Discover Debate

미 SCOVER DEBATE Basic Skills for Supporting and Refuting Opinions Michael Lubetsky / Charles LeBeau / David Harrington Produced and published by: Language Solutions Incorporated ⑧ 2000 by Michael Lubetsky, Charles LeBeau, and David Harrington All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. The persons, entities and events in this book are fictitious. Any similarities to actual persons or entities, past or present, are purely coincidental. Book Design: Language S 이 utions/David Harrington /Chikako Koyama Produdion: Language Solutions Layout: Chikako Koyama Cover/Interior Design: Ty Semaka This edition reprinted and distributed in Korea by Compass Publishing http://www.compasspub.com email: info@compasspub.com ISBN 978-89-8446-5 1 7-6 1 O 0 래we This book is dedicated to: Brian 」 effrey Moss 」 anuary 6, 1958 . June 21, 1999 He was our colleague, and our friend. Hewi ∥ always be in our hearts. To 轍。． eTe he, y This book is an answer to a much debated question: "Is debate possible for low level learners?" We have tried to answer strongly in the affirmative. However, we feel stron 이 y that it is necessary to take a somewhat different approach to debate for low level learners. New concepts and methodologies are required. These are the concepts that have proven successful for us. We hope they, in turn, will be successful for you. Stepping Stones Toward Debate First, this book recognizes that debate is a very sophisticated form of immediate, interactive communication. Debate assumes a high level of discourse skill. Thus, although the goal of the book is debate, Unit 1 begins not with debate but with exchanging opinions. We assume nothing and start from zero. From there, we have paved the way to debate with 9 small, but necessary, steps (units) that can be taken in stride by beginners. This journey is a road of discovery, hence the title of the book. Along the way, we learn how to support opinions with reasons, how to support reasons with evidence, and how to organize information into a coherent message. Continuing down the road, we learn how to refute explanations, how to challenge evidence, and how to organize refutations into a coherent message. Finally, we learn how to make rebuttal arguments, and then, at the end of the journey, we are ready to discover and enjoy debate. Metaphorically Speaking Secondly, debate is, by its very nature, abstract. But abstractions are very difficult to teach. So, we have had to find a way of making debate concrete, a way of making the reasoning of debate visible to the students. To this end, we have found comparing debate with constructing a house, attacking a house, and rebuilding a house to be a very powerful metaphor. Thus, throughout the book, the first page of each unit cements the unit's contents to the house concept. Metaphorically speaking, the roof of the house is the topic, or resolution, of the debate. This roof is supported by pillars, or reasons, and the entire house rests on a foundation of evidence. Only careful construction allows a house to withstand the attack of storm and gale, snow and rain, wind and hail. Likewise, only strong reasons and firm evidence allow a debate case to withstand well-aimed refutations. We also learn how to turn the case around and see it from the opposite point of view. In this way, the house metaphor teaches us that debate is about attacking the building, not the builder. User Friendly Format Third, knowing that beginners function best in a clearly structured environment, we have endeavored to make each lesson learner friendly. Learners walk through 6 steps. First, they experience the unit's debate target skill in the Discovery section. Second, learners see the target skill systematically presented in the Model section. Third, in the Language Focus section, learners practice the language needed for implementing the target skill. Next, the learners experiment with both the language and the unit's target skill in a carefully Controlled Practice. Now that learners have had adequate practice in both the language and the target skill, they are ready to place the target skill within the context of debate in the Debate Application. Each unit ends with an assignment, the Project, that asks students to dig into their lives and the mass media to uncover the target skill in action. The Project takes debate beyond the classroom and invites learners to challenge what they see and hear in the world around them. Topics: From the Silly to the Sublime A final note 沁 out the debate topics in this book. We have included a full spectrum of topics from the silly to the sublime. But there is a method in our madness. We have used simple topics (For example: cats vs. dogs, country vs. city) to introduce the new debate skills. Our experience has shown that focusing on both the content (the issues) and the form (debate skills) overwhelms learners. Rather than discovering the debate skill, students just get lost in the issues. However, this is not to say that there are no challenging topics in this book! We have included tough issues such as capital punishment, gun control, nuclear energy, national service, and economic development in the third world. But we have carefully selected these topics and placed them to review and consolidate the target skills, not to introduce them. In the final analysis, Discover Debate is not about issues, it is about how we talk about issues. This book is not about global issues, human rights, or the environment. It is about how we think about, how we talk about, and what we want to do about global issues, human rights, or the environment. To misquote Confucius: Give your students an issue and you feed them for a day. Teach them debate skills, and you feed them for life. I「J'"' r:TrT n L,l‘ 」 I ■ 너 I ■ r 」 Unit ` Have An Opinion 샛쇽『 CUS ·cictice 臘歡 샌 ication Un；퓰 2 稽 age h계 fice nion Ct Gimme one reason... Brainstorming Reasons Creating a Questionnaire Supporting Your Opinion 螂 ’熱麒， $ ke （》 Pli, ion ct One, Two, Three Case Study Researching Supports Organizing Your Opinion cus ；궁締누」 Contr& L 31 Supporting your Opinion Types of Support Giving Supports 纏 →· 17 Explaining your Opinion Strong Reasons Compare & Contrast Giving Reasons : oIIed te A pp Unit 4 Debate Terms Debate in the News Opinions in the News Explaining Your Opinion 쎄 Unit 3 Your Opinion Opinions of Value, Policy, & Fact Agree or Disagree Opinion Survey 「 cictice 47 Organizing your Opinion Signposts Macro and Micro Organization for the 1AC Debate Introductions and Conclusions Strip Speech Debate 7 piicaton Present your House Project Letter to the Editor Unit 5 over lel Refuting Opinions L: ’ 衍》軋奉뼜 re Focus Refuting an Opinion Types of Refutations irol d Practice Stating a Refutation Point → Refutation Debate Application Making Refutations Tennis Debate Project Critiquing an Editorial C轍 Unit 6 61 Refuting Explanations 75 Chal-enging Supports · 」 scov 戰繃젭 Challenging Supports eI Testing Supports 孃鱗輸饌了 Asking Questions trolled P, Question Supports cite Apphcation Challenge Supports Question & Refute Critiquing an Advertisement Refuting a Source 駭卜 Uni 즙 ' 罹 ect OrganÌZing your Refutati ㅇ n 鍈驢《裁 ㅇ 毒 '0de 獵 uage Macr0 0rganizati n for the 1 NC Focus trolled Practice cite Application Micr ㅇ Organization for the 1 1 ｀」 C The 1 NC Refutation Format M ini.Debate Responding to an Editorial 劤《츙 Unit 8 89 Organizing Your Refutation Debating An Opinion 』 scove 103 Debating an Opinion del 釜穫鸞鑽엣 欒 4囊 ractice " ition 「 Debate Formats Responding to Attacks The Rebuttal Rebuttal Speeches Flowing a Debate Debate Chain Unit 9 DISCOVer Debate ions 】】7 Flow a Complete Debate Topics Advanced Topics Append ices 】 25 Transcripts 】 35 T。 Stude"ts 吟 Hey, what is this book about? 醜斛／木튼 In Unit 1, we prepare the roof of the house. 따 "Discover Debate" makes debate as simple as building a house! 줍 In unit 2, we support the roof with strong pillars and walls. es이ee 」「廬 a strong foundation to support the house. De 븍찮 e洲e r닙 s Then, in Unit 3, we build 擲 After building your house, we learn how to explain it in Unit 4. 눋」， Care 櫓 Cats Make Better Pets Than Dogs ) 0 。O「O 。 O Cost 오 Care 25% cheaper Can walk themselves team's house. Finally, in Units 8 and 9, we are ready to discover and enjoy debate! ―∼ 沁 3Cats Make Better Pets Than Dogs `9 0 。 ○ Cost 25% cheaper e 。 ④ 吐ㅈ상 Can walk themselves 乙鉀纛 In Units 5, 6, 7, we learn how to attack the other ㄷ n \-U O 건7니 n ㅁ ㅁ 0 ㅁ D 。 