN JAPAN Christopher Goto-­Jones MODERN LATIN AMERICAN LITERATURE Roberto González Echevarría MODERN WAR Richard English MODERNISM Christopher Butler MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Aysha Divan and Janice A. Royds MOLECULES Philip Ball MONASTICISM Stephen J. Davis THE MONGOLS Morris Rossabi MONTAIGNE William M. Hamlin MOONS David A. Rothery MORMONISM Richard Lyman Bushman MOUNTAINS Martin F. Price MUHAMMAD Jonathan A. C. Brown MULTICULTURALISM Ali Rattansi MULTILINGUALISM John C. Maher MUSIC Nicholas Cook MUSIC AND TECHNOLOGY Mark Katz MYTH Robert A. Segal NANOTECHNOLOGY Philip Moriarty NAPOLEON David A. Bell THE NAPOLEONIC WARS Mike Rapport NATIONALISM Steven Grosby NATIVE AMERICAN LITERATURE Sean Teuton Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com NAVIGATION Jim Bennett PANDEMICS Christian W. McMillen Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com NAZI GERMANY Jane Caplan NEGOTIATION Carrie Menkel-­Meadow NEOLIBERALISM Manfred B. Steger and Ravi K. Roy NETWORKS Guido Caldarelli and Michele Catanzaro THE NEW TESTAMENT Luke Timothy Johnson THE NEW TESTAMENT AS LITERATURE Kyle Keefer NEWTON Robert Iliffe NIETZSCHE Michael Tanner NINETEENTH‑CENTURY BRITAIN Christopher Harvie and H. C. G. Matthew THE NORMAN CONQUEST George Garnett NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS Theda Perdue and Michael D. Green NORTHERN IRELAND Marc Mulholland NOTHING Frank Close NUCLEAR PHYSICS Frank Close NUCLEAR POWER Maxwell Irvine NUCLEAR WEAPONS Joseph M. Siracusa NUMBER THEORY Robin Wilson NUMBERS Peter M. Higgins NUTRITION David A. Bender OBJECTIVITY Stephen Gaukroger OBSERVATIONAL ASTRONOMY Geoff Cottrell OCEANS Dorrik Stow THE OLD TESTAMENT Michael D. Coogan THE ORCHESTRA D. Kern Holoman ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Graham Patrick ORGANIZATIONS Mary Jo Hatch ORGANIZED CRIME Georgios A. Antonopoulos and Georgios Papanicolaou ORTHODOX CHRISTIANITY A. Edward Siecienski OVID Llewelyn Morgan PAGANISM Owen Davies PAKISTAN Pippa Virdee THE PALESTINIAN-­ISRAELI CONFLICT Martin Bunton PARTICLE PHYSICS Frank Close PAUL E. P. Sanders IVAN PAVLOV Daniel P. Todes PEACE Oliver P. Richmond PENTECOSTALISM William K. Kay PERCEPTION Brian Rogers THE PERIODIC TABLE Eric R. Scerri PHILOSOPHICAL METHOD Timothy Williamson PHILOSOPHY Edward Craig PHILOSOPHY IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD Peter Adamson PHILOSOPHY OF BIOLOGY Samir Okasha PHILOSOPHY OF LAW Raymond Wacks PHILOSOPHY OF MIND Barbara Gail Montero PHILOSOPHY OF PHYSICS David Wallace PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Samir Okasha PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION Tim Bayne PHOTOGRAPHY Steve Edwards PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY Peter Atkins PHYSICS Sidney Perkowitz PILGRIMAGE Ian Reader PLAGUE Paul Slack PLANETARY SYSTEMS Raymond T. Pierrehumbert PLANETS David A. Rothery PLANTS Timothy Walker PLATE TECTONICS Peter Molnar PLATO Julia Annas POETRY Bernard O’Donoghue POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY David Miller POLITICS Kenneth Minogue POLYGAMY Sarah M. S. Pearsall POPULISM Cas Mudde and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser POSTCOLONIALISM Robert J. C. Young POSTMODERNISM Christopher Butler POSTSTRUCTURALISM Catherine Belsey POVERTY Philip N. Jefferson PREHISTORY Chris Gosden Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com PRESOCRATIC PHILOSOPHY THE ROMAN EMPIRE Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com Catherine Osborne PRIVACY Raymond Wacks PROBABILITY John Haigh PROGRESSIVISM Walter Nugent PROHIBITION W. J. Rorabaugh PROJECTS Andrew Davies PROTESTANTISM Mark A. Noll PSEUDOSCIENCE Michael D. Gordin PSYCHIATRY Tom Burns PSYCHOANALYSIS Daniel Pick PSYCHOLOGY Gillian Butler and Freda McManus PSYCHOLOGY OF MUSIC Elizabeth Hellmuth Margulis PSYCHOPATHY Essi Viding PSYCHOTHERAPY Tom Burns and Eva Burns-­Lundgren PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Stella Z. Theodoulou and Ravi K. Roy PUBLIC HEALTH Virginia Berridge PURITANISM Francis J. Bremer THE QUAKERS Pink Dandelion QUANTUM THEORY John Polkinghorne RACISM Ali Rattansi RADIOACTIVITY Claudio Tuniz RASTAFARI Ennis B. Edmonds READING Belinda Jack THE REAGAN REVOLUTION Gil Troy REALITY Jan Westerhoff RECONSTRUCTION Allen C. Guelzo THE REFORMATION Peter Marshall REFUGEES Gil Loescher RELATIVITY Russell Stannard RELIGION Thomas A. Tweed RELIGION IN AMERICA Timothy Beal THE RENAISSANCE Jerry Brotton RENAISSANCE ART Geraldine A. Johnson RENEWABLE ENERGY Nick Jelley REPTILES T. S. Kemp REVOLUTIONS Jack A. Goldstone RHETORIC Richard Toye RISK Baruch Fischhoff and John Kadvany RITUAL Barry Stephenson RIVERS Nick Middleton ROBOTICS Alan Winfield ROCKS Jan Zalasiewicz ROMAN BRITAIN Peter Salway Christopher Kelly THE ROMAN REPUBLIC David M. Gwynn ROMANTICISM Michael Ferber ROUSSEAU Robert Wokler RUSSELL A. C. Grayling THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY Richard Connolly RUSSIAN HISTORY Geoffrey Hosking RUSSIAN LITERATURE Catriona Kelly THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION S. A. Smith SAINTS Simon Yarrow SAMURAI Michael Wert SAVANNAS Peter A. Furley SCEPTICISM Duncan Pritchard SCHIZOPHRENIA Chris Frith and Eve Johnstone SCHOPENHAUER Christopher Janaway SCIENCE AND RELIGION Thomas Dixon and Adam R. Shapiro SCIENCE FICTION David Seed THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Lawrence M. Principe SCOTLAND Rab Houston SECULARISM Andrew Copson SEXUAL SELECTION Marlene Zuk and Leigh W. Simmons SEXUALITY Véronique Mottier WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Stanley Wells SHAKESPEARE’S COMEDIES