International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 5, Issue 3 March 2023, pp: 697-723 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252
Application Of Composite Materials In
Aerospace & Automotive Industry:Review
Lijalem Gebrehiwet1,a*, Ermiyas Abate2,a,
Yared Negussie3,a, Tesfu Teklehaymanot4,a , Eden Abeselom5,a
1Msc in Mechatronic Engineering, Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing, China,
2Msc in Industrial Engineering, Addis Ababa University (AAU), Ethiopia,
3Msc in Aerospace Engineering, Defense Institute of Advanced Technology (DIT), India,
4Msc in Gas Turbine Engineering, Defense Institute of Advanced Technology (DIT), India
5 Assistant researcher at SSGI and currently Msc student in Space Engineering, AASTU, Ethiopia
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------Date of Submission: 01-03-2023
Date of Acceptance: 10-03-2023
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------ABSTRACT: Composites are one of the most
widely used materials because of their adaptability
to different situations and applications. They are
relative ease of combination with other materials to
serve specific purposes and exhibit desirable
properties for different applications mainly in
Aerospace and Automobile due to its strength-toweight ratio which is higher than other material
types. As a result, this composite materials review
highlights different applications of composites in
Aerospace and their types, compositions and
features available worldwide. Different techniques,
methodology adopted and findings of current studies
performed on their applications as well as in specific
areas analysed. MESC electrochemical energy
storage, Isogrids, conductive fiber, FML, ablasive,
abrasive resistant and carbon fiber-reinforced silicon
carbide composites are reviewed with their future
prospects. This paper reviews the detail material
used for aerospace and automotive application.
Some common applications with automotive
technology are also discussed with charts and
figures for better clarification of the related topics.
KEYWORDS:
Composite;
Matrix;
Fiber;
Reinforcement; Composite processing; Aerospace
composites
I. INTRODUCTION
Composite materials consist of a
combination of materials that are mixed together to
achieve specific structural properties which are
superior to the properties of the composition of
individual materials. The composite material retains
its separate properties when compared to metallic
alloys which made them more important in
developing lightweight design [1].
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Composite materials are divided in five
principal types: polymer matrix composite, metal
matrix composite, ceramic matrix composites,
Carbon–Carbon and hybrid composites [2]. Polymer
matrix composites are becoming more important in
the construction of aerospace structures and aircraft
parts. The new Boeing 787 structure including the
wings and fuselage is composed largely of
composites [3].
1.1 Composite Materials
1.1.1 Definition
An advanced composite material is made
of a fibrous material embedded in a resin matrix
which is laminated with fibers oriented in
alternating directions to give the material both
stiffness and strength. Experimentally, the
composite materials have different physical or
chemical properties that are bonded together at the
atomic and molecular levels scale greater than about
1 x 10-6 m (1m) [4]. High strength and stiffness,
low density, relatively low weight, electrically and
corrosion resistance are some of the general
advantages of composites which are helpful for a
weight reduction in the finished part [5].
The phase of reinforcing offers more
stiffness and strength than the matrix. Composites
are made of fibers or particles that are roughly
identical in size in all directions [6]. They also
referred to as Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP)
composites which are constructed from a polymer
matrix and reinforced with synthetic or natural fiber
to prevent cracks and fractures.
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Figure 1: Simple definition of composites [7]
1.1.2 Types of Composites
The chart below illustrates how composite
materials are categorized based on the kind of
ingredients they are constructed and the matrix
constituent is used as the basis for the first level of
categorization, as shown in Figure 2 [8]. The second
level of classification is based on the type of
reinforcement used which includs fiber reinforced
composites, laminar composites, and particle
composites [9].
Figure 3: Classification of composite with matrix
materials
The continuous phase is the matrix and a
polymer of metal or ceramic type. The polymers
have low strength and stiffness where as metals
have intermediate strength and stiffness but high
ductility. The matrix's function is to maintain the
alignment of the reinforcement particles. Ceramics
are fragile despite having excellent stiffness and
strength. The matrix keeps the fibers in the right
orientation and spacing while shielding them from
the environment and abrasion. Figure 3 shows the
classification of composites according to the type of
matrix material [11].
1.1.4 Reinforcements
When creating composites, a variety of
reinforcements are used. As seen below, continuous
threads, discontinuous fibers, whiskers (elongated
single crystals), flakes, and particles are a few types
of reinforcement [12].
Figure 2: Types of composite materials [10]
1.1.3 The Matrix
Polymers are popular matrices used in
fiber reinforced plastics and matrix polymers are
essentially thermoplastic or thermoset materials
which are determined their main difference by the
technical requirements for a particular treatment and
application. The main materials for the substrate and
resin are Polyester, epoxy, Polyamid, PEEK
(Polyetheretherketon), or PEI [10].
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Figure 4: Types of reinforcements
The Continuous, aligned fibers types are
the most efficient reinforcement form and are
widely used especially in high-performance
applications. However, for ease of fabrication as
well as to achieve improved impact resistance
continuous fibers are converted into a wide variety
of reinforcement forms using textile technology.
The key reinforcement types are shown in Figure 4
above.
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a.
The Fibers
A fiber has a length that is much greater
than its diameter and the aspect ratio is length-todiameter (l/d). Continuous fibers have long aspect
ratios whereas discontinuous fibers have short
aspect ratios. Unidirectional, woven cloth and
helical winding are continuous reinforcements
(Figure 5a) which are chopped fibers and random
mat (Figure 5b) [13].
Discontinuous-fiber
composites
are
normally somewhat random in alignment.
Continuous-fiber composites are used where higher
strength and stiffness are required but at a higher
cost. On other hand, discontinuous-fiber composites
are used where cost is the main driver and strengthstiffness is less important [2]. Continuous-fiber
composites are often made into laminates by
stacking single sheets of continuous fibers in
different orientations to obtain the desired strength
and stiffness properties with fiber volumes as high
as 60% to 70%. E-glass, C-glass, R and T-glass are
used for structural reinforcements. It is available in
the forms of strand, yarns and rovings [14].
1.1.5 Types of Man-made fibers
In seventeenth century a scientist named
Hooke suggested that if proper liquid were squirted
through a small aperture and allowed to congeal a
fiber can be produced. Man-made are formed from a
suitable raw material as a thick, sticky liquid
extruded through spinneret holes forming streams
that are solidified into fibers [15].
a.
Glass fibers
Glass fibers are mostly used because of
their
chemical
resistance
and
dielectric
characteristics. They have roughly comparable
mechanical properties to other fibers such as
polymers and carbon fiber. As a result they have
wide application as a reinforcing agent for many
polymer products to form a very strong and
relatively lightweight fiber-reinforced polymer
(FRP) composite material called glass-reinforced
plastic (GRP) as shown in the Figure 7 [10].