Oc O o겹U驪n 길 n 닐’ㅍ ㅡ 0 O □ Dㅁ ㅁ ㅇㅇ괘 O 紗緻 ㅁ ㅁ ■ 兩壅즈 / L I) H f Jb 0 0 00 惻紐呵 0 O딥i0. □ 「猫一「「「 0000r1 므 니l 디 . 0尸「 00 다尸（做 rt\ 0 q □ nD 디q다 ogn J ― 랙 J 「 - ㄷ．．＝【．。 뻑． O. [ B D D uuuu 鵬D,7岬｀白 d～이 獅珊斑轍 0心鐄。10 勵으 비멩〃구吟本 Everyone has opinions! This New Yorker thinks that the city is better than the country. What do you think? Do you agree with his opinion? Do you disagree? What is your opinion? Read the following opinions. What do you think? Do you agree or disagree with the statements under the pictures. Check (V) the box next to either ㅣ AGREE or - DISAGREE. 눼-讐 나엣。芯 스 ￡ ’蜜瑕，「싸媤 □ I DISAGREE. 2 □ I AGREE. rf 令 1. Math is the most important subject! :: 2. The government should lower taxes! □ I AGREE. □ I DISAGREE. ■．■ · 0.· ㄷ．＊【 .＝。빽．。． OP 3. Cats are better pets than dogs! □ I AGREE. 4. Eating fast food is not healthy! □ I DISAGREE. □ I AGREE. □ I DISAGREE. z 27 ZZ f녹 큅22 21 2 Zz 고2 2 1 ，小윌 u꿴Z 5. Soccer is more exciting than baseball! 6. U.F.O.'s have already visited Earth! □ I AGREE. □ I DISAGREE. □ I AGREE. □ I DISAGREE. 밀石 k ir k1' '1F-{1'k. Compare your opinions in this exercise with the opinions of your classmates. Did you and your classmates all a or disagree with the same opinions? Did you sometimes have different opinions? Do you always agree with everyone else's opinion? Do you sometimes disagree? Debate starts when two people have different opinions about the same idea. 3 Run to the Corner Game Listen to the opinion and decide whether you agree or disagree. Run to the corner marked AGREE or DISAGREE according to your decision. Repeat for each opinion. Opinion is the starting point of discussion or debate. Remember that an opinion forms the roof of your debate house which in turn is supported by the pillars and walls of reasons and a foundation of evidence. Just as a roof can have different shapes, opinions can have different types. Opinions usually fal- into three main types: Value, Policy, and Fact. 口뾔Fr】（솰‘礪‘·ㅌ래花“낑」 p 팹鱗빼隣 Opinions of Value state that one thing is better than another. For example: I think that dogs are better pets than cats. ino i. 觸텼떼巖翩轍긺． 0 Opinions of Policy say that the government or some other type of authority such as your company management or school administration should do something. For example: I Zeel that the government should lower taxes. ∼ Opinions of Fact state that som ething is true, was true, or will become true. For example: The Earth is getting warmer. ， O Read the sentences on the right. Decide whether they are Opinions of Value, Opinions of Policy, or Opinions of Fact and write the appropriate number in the space given. The first one is done for you. … … … J솨 … Opinions of p이 icy … … … Opinions of Fact … 竗∼ Cats make better pets than dogs. a0 00 OdOO. … Opinions of Value U．． .【＝。빽．。딥 ． 탭汕釀」目 Opinions of Va-ue, Policy, & Fact Math is more important than English. U.F.O.'s have already visited Earth. The government should raise taxes. Soccer is more exciting than baseball. Eating fast food will make you fat. City life is better than country life. Students should not have to wear uniforms. This company should hire more women. … The deserts of the world are getting larger. 5 .. 맣 When someone gives you an opinion you should respond. The other side ot having an opinion is responding to someone else's opinion. Depending on the situation, you can respond strongly, (I strongly agree/disagree!) or you can respond weakly (I guess so). You can respond formally (I couldn't agree with you more!) or informally (Yuck!!!). ． =Oy.0. OPi ■0. ' Agree or Disagree Study the language in the Opinion and Response Boxes below with a partner. One partner gives an opinion, the other partner gives a response. OPINION BOX I think that I believe tli at 0 I'm certain that I feel that (no thing) 0 논 RESPONSE BO狐궂 ，山． 0 cats are better pets than dogs. D there will be an earthquake in Tokyo next year. Q swimming is better exercise than walking. 中 Not me! LJ the government should lower taxes. 令 Nle too. ― Soccer is more fun than I think so baseball. too. 댜 짹 RESPONSE B 。x瀜緇驪 ∼ '6눙 cats are better pets than dogs. I agree (that...) (with...) there will be an earthquake in Tokyo next year. I disagree (that...) (with...) I'm certain that 0 swimming is better exercise than walking. I feel that the government should lower taxes. 令 Not me! Soccer is more fun than hasehill (nothing) ＝。。빽 ． O 。 Pinl 0· . I think that I believe that ㄷ．．【 .. OPINION BOX Me too. I think so too. A… PAIRWORK ` Partner A goes first. Partner B starts at the top of the next page. 0 State the following opinions to Partner B. Partner B wi ∥ respond. Check to see if Partner B makes the correct response as written below. A: I 'm certain that dogs are better pets than cats. ㅇㅇ 0 r.i M B: Not me. I love cats. 淵 : A: I feel that summer is better than winter B: I disagree with you. I like to ski. A: It is more interesting to watch videos than to go to the theater. B: I think so too. It is really nice to stay home. 핫灝：흼 A: I think that smoking cigarettes is dirty. B: Me too! I would never even want to start. PAIRWORK 2 Partner B wi ∥ state some opinions. Pick the best response from the two given for each opinion. Your partner wi ∥ tel- you if you chose the correct response. B: Listen to Person B's opinion and respond. A: I disagree with you. I love watching Basketball. A: I disagree with you. Soccer is my favorite sport. B: Listen to Person B's opinion and respond. A: I think so too. I'm worried about the future. A: I don't 小 ink so. Rainforests are very important for the future. : i cs :t 넜 0 L1*쨉陋】귄너多 ㅇ 'i'A : s: B: Listen to Person B's opinion and respond. A: Me too. It's my favorite dessert. A: Me too. I need to stop eating it so that I can lose weight. Listen to Person B's opinion and respond. 스 A:B: Not me! I think they're ugly. J치 Z꼬너余｀ A: I agree that frogs are ugly animals. 7 「 =． . ．【 OPINION BOX ｀맥盼 I think that I believe that =OJ`. 0. OPi.io. I'm certain that RESPONSE BOX cats are better pets than dogs. I agree (that...) (with...) there will he an earthquake in Tokyo next year. I disagree (that...) (with... Q swimming is better exercise than walking. 中 Not me! I feel that the government should lower taxes. 人4e too. (nothing) Soccer is more fun than baseball. I th ink so too. O Partner B PAIR WORK ` Partner A starts from the top of the previous page. Partner B starts here. Partner A wi-- state some opinions. Pick the best response from the two given for each opinion. Your partner wi-- tel- you if you chose the correct response. A: Listen to Person A's opinion and respond. B: Not me. I love cats. B: I agree. I love cats. A: Listen to Person A's opinion and respond. B: I disagree with you. I like to ski. B: Not me. I love elephants. A: Listen to Person A's opinion and respond. B: I think so too. It is really nice to stay home. B: I think so too. It's good to get out of the house. ㅇ 따硼며【 .］시 14]lJ .! 귄너휘 A: Listen to Person A's opinion and respond. B: Me too! I would never even want to start. B: Me too! I like to eat healthy foods. O PAIRWORK 2 State the following opinions to Partner A. Partner A wi-- respond. Check to see if Partner A makes the correct response as written below. A: I think that basketball is a more interesting sport than soccer. B: I disagree with you. Soccer is my favorite sport. ㅇ A: I feel that we should stop cutting trees in the rainforests. B: I think so too. I'm worried about the future. A: I'm certain that chocolate makes you fat. B: Me too. I need to stop eating it so that I can lose weight. A: I think that frogs are cute. B: Not me! I think they are ugly. 8 ㄷ． . ．】。．0딥.1。1． We exchange opinions on many different topics as part of our daily communication with friends, family, classmates, and co-workers. Not only do we have to give our opinions, but we are expected to agree or even disagree with other people's opinions. =OJ. ` 硼 Listen to these four model conversations at the party. Can you guess the topic of '\ 'i -2 -1轍ㅡ each conversation? Write the conversation topics in the boxes below. Do the speakers agree or disagree with each other? Are they talking about an opinion of fact, value or policy? Fill in the boxes. qZ 첵 昆「嚥룐 <F> 노 - ,, 瘢F뒹 麻 Topi C'. LII Agree □ Disagree LilFact EliValue [lIP 이 icy OTopic: 弘디 0 D LI Agree LI Disagree LiliFact LiValue PiPolicy 纘 or`> 0 ／芒 O : QD , □ Disagree ㅇ夕 LilFact LiliValue LiPolicy 갸, ，/ rU □ Agree □ Disagree O 디 Fact LiliValue [IlliPolicy PO LilAgree 직뇌 놀＾ ,V C』 7직 伊 l " OTopic: O 9 · . 