Bart van Es SHAKESPEARE’S SONNETS AND POEMS Jonathan F. S. Post SHAKESPEARE’S TRAGEDIES Stanley Wells GEORGE BERNARD SHAW Christopher Wixson MARY SHELLEY Charlotte Gordon THE SHORT STORY Andrew Kahn SIKHISM Eleanor Nesbitt SILENT FILM Donna Kornhaber THE SILK ROAD James A. Millward SLANG Jonathon Green SLEEP Steven W. Lockley and Russell G. Foster SMELL Matthew Cobb Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com We Don’t reply in this website, you need to contact by email for all chapters Instant download. Just send email and get all chapters download. Get all Chapters For E-books Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com You can also order by WhatsApp https://api.whatsapp.com/send/?phone=%2B447507735190&text&type=ph one_number&app_absent=0 Send email or WhatsApp with complete Book title, Edition Number and Author Name. ADAM SMITH Christopher J. Berry TIMEat Jenann Ismael Download Complete Ebook By email etutorsource@gmail.com SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY John Monaghan and Peter Just SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Richard J. Crisp SOCIAL WORK Sally Holland and Jonathan Scourfield SOCIALISM Michael Newman SOCIOLINGUISTICS John Edwards SOCIOLOGY Steve Bruce SOCRATES C. C. W. Taylor SOFT MATTER Tom McLeish SOUND Mike Goldsmith SOUTHEAST ASIA James R. Rush THE SOVIET UNION Stephen Lovell THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR Helen Graham SPANISH LITERATURE Jo Labanyi THE SPARTANS Andrew J. Bayliss SPINOZA Roger Scruton SPIRITUALITY Philip Sheldrake SPORT Mike Cronin STARS Andrew King STATISTICS David J. Hand STEM CELLS Jonathan Slack STOICISM Brad Inwood STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING David Blockley STUART BRITAIN John Morrill SUBURBS Carl Abbott THE SUN Philip Judge SUPERCONDUCTIVITY Stephen Blundell SUPERSTITION Stuart Vyse SYMMETRY Ian Stewart SYNAESTHESIA Julia Simner SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY Jamie A. Davies SYSTEMS BIOLOGY Eberhard O. Voit TAXATION Stephen Smith TEETH Peter S. Ungar TERRORISM Charles Townshend THEATRE Marvin Carlson THEOLOGY David F. Ford THINKING AND REASONING Jonathan St B. T. Evans THOUGHT Tim Bayne TIBETAN BUDDHISM Matthew T. Kapstein TIDES David George Bowers and Emyr Martyn Roberts TOCQUEVILLE Harvey C. Mansfield LEO TOLSTOY Liza Knapp TOPOLOGY Richard Earl TRAGEDY Adrian Poole TRANSLATION Matthew Reynolds THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES Michael S. Neiberg TRIGONOMETRY Glen Van Brummelen THE TROJAN WAR Eric H. Cline TRUST Katherine Hawley THE TUDORS John Guy TWENTIETH‑CENTURY BRITAIN Kenneth O. Morgan TYPOGRAPHY Paul Luna THE UNITED NATIONS Jussi M. Hanhimäki UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES David Palfreyman and Paul Temple THE U.S. CIVIL WAR Louis P. Masur THE U.S. CONGRESS Donald A. Ritchie THE U.S. CONSTITUTION David J. Bodenhamer THE U.S. SUPREME COURT Linda Greenhouse UTILITARIANISM Katarzyna de Lazari-­Radek and Peter Singer UTOPIANISM Lyman Tower Sargent VATICAN II Shaun Blanchard and Stephen Bullivant VETERINARY SCIENCE James Yeates THE VIKINGS Julian D. Richards VIOLENCE Philip Dwyer THE VIRGIN MARY Mary Joan Winn Leith THE VIRTUES Craig A. Boyd and Kevin Timpe VIRUSES Dorothy H. Crawford VOLCANOES Michael J. Branney and Jan Zalasiewicz VOLTAIRE Nicholas Cronk WAR AND RELIGION Jolyon Mitchell and Joshua Rey WAR AND TECHNOLOGY Alex Roland WATER John Finney WAVES Mike Goldsmith WEATHER Storm Dunlop THE WELFARE STATE David Garland WITCHCRAFT Malcolm Gaskill Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com WITTGENSTEIN A. C. Ebook Grayling WORLD II Download Complete By email atWAR etutorsource@gmail.com WORK Stephen Fineman WORLD MUSIC Philip Bohlman WORLD MYTHOLOGY David Leeming THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION Amrita Narlikar Gerhard L. Weinberg WRITING AND SCRIPT Andrew Robinson ZIONISM Michael Stanislawski ÉMILE ZOLA Brian Nelson Available soon: IMAGINATION Jennifer Gosetti-­Ferencei THE VICTORIANS Martin Hewitt For more information visit our website www.oup.com/vsi/ Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com Manfred B. Steger GLOBALIZATION A Very Short Introduction sixth edition Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries The moral rights of the author have been asserted First edition published 2003 Second edition published 2009 Third edition published 2013 Fourth edition published 2017 Fifth edition published 2020 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. 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Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com In memory of Roland Robertson (1938–2022), Model scholar, colleague, friend Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com We Don’t reply in this website, you need to contact by email for all chapters Instant download. Just send email and get all chapters download. Get all Chapters For E-books Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com You can also order by WhatsApp https://api.whatsapp.com/send/?phone=%2B447507735190&text&type=ph one_number&app_absent=0 Send email or WhatsApp with complete Book title, Edition Number and Author Name. Contents Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com Preface to the sixth edition xix List of illustrations xxiii List of maps xxv List of figures xxvii List of tables xxix List of abbreviations xxxi 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 What is globalization? 