Figure7: Glass fiber
Aramid fiber
Aramid fiber is a man-made organic
polymer produced by spinning a solid fiber from a
liquid chemical blend and Aramid fiber grades in
general have good resistance to impact and lower
modulus. The bright golden yellow filaments
produced can have a range of properties high
strength and low density [16]. Aramid fibers are
similar to carbon fiber regarding thermal expansion
in case of increased ambient temperature the fibers
get shorter and thicker. Their specific strength and
modulus of elasticity are generally lower compared
to carbon fiber. They are used extensively in
ballistic applications [15].
b.
Figure 6: Types of man-made fibers
Figure 8: Aramid fiber
Figure 5: (a), (b) and (c) Typical reinforcement
types
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c.
Carbon fibers
Carbon fibers have several advantages
including high stiffness, tensile strength, chemical
resistance and temperature tolerance. In addition to
this they have low weight and thermal expansion.
Carbon fibers are usually combined with other
materials to form a composite and with a lot of
technical characteristics such as a high thermal and
electrical conductivity and transparency in the field
of x-ray applications which made them very popular
in aerospace, military and automotive [10][15].
Carbon fiber is produced by the controlled
oxidation, carbonization and graphitisation of
carbon-rich organic precursors which are already in
fiber form [14].
Advanced composite materials have broad
applications in aerospace and they are divided into
two basic types; thermosets and thermoplastics.
Thermosets are predominant type in use today and
they are subdivided into several resin systems such
as epoxies, phenolics, polyurethanes and
polyimides. Epoxy systems currently dominate the
advanced composite industry [17].
Figure 11: (a) Thermoplastic and (b) Thermosetting
Structures [18]
1.2.1
Figure 9: Carbon fiber
1.2 Advanced Composite Materials
Advanced composite materials (ACMs) are
also known as advanced polymer matrix composites
and they generally characterized by unusually high
strength fibres with unusually high stiffness and
modulus of elasticity characteristics. They are
replacing metal components in many uses
particularly in the aerospace industry [4].
Composites are classified according to their matrix
phase such as polymer matrix composites (PMC's),
ceramic matrix composites (CMC's), and metal
matrix composites (MMC's). These properties are
accompanied with low weight, corrosion resistance
and in some cases special electrical properties.
Advanced composite materials are often classified
according to the type of matrix material or physical
form of reinforcing material [4].
Thermosets
Thermoset resins require addition of a
curing agent and they are mixed with impregnation
onto a reinforcing material to produce a finished
part. Thermoset polymers aren’t affected by
additional heat exposure which makes them exhibit
incredible resistance to heat, corrosion and
mechanical creep. Some of the more common
thermosets include epoxy, polyurethanes, phenolic
and amino resins, bismaleimides and polyamides
[19] [20].
Figure 12: Thermosets
1.2.2
Thermoplastics
Thermoplastic polymers are formed when
monomers link into chains and there are no crosslinks between the chains which made them soften
when heated. They require only heat and pressure to
form the finished part since they are nonreactive
solids no chemical reaction occurs during
processing [20].
Figure 10: Development of composite materials
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Figure 13: Thermoplastics
Thermoplastic polymers are known for
their recyclability and have different applications
from consumer goods to complex aerospace
components
with
different
processes
for
manufacturing. Polyethylene, PVC, and nylon are
some of thermoplastic polymers [19].
1.2.3 Polymer matrix composites, PMCs
Polymer nano-composites materials are
new composite types with nano-sized structure and
reached the nano-scale size of composites in the
polymer-based structure [21]. PMCs are commonly
used composite and their matrix is generally
reinforced with ceramic fibers which have high
strength, excellent impact, compression, fatigue
properties, outstanding chemical and corrosion
resistance properties. PMCs have cost-effective
processes of production and tooling and they have
greater applications in different areas such as rocket
and aircraft [17].
1.2.4 Carbon Matrix Composite
The forms of carbon matrices resulting
from the various carbon–carbon manufacturing
processes tend to be rather weak and brittle. The
most common type of carbon matrix composite is
carbon–carbon and their thermal conductivities
range from very low to high depending on the type
of materials and manufacturing processes. They are
widely used in aerospace and commercial
applications where ablation is a key requirement.
Their main applications is in Aerospace which
include exit cones, aircraft engine flaps, aircraft
brakes, high-conductivity radiator panel, glassmaking equipment and optical bench. In addition to
these they are used in rocket nozzles, re-entry
vehicle leading edges, and nose cap and nose tips
[22].
1.2.5 Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs)
Ceramic matrix composites are a mixture
of ceramic particulates, fibers and whiskers with a
matrix of another ceramic. They can be defined as
solid materials that normally show highly strong
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bonding. They have exceptional corrosion
resistance,
high
melting
points,
superior
compressive strength, and stability at high
temperatures. Ceramic matrices are the common
choice for high temperature applications such as
pistons, blades and rotors in gas-turbine parts [17]
[23].
Silicon carbide matrices reinforced with
carbon and with silicon carbide fibers have been
used in military aircraft engine flaps for weight
reduction. The next generation of aircraft engines
from at least one manufacturer is scheduled to make
significant use of ceramic matrix composites.
Silicon carbide composites are being used in an
increasing number of spacecraft optical systems and
brakes in automobiles. Glass–ceramics reinforced
with carbon and with SiC fibers are under research
for a variety of aerospace and commercial
applications [22].
1.2.6 Metal matrix composites (MMCs)
Metal matrix composites are known as
advanced materials and they are better than
conventional materials in terms of better mechanical
and thermal properties. Aerospace areas such as
space shuttle rib truss and Hubble telescope wave
guide are some of their applications. Aluminium,
copper, iron, magnesium, nickel and titanium are
common metal matrix nowadays [2][23]. In addition
to this they use in aircraft and automotive
technology components [22].
1.3 Structural Characteristics
Structural properties of a composite
laminate such as stiffness, dimensional stability and
strength depend on the its stacking sequence of the
plies [1] [24].
Figure 14: Different types of fabric types and
woven fabrics [1]
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One of the terminologies to be considered
in composite fabrics is fiber Orientation and the
strength as well as the stiffness of a composite
build-up depends on the orientation sequence of the
plies. Warp Clock which indicates the longitudinal
fibers of a fabric and a fiber form with an individual
fiber is called a filament. Strand represents an
individual glass fiber and the bundles of filaments
are identified as tows, yarns or rovings. Most fibers
are available as prepreg materials where the resin is
already applied to the fiber [2].