「·r：ㅜ혔 r7ㄱ I ”「． ■ · ,｝무 L ` , 』 l ■ ■ L ,1 Ik'1 ’』 ■ ■ ` IL II L L 디 =n【＊ · Opinion Survey 。． =OJ`.0. OPi ni Make your own questionnaire for a survey. Complete the sentences in the boxes below. 騙鰍h紬，. r I think that itiL' 1펴 '` ·‘ 큔온滯 n鉀택「 tastes better than (food) (food) is more interesting than (school subject) 枋蔘鬱驟腑？J (school subject) I feel that playing 昏 is more fun than playing (sport) (sport) I feel that the government should I think that schools should I am certain that The world will become 'r―士．，∼∼ J，옭‘∼…」，·‘」써”옭｀'* f‘【幻 ''8艇「’ rㅋ u멩ㅜ→ 』‘r’무『，펙－】0 ’·’’ 븐 心 스．gree… =OJ`. 0. 刪山JI楓 U&-i 綢／늦 _ 0.5-S 山蠟／嘶嶝，』／시 tastes better than Most people agree/disagree that (food) Disagree (food) Agree Disagree Most people agree/disagree that is more interesting than (school subject) (school subject) Agree Disagree Most people agree/disagree that playing _ is more fun than playing _ 스．gree, ｀·… Disagree (sport) Most people agree/disagree that the government should Agree Disagree Most people agree/disagree that schools should Agree Disagree Most people agree/disagree that 스．요． ree·… Disagree Most people agree/disagree that the world will become 스 gree·… Disagree Agree Disagree Most people agree/disagree that Most people agree/disagree that ㄷ．＊· 【 qL 뾔 〈님 D 닝 rm 과 disagree with your opinion? with your statements. Mark their responses below. 趨欌 콰 people. They should agree or disagree 蠟 갸 Report the results of your survey of 5 people. Did most people agree or Take a survey. Read your sentences to 5 (sport) 0 -e O’ ．。 삐 1． .. =OJ`. 0. ㄷ．．】 Debate Terms There are some special terms used in debate. The opinion in a debate is called the Proposition or Resolution. The debate team that agrees with the resolution is called the Affirmative Team. The team that disagrees with the resolution is the Negative Team. The people in charge of evaluating the debate are called Judges. Look at the illustration below. Label the illustration with the debate words from the word box below. 0 "C^,'r 1l4 珹c 乙 7174 욘八〃劤 do夕 t. ,, 건옷L。」漆各1 W l 毓 D'O O 抛［ p… 0 ㅇ 쟈 닛 】2 ) Judge Res 이 ution Affirmative Team Negative Team Audience Debate in the News 1 Un【． . Debate is an important part of life. The newspaper is filled with debates. People state their opinions, agree or disagree with each other, or agree or disagree with government, company, or school policy. =O빽 ． 0. Read these opinions from the news. Find the resolution that best matches the issue in the story. Write the number of the resolution in the circle provided. RESOLUTION NUMBER O딥 .。 1 1．濩 . 「：』山 lION r 『 "，→／맬》，컨7` Whales should he protected. 닛J/ 2. RESOLUTION LONDON (AP)-Figures released last week showed manufacturing, consumer spending, and construction The number of fish is declining because the big ones are eating the small ones. of new housing all down from a year ago. Even though these economic indicators show signs of a further economic slowdown, the Prime Minister's office Tuesday released a statement showing confidence in the economy. "The fact that interest rates have not increased indicates a healthy, recovering economy," said the Prime Minister's spokesperson. 3, JLUTION Canadian fish are tastier than Australian beef. 4. RESOLUTION The government should take action to improve the economy. 5. RESOLUTION The government should not allow the catching of whales. 6. RiJ OLUTION 뻬― 묜飾L歷l빤｀ Ce 轟써／＊거0‘毓驪눴（∼ RESOLUTION NUMBER - IM OSAKA (Reuters)-A new organization, Consumers United, held its first annual I--. conference here yesterday. The group, founded in January of last year, aims to promote consumer rights in Japan. The main issue of discussion yesterday was ways the government can help the Workers should try to help the economy more. RESt ! JTION Overfishing off the Newfoundland coast destroys fishing. 8. RESOLUTION The economy is getting better. 9. RESOLUTION 님釉 average consumer by improving the economy. Said conference organizer Ichitaro Shintaro, "The government is All of the whales in aquariums and amusement parks should be set free. not doing anything about the economy. ; ;i. RESOLUTION It is better to eat fish than to eat beef. ㅏ肉ㅏ― The government needs to take a more active role." 《f／∼《＼‘→】「「 , RESOLUTION Whales should not eat people. 」 3 Early this morning dozens of people gathered at this famous amusement park to demand the release of all whales. The protesters carried signs ■＝■ 0. three more newspaper clippings. Read them. Look again at the resolutions ―슥비’ L’ ㅑ MARINELAND (LA Daily News)- 뇨꿱出｀wt샥l―ㅢi 颱，麗 ㄷ ． · ．＝【。빽 。。 P O ． … RESOLUTION NUMBER - More debate in the news! Here are 2. RESOLUTION The number of fish is declining because the big ones are eating the small ones. saying "Free The Whales Now!" Tom Green, the leader of the protesters, said in an interview that "whales were born free and they should live free." －꽈及§｀，브殃으艸r，汰「《렝欠 below and find the resolution that best matches the issue presented. Write the number of the resolution in the circle provided. 1 . RESOLUTION Whales should be protected. 3. RESOLUTION Canadian fish are tastier than Australian beef. 4. RESOLUTION The government should take action TORONTO (Toronto Times)-A Canadian study released Monday to improve the economy. showed that the number of fish is fishing for centuries, has suffered recently from overfishing. The study showed that, in particular, large fish 끼· 찌， 찌l rapidly declining off the shores of Newfoundland. This area, famous for 5. RESOLUTION The government should not allow the catching of whales. 6. KESOLUTION Workers should try to help the economy more. near the top of the food chain have all hut disappeared. 12 Weekly news 7. RESOLUTION RESOLUTION THEN 撰ADIAN 딧 FISHERMAN'S MARKET 뵤nn汕 IFn 驪튤n즘 u rrF 丁】鬪前汪 linh' 汀汀긔 孝 rllliFTI 玎汀芍率 눙硼皿二硼皿二u硼읽 m Overfish i ng off the Newfoundland coast destroys fishing. 8. RESOLUTION The economy is getting better. 9. RESOLUTION All of the whales in aquariums and amusement parks should be set free. 】 0. RESOLUTION It is better to eat fish than to eat beef. 」 1. RESOLUTION Whales should not eat people. 치 Read the following two stories from the news. Can you think of the issue being debated? Write a resolution based on each story. ＿『／‘ㅏ，`07∼， ZURICH-The International Olympic Committee is beginning the final round of discussion for deciding the host of the 3rd Olympics of the new millennium. An Olympic official, who asked not to be named, said the main contenders are still Beijing, China; Cape Town, South Africa and Toronto, Canada. The official said that competition between the n very inmen with each city ins ;ting it is the best site. The Olympic committee is still not sure in which city the Games should be held. / TOJ｀。 O떼t OPi.i RESOLUTION ㄷ ． · ．【。． Debate in the News 2 ,/'｀뱀卜치 눋 4→／∼｀∼，∼ RESOLUTION WASHINGTON DC-The American Red Cross announced yesterday that there is a dangerous shortage of blood in several hospitals throughout the nation. A spokesperson for the Red Cross said that more and more Americans have stopped giving blood. In particular, it seems that the number of high school and university students giving blood has declined. Compared with a decade ago, donations by young people are down by about 68%. The spokesperson said that giving blood was perfectly safe and not painful. T띠·，/ 15 Debate is not just something that we study in the classroom. Debate is something that happens a-- around us. When you look outside the classroom, you wi-- begin to notice how much the debate ski-Is you are studying are used in the rea- world. This Project asks you t 헤 ook for debates in newspapers. O딥 ㄷ．．】 =빽 O00 ． · i · .． Opinions in the News ■ 0. 騷因n Look through a recent 戚霞． Cut out the article. newspaper or magazine. Find an article that expresses an opinion. 拷 Glue the article to a piece of paper. / 枉뎌因■ Write a resolution for the article. It can be a resolution of value, policy, or fact. 撚戚因U Bring your article with its resolution to class and give it to your teacher. 16 繇啣。。『。。踐 O O n너U 凹卜 애 몌→몌 門 건니HU 《”U ^n"U 《 [ n ●】 ■．●】 · · ！