1 Globalization in history 12 The economic and technological dimensions of globalization 34 The political dimension of globalization 66 The cultural dimension of globalization 83 The ecological dimension of globalization 95 Ideological confrontations over globalization 111 Present and future trends 127 References and further reading 137 Index 145 Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com Preface to the sixth edition Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com It is a gratifying experience to present readers with the sixth edition of a short book that has been so well received—­not only in the English-­speaking world, but around the world in more than 20 languages. The necessary task of updating and expanding this edition has been difficult in light of major global problems such as pandemics, soaring inflation, social inequality, climate change, cyber attacks, mass migrations, trade wars, job precarity, and the resurgence of nationalisms. Hence, it seems appropriate to refer to the present era as the ‘Great Unsettling’—shorthand for the intensifying global dynamics of volatility, insecurity, and dislocation. Two recent events, in particular, have added to this disconcerting moment in human history. First, starting in 2020, the COVID-­19 pandemic swept across the world, uprooting the lives of its 7.8 billion inhabitants. By early 2023, official numbers showed that over 600 million people had contracted multiple variants of the disease, resulting in more than 7 million confirmed deaths. But the actual toll is likely much higher. Fortunately, effective vaccines were developed very quickly and by August 2022, more than 12 billion shots had been administered. For globalization scholars, this once-­in-­a-­century health crisis proved to be an especially challenging research topic, since it required a multi-­disciplinary approach to understanding the complexities involved in the spread and possible containment of the virus. Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com Second, Great Power competitions have at been heating up in recent Download Complete Ebook By email etutorsource@gmail.com Globalization years. China, Russia, and India increasingly challenge US world leadership on multiple fronts. The Russian annexation of the Crimean Peninsula in 2014 and China’s forward posture in the South China Sea, plus its political crackdown on Hong Kong, marked a new era of geopolitical conflict. Mounting tensions came to a head in 2022 with Russia’s full-­blown invasion of Ukraine. This major act of aggression was met with the imposition of unprecedented economic sanctions levied by a US-­led broad coalition of countries against the Russian Federation. In response, President Putin vowed retaliation and escalated the war. For the first time since the end of the Cold War, a global nuclear confrontation appeared to be a distinct possibility. Keeping such a complex topic as globalization brief and accessible in our era of the Great Unsettling becomes even more challenging in the case of a very short introduction. For this reason, the authors of the few existing introductions to the subject tend to concentrate on only one or two aspects of globalization—­usually the emergence of the global economy, its history, structure, development, and supposed benefits and shortcomings. To be sure, a single-­focus approach is helpful in explaining the impact and consequences of new techno-­economic networks connecting people across borders and the transnational flows of goods, services, and labour. At the same time, however, such narrow accounts often leave the reader with a limited understanding of the full dimensions and complexity of globalization. After all, the transformative powers of global interconnectedness reach deeply into all aspects of contemporary social life. Hence, the present volume makes the case that globalization also contains important political, cultural, ecological, and ideological aspects. Indeed, globalization occurs in people’s heads as much as in the world ‘out there’. Subjective globalization becomes visible in emotionally charged stories that describe and define that very Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com xx process. The political forcesBy behind these discourses Download Complete Ebook email atcompeting etutorsource@gmail.com resort to digitized media platforms to endow the buzzword with certain norms, values, and understandings. These not only legitimize and advance their specific power interests, but also shape the personal and collective identities of billions of people. Thus, it is mostly the normative question of whether globalization ought to be considered a ‘good’ or a ‘bad’ thing that has spawned heated debates in classrooms, boardrooms, and on the streets. Preface to the sixth edition Some commentators applaud globalization for its proven ability to lift millions of people out of poverty, facilitate instant communication, and grant almost limitless access to information and Big Data. Nowhere has the success of globalization been more visible than in the impressive rise of the East Asian powerhouses China, Korea, and Japan. Other experts condemn globalization as a destructive force that annihilates traditional communal values, wrecks our planet, and stretches social disparities beyond sustainable levels. Regardless of which position is favoured, readers would be well advised to maintain a critical stance towards both interpretations. To be sure, we should take comfort in the fact that the world is becoming a more interdependent place with the potential of enhancing ordinary people’s lives. Boosting our mobility and connectivity across political borders and cultural divides represents an exciting development. We should also welcome sensible and compassionate policies that allow for the global flow of migrants and refugees. The same goes for technological progress—­as long as it remains accountable to democratic citizens rather than reducing them to the status of digitally exploitable ‘users’. Globalization should go hand in hand with the betterment of all people, especially those living in the disadvantaged regions of the global South. Most of all, securing sustainable forms of globalization demands that we take better care of our beautiful planet and all its sentient beings. Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com xxi Let me end this Preface by recording myat debts of gratitude. First, Download Complete Ebook By email etutorsource@gmail.com Globalization I want to thank my colleagues and students at the University of Hawai’i-­Mānoa. Additional thanks are due to Paul James, professor of globalization and cultural diversity at the Institute for Culture and Society at Western Sydney University. I owe much to his steady intellectual encouragement and deep friendship. I appreciate the helpful feedback and support from numerous colleagues around the world who share my enthusiasm for the study of globalization. I want to express my sincere appreciation to numerous readers, reviewers, and audiences who, for nearly three decades, have made insightful comments in response to my public lectures and publications on globalization. I appreciate Dr Tommaso Durante’s competent research assistance on this edition as well as his formidable visual artist’s eye for choosing some illustrations. Tommaso’s pioneering ‘Visual Archive Project of the Global Imaginary’ can be found at: <https://www.the-­visual-­archive-­project-­of-­the-­global-­imaginary. com/visual-­global-­imaginary>. Luciana O’Flaherty and Jenny Nugee, my editors at Oxford University Press, have been shining examples of professionalism. Finally, a big thank you goes to my soul mate Perle Besserman—­as well as the Steger, Besserman-­Trigère, and Blanchette families—­ for their love and support. Many people have contributed to improving the quality of this book; its remaining flaws are my own responsibility. Download Complete Ebook By xxii email at etutorsource@gmail.com We Don’t reply in this website, you need to contact by email for all chapters Instant download. Just send email and get all chapters download. Get all Chapters For E-books Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com You can also order by WhatsApp https://api.whatsapp.com/send/?phone=%2B447507735190&text&type=ph one_number&app_absent=0 Send email or WhatsApp with complete Book title, Edition Number and Author Name. List of maps Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com 1 Early human migration 16 (2013), ‘Mapping Global Value Chains’, OECD Trade Policy Papers, No. 159, OECD Publishing, Paris, <https://doi.org/10.1787/ 5k3v1trgnbr4-­en> 2 Major world trade networks, 1000–1450 22 3 Countries falling into recession as a result of the Global Financial Crisis, 2007–9 52 5 4 The Nutella® global value chain 61 6 The European Union, 2020 79 Reproduced with permission from De Backer, K. and S. Miroudot The Syrian refugee crisis 73 Source: based on information from <UNOCHA.org> Ssolbergj/Wikimedia (CC BY-­SA 3.0) Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com List of figures Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com A Four forms of globalization 4 © Manfred B. Steger B A minute on the Internet in 2021 36 Lori Lewis Via Statista (CC) C Number of international migrants, 2020 72 © IOM GMDAC 2021 D The nation-state in a globalizing world 77 J. Scholte, “The Globalization of World Politics” in J. Baylis and S. Smith, ed., The Globalization of World Politics, 2E, Oxford University Press, Copyright © 2001 E Incipient global governance: a network of interrelated power centres 81 P. Willets, “Transnational actors and international organizations in global politics” in J. Baylis and S. Smith, ed., The Globalization of World Politics, 2E, Oxford University Press, Copyright © 2001 F Major manifestations and consequences of global environmental degradation 99 G Global spread of COVID-19, January–March 2020 128 Ruobing Su/Business Insider H Daily time spent online globally, 2022 134 Anadolu Agency © 2021 Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com List of tables Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com 1 Transnational corporations versus countries: a comparison (2022) 58 2 The American way of life, 2017–22 86 3 The declining number of languages around the world, 1500s–2000s 94 Source: Globalization Research Center at the University of Hawai’i-­Mānoa, 2008. 4 Annual consumption patterns (per capita) in selected countries, 2017–22 98 5 Major global environmental treaties/conferences, 1972–2021 108 6 The top-­10 carbon dioxide emitters, 2020 109 7 Long-­term global CO2 emissions, 1750–2020 110 Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com List of abbreviations Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com AI APEC ASEAN BWR bce ce CEO CFCs CITES COVID-­19 ECB ESDC EU FDI G20 GATT GDP GFC GHGs GJM GPS ICT IMF Artificial Intelligence Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation Association of Southeast Asian Nations Bretton Woods regime Before the Common Era Common Era chief executive officer chlorofluorocarbons Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna Coronavirus Disease 2019 European Central Bank European Sovereign Debt Crisis European Union Foreign Direct Investment Group of Twenty General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade gross domestic product Global Financial