Roving in fiber composite is a single fiber
ends such as 20-end and 60-end glass rovings. In
addition to this, rovings with 3K and 6K rovings are
identification for carbon where K is 1,000 filaments
[24]. Unidirectional prepreg tapes have been the
standard within the aerospace industry for many
years, and the fiber is typically impregnated with
thermosetting resins [24]. Bidirectional fabric
constructions usually offer more flexibility for layup
of complex shapes than straight unidirectional tapes.
Tightly woven fabrics are usually the choice for
aerospace structures to save weight [14] [24].
Figure 15: Typical fabric weaves styles [24]
Knitted or stitched fabrics can offer many
of the mechanical advantages of unidirectional tapes
and they are held in place by stitching with fine
yarns. Some common stitching yarns are polyester,
Aramid, or thermoplastics [16].
II. COMPOSITE FABRICATION
PROCESSING
2.1 Major Fabrication Processes
In polymer composites the constituents are
typically both polymer resin and reinforcement
material. Composites are preferred for different
applications because of their high strength with
lightweight properties as compared to metals and the
manufacturing process is very different [25].
Figure 17: Major polymer matrix composite
fabrication processes [26]
The major manufacturing processes for
polymer matrix composites are shown in the figure
16. In the above fabrication process diagram, two
types of manufacturing process of the polymer
matrices are shown namely the thermosets and
thermoplastics. In the first process, thermoset starts
as a low-viscosity resin that reacts and cures during
processing to form solid where as a thermoplastic is
a high-viscosity resin that is processed by heating it
above its melting temperature [27] [28]. The proper
manufacturing process for composites depends on
part size, geometry, number of units, type of
reinforcement material and polymer matrix and the
cost [26].
Composites manufacturing processes can
be divided mainly open lay-up and closed mold as
shown in the Figure 18. Wet hand lay-up of the open
lay-up process is the earliest manufacturing method
for composite parts and in this process a fabric layer
is placed on top of the one-sided mold by pouring
thermoset resin over the fabric layer. In this process
we may use a brush or roller manually and handheld roller is used to apply pressure for compacting
fabric layer by impregnating it with thermoset resin.
Another layer is added to the part or project after
completely impregnated and the same procedure is
repeated until the final shape or desired layer of
lamination is completed [26].
Figure 16: Nonwoven materials (stitched) [24].
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Figure 18: Classification of Composite
manufacturing processes
2.2 Open Lay-up fabrication process
a. Hand lay-up
Hand lay-up is the oldest and simplest way
of making fibreglass resin composites. The main
applications of this process are in standard wind
turbine blades, boats, large container tanks, props
and other form of sheets [22].
Figure 20: Spray lay-up process [1]
Automated Tape Placement (ATP)
ATP process is an open mold composite
process which uses robotic arm to apply
fiber/polymer resin, prepreg tape, heat and pressure
from a system. It is designed to control the
placement of prepreg tape over the mold and
pressure. In addition to this, heat is applied in order
to give strength to the fibers and curing of resin,
respectively. There are compaction rollers to press
the substrate. The ATP is controlled by a computer
program to put the FRTP prepreg tapes in the
desired configuration. The image below shows ATP
being placed on Airbus A350 upper shell fuselage
[20].
The main advantages of ATP process is the
manufacturing of highly customized quality parts
with low labor cost and low material waste. On the
contrary, there are some disadvantages like high
equipment cost, long process time, limited part
geometry and size [25] [30].
c.
Figure 19: Hands lay-up process [29]
The main disadvantages of the above
process are low surface quality, high labor cost, high
pollution to the environment, poor dimensional
tolerances and low mechanical properties [25].
b.
Spray lay-up
Spray lay-up is another type of open lay-up
process for composite manufacturing. In this method
the resin is not applied with spray gun. Continuous
fiber is chopped and sprayed with polymeric resin
simultaneously to the one-sided prepared mold [1].
The main problems with this process are
low mechanical properties of final laminate and
variation of thickness in the manufactured parts.
This process is more applicable for simple shaped
parts with low performance applications such as
shower stalls, vehicle trims and machine coverage.
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Figure 21: Automatic tape laying for Airbus A350
upper shell fuselage
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The mandrel shape and thickness of the
laminate is determined by the overall size and shape
of the finished part. Filament wound parts are
commonly used in the aerospace, energy, and
consumer product industries as shown in the figure
below [35].
Figure 22: Schematic for filament winding of
composite structures [31]
d.
Filament winding
Filament winding is one of the composite
manufacturing process technologies mainly used for
producing circular, cylindrical, hollow shaped parts
such as pipes, poles, tubes, vessels and tanks. It has
a winder machine to wind the fiber tows over the
mandrel according to the required orientations [32].
The process of filament winding consists of
wrapping continuous fiber bands over a rotating
mandrel under controlled tension in a prescribed
geometric path until the desired wall thickness is
obtained [33]. The process in the filament winding
(Figure 22) is first a woven fiber (1) is pulled
continuously through a solution vessel (2) to be
dipped in a dissolved polymer and curing agent. The
fabric is then wound onto a form template (3) that
rotates and translates alternately in the axial
direction. After winding the solution is allowed to
harden before the core is removed and then the
hollow part removed. In some winding processes the
solution is supplied after the fiber web is wound
[31].
The relative angle of the tow to the mandrel
axis is called the winding angle. This angle can be
tailored to provide strength and stiffness in the
desired directions. After some layers of tow have
been applied, the resulting laminate is cured on the
mandrel [34].
Figure 23: Filament wound parts [34]
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Figure 24: Parts produced by filament winding
III. APPLICATION OF COMPOSITE
MATERIALS IN AEROSPACE &
AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
3.1 General
Aerospace is a term used to collectively
refer to the atmosphere and outer space. It consists
of aeronautics and astronautics in addition to this
they research, design, manufacture, operate or
maintain both aircraft and spacecraft [36].
Composite materials have a wide application in
aerospace industry especially in aircrafts’
technology. Composites are used for structural
materials in safety critical airframe components
such as the wings, fuselage, empennage and landing
gear. In addition to this, they have applications in
helicopter parts like fuselage, tail boom and rotor
blades. They have gained popularity in highperformance lightweight products, yet strong
enough to take harsh loading conditions for different
aerospace components [37]. In aerospace
technology, they are applied in airframe, skins and
thermal insulation tiles of spacecraft.
Composites based titanium has a vast
application for high temperature structures. They are
typically used in the aerospace components due to
their superior strength at high temperature and good
corrosive resistance. The material, however, is
expensive [37] [38]. Aluminium matrix composite
such as Al-MMCs is recommended for advanced
structural applications. They are familiar due to their
easy availability, low-cost and attractive wear
resistance. Al-MMCs are widely used because of
their basic properties like durability, machinability
and accessibility than other competing materials
[37] [39].