눠 ·져 C 〔겹 T了〔r- ` V f:,'-Ti 士· 11· A 쵸 ’끄 더 Are tool 帆瀋O 百， 죤 1 白氓 Are not! Are no 十 l 囚 Sugar bombs are , better than Hyper Holes! ·癬 륫 Unf ipEx Ploiningyour o 딥in oi n Explaining your Opinion ·F Everyone has opinions but opinions do not stand by themselves! Opinions are based on reasons which must be explained. Without explaining the reasons for an opinion, communication breaks down and becomes childish as with the two children in the illustration above. When explaining, the key point is to provide reasons that other people, not just you, find reasonable and convincing. ② to the short conversations. What is each person's opinion? What reason do they Li Ste flg ive? Write the reason under each picture. The first one is done for you. 1. Opinion: Math is the most important subject. REASON:we We】8 。。령 孀’’병． o . 꾈 봬 ―노－니― ∼ 하｀ 쁘 ,쓰二싹奪／ 찬 2. Opinion: U.F.O.'s have already visited Earth. REASON: REASON: ．님P。－ i. .g iy 。．' O딥. 1 。 1． Un一． . p 3. Opinion: Living in the city is better than living in the country. 4. Opinion: The government should lower taxes. REASON: 漱榧脯〃 르 Lar brge 1Z flules 금 IZ 괵瓷〈孔r휩 Eating fast food Uㅗ： 00르 。 I딪雌 5. Opinion: Soccer is more exciting than baseball. REASON: 「0ㅡ ' 吻놨＼ 노 _ 盆，∼才2」 6. Opinion: Eating fast food is not healthy. REASON: Were you convinced by the reasons? Which reasons were convincing? Which reasons were not? In debate, your job is to convince a judge or an audience to agree with your opinion by providing reasonable explanations. It is the judge's job to decide which team's explanations are most convincing and thus who wins the debate. In this exercise you were the judge. You decided which explanations were reasonable and which were not. 19 n-' ' P Oi. 。 i＝ ㄷ．． .’一 D 님P 。－ . 1 ． 1 蠟y。．呱江 Strong Reasons An opinion is like the roof on a house. A roof needs walls, or it wi ∥ fa I- down. Similarly, an opinion needs reasons, or it too wi ∥ fa I-. Reasons are like walls. Some walls are strong and hold up the roof wel-. Other walls are very weak and can't hold up the roof we I-. Similarly, reasons can be strong or weak. In debate, the audience and judges decide if a reason is strong or weak. · A strong reason must logically support the opinion. · A strong reason must be specific and state the idea clearly. · A strong reason must be convincing to a majority of people. You are the judge. Read the opinions and the three reasons that follow them. Check the box next to the reason you think is the strongest. 1. Cats are better pets than dogs... □ a. because cats can see better in the dark. □ b. because cats are cleaner. □ c. because hot dogs have mustard; cats don't. 2. It is better to live in the country than the city... □ a. because the country has more good things. □ b. because I like it. □ c. because the environment is cleaner. 3. Teenagers should not smoke... □ a. because it makes their breath smell bad. □ b. because I don't like to smoke. □ c.because many people who begin smoking as teenagers later develop cancer. □ 4. It is better to be single than married... □ a. because some married people are not happy. b. because single people have more exciting, interesting lives. c. because married people have more lovers. □ 5. The rain forests of the world should be protected... □ a. because rain forests are natural. □ b. because rain forests produce oxygen. □ c.because trees are needed for wood to build houses. 20 ㄷ．＊【. p Compare & Contrast i. ni ． 딥 。 님 － 떱 y．。· When giving reasons we often make a Comparison, show a Contrast, or show a Cause-and-Effect relation. Comparisons are used when we want to emphasize a difference or an advantage. We make use of Contrast when we want to emphasize that two things are opposites. We use Cause-and-Effect to emphasize results or to show a potential result when something is done or when something is not done. Each of the files below contains different language patterns for Comparison, Contrast, and Cause-and-Effect. Study the three files below, then try the language exercise on pages 23 and 24 with a partner. ` P O ■．■ · 0. Cats catch mice; dogs don't. Cats are clean; dogs aren't. Cats can take care of themselves; dogs can't. Cats don't bother your neighbors; dogs do. Cats will leave you alone; dogs won't. If the government raises taxes, then all the roads can be repaired. If the government doesn't raise taxes, all the roads cannot be repaired. Smoking causes cancer. Cancer is caused by smoking. If smoking causes cancer, people shouldn't smoke. If cancer is caused by smoking, you should stop smoking. 21 ＼낚 태L …： Debate Delivery MANNER In debate, your goal is to convince the judge and audience that your opinion is correct. Ib convince the judge and audience, you must have strong matter, which means strong reasons, supports, and refutations. However, in addition to strong matter, you also need strong manner, which means that you must speak in a way that is interesting, not boring. Manner includes gestures, eye contact, posture, voice, and humor. GESTURES Use gestures when you speak. For example, show one, two, or three fingers when you begin your first, second, or third point. You can make a fist to show that you are angry, or you can point to the other team when you paraphrase their points. When you are not making a gesture, let your hands relax. Don't play with your pen, fix your hair, hold the table, or rest your head on your hands while you are speaking. EYE CONTACT While you are speaking, you should look at the ㅣ udge and audience. Do not look out the window, at the floor, at your partner, or at the other team. You want to convince the judge and audience, so you must speak directly to them. Of course, you can read evidence and check your notes, but don't keep your head buried in your notebook. I ook 니 i often to make eye contact with the judge and audience. POSTURE Posture is also very important when you are speaking. To convince the judge and audience, you must look strong and confident. You should stand up straight, balanced on both feet, with your shoulders back, and head up high. Don't slouch, wobble, or lean on the table. You can walk a bit between making points, but not while delivering them. VOICE Voice control is very important. You must speak clearly, and loud 巧 enough so that everyone in the room can hear you. Also, many people 戟橫尸 become nervous when they speak, and they speak very softly in a monotone. Monotone means that every word has the same speed, volume, and pitch. Monotonous speeches are boring. The judge and audience will want to fall asleep! When you speak, you should show emotion in your voice. You should vary your speed, _ volume, and pitch. For example, you should stress the important words in each sentence. You should become louder or softer during the most important parts of your speech, and you should pause and change your voice between points. HUMOR Finally, when you are giving your speech, you will make the judge and audience very happy if you can make them ; laugh. Always remember that debate should be fun! · 」 22 嶢 =． p . 】 Giving Reasons ． P 。 님 －。．。． PAIRWORK Now, let's practice giving reasons! Use the forms for comparison, contrast, and cause-and-effect in these four dialogs. Partner A looks at this page. Partner B uses the next page. in .. iy ' ' Oin ●l Partner ^ Dialog ` What do you think of Apple computers? (Write Partner B's opinion: .) Why? (Write Partner B's reason: .) Dialog 2 (Write Partner B's question: .) I think that orange juice is better than coffee. (Listen to Partner B's question!) Orange juice is (healthy/than)coffee. Besides, coffee keeps you awake; orange juice doesn't. Dialog 3 I think that everyone should own small cars. (Write Partner B's opinion: .) Are you kidding? Why? (Write Partner B's reason: .) "h Dialog 4 01(Write Partner B's question: .) Well, I'm certain that the government should not pay for all their medical costs! (Listen to Partner B's question!) Because if the government pays all medical costs, then it will have to raise taxes! 23 = ．．】 . p ．P 。 님－． 1.y 떱 ． .。 `． P O 。 i뻐 ． PAIRWORK Now, let's practice giving reasons! Use the forms for comparison, contrast, and cause-and-effect in these dialogs. Partner B looks at this page. Partner A uses the previous page. Partner B Dialog ` (Write Partner A's question: _.) . Fm certain ttiat Apple computers are Detter tuan Windows computers. [， · Listen to Yartner I-VS questiom' · because Apple computers are (easy/use/tflan) Windows computers. Dialog 2 Which do you prefer, orange juice or coffee? (Write Partner A's opinion: -.) 鮮’뇨 Really, why is that? I'l (Write Partner A's reason: 므E Dialog 3 『·】 (Write Partner A's question: _.) ＿· ) Oh, I disagree! I think big cars are better. (Listen to Partner A's question!) Because large cars are (safe/than) small cars and large cars are better for families. 