Crisis Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Global Justice Movement Global Positioning System information and communications technology International Monetary Fund Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com INGO international governmental organization Download Complete Ebook Bynon-­ email at etutorsource@gmail.com ISIL ISIS MERCOSUR MSF/DWB Globalization NAFTA NASA NATO NGO NYC OAU OECD OLED TV OPEC OWS SAPs TNCs TPP UAE UK UN UNCTAD UNEP UNESCO UNIPCC US WC WEF WHO WSF Islamic State of Iraq and Levant Islamic State of Iraq and Syria Mercado Común del Sur (Southern Common Market) Médecins Sans Frontières/Doctors Without Borders North American Free Trade Agreement National Aeronautics and Space Administration North Atlantic Treaty Organization non-­governmental organization New York City Organization of African Unity Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Organic Light Emitting Diode Television Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Occupy Wall Street Structural Adjustment Programmes transnational corporations Trans-­Pacific Partnership United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United Nations United Nations Conference on Trade and Development United Nations Environment Programme United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change United States (of America) Washington Consensus World Economic Forum World Health Organization World Social Forum Download Complete Ebook By xxxii email at etutorsource@gmail.com We Don’t reply in this website, you need to contact by email for all chapters Instant download. Just send email and get all chapters download. Get all Chapters For E-books Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com You can also order by WhatsApp https://api.whatsapp.com/send/?phone=%2B447507735190&text&type=ph one_number&app_absent=0 Send email or WhatsApp with complete Book title, Edition Number and Author Name. Chapter 1 What is globalization? Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com The earliest appearance of the term ‘globalization’ in the English language can be traced back to the 1930s. But it was not until the 1990s that the concept took the world by storm. The new buzzword captured the increasingly interconnected nature of social life on our planet and foregrounded the global integration of markets turbocharged by the ICT revolution. Three decades on, globalization has remained a hot topic. Today, one can track millions of references to the term in both virtual and printed spaces that range from enthusiastic embrace to blanket condemnation. In recent years, critical voices have become louder in the light of the nationalist resurgence around the world and the devastating COVID-­19 pandemic that has disrupted seemingly indestructible global networks. To make sense of these conflicting perspectives on globalization, let us start with matters of definition. Both the popular press and academic literature have been using ‘globalization’ in confusing ways to describe a process, a condition, a system, a force, or an age. Given that these concepts have very different meanings, a sloppy conflation of ‘process’ and ‘condition’ produces circular definitions that explain little. The often-­repeated truism that globalization (the process?) leads to more globalization (the condition?) does not allow us to draw meaningful distinctions between causes and effects. Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com 1 Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com Key concepts: globality, global imaginary, globalism, globalization Globalization To equip our definitional toolbox, let us distinguish between four different, but related, concepts. First, globality signifies a social condition characterized by tight global economic, political, cultural, and environmental interconnections and flows that challenge most of the currently existing borders and boundaries. Yet, we should not assume that globality is already upon us because it is an evolving condition. Nor does it suggest a fixed endpoint that precludes any further development. In fact, we could easily imagine different social manifestations of globality: one might be based primarily on values of individualism, competition, and deregulated capitalism, while another might draw on more communal arrangements, cooperative values, and the democratic regulation of economic arrangements. Second, global imaginary refers to people’s growing consciousness of the world as a single whole. This does not mean that nation and locality have lost their power to provide people with a sense of home and identity. But it would be a mistake to close one’s eyes to the weakening of the national imaginary, as it was historically constructed in the 19th and 20th centuries. The intensification of global consciousness destabilizes and unsettles the nation-­state framework within which people imagine their communal existence. The rising global imaginary is linked to the rise of globalisms, our third concept. These new political ideologies articulate the overarching global imaginary into concrete policy agendas and political programmes. Globalisms spin stories about our increasingly interconnected world that serve particular power interests and contain value judgements about whether globalization should be considered a good or bad thing. We shall explore the various types of globalism in Chapter 7. Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com 2 Our Complete final, and most significant is a spatial Download Ebook By term, emailglobalization, at etutorsource@gmail.com concept referring to a set of social processes that is transforming our present social condition of conventional nationality into one of globality. Like ‘modernization’ and other verbal nouns that end in the suffix ‘-ization’, the concept suggests a dynamic that evolves along discernible patterns but can also go into reverse at certain historical junctures. The root term ‘global’ indicates processes that operate at the transnational level such as the operation of global markets, worldwide investment flows, or the global dissemination of new styles of music such as Techno or K-­Pop. What is globalization? Yet another set of globalizing processes operates below the scale of the ‘global’. In other words, globalization also takes place deep inside ‘regional’, ‘national’, and ‘local’ arenas. Rather than becoming irrelevant, these subglobal spaces get entangled with the global to produce multi-­spatial forms of human contact. Globalization experts often refer to this complex interplay between the global and the local (and national) as glocalization. Think, for example, of major cities like Shanghai or Sydney that combine their specific urban environments with global standards for residential high-­rise buildings, shopping malls, cultural events, and so on. Many people still have trouble recognizing that globalization affects all geographical scales ranging from the local to the global. Hence, it is crucial to bear in mind that globalization also manifests as glocalization. Forms of globalization These spatial complexities confirm that globalization should not be seen as a monolithic process. Rather, it is a set of dynamics that assumes four distinct, but interrelated, social forms (see Figure A). The first social form, embodied globalization, manifests as the interconnectedness and mobility of people across our planet. As we shall discuss in Chapters 2 and 3, this is the oldest form of globalization and remains enduringly relevant in the Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com 3 FOUR FORMS OF GLOBALIZATION Download CompleteTHE Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com PEOPLE, IDEAS, THINGS, ORGANIZATIONS (2) DISEMBODIED IDEAS (data, information, images) (1) EMBODIED PEOPLE (tourists, refugees, business travellers) GLOBALIZATION Economic, political, cultural dynamics occur within and across all four forms (3) OBJECTIFIED THINGS (tradable commodities, greenhouse gases, viruses) (4) INSTITUTIONAL ORGANIZATIONS (empires, states, military, corporations, churches, clubs) Globalization A. Four forms of globalization. contemporary movement of refugees, migrants, travellers, entrepreneurs, temporary workers, tourists, and so on. Concrete 21st-­century examples include African political refugees crossing the Mediterranean into Europe and Central American migrants trying to trek across the Rio Grande valley into the United States in search of more sustainable lives. Privileged tourists can now complete intercontinental trips in mere hours in the comfort and security of a first-­class aeroplane cabin. Only a century ago, the same journey would have taken several gruelling and dangerous weeks spent on a combination of ships, trains, motorcars, and horse- or oxen-­drawn carriages. The second form, disembodied globalization, is characterized by the worldwide interconnectedness and mobility of ideas, data, and information. As we shall observe in Chapters 2, 3, 5, 7, and 8, these include words, images, and electronic texts, and encoded capital such as blockchain enabled crypto-­currencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. This form has taken an enormous qualitative leap with the digital revolution, prompting commentators to speak of a ‘new era of digital globalization’. There is little doubt that disembodied dynamics are emerging as the dominant form of Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com 4 globalization in the 21st century. Worldwide digitization has been Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com greatly accelerated by the coronavirus-­induced explosion of work and communication online. What is globalization? The third form, objectified globalization, refers to the worldwide interconnectedness and mobility of things and objects. As discussed in Chapters 2, 3, 6, and 8, it includes tiny particles like GHGs and COVID-­19 viruses, as well as large goods travelling on the ancient Silk Road from China to the Roman Empire or modern standardized shipping containers criss-­crossing the world’s oceans. Consider, for example, traded commodities such as a ‘pre-­loved’ pair of Levi’s jeans produced in the sweatshops of Bangladesh and destined for the coolest fashion temples of Milan; treasures of antiquity sold at skyrocketing prices at an international Internet auction in London; or your latest iPhone assembled and distributed via powerful global value chains. These contemporary manifestations of objectified globalization depend on digitally controlled delivery systems (such as amazon. com) that might offer AI-­driven, drone-­operated services in the near future. The fourth form, institutional globalization, corresponds to the worldwide interconnectedness and mobility of social and political institutions. As discussed in Chapters 2, 3, 4, 5, and 8, it includes empires, states, TNCs, NGOs, churches, clubs, and so on. Its history can be traced back at least as far as the expansionist empires of Egypt, Persia, China, and Rome, and the proselytizing of the agents of Christendom and Islam more than a millennium ago. More recent examples include the half-­million US military personnel stationed around the world; the global franchises of fast food enterprises like Subway or KFC; the hundreds of worldwide fan clubs of football favourites like Manchester United or Bayern Munich; and China’s mind-­boggling ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative—­a monumental infrastructure project designed to extend Chinese economic and political influence across Asia, Africa, and Europe. Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com 5 We Don’t reply in this website, you need to contact by email for all chapters Instant download. Just send email and get all chapters download. Get all Chapters For E-books Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com You can also order by WhatsApp https://api.whatsapp.com/send/?phone=%2B447507735190&text&type=ph one_number&app_absent=0 Send email or WhatsApp with complete Book title, Edition Number and Author Name. Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com Qualities and dimensions of globalization Globalization These four forms of globalization contain four distinct qualities or characteristics. First, they involve both the creation of new social networks and the multiplication of existing connections that cut across traditional political, economic, cultural, and geographical boundaries. For example, today’s giant media corporations combine conventional TV coverage with multiple apps that feed into digital devices and social media sites that have long transcended nationally based services. A second quality inherent in these four principal forms of globalization is the expansion or stretching of social relations, mobilities, and connections. Today’s financial markets reach around the globe, and electronic trading occurs around the clock. Gigantic physical and virtual shopping malls cater to consumers who can afford commodities from all regions of the world—­including products whose various components were manufactured in different countries and involve global supply chains. Third, all forms of globalization also involve the intensification and acceleration of worldwide social interactions. As the Spanish sociologist Manuel Castells has pointed out, we have witnessed the creation of a global network society fuelled by what he calls communication power. This new form of power draws its strength from digital technological innovations that are reshaping the social landscape of human life. Fourth, globalization does not merely unfold on an objective, material level but also involves the subjective plane of human consciousness and imagination. Without erasing local and national attachments, the compression of space and time has increasingly made the whole planet the frame of reference for human thought and action. In other words, globalization involves both the macro-­structures of a global community and the Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com 6 micro-­ structures of global personhood. Mediated by digital Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com technology largely controlled by large TNCs, the global extends deep into the core of the personal self, facilitating the creation of multiple and more fluid individual and collective identities. All of these forms and qualities of globalization operate across the familiar social dimensions of everyday life: economics, politics, culture, ideology, and so on. However, given the increasing differentiation and specialization of knowledge creation, globalization dynamics tend to be analysed and explained in a rather one-­dimensional manner. Dominated by economic perspectives on globalization, the debate over the relative importance of various domains has been raging for decades. What is globalization? The ancient Buddhist parable of the blind scholars and their encounter with the elephant helps to illustrate the academic controversy over the significance of various dimensions of globalization. Since the blind scholars did not know what the elephant looked like, they resolved to obtain a mental picture, and thus the knowledge they desired, by touching the animal. Feeling its trunk, one blind man argued that the elephant was like a gigantic snake. Another man, rubbing along its enormous leg, likened the animal to a rough column of massive proportions. The third person took hold of its tail and insisted that the elephant resembled a large, flexible brush. The fourth man felt its sharp tusks and declared it to be like a great spear. Each of the blind scholars held firmly to his own idea of what constituted an elephant. Since their scholarly reputation was riding on the veracity of their respective findings, the blind men never ceased arguing over the true nature of the elephant (see Figure 1). The academic quarrel over which dimension contains the essence of globalization represents a postmodern version of the parable of the blind men and the elephant. Scholars who equate globalization with a singular process clash with others over which aspect of social life constitutes its primary domain. Many experts Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com 7 Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com Globalization 1. The globalization scholars and the elephant. argue that economic processes lie at the core of globalization. Others privilege political, cultural, or ideological aspects. Still others point to environmental processes as being the essence of globalization. Like the blind men in the parable, each globalization researcher is partly right by correctly identifying one important dimension of the phenomenon in question. However, their collective mistake lies in their dogmatic attempts to reduce such a complex phenomenon as globalization to one or two domains that correspond to their own expertise. The rise of Global Studies To make matters even more complex, globalization is a geographically uneven set of processes that not only connect but sometimes also disrupt existing relations. Moreover, people living in various parts of the world are affected quite differently by today’s gigantic compression of space and time. Unsurprisingly, then, scholars who approach the study of globalization from different academic fields not only hold different views with regard to primary dimensions of globalization, they also disagree on its scale, causation, chronology, impact, trajectories, and policy outcomes. Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com 8 For this reason, they have raised myriadat research questions that Download Complete Ebook By email etutorsource@gmail.com run in all directions. How does globalization proceed? What is driving it? Does it have one major dimension or is there a combination of equally significant domains? Is globalization a continuation of modernity or is it a radical break? Does it create new forms of inequality and hierarchy or offer new opportunities for poor and marginalized people? Notice that whenever researchers try to bring their object of enquiry into sharper focus, they also heighten the danger of provoking scholarly disagreements. Our subject is no exception. What is globalization? One successful way of trying to improve the quality of communication among globalization researchers and develop a common framework has been the establishment of Global Studies starting in the 1990s. Although it has been extensively studied in traditional fields, globalization falls outside the established disciplinary framework. It is only of secondary concern in these conventional disciplines organized around different master concepts: ‘society’ in sociology; ‘resources’ and ‘scarcity’ in economics; ‘culture’ in anthropology; ‘space’ in geography; ‘the past’ in history; ‘power’ and ‘governance’ in political science, and so on. By contrast, global studies places ‘globalization’—a contested keyword without a firm disciplinary home—­at the core of its intellectual enterprise. Today, Global Studies has emerged as a popular field of academic enquiry organized around four major conceptual pillars: globalization, transdisciplinarity, space and time, and critical thinking. Hundreds of Global Studies programmes have been established in universities on all continents. They invite millions of students to study globalization across traditional disciplinary boundaries in the social sciences, humanities, and even the natural sciences. The surging field covers vast literatures on related subjects that are usually studied in isolation from each other. The greatest challenge facing Global Studies lies, therefore, in bringing together the various strands of knowledge in ways that do justice to the fluidity and interdependencies of our fast-­changing world. Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com 9 Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com Globalization International Relations versus Global Studies? In the academic world, the term ‘international relations’ (IR) refers to a subfield of Political Science dedicated to the systematic study of changing connections among territorial states and nationally bounded societies. Thus, IR scholars treated the nation-­state as the main actor—­and thus the central unit of analysis and the principal mover—­of world politics. This framework is called methodological nationalism because it focuses on the self-­interested actions of nation-­states—­especially with regard to security issues—­and often at the expense of other crucial dimensions such as culture, ecology, and ideology. By contrast, Global Studies relies on methodological globalism. This framework treats transnational interconnections, mobilities, and imaginations as the basic units of analysis. Although Global Studies scholars acknowledge the enduring importance of states, they also emphasize the growing significance of non-­state actors on the world stage such as NGOs, TNCs, churches, educational institutions, and other civil society organizations. Finally, Global Studies scholars also engage themes often neglected in IR, such as ecology, social space, media and communication, ideology, history, gender, race, ethnicity, technology, and poverty. Our examination of the key concepts, forms, qualities, and dimensions of globalization—­embedded in a new Global Studies academic framework—­have prepared us to respond to the question that frames this chapter: ‘What is globalization?’ So let us attempt to formulate a general definition that satisfies experts and neophytes alike: Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com 10 refers to By the email multidimensional and uneven DownloadGlobalization Complete Ebook at etutorsource@gmail.com expansion of social relations and consciousness across world-­space and world-­time. Given the subtitle of our book, however, we ought to do better. So here is a very short definition of globalization in a mere eight words: Globalization is about planetary interconnectivities, mobilities, and imaginations. What is globalization? Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com 11 We Don’t reply in this website, you need to contact by email for all chapters Instant download. Just send email and get all chapters download. Get all Chapters For E-books Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com You can also order by WhatsApp https://api.whatsapp.com/send/?phone=%2B447507735190&text&type=ph one_number&app_absent=0 Send email or WhatsApp with complete Book title, Edition Number and Author Name.