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Figure 25: Composite materials and technologies [40]
Table 1: Applications of composite
FUSELAGE
Radome
Forward
fuselage
Canopy
frames
Mid fuselage
Rear fuselage
Cabin doors
Tail cone
Floor beams
Floors
Lining
OBC
Speed
brakes
Air ducts
Partitions
Rotor-domes
Doors and Fairings
Landing gear fairings
LG doors
Equipment access doors
Stabilizer
fairings
3.2 Applications in Aviation (Aircrafts)
Composite aircraft components used for
structural application are generally fabricated with a
sandwich construction. The structure commonly has
a face sheets of carbon fiber or carbon fiber
combined with glass fibers with a honeycomb core.
For interior aircraft applications, composite parts are
required to meet mechanical properties and
processability requirements [37] [41]. Materials
Box beam skins
Fixed leading
edges
Landing gear pods
Wing-fuselage fairings
used for pressurized parts in aircraft structure must
meet the flammability resistance requirements.
Composite materials which are generally fiber
reinforced epoxy or phenolic resin have wide
applications in interior parts such as overhead bins,
sidewall panels, ceilings, floor boards, galleys,
partitions, cargo floor board liners. Composite
applications in aircraft are shown in the tables
below.
Table 2: Detail applications of composites in Aviation
WINGS
Winglets
Leading edge
Box beam
flaps/slats
Fixed trailing edge
Rap track
Actuator fairings
panels
fairings
Ailerons/flaps
Raps & Spoilers
Raps & Spoilers
PROPULSION SYSTEM
Engine fan blades
Fan cowls
Engine casing
Turbine
blade rings
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Nozzle flaps
Pylon fairings
Thrust reversers
Fuel tanks
Engine nacelle and
Propeller
blades
cowling
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Horizontal stabilizers
Fixed trailing edge
Skins Sub-structure
Ventral fins
Skins
Tips
Rudders
Tips
EMPENNAGE
Sub-structure panels
Leading edges
Elevators
Vertical Stabilizers
Fixed trailing edge panels
Leading edges
HELICOPTER
Main rotor blades
Tail rotor blades
Phenolic resin is widely used due to its
excellent fire resistant properties such as low
flammability, low smoke and toxic gas emission
with the predominant design considerations for
interior components. A Glass fiber is the most
commonly used fiber for interior aircraft parts [42].
Weight is the main factor which improves
the efficiency and performance of aircrafts. This can
be achieved by decreasing the aircraft weight by
using light weight materials by applying composite
materials in different aircraft structures [43] [44]
[41]. Applications of composites on aircraft are used
in different parts including aircraft lightning
protection which is reviewed in the next topics [41]
[43].
3.2.1
wing)
Application in Aircraft structures (Fixed
The use of fiber reinforced composites has
become increasingly attractive materials as an
alternative to the conventional metals in many
aircraft components. This is mainly due to their light
weight, increased strength, durability, corrosion
resistance, resistance to fatigue and damage
tolerance characteristics. Composite materials have
a wide application in aircraft related technologies as
enumerated in the above tables. Some of them are
aerofoil surfaces, compressor blades, engine bay
doors, fan blades, rotor shafts in helicopters, turbine
blades, turbine shafts, wing box structures e.t.c [45]
[44]. The airframe of the new Boeing 787 utilizes 50
percent composite in its airframe. All future Airbus
and Boeing aircraft will use large amounts of highperformance composites as shown in the figure
below [46] [44].
Rotor drive shafts
Figure 26: Composite used in aircraft application
Polymer matrix composites carries higher
strength and stiffness replacing conventional
aluminium based alloys in the field of aerospace
sciences [26]. Airbus Industries used advanced
composites on the Airbus A300 aircraft. In Boeing
777 structure, the graphite-epoxy empennage was
the first composite primary structure. Boeing 777X
enters commercial service in 2020 and used
composite wings [45].
Figure 27: Use of Composites in Boeing 787 [45]
Generally CFRP is used in Boeing
aircrafts for aileron, flaps, elevator, rudder, landing
gear doors, engine cowlings doors and fairing. A320
uses composites in fuselage belly skins, fin, fuselage
fairings, wing fixed leading/trailing edge bottom
access panels, deflectors, trailing edge flaps, flap
track fairings, spoilers, ailerons, nose wheel/main
wheel doors, main gear leg fairing doors, nacelles
and carbon brakes [45]. Total weight comparison of
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composites used on different Airbus series aircrafts
is; Airbus A300 (5%), Airbus A310 (7%), Airbus
A320 (15%) and Airbus A330/A340 (12%) [47].
3.2.2
Application in Helicopter structures
(Rotary wing)
Lifting a helicopter requires a large power
to lift to overcome the weight. The heavier the
helicopter means bigger engines are required with
stronger fuselage which has impact on the weight
and cost of the parts. A stronger light weight
fuselage made of composites requires small sized
engines which reduces the overall weight of the
helicopter and cost [48]. Use of composites in
helicopter structures is widely used to various parts
such as cock pit, main & tail rotor blades, stabilizers
and fuselage parts as shown in the figure below
[48][49].
(b)
Figure 29: (a) Typical Honeycomb Material (b)
Modified helicopter blade construction
Fatigue characteristics of the composite
blade are considerably better than their aluminium
counterparts with the aluminium failing near 40,000
cycles and the composite blade exceeding 500,000
cycles without failure [50].
3.2.3
Application in gas turbine engines
Gas turbine engines require special
materials that can withstand extreme conditions
acting on the various components and sections to
provide energy and thrust smoothly. In general, they
require materials that are lightweight, high strength,
damage tolerant, high temperature capable,
oxidation and corrosion resistant [51]. Increase in
combustor inlet temperature while minimizing the
coolant gas requirement for combustor liner cooling
is achieved by using integrally woven ceramic
matrix composites (CMC) [26].
Figure 28: Helicopter with composite parts [49]
There are different materials used to
construct honeycomb shape or structure. Common
honeycomb structure uses aluminium, glass-fiber
and carbon fiber. It is mainly applied in rotor
structures i.e. main and tail rotor structures. For
decades glass fiber–reinforced rotor blades for
improved fatigue resistance were used. The
favourable structural properties of the mostly
fibreglass foils allow for increased lift and speed
[49].
Figure 30: Ceramic materials in gas turbine engine
[52]
(a)
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Gas turbine engine parts which use carboncarbon composites are exhaust nozzle flaps, seals,
augmenters, combustors and acoustic panels.
Carbon-carbon composite are being used in products
such as the nozzle in the F-l00 jet engine afterburner
and turbine wheels. The effective cooling of high
temperatures in the combustor liner is achieved by
using integrally woven CMC which has a wide
application in development of gas turbine [26].