'b" Dialog 4 What do you think the government should do for old people? (Write Partner A's opinion: _.) Why not? Iq 24 ` (Write Partner A's reason: .) 〔 rrn'rnL己．【』 !Gi 군컨 … = ．맣’． 님 딥 。－＝ .= y。 딥륵 ＝ . 。 = Gimme One Reason... PAIRWORK Partner A looks at this page, Partner B looks at page 26. First, both partners prepare by reading al- the reasons in their REASON BOXES. Partner A says "Give me one reason why..." and reads an opinion from the OPINION BOX below. Partner B answers with the best reason from the REASON BOX. Then, Partner B says "Give me one reason why..." and reads an opinion from their OPINION BOX. Partner A looks at the REASON BOX below and answers. Repeat until al- opinions and reasons have been used. "Give me one reason why... · teenagers should not smoke! · drinking too much alcohol is not healthy! · the government should raise taxes! . it will rain tomorrow! · cats are better pets than dogs! · only police should have guns! · the city is better than the country! · coffee is better than orange juice! · Apple computers are better than Windows computers! ▲ . REASON BOX Partner ^ 짼■■·翩 Because they may have an accident. Because it is safer. All the criminals live in the city! Because if taxes are lower the economy will get better. Because students need more female role models. Because they can guard your house and protect you; Because the hardware and software is cheaper. cats can't. Because they produce less air pollution. Because if they do smoke, their children will probably smoke, too. Because it has vitamin C; coffee doesn't. 25 r ㄷ．．【 .E pP x 。－ . 1 ． 뗘 1y。'． P Oin 。 i． PAIRWORK Partner B looks at this page, Partner A looks at page 25. First, both partners prepare by reading al- the reasons in their REASON BOXES. Partner A says "Give me one reason why..." and reads an opinion from the OPINION BOX on page 25. Partner B answers with the best reason from the REASON BOX. Then, Partner B says "Give me one reason why..." and reads an opinion from the OPINION BOX. Partner A looks at the REASON BOX on page 25 and answers. Repeat until all opinions and reasons have been used. REASON BOX Partner B Because there are not as many jobs in the country. Because it has to provide better medical care for older people. Because it helps you stay awake; orange juice doesn't. Because if they do smoke, they might get cancer as young adults. Because most people don't know how to use guns safely. Because they are easier to take care of. "Give me one reason why..." · parents should not smoke! · people shouldn't use telephones while driving! · the government should reduce taxes! · universities should have more female professors! · dogs are better pets than cats! · the country is better than the city! · orange juice is better than coffee! · Windows computers are better than Apple computers! · small cars are better than big cars! 26 Because Macintosh computers have better graphics. Because it causes liver damage. ral nstormi Two important tools for building a strong case in debate are Brainstorming, and Prioritizing. One way to Brainstorm, or to think and seek out possible ideas, is to make a word map. Look at this example. 戚더度■ Braunstormin 杻蝦 a峰 Z 八i c_heap p UY驢 c-a- food anImal 찧 X \ 蝦 P' you think of. Jf’쑬 1 EvaIuatin. Look at the word map. Do some of the dog. words listed suggest reasons why a cat '"c-ow \` would make a better pet than a dog? Do some of the words suggest reasons 〃α花 / why a cat would not be a better pet pc-hLing. than a dog? Write down all the reasons 珊'珂 MIc寢&섯 〃a굿〃乃 mk-e -A뿌 Starting from one keyword, in this case 銷 e-m.fve-c CAT, think of as many related words as you can and write them around the keyword. Now write as many words as you can that relate to those words. Write whatever comes to mind. Don't afwajc, try to organize your thoughts just yet. ㅣX「'駿耘侈銷 j■ VflgIc ㅆ‘．굿 c-a落r r Prioritizi, After you have written down many reasons, it is time to prioritize the reasons, that is, to put the reasons in order from most important to least important. Here are the reasons we found in our example word map for why "A cat would make a better pet than a dog.'' a. Cats catch mice. e. Cats are cute; dogs are not. f. Dogs are dirty; but cats are clean. b. Cats are cheaper than dogs. g. Cats are quiet; dogs are noisy. c. Cats sleep a lot. d. Cats have 4 legs. Which do you think is the most important? Which do you think is the least important? Rank the reasons in order from most to least important. Most Important 1. 2. Least Important 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 27 In debate, you need to find strong reasons quickly to support your case. The debate application on these two pages is a contest to help you think of reasons quickly. An important part of debate is being able to see both sides of an issue. This exercise wi ∥ also help you learn to appreciate both sides of a resolution. 鬱。 노L 꾜윕 n.r躇 ㄷ딥 ．p 】 .．님딥。－ n i ． i 떱y。．'O딥. 1 。 1． Brainstorm Reasons ∼‘／→β 日因．■ In groups of 3 or 4, brainstorm 戚宖． When your team is finished brainstorming, prioritize your reasons from best to worst. Write your team's reasons for Resolution i on the next page, "Dogs make better pets than cats." Write as many reasons as you can in 4 minutes. At the end of 4 minutes, count the number of reasons. Which team brainstormed the most reasons? , best reasons on the blackboard. 伋「낚‘더介슭 아。ㄵ무 蠟L Zk＼∼ ’닙-- 시∼ 건노 ,` 노尸｀7\/ 仲｀건，겯∼ r I.ii.Li Now, change groups and follow the same steps for Resolution 2. ■ 戚珝 Look at the other teams' reasons. Do they have the same reasons? Do similar reasons have the same priority in all groups? Continue to change groups and brainstorm and prioritize for Resolutions 3 through 5. 28 겨 Reasons 0 ㅇ RESOLUTION "Soccer is better than baseball." Reasons ㄷ．＝. 一．p P 님 。－ i. 떱 ni y。 '． ' O1. 。 1＝ 0 RESOLUTION "Dogs make better pets than cats." RESOLUTION "Baseball is better than soccer." Reasons 0 RESOLUTION "Traveling overseas is better than traveling in this country." Reasons 0 RESOLUTION "Traveling in this country is better than traveling overseas." Reasons 29 ·． =．. 【 pEx'－。ini．떱y。．. ' 큉 O· ■ Creating 。 Question noire This is a project in prioritizing reasons. 1. Think of a product and brainstorm reasons why people buy it. 2. Make a questionnaire like the one on the clipboard below. 3. Take a survey. Ask several people to prioritize the reasons. 4. Analyze your data and find the most important reasons. 5. Report the data using the sentences below. 0. Reasons for buying a soft dri flk. Most Least Important Important ／긍 ○ ○○○○ Price (Low price) 1 4 0-` 5 4 5 ○○○○ 2 3 4 5 ○○ 우답 n o ，∼／ 5 (GOOd ag 3 〈甘 ○ Calot1 르es른 (Low ca0fle) 溫 3 ○○ ○○○ ○1 Taste (Good tast이 2 n○ 닉 5 『2군 After your survey, complete the following sentences: I chose for my questionnaire topic. reason/s for buying it. I found the most important reason/s to be I brainstormed 30 ‘ C 「겹 『 `' '' _ ` ' ' 'T · 11' 』 쵸 ’끄 〔上蠟 In my opinion the country is much better 伶 because there are more fun things to do in the country than in the city. hiking. rock climbing, and 觸仁 ‘咎 than the city... For example, in the country you can go fishing, hang-gliding. 鮮 귑， 닙 蝦 ' ■．■ ㄷ．．】 .3 5．딥딥。．蠟 ’y *。． 1 '· P O 0. · Supporting your Opinion 無． O 「ㅇ 。目。凹 . 1-V * ' 了‘TT n 빻 ·‘ r' l ，」 L TI1 In Unit 2, we learned that good debate requires strong reasons. But these reasons must have solid support to stand strong and support an opinion. In the opinion of the man above, the country is better than the city. His reason is that there are more things to do in the country. What is his support? Read the supports below. Find the reason it supports on the right page. Write the letter of the support in the circle next to the reason it supports. 0 In the city, if there is 0 In the country, there 0 According to the a car accident, there will are fewer factories, fewer cars, and therefore less National Police Agency, crime in the city is three times higher than in the be a big traffic jam and you will be late for work. pollution. country. '` 놉’ e t' When you walk in city, you hear horns, cars, trains, and loud music. 0 I used to live in a 0 According to the small town. I knew famous Dr. Hoo, city life everyone and everyone knew me. We all helped causes stress. (PBS each other. 32 Journal of Health, 1999) the city because there is less crime in the country thai, in the city. 