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Figure 31: Boeing CMC and GE passport exhaust
nozzle [52]
The lower density properties of ceramic
materials in comparison to metallic materials are
made them excellent choice in aero engines. They
are more applicable for light-weight hot-section
components of aircraft turbine engines’ exhaust
nozzles with long duration design operating
lifetimes [53].
Figure 32: Aircraft engine nacelles made from
composites [54]
Ceramic thermal barrier coatings (TBCs)
are technologically important because of their
ability to increase turbine engine operating
temperatures and reduce cooling requirements
which greatly help to achieve engine performance
and emission goals [53].
Figure 34: Composite Technology advancement in
the GE engine
3.2.4
Application in aircraft brakes
Carbon fiber reinforced is a high strength
composite material with low specific weight and
high heat absorption capacity. These materials have
also resistance to thermal shock, damage and high
temperature. Due to the above properties, carboncarbon composites have a wide application in
brakes. Their basic properties meet the brake
requirements in normal and overweight during
landing conditions. These
brake designs are
currently being used in different aircrafts such as
Concord, Airbus and Boeing family to save the
overall aircraft weight [26][56]. They were
introduced in the GE90 engine, to improve the
impact damage resistance which is an important
design to prevent bird strikes. The fan case in
turbofan engine is the heaviest part in the engine. It
is made from relatively light materials such as
Titanium, Aluminium, and CFRP are used for the
fan case [95].
Figure 35: Carbon-Carbon/C-SiC composite
aircraft brakes [57] [58]
Figure 33: A schematic diagram of hot-section of
turbine components
Thermal barrier coatings are extensively
used in the hot-section of turbine components. Some
of the parts are combustors, high pressure turbine
(HPT) vanes, and HPT blades [53]. The recent
developments of composite applications are in
GEnx engines shown in the Figure 34. The fan
blades are composed of Carbon Fiber Reinforced
Plastic composite (CFRP) blades and titanium
leading edge (Ti-6Al-4V alloys) [55].
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3.2.5
Aircraft’s seat, overhead baggage
compartment and carpet fabric
Interior aircraft components comprise a
thermoplastic composition comprising different
units. The first polymer comprising bisphenol, a
carbonate units and monoaryl arylate units, or a
second polymer comprising bisphenol. Carbonate
units, monoaryl arylate units, and siloxane units, or
a combination comprising at least one of the
foregoing polymers can be components of the
composites for aircraft interiors [26].
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the initial attachment points. Lightning currents in
the channel flow through the aircraft when it has
been struck. Lightning zonal points or aircraft body
are made with carbon fibre reinforced plastics for
lightning protection [63]. The surface of an external
composite component often consists of a ply or
layer of conductive material for lightning strike
protection. The protection layers are on top of the
aircraft parts as shown in the figure below.
Figure 36: Composite aircraft seating [59] [60]
Multilayer polymeric or known as titanium
oxide (TiO2) composites which possesses double
self-cleaning property provides photo-oxidation and
anti-sticking. Based on these properties, the material
is used for fabric of seats and carpets in aircrafts
[26].
Figure 39: Composite lightning protection material
Figure 37: Composite Overhead baggage
compartment and cabin interiors [61] [62]
3.2.6
Lightning Protection Fibers
An aluminium airplane is quite conductive
and is able to dissipate the high currents resulting
from a lightning strike. According to different
resistivity properties, carbon fibers are 1,000 times
more resistive than aluminium to current flow
whereas epoxy resin is 1,000,000 times more
resistive when it is perpendicular to the skin
[63][64].
3.2.7 Aircraft radome
The Aero Shield radome system is
composed of 2 aircraft components: Radome and
Adapter Plate plus fittings. The radome system
provides key benefits to the aircraft operator which
highly optimized aerodynamic shape reduces drag
and increases fuel savings [65] [66].
Figure 40: Aircraft Radomes
3.3 Application in space technology
Composite materials have a wide
application in space technology such as in space
vehicles, re-entry vehicle, engine nozzle, space
structures, antenna, radar, satellite structures, solar
reflectors, etc.
Figure 38: Lightning zones
At zonal points the lightning channel is in
direct contact with the airframe structure for a
certain period of time and these points are defined as
DOI: 10.35629/5252-0503697723
3.3.1 Space vehicle
The weight saving by structural
components of composite material directly affects
the fuel saving which makes the operation of space
vehicle more economical. Composite materials are
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used on different space shuttle to reduce weight.
This is largely helpful and applied to weight
reduction of the Ares I and Ares V launch vehicles.
Researches on composite material for space shuttle
components are progressing for its weight saving
potential [67]. NASA Langley fabricated and tested
segment of graphite polyamide aft of body flap. In
addition to this, Langley conducted composite trade
studies for constellation program including. NASA
Langley leading trade studies of heavily loaded
composite barrel concepts for interstage applications
on the Ares V launch vehicle [67].
Figure 42: Ion and Hall Thrusters with thermal
barrier seals for In-Space Propulsion
CMC materials offer benefits in terms of
temperature resistance. CMCs are therefore
employed as prime material for thermal protection
systems. According to the research of ESA’s
Atmospheric Re-entry Demonstrator (ARD), which
was the first European Earth return craft completing
a full space mission from launch to landing in 1998,
was used to test ceramic matrix composite tiles on
the heat shield [71].
Figure 41: Composite sandwich for SLV [68]
The NASA Composite Technology for
Exploration (CTE) Project is developing and
demonstrating critical composite technologies. It has
goals of advancing composite technologies and
providing lightweight structures to support future
NASA exploration missions as shown above [69].
MMCs applications in space vehicle was the use of
B/Al tubular struts serving as frame and rib truss
members in mid fuselage section as well as a
landing gear drag link of Space Shuttle Orbiter.
Carbon-Carbon-Composites are used in
the leading edges for the space shuttle and they have
been used extensively in both expendable and
reusable launch vehicles. Carbon fiber reinforced
material was first used under extreme thermal and
mechanical loads in space technology. It is high
temperature materials used for planetary Entry,
Descent and Landing (EDL) for space craft. High
modulus carbon fiber reinforced laminates are the
standard
for
many
composite
spacecraft
applications. In human-rated crew capsules,
composite panels are used to support the Thermal
Protection System (TPS) required for vehicle reentry [70]. Some type of composites known as
ceramic materials have lower densities which has
great advantage on rocket exhaust nozzles and
thermal protection systems for space vehicles.
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Figure 43: Heat shield of the ARD re-entry vehicle
Carbon fiber-reinforced silicon carbide
(C/SiC) is mainly used in a variety of RLV
propulsion applications. They offer high-strength
carbon fibers and a high modulus, oxidationresistant matrix [72]. C/SiC has also been employed
in combustion chambers and nozzles for hypersonic
vehicle. Applications of CMCs in other parts of
space vehicle, which are exposed to high
temperatures, are described by several authors.
Looking into the future, the extended use of ceramic
matrix composites in space applications faces some
challenges. First, there are challenges related to up
scaling the manufacturing from coupon level to
component level [72].
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Figure 44: Aestus engine with C/SiC nozzle
Special high temperature resistant
composites materials are applied for the hottest
components in rocket nozzles throats and exit
cones. They also used for re-entry vehicle heat
shields. These materials can be classified into two
general categories; namely ablatives and ceramic
matrix composites [70]. Space Shuttle used carboncarbon panels on the nose and the wing leading edge
to protect it from high temperatures exceeding
2,300°F during re-entry. Ablative composites are
usually either silica or carbon fiber reinforced
phenolic which absorbs heat by changing state. An
ablative heat shield was used on the Apollo capsule,
and a similar heat shield is being used on the Orion
capsule [52].
Figure 45: Composites for in-space propulsions
3.3.2
Space structures
Composites have been used in space
applications for decades. The application in space
technology continues to grow. Composite
applications can be found on human spaceflight
vehicles, satellites, payloads and launch vehicles.
Composites are enabling for spacecraft where
lightweight and environmental stability are critical
to mission success. They are also used extensively
in launch vehicles for a growing number of
applications [70].
Figure 46: Space vehicle and space station
structures
Launch
vehicles
widely
employ
composite structures for the design of their
deployable payload fairings as and sections of the
core booster such as inter-stages. Composites are
widely used in the International Space Station. All
composite crew modules for Orion exploration
vehicle are built by NASA whereas the engineering
and tooling support from Janicki Industries [40].
3.3.3
Satellite technology
Space related materials manufactured by
―Today Advanced Composites‖ are used on most
spacecraft, satellite, and planetary rover launched in
the western world. They are a key player in the
development and manufacture of cutting-edge, highreliability materials for use in the space market.
Today advanced composites has developed a wide
range of product types of resin systems and standard
reinforcements for use on high modulus PAN, pitch
carbon fiber and specialty fabrics [73]. Advanced
composites continues to develop a higher resolution
and more accurate reflectors, and more deployable
structures for the construction of ever-larger
telecommunications satellites which house more
powerful and sophisticated payloads [74].
Figure 47: Scientific satellite [75]
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3.3.4 SmallSats (Femto, Pico, Nano and Micro
Satellite) (CubeSat, CanSat and Tubesat)
The size and cost of a space craft depends
on the size as well as application of the satellites.
Small satellites are of different types, sizes and
weight up to 180kg. SmallSats are of variety of
types such as Minisatellite (100-180 kilograms),
Microsatellite (10-100 kilograms), Nanosatellite (110 kilograms) Picosatellite (0.01-1 kilograms) and
Femtosatellite (0.001-0.01 kilograms) [76].
CubeSats technology and its new
innovations in structures have showed a growing
interest in recent years. CubeSats are a class of
nanosatellites that use a standard size and form
factor [76]. The original CubeSat standard was
conceived in 1999 as a spacecraft with cubic shape
and 100 mm sides which are standardized as 1 unit
or 1U and a mass up to 1 kg. In current technology
their weight are standardized up to 1.33 kg [77]. A
composite body CanSat is a real model of a real
satellite and its basic functions. The light weight
Cansat is launched by a rocket to an altitude of
about one kilometre and then dropped from a
balloon. The composite structure casing of the
Cansat allows withstanding external forces of the
atmosphere and enabling to achieving a safe
landing. This involves carrying out a scientific
experiment safely and accurately [78].
along with applications of other composite systems
are also used in Satellites [74].
Figure 49: Two variants of a Picosatellites; Tubesat
and CubeSat [80] [81]
In some nano satellites the structure
integrated systematically with composite primary
structures to allocate a higher volume and mass for
the payload. The customizing and integrating
capabilities of composite materials are highly
attractive [77].
Figure 50: AraMiS CubeSat
Figure 48: CanSat models [78]
Picosatellites are defined as extremely
small and lightweight satellites which has a mass
less than 1 kg. The origin of the pico class is the
CubeSat, which is 10cm × 10cm × 10 cm cubes.
CubeSat itself is a specification, not a piece of offthe-shelf hardware [79]. There are different
materials used in aerospace especially for small
satellite applications. One of the special types of
composites called Fiber Metal Laminates (FML) has
gained a lot of popularity regarding aerospace
applications. FML are reinforcement of aluminium
sheets using alternate layers of fiber-reinforced
adhesives. Carbon fiber and epoxy reinforcements
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Different researches show that various
composites types are used for the structural purpose
like polyether ether ketone (PEEK) with 3D printed
as shown in the figure 51. The micro/nano side
panels are manufactured using open Isogrid plates
which are partially hollowed-out structure that
adhered to outside skins. The micro/nano side
panels are less expensive to manufacture than a
monocoque structure. The reinforced skins of the
side panels provide a stiff, stable surface to affix
body mounted solar cell arrays [82].
Figure 51: Composite structure for micro/nano
satellites
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3.3.5
Application in space technology energy
storage composite
There are various research papers on
composite energy storage. Some author analyses a
structurally-integrated lithium-ion battery concept
and developed multifunctional energy storage
composite (MESC) structures. In this study lithiumion battery materials enclosed inside high-strength
carbon-fiber composites. In order to stabilize the
electrode layer interlocking polymer rivets are used
to stack mechanically [83]. Stanford University and
the U.S. Energy Department are engaged on the
development of multifunction structures commonly
known as Multifunction Energy-Storage Composites
(MESC) that can store energy and carry loads. This
research potentially reducing the weight of battery
packs in electric aircraft [84].
high gain antenna made of 6061 aluminium matrix
diffused in bonded sheets of P100 graphite fibers.
The composite antenna (3.6 m long) offers the
desired stiffness and low coefficient of thermal
expansion to maintain the position during space
maneuvers [26].
Figure 54: Hubble Space Telescope Isolated On
White Background [86]
Graphite Gr-Al composite has been used
as high-gain antenna boom for the Hubble Space
Telescope as shown in Figure 55 with circled part.
In addition to this, SiC-Al and Gr-Al particlereinforced composites have great application in
electronic packages. These packages are commonly
used in communication satellites and Global
Positioning System (GPS) satellites [71].
Figure 52: MESC structure by Stanford University
Other study by researchers demonstrates a
multifunctional battery platform where lithium-ion
battery active materials are combined with carbon
fiber weave materials to form MESC. This
combination of the energy storage composites is
made using traditional layup methods. The sealing
medium for the battery is epoxy resin. The carbon
fibers acts as both a conductive current collector and
structurally reinforcing layer as shown in Figure 49
[85].