슨 汀 l 〃（各칙 the city because getting to o gu n and from work is easier ㄴ than iii the city. _ B拓 B 飇 2궁콘7 1 2 l納 The country is better than 【蟾鷺노 獵鬱楡 떱 僞 The country is better than 궈｀ because the coun ` is cleaner. 乙． it 3- Su Ppor n.y iour o pinion 因 `／獅罔’鬪‘隱 better than the city ，｀磅` 琿（+ J 《以＝下 are. friendlier. The country is ' try稽 Z 이喚出戚 The country is better than the city because the people 」八，斗 ㄴㅗ乙－ rt 크t B 겨 The country is better than the city because the country .... The country is better than the city because the country is quieter. La轉' m'Jes burgers _ㅗ 눅12 蠟I』 수 고t is less stressful than the city. 台＼샀∼나“ 쇼J쵭 7L-― 교 Z 畛 밀 fl F Ir lk1' '1 Fi{1'L-] 騙· There are many different ways of supporting reasons. How many different types were used in this exercise? 33 ㄷ．。。． 딥· 姃 0. 呱江n' Types of Support c尨커 cc- ? 맣 5. ” ’* .g iy ' Once an opinion is given and the reasons for holding that opinion are clearly explained, those reasons need to be supported with evidence. Evidence is the concrete foundation that supports the walls and pillars that hold up the Opinion, the roof of our house. Evidence can be in the form of an Explanation, an Example, Statistics or the Opinion of an Expert in the field. Read the Opinions, Reasons and Supports below. Decide whether the Support given is an Explanation, Example, Statistic or an Expert Opinion. Write your answer in the space provided. The first one is done for you. O Cats are better pets than dogs. This is because cats are easier to care for than dogs. ■．■ · 0 At the CATS'R US pet shop, a cat costs $100 while a dog costs $200. OMy friend had a really big dog, a Great Dane. That dog cost so much to keep because it ate so much food that they had to give it away. 0 Cats are smaller so they eat less food, and therefore you spend less money. _0 According to the book published in 1998, "How to Choose a Pet" by Dr. Silverhair, cats are cheaper than dogs. 괴 Cats are better pets than dogs. This is because cats are easier to care for than dogs. 코m獗 0 It takes about 1: minutes a day to care for a cat; it takes about an hour to care for a dog. O My cat can take care of itself when I go away. It saves its food instead of eating it all at once. 0 Cats are independent. They clean themselves, they walk themselves, they don't need care and attention everyday. -O According to a 1998 article in Cat Magazine by the famous animal doctor, Dr. Foxglove, cats don't need care everyday. 34 U．【． . 3 This woman believes that the government should lower taxes. She offers her Opinion with a reason and 4 different types of supports. 5딥 딥 ．。＝ . y ’．。． '뻐 P O。 i.i． Label her supports: Example, Statistic, Expert Opinion or Explanation. The government should lower taxes. Lower taxes will help the economy. If taxes are 1 e more mflore anu giv will sell hs. money t 으 spe When America lowered taxes a few years ago, people bought more things. 스 ccording to Dr. MaxI Moneybags of will i nehelp vaiiy business. rconomist, iowering taxes orate sales tIes fell by '% when our government raisea taxes last year. This man believes that the government should raise taxes. Write the letter of the sentence on the right that best fits the label on the left. The first one is done for you. Opinion L트 Tax increases in Sweden have irnpr 으 ved the quality of go vernment services tor everyone in that country. Support 1 L Expert Opinion Support 2 Statistic Support 3 Explanation Support 4 Example The government needs more money to provide better services. Without more money the government can't provide training for people without jobs. According to the Finance Minister, important services will have to be cut if taxes are not increased. The ⑧ Listen and check your answers. 35 ㄷ．＊】 ? S， . PI 。． 떱 ’ 녘. 。'1 ．OPi.。 i＝ Giving Supporis First, study the language files below on the four types of supports. (Note that some of the language used for Explanations is based on the cause-and-effect pattern from the previous unit's Language Focus.) Then, choose one phrase from each file and complete it with your own words. Say them to a partner. For example, my cat can... When I go away for the weekend, my cat can... For instance, my cat can... Let me give an example, my cat can... zo% of all women own... One out of 5 women own... One in 도 women own... 1/c of all women own..· According to Dr. Silvercat, most cats... A recent article in Cat Lover's Magazine stated that most cats... Dr. Silvercat, the famous animal doctoi said that most cats... To quote Dr. Silvercat, "Most cats..." IfI ㅡf we don't feed our dogs, they will... we didn't feed our dogs, they would... Cats are independent, so... Because cats are independent.. 36 ㄷ．．【 .3 S. P 。 P ’ ． 떱y .．。 1` 딥. 1 。． 1 O The supports below are missing some important key words! Use language from the four files on the previous page to complete the sentences below. Write your answers in the spaces provided. 1. 답he Economist magazine stated that the economy will improve next year. 2. In his latest book, Professor Kinsey of Harvard University doubt that smoking causes cancer. 3. 4. there is fl() the world stopped trading with South Africa, apartheid ended. , my grandmother smoked two packs of cigarettes everyday and she died of lung cancer. 5. we 5' teachers die. save the rainforest the world give tests, students not study. 7. Cellular phones are getting smaller 8. Technology is getting better technology is getting better. cellular phones are getting smaller. 9. days of the week begin with the letter "5". 10. months of the year have 30 days. 11. The winter months cover of the year. 12.If you spent 8 hours a day sleeping and lived to be 75 years old you would have spent of your life asleep. 13.The number of fish in the ocean has declined greatly over the last 20 years. _, in the 1970's, there was a lot of salmon off the coasts of Oregon and Washington. Now, the salmon have almost disappeared. 14. the government take action, the number of salmon not increase. 37 L「f’ㅜ” ■ ·iㅜ 7 r.i 큐”느 I ■ ■「’기 ` , 』 I"’뻐． ` ’겸 ,' ■ ■ ` 깁 ` ， · ■ ` ，성그 L,` ' 』 Form groups of 3 people. The first person reads one of the opinions from the first column below, the second person then reads the reason that best follows that opinion. The third S. P ㄷ ．．【 딥 ?。。． One, Two, Three ． ’. .g -. y 珊因디I ● r: a ^ ' P Oi ■0. 騈騈” Coffee is better B than tea... because the electro-magnetic waves affect the airplane's guidance The government should raise system. taxes on gasoline... 乍鮮’ C Smoking should D be banned in all restaurants. . . 艦 is better than wearing contact lenses... 이 d buildings should be torn There should be no scho 히 airplanes... I Basketball is much more exciting than soccer... 쐬 We should take our next vacation in the United States... J The government should ban the killing of whales... 38 comfortable. uniforms... 讒뿐 Cellular phones shouldn't be allowed on you awake. because school uniforms are not F down and replaced... G since coffee keeps Wearing glasses because contact lenses can cause permanent eye problems. 緘ㅋ公娑《就 계 ㄷ．．【3.5딥 ．딥．。 떱녘 ’。 *． 1 딥' －． 캥 0. . O person in the group then reads the support that best matches the Opinion and Reason given. Continue until all Opinions, Reasons, and Supports have been used. 錢 . 】 솔 ! O 羈 0 because it can For example, old buildings often collapse in R earthquakes. cause health problems for the other customers. S ) ' 鈐 coffee contains about 105 T milligrams of caffeine. many famous parks. U V l 1 ar to humans. 鬱 X I With higher 』 taxes people will buy less gas and that means less pollution. 더 because there is much more scoring in basketball than W S이ㄲ c recent airplane accidents have been connected with inflight phone use. Every time you touch your eyes you can cause an infection. score is 96 to 91 . inte ligent beings sim i For instance, a typical soccer score is 1 to 0. A typical basketball For example, Disneyland and Disneyworld are both in the United States. amusement are highly too cold in the winter and toe hot in the summer. Each cup of because the United States has ；·Ibecause whales They are often soccer. Y I Many stLldies j nave sflown tflat 叢 them dangerous. 麝 because they are old and weak and that makes second-hand smoke causes cancer. Z According to one study, some whales have an I.Q. of over 120. 39 ㄷ．．【． 나P S .딥． 떱 。 y｀。 ' . ． P ． O 1 i 。 