Figure 53: Carbon fiber battery for Cubesat
3.3.6
Telescope antenna
Composite
materials
also
have
applications in Hubble space telescope which used
DOI: 10.35629/5252-0503697723
Figure 55: High gain antenna boom for Hubble
Space telescope
Composite fibers have application in
thermal protection for Hubble telescope structures.
It is insulated with blanket of multilayered which
protects the telescope from temperature extremes
[26].
3.4 Application in UAVs
Unmanned aircraft vehicles, or UAVs, are
becoming increasingly used in military, civil, and
commercial applications. In military they are used
for intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance, attack,
and combat as well as for scientific research,
disaster prevention, infrastructure, security, traffic
control, and communication for civilian purposes.
For commercial applications commonly applied in
agricultural, environmental conservation and
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monitoring, media coverage, security, search and
rescue operations, delivery. They are mostly
constructed of composite materials to reduce weight,
increase flight time and power efficiency [87].
Figure 56: Different types of composite UAVs [88]
Different designs of UAV models are being
made with light weight composite materials. UAVs
of current aerostructures are replaced with
lightweight carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP)
composite aerostructures such as wing, empennage,
propeller, casing, cowling, booms, Quad main
structures, ducts and a fuselage. There are different
composite manufacturing processes for producing
the above components in both high and low
production volumes. Some of the processes are
prepreg composite molding using industrial ovens
and autoclaves. In addition to this resin transfer is
molding and heated press/compression molding
[89].
3.4.1
UAV fuselage, Wing, Control surfaces
and Landing gear
Nowadays UAVs are no longer simple and
inexpensive and the use of lightweight advanced
composites is essential in increasing UAV flight
time. Lear Astronics Corp Development Sciences
Centre’s (LACDSC) composite capabilities for the
design and fabrication of UAVs include high
molecular weight polyethylene, S-glass, high
electrical resistivity glass [90].
These advantages of composites over metals in
UAVs are:
Epoxies are the most commonly used
thermosets in UAVs which provide good lowtemperature properties, high chemical resistance,
good fiber adhesion, excellent dimensional stability.
They also have good performance under wet
conditions and high dielectric properties. Improved
epoxies are designed for higher-speed parts
fabrication, greater toughness and use in higher
temperatures are under research and development.
The most common thermoplastics used in UAV
construction are polyethylene, polystyrene and
polyetheretherketones (PEEK). Glass fiber is used
occasionally for its low cost and is likely to be more
common in civilian than military UAVs [91]. In
some UAV study, carbon fiber, glass fiber, and
epoxy resin are placed in an open mold and cured by
exposure to air to make a model. This method is
inexpensive and is suitable for manufacturing
prototype products. In addition to this the researcher
utilized the vacuum bag molding method. In which
the carbon fiber, glass fiber, and epoxy resin are
placed in the bag to form the shape. The figure
below shows a result and method used by the
researcher and he prepared the upper mold of the
fuselage with ribs and the main structures [92].
Figure 58: Upper mold of the fuselage and final
fuselage structure
Figure 57: Composite UAV
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Figure 59: The main and secondary structural
modules of the UAV
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Depending on the shape of UAV some
large wing structure are applied in different research
papers. In order to manufacture the wing structure,
considering the design weigh, drag-reduction
effects, suitable features and long-term construction
should also be considered to reduce drag and
improve production.
NORCO produced 42m
wingspan UAV made from composite materials
high modulus carbon fiber for their client. Working
closely with the clients, they developed lightweight
& rigid solar-powered UAVs [93].
Figure 62: UAV wing made from carbon-epoxy
In some cases, the core of the composite
structure is made of a low density aerospace
Styrofoam. The UAV composite structures are easy
to repair and modify at the final design as compared
to their aluminium counterparts [96].
Figure 63: Wing shapes created by mould
Figure 60: A wing production at NORCO
In some cases there are top and bottom
mold to produce a structure. After the prototype
from wood structure, the wing section is checked for
accuracy and final mold design is to be produced in
CNC for better tolerance. Different designs of wing
require a precise mold for manufacturing [94].
At present, composite parts with complex
geometric shapes can be manufactured without the
need for a mold design. The solution to this
production problem is additive manufacturing which
is the process of creating an object by building it
one layer at a time. This method is frequently used
when aiming to quickly obtain a single part or a few
parts. A composite landing gear of the UAV aircraft
will make it possible to run it safely on the ground
without damaging the aircraft during take-off and
landing [97].
Figure 61: Male and female type molds
Figure 64: UAV composite landing gear
UAV wing can be made from Carbon-epoxy,
Aluminium 6082 T6 and Airex C70.75 [95].
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3.4.2
Multicopter frame and propellers
Carbon fiber laminate is made from carbon
fiber prepreg in the high temperature and high
pressure environment. It has high strength, light
weight, flame resistant, heat resistant and
waterproof properties. Carbon fiber sheet is widely
used in various fields, such as multicopter frames.
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Fiber reinforced composite for multicopter frame
weight reduction has important in increasing flight
time [98].
with conformal cooling channels where as the
polymer inexpensively to create plastic molds. The
above Quadcopter models are manufactured by the
molds shown in the figure 64 [100].
Figure 68: Metal molds to produce Quadcopters
[99]
Figure 65: Carbon fiber product
Carbon-epoxy
composites
have
advantages in the weight reduction of designed
structures for a particular purpose. ―UAVision‖
Company use carbon-epoxy composites in the
structural components of their UAVs as shown in
the Figure below. They bought the carbon-epoxy
composite material in a plate shape, being cut by
CNC machines based on their needs [95].
Figure 66: Quadcopter composite propellers and
main frames [99]
The plastic injection molding is becoming
more popular in multicopter frame manufacturing.
The applied additive manufacturing process deposits
material, one layer on top of another, using 3D
printing and with a geometry created in a CAD [99].
Mold halves used in injection molding
machines are manufactured using computer
controlled vertical milling machines which have
automatic tool calibration and change features.
Larger propellers are retrieved from the robotic
injection molder. The material used in the molding
compound for advanced composite propellers is
primarily a long glass fiber composite this is due to
its superior mechanical properties. The increased
need and popularity of Quadcopter racing made
some smaller propellers to be manufactured with a
Polycarbonate material [101].
Figure 69: Propeller moulds
3.5 Application in automotive and piston engines
Composite
materials
have
wide
applications in automotive technology namely in
engine, brake system, battery, body parts and other
components. Composites are widely used in the
automotive brake system [165]. Metal matrix,
ceramic matrix and carbon-carbon composites are
mainly used in brake discs. Ceramic composites are
the most commonly used brake pads. Carbon-carbon
pads exhibit superior properties but their cost is
currently very high. Carbon-carbon discs are very
expensive, used only in sports cars [102].
Figure 67: Quadcopters from polymer injection
molding
Different Quadcopter project’s use of
additive manufacturing involved both metal and
polymer. The metal is used to build the mold inserts
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Lightweight structures are essential to
achieve the efficiency standards in transportation
industry. Creating more free space in the under hood
area CFRP acts as a super capacitor for energy
storage functions of automotive body parts such as
trunk lid, bumpers and body stiffener. Carbon fiber
trunk lid of BMW E46 M3 CSL model is shown in
the figure below [26].
Figure 70: Layers of brake pads [103]
The figure below shows automotive carbon
ceramic brake and braking system in automobile
reaches up to a temperature of thousands degree
Celsius. Carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide (CSi) brake materials are being competitive brake
materials for high speed train, heavy vehicles, and
emergency brakes cranes [26].
Figure 73: BMW carbon fiber trunk lid
[104][105][106]
In a car, there are number of wires used to
gather information from sensors or to operate
several devices. Cable cords are replaced completely
when carbon reinforced fibers are used to transmit
electrical signals. A fiber composite structure
comprised of layers of conductive fiber composites
with insulation in between of them are used as a
communication device [26].
Figure 71: Automotive carbon ceramic brake
Efforts has been made since past several
years understanding the characteristics of black
phosphorus concerning application in the field of
nano-electronics, nano-photonics, optoelectronics
and other energy storage materials. They have
applications in electrochemical energy storage
devices such as lithium, sodium ion batteries and
super capacitors [26]. In electric vehicles
asymmetric super capacitor device of nickel cobalt
oxide reduced graphite oxide (NiCO2O4–rGO)
composite material and exhibits better stability
towards multistage charge discharge cycling [26].
Figure 74: High-performance car with carbon fiber
body [107]
There is a possibility to reduce the weight
of particular elements like pistons and connecting
rods which reduce engine vibrations. The brake disc
and brake drum in turn improve vehicle dynamics
[108]. Carbon-carbon material maintains its strength
at elevated temperatures which allows the piston to
operate at higher temperatures and pressures in
compatible with those of a comparable metal piston.
The carbon-carbon pistons have an advantage to
improve the thermal efficiency, reduction of weight,
increase mechanical and thermal efficiencies of the
engine [26].
Figure 72: Electric vehicle battery placement
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
Figure 75: Pistons made of aluminium MMC
Breakthrough technological advancement
is made in the area of aluminium MMC application
for production of pistons in diesel engines at Toyota
car manufacturer. The materials for the pistons were
composite materials and aluminium alloy matrices
reinforced by ceramic particles and fibres in order to
reduce wear and to improve resistance to material
fatigue at high temperatures [109] [110]. Wide
usage of aluminium alloys for engine block
production in the application of cylinders. Serial
production of cylinder barrel made of aluminium
MMC started in 1990 and it was used for the first
time at 2.3 litre engine of Honda Prelude [111]
[112].




Figure 76: Engine with cylinder barrel made of
aluminium MMC
IV. DISCUSSION
From the review paper we address a lot of
composite
materials
related
developments,
applications and researches. The core future
optimistic research developments and applications
in these areas are;
 In the past several years different researches has
been made to understand the characteristics of
black phosphorus and other composite related
materials application in the field of nanoelectronics, nano-photonics, and optoelectronics
as electrochemical energy storage devices.
 Fatigue characteristics of the composite blade
are considerably better than their aluminium
counterparts with the aluminium failing near
40,000 cycles and the composite blade
DOI: 10.35629/5252-0503697723



exceeding 500,000 cycles without failure. A
better composite blade with higher fatigue
should be studied to promote high speed rotary
wing aircraft developments without failure.
Carbon fiber-reinforced silicon carbide (C/SiC)
is mainly used in a variety of RLV propulsion
applications. They offer high-strength carbon
fibers and a high modulus, oxidation-resistant
matrix and a better or equivalent C/SiC
materials should be studied in this area which is
used for RLV as well as rocket related exhaust
nozzles.
More researches should be done on ―ablative
composites‖ in aerospace technology. They are
usually either silica or carbon fiber reinforced
phenolic which absorbs heat by changing state.
Composites called Fiber Metal Laminates
(FML) has gained a lot of popularity regarding
aerospace
applications
in
Satellites
development of Isogrid in satellite structures.
An equivalent of FML materials should be
studies for different aerospace applications.
The side panels of solar cell arrays are
manufactured using open ―Isogrid plates‖
which adhered to outside skins. They should be
less expensive to manufacture than a
monocoque structure. The skins reinforce the
side panels and provide a stiff, stable surface to
affix body mounted solar cell arrays. They are
with triangular stiffening ribs and further
analysis should be made on the structures with
other geometries which effectively stiffens the
body.
Further study should be made on Multifunction
Energy-Storage Composites (MESC) related to
the active materials that are combined with
carbon fiber weave materials to form energy
storage composites. This requires different
material designs as a packaging medium for the
battery and different carbon fibers to be used as
both a conductive current collector and
structurally reinforcing layer.
Improved epoxies are designed for use in
higher-speed
parts
fabrication, greater
toughness and use in higher temperatures are
still under development. Further studies should
be taken place in the application of ―improved
epoxies‖.
Additive manufacturing best choice for UAV
parts with complex geometric shapes without
the need for a mold design and low
manufacturing costs. This method should be
further studied for manufacturing parts with
more complex designs and small dimensions.
The use of carbon reinforced fibers to transmit
electrical signals in sensors, communication
|Impact Factorvalue 6.18| ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal
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devices like transceivers and other as a layer of
conductive fiber composites should be further
studied.
[6].
[7].
V. CONCLUSION
In the future, the wide use of different
composite materials in aerospace and automotive
technology needs further new studies to create and
improve system or designs. There are challenges in
aerospace especially in space applications namely in
energy storage, temperature resistant and lightstrong materials. First, there are challenges related
to up scaling the manufacturing from coupon level
to component level. Further studies are required
both for aerospace and automotive in the areas of
Multifunction Energy-Storage Composites (MESC),
nano-electronics,
nano-photonics,
and
optoelectronics as electrochemical energy storage
devices. Studies in high-strength carbon fibers in
rocket related designs.FML and Isogrid has a wide
application in aerospace engineering which initiates
further studies as well as other equivalent
technologies with other composite types and
different laminate types. We conclude that the future
technologies require development and research in
ablative composites, conductive fiber composites,
MESC, composites in nano-electronics, nanophotonics, and optoelectronics as electrochemical
energy storage devices and other new purposes will
be our best areas of research.
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u
automobilskoj industriji‖, SSN 1330-3651
(Print), ISSN 1848-6339, DOI: 10.17559/TV20130905094303.
|Impact Factorvalue 6.18| ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal
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