뻐． Case Study We have learned that good debate requires strong reasons. These reasons must have a solid foundation of evidence to support them. Strong evidence supports the reasons, which in turn support an opinion. Finding evidence to support your reasons often requires researching a variety of sources, including newspapers, magazines, books, journals, and the internet. The supports on the next four pages are al- on the topic of capital punishment, the death penalty for major crimes. Have you ever thought about capital punishment? Discuss these questions: · Does your country have capital punishment? For what crimes? · Which countries have capital punishment? Which countries don't? · In what ways are people sentenced to capital punishment executed? · Do you agree with capital punishment? Are you for or against it? Read the sources below. Mark which sources are for the death penalty, and which sources are against it. `｀∼ fessor To ru Machigai of the University of Fcording towe a 1990 study by Pro ital crimes in the United States of ! Hawaii, 67 people르nvlct 드a궁＼냥 were actually innocent. - America between 1 닛 UU anu ''ou ∼∼』뿐／∼，｀뀁｀∼，_. □ 「아 □ Against \\ / 己 핫 〃 Wh 汕 눕 枋‘ 톄 ffek-41c- 跡十 'e-c 盼P轍 a"J 聊 u- 略 y-? fl' e 祇 Y이十」c 枋． Q柳． ov- rioKG cI‘ 繃瀚씌， 애。脚飇 cc frii 吟， ov1- rlo膠 ya必 □ For □ Against 40 ` 釀 I U ．【． 3 . 5딥 ．딥。． 뗘’ y. 。．' 1O딥. 1 。 1． There's a claim that it is more expensive for the state to execute a criminal than to imprison him for life. That is not entirely true. It is very expensive to hold someone in prison for life. Life prisoners stay in prison on average for 30 to 40 years at a cost of $40,000 to $50,000 per year. (Journal of Prison Reform, January, 2000) □ For □ Against 『 V,it눕r ‘ 죤 執鬱伊 1't 「 놀－ I嚼邂 A硼驪o 赫”勢 -”紀내浦애。〔枋 ‘ i" t?-r-fo1;( -w,v& 。｀綸 닯j岫今露 따 C Refresh Address: 「 큐 · 「］瞬 F averages O Q Smaller Histor닙 Searth HateFu1l LA Larger sA a nd Istlive cam f솝 IVOr 눼남 ·얌 졈 ·s ot 빽蝦。 crime? 이洲 크｀슉 !' 巒Print 璵 ro「핥감rd 痲瑜 rri仕 o脈「； 7--f1ofr1, 매戶毬 hltp://www. Iiveandletlive.com 디 →r』：긺 →훨』＝긺4노섶r』뿡 蒸 r卞’ piichnifrrt- doec Y1O 十膠午‘나 枋．／棘＋0 鑽 T □ For □ Against ：『푸 뎀 딤 廖吻 , , ;7＝긔四 Don't kill the innocent. Are we really sure when someone is convicted of 이 e·rCV 뜁，心。 Ho d e l빽 Three hundred and fifty people convicted of capital crimes in the U.S.A. between 1900 and 1986 were innocent of the crimes charged, according to a 1995 study. Some prisoners escaped execution by minutes, but 67 innocent people were actually executed. (Amnesty International -- Report ACT5OIO9/98, April, 1995) 蠟 Chat '511th Others □ For □ Against murdered another man. He was sent to prison for 22 In 1934, a man named Leroy Keith he went on a killing spree murdering three more years, then released. Eight months later people. （끄쁘요旦es, Spring, 1997) □ For □ Against 41 「 S. PP’* .g iy ' ㄷ．．【。 ? 。． 딥 / * " , 뺀 “ '" … 컫飇丁버 \ 뜁기 』 The State of Utah brought back capital punishment in January, 1977 because in 1976, Utah had 55 murders; in 1977, there were only 44 murders, a 20% decrease. □ For □ Against // →／ ' , ＿→∼／ ( 【 AKQ怜勿枋。 L-o坐소恤午恤씌 cic- 物 v-at &Hn idcot 아’―繃 뻔’ㅣ小繼財 O 膠ㅣ。깅緇繃 I-vc. ■．■ 蔘 0 넉 c--c 浬1 石‘ cHizc-fr1c hV L'ec-vi 볜溶 cr-c 어 0. …∼ -'-'.， …―, →，』·『，/., http;//wc.lvec!etIve.cocc i 」嶼一⑧f0r1 O吻 ㅡ 까 山 ㅡ ‘緇 히 一 Ch ㅡ r ma 윅팖 一－口跨 tt, 노Hi st or떱 r·엡O빽 ． ㅡ意 l_ Astof 11 http:f/www.Iiveandletfive.com □ For □ Against …r。 ―미 딤 srgor Seller Print Hㄺ】 Preferences C - 미；．·．.....．계極 AT r 台 - 氓庭l A 1998 study by the New York State Defenders Association showed that the cost of a trial seeking capital punishment is more than double the cost of a trial seeking life imprisonment. Pa ge = o· ‘.r A recent case for murder cost the State of New York $2.1 million dollars. The cost of the trial, if it had been seeking life in prison rather than the death penalty, was estimated to be less than $1 million dollars. □ For Chat VI논轍 Slicers □ Against ―씩． T거． frwrl 跡 r 0 1lurcIc4c J恥 Isicd 매 z〃X 써 拓‘ 巾恪 매 내ah af'tcr 卄1' 어“시巍” 拗 f SH” 〔 c4u;d of 仰 vcAc-c (JU-r c9iari.i 麻 Irviore- ;" 쌩 977. Mai. 'c9 心 □ For □ Against -, 놀』 42 .．． .【 S3 . 。 PP’. . 녘 . 1 。 '． P O 。 i.i． The state of Florida estimated that an execution costs the state $3.2 million dollars while life imprisonment costs approximately $500,000. (The Orlando Press, April 1st, 1999) □ For □ Against In Japan, some experts estimate that up to 10% of people executed since 1945 were innocent. Moreover, the number of innocent people convicted of non-capital crimes is thought to be even higher. (NKK television news special, June, 1995) ,,\67___ _ ＿上｀ \__ _ 맣｀』∼｀`＊∼＊겨．｀∼콘｀，∼ ---4-- . *' ','.6 _ □ For □ Against 논，,;,，→「 가＼以恪 /0 · 나긍‘潔 일7농泌c 夕〃／아冊”해굿 岬社 y α命沁乙 1'95, Mnt-j 沁狎위K0'v pfr-/cone-r-c Ke- ∼社紺枋 댜 嫩 K/ 7L/7L con'ie- I/110-eM 굳 pe延 kv/// be- e-xe-e-Ufe- 〃· 끄 April Ii, l ＊∼떼’∼，→，．∼， ----- ，탤＊∼，6'－취‘∼｀ 쁘즈 □ For □ Against ● Professor discusses crime with university 'aw students At today's 1998 Law Review forum, Professor Stephen Layson of USNC said that each execution of a murderer prevents 18 other murders. He showed that if we increase executions by I%, we prevent approximately 105 future murders, Cl매 ''''.,*, ，∼．,,,,', KOE ducte ㅣ into a s.awa □ For □ Against 43 교쨉 mit긔 rTrn = ＝．【 . S3 。 . PP’* 녘 n. i 0.'P 。 i. Oi． · Case Study From the sources on the previous pages, fi ∥ in the chart below. The reasons have already been filled in for you. Except for famous quotations, don't copy word for word from the sources. Rewrite the supports in your own words. Opinion Capital Punishment should ‘ ● Abolished. Reason i Pc-ii P-iaI 꺼 ic xpc-cvr- Supports and Sources O ku (4C-CArhoul c-oc+c 5.2. ryuillioui dollavc1 ' ㅔm" 初略渤 ” " 卜什 뺘 rkouriic.u+ c fc.uc.c. (OrIaucJo frc.cc 씨쌩畛항 (O /.` L Z, 치／ O 乙 Supports and Sources 44 비／ / Reason 3 M;ctc-c ruack. D/ Reason 2 吻괘 r’받드 Supports and Sources ` and 3. Then, find supports for al- 3 reasons. Reason 1 1}ic di 뗀“ㅣ꺼 胛略磁 α“帆 Supports and Sources (a) (ii 쌩9뀨／ p1 내〕h 9꺼 iurdc.rc d -rcacccJ 2.0% 拓 ‘ .ar af+r &larI1 (ifor s'ac 이 c-c.u+cc1. O’ (O ' L/-ai ta-ic 囹i Jovrpia(M 컥，〃衿O S. P’ Opinion Capital Punishment should be Retained. .．． .【3。’．떱.y1。． 삐。．＝ 1 Now, think about the other side of the issue. Review the sources, and write reasons 2 Reason 2 Supports and Sources Reason 3 Supports and Sources 45 ■．■ · ㄷ딥 i ．5 . 니．딥P。． 떱 ’녘 .。． 1 ' P O Researching Supports 0 For this project you will need to choose one set of opposite opinions. For example: The government should lower taxes. / The government should raise taxes. or Eating meat is healthy. / Eating meat is not healthy. or English is more useful than math. / Math is more useful than English. or Think of your own pair of opposite opinions. 0 Next, go to the library, and research your opinion. You may · 0. LIBRjy look in magazines, newspapers, books, on the internet, and so on. You may also want to interview experts on the topic. 허 ( Find at least 3 different reasons for each side of the opinion. If it seems difficult to find reasons, it may be that your topic is too 해 vague or too one-sided. If so, 『門門b 떻 H 石 ( 째蠟O 竇 e 毓」 n驪Z of evidence to support the ; reason. You should try to have many different sources. O When you have finished your research, write Reason-Support sheets like the ones you wrote in the m 드 l 少 " ，직 禪衿시 □□□ 楸飾 ED 른 you should choose a new set of opinions. For each reason, you should find at least two pieces r l 『炸（〃＾〔 previous exercise on Capital Punishment. ;1 -I1AI .1 ㅗ집 I -1 -Ii 너 ：」 l] You must include your sources. If your source of evidence is a book, newspaper, or magazine, you should include the title, date, author, and author's credentials. If your source of evidence is an interview, remember to include the person's name, credentials, and the date of the interview. 46 · 【쉽 〔： ·【쉽e卄 ,i,I SM코뾰프쑈꽈繃 -a II 呱血n' The first speech in a debate is called the First Affirmative Constructive speech, or the 1AC. It is called a constructive speech because it begins construction of the affirmative case/house. The 1 AC has 3 parts: The Introduction, to introduce your opinion to the ○ ■．■ ㄷ＊．．【O 춈’떱。2 ．． 1 떱 1y。`．. P O Macro Organizat Ion for the 】 AC 」 udges and the audience, the Affirmative Points, to give your reasons and supports, and the Conclusion, to finish your speech. Look at the speech below and match the labels on the left with the speech parts on the right. Introduction ○ ○○○○ · 0. ■ Point 1 ■ Point 2 ■ Point 3 ■ Point 4 ■ Conclusion 50 third point is simplicity. Soccer is 0 Our much easier than baseball. Baseball rules take hours to explain, and you need a bat, glove, and baseball diamond to play. Soccer rules are easy and all you nee d is a soccer ball and a field. is cost. Soccer tickets are 0 Our first pointer than baseball tickets. In this city, the price of a ticket to a baseball game is about three times hipher thin rhP price of a ticket to a soccer game. 0 Thank you, Ladies and 뜨 entle 벽 en. Today, we are debating the resolution, "Soccer is better than baseball." We, on the affirmative team strongly support this resolution. We have four reasons: cost, excitement, simplicity, and color. second point is excitement. Soccer is 0 Our much more exciting than baseball. In baseball, 90% of the time the players are just standing around waiting. Soccer has iction all the time. have talked about cost, excitement 0 We simplicity, and color. We have shown that soccer is a much better sport than baseball. For these reasons, we beg to propose. fourth point is color. Soccer 0 Our uniforms are much more colorful than baseball uniforms. The New York Yankees, for example, have one of the most boring uniforms in the world. ㄷ．＝．】 O춈 ’썹。．＝· ■ ． · 떱y。．' POi Micro Organizat Ion for the 1AC r In the Macro section, you learned that the first speech in a debate has 3 parts: The Introduction, the Affirmative Points, and the Conci usion. Usually, you wi" have 3 or 4 points in the first speech of a debate. Let's look closer at one affirmative point. Each Point has 3 parts: the Signpost, the Reason and the Supports. You can have as many supports for a point as you like. Look at this diagram. Introduction w ow e i -e n. - P· Our first point is cost. 2. Reason: Soccer tickets are much cheaper... 3 3. Support I: A ticket to a baseball game costs... 4. Support... ■ 0. 1. Signpost: 2 ． Point ` Point ` 5.Support... - Point 4 - Conclusion Look at the first point. We have underlined the Signpost, drawn a box around the Reason and circled the Supports. ir first Doint is price or a ticket to a baseba soccer game. tickets n t 쯔 ity, th 귿 game is aDOut three times higher than the price of aT 한 ket to 큠 cneape Look at the first point. We have underlined the Signpost, drawn a box around the Reason and circled the Supports. Our second point is excitement. Soccer is much more exciting than baseball. In baseball, 90% of the time the players are just standing around waiting. Soccer has action all the time. Our third point is simplicity. Soccer is much easier to understand and play than baseball. Baseball rules take hours to explain, and yo u need a bat, glove, and baseball diamond to play. Soccer rules are easy and all you need is a soccer ball and a field. Our fourth point is color. Soccer uniforms are much more colorful than baseball uniforms. The New York Yankees, for example, have one of the most boring uniforms in the world. 51 Debate Introduct Ions Unl t The introduction in a first affirmative constructive speech, the 1AC, has a simple structure. 4- or 따 nizing your o 딥in oi n INTRODUCTION FORMAT ⑧ Listen and fill in the words. Thank you, Ladies and Gentlemen. We are debating the resolution support this resolution. WTe have . We, on the affirmative team, strongly reasons: and PAIRWORK Practice giving constructive speech introductions. Partner A is the speaker and uses the page on the right. Partner B is the judge and uses page 54. Using the format above, the speaker greets the audience, states the resolution, and outlines the affirmative 。忖． 궁， 궁눋 resolution ndtthe noin onn points while the judge listens and writes the res _.ut.o. a-nd ._ a {-firma+ive rmat.ve po.nts .. -. e clipboard as in the example below. For introductions 1 and 2, Partner A is the speaker 」 and Partner B is the udge. Switch roles for introductions 3 and 4. Thank you, Ladies Today's Debate "Soccer is better than baseball." · COSt · excitement · simplicity · color and Gentlemen. wα are debating the resolution, "Soccer is better than baseball.'' , on the affirmative team, strongly support this resolution. ,V' have 4 reasons: cost, excitement, 硼． … simplicity, and color. … 飇隱公枋汕 lㅇ 峽뺏／…， n"nt`: 신夔느－ ----, /,) 52 。 ` 。介y's oe‘ 。．e "Capital punishment should be ab 이 ished." · mistakes respect for life ha bilitation O L , ，」｀ l"\ 0, a rtne r tJudge 0 Today's Debate "Smoking should be banned." · health · hospital costs · p해ution · ugly brown teeth ㄷ．．．【 춈 O떱 ’。．．． 떱 굿녘 1 ．。 ' P Oin 。 I ·． O t r Partner B Judcie · ■．■ · ㄷ빅·＊ 춈 · 떱 ’ O。 ■■ ． ㅒ 떱 ． y · ·。 '． PO 0.· · r . ’。，뺨 · ㅇ ”er B Speaker Today's Debate "Capital punishment should be retained." · cost Today's Debate "Smoking should be allowed." · smokers' rights rrence · victims rights 54 0 tax money 釀 U． 춈 ．【O’떱。ㅒ ． ■ ． · . 뻐 y。．'OP Debate Conclus ions The conclusion in a first affirmative constructive speech also has a simple structure. INTRODUCTION FORMAT ⑧ Listen and fill in the missing words. Ladies and gentlemen, we have talked about and and have clearly shown that . For these reasons we beg to propose. This is a general format to conclude a debate speech. In the first blanks, you give your signposts. In the second blank, you repeat the resolution. Finally, you state that for these reasons you support the resolution. ■．■ 쁘 ORK Now it is. time for you to take a turn behind the podium. Use the 0. PAIR Introauction tormat and the conclusion format you have learned in the exercises below. B. 스 · Partner ^ Make an introduction for this resolution: Make a conclusion 。 for Today's debate "A small company is better to work for than lar ge company" this resolution: ' opportun 'ty · salary · flexibility 스 · Partner ^ Partner B Make an introduction for this resolution: Make a conclusion for this resolution: Today's debate "Homework should be ab 이 ished" · free time · dating · sleep 55 =jjJ. 石m■ 군컨 PART 」 Form smal- groups, and read the speech on the next page. The speech has ·. ··.····.·..·. 츨 ..·.·. .'.. 황 1 盼*솝 Support la .·...·' 蚤今광· 결牽「。」 ······…… lb Signpost 2 ．」 ·····…’ ''''' 2 ⑧ Listen and check your answers. 2a 1 Stl been cut into pieces and mixed up. Put the speech letter of the piece in the space provided. Three of the pieces have been done for you. .'……*.· … ● ",;,..."''' ,,['[[:'. -__Conclusion '''''''''''''' ○ ⑥ ○ ○ ④ ○○ back into the correct order. Write the ○ ⑧ ○○○○ 0.00000.00 ㄷ．．．】 O춈 9 '。 춥．． 1 떱y ●。'． P Oi. 。 i． Strip Speech ○○○○○○ PART 2 Form a new group. This time, the teacher will give each student one or more pieces of a new strip speech from page 125 in the back of this book. This time READ your pieces to your group; you must not show the pieces to your group members. Put the speech back into the correct order. Write the letter of the piece in the space provided. The first piece has been done for you. Signpost 1 ．」 ···……’''''" I Support lb ② 56 令`콥숑 ·. ·'.. 탬 를수하 Listen and check your answers. Su 3c 2 ．」 …… 3 3b- Support la -J·……’'''''''' 功 2 Su 1 ;！饔l鬱娜獲鵝撈褒鑛擢』汶攫灐撥瀷騫鎔銑珊饔鞋菫樺l荇；r鬚攫 =r 溺 ' 땠 珊狐鍈濾麗，冷 뜨‘∥ i 擁芯￡겼a珊碼￡， 죠．鞭／鱗露닌 눴驪： ;;' D. This is a big problem on train platforms, where many people ignore the no smoking signs and blow smoke in your face. We should ban cigarettes to get rid of this problem. [. According to the American Cancer Society, every cigarette you smoke shortens your life by approximately 7 minutes. ank you, Ladies and Gentlemen. Today the resolution is, "Smoking should be banned. " G. This is because smokers get cancer and other diseases more than non-smokers. S miss more work, and spend more time in the hospital. O’ 떱。l .9 녘0.Ò딥삐■ C. Our second point is hospital costs. . ． . ．】 . ．0. 獗：！츳 슬 H. We have talked about health, hospital costs and pollution. We have shown clearly that cigarettes should be banned. We beg to propose. I. We, on the affirmative team, strongly support this resolution. We have 3 reasons: health hospital costs, and pollution. ,./．굿 』． Cigarettes fill your lungs with poisonous chemicals, causing cancer and lung disease. ,,，·．매．.，…，．·． .'.". ,,'',,'. ，뇰，.‘·．*，…’■，.,’…뻐，,..'. K. Smokers cost the country a lot of money. '',.,'6'`‘∼，勻．엌’'.'..'，겯‘.`''.，…．‘날【쌩H∼‘ j ∼ 同」뺑‘*. 1. Also, according to the Ministry of Health, the average smoker requires over $200,000 in hospital costs over the course of their lives. The total bill for the country is over $50,000,000 a year. '.＊∼， ..,... ．■． ,. M. Furthermore, this has directly affected my life. My grandfather died of lung cancer two years ago. It was a long illness, and it caused my family much stress and sadness. 뺑，，닙峰」，녹술＊,,，벼．.．·． .*.,,..．·，,.,,,, N. This is because when people smoke, they blow many poisonous gases into the air. '.'.／써，/．겯∼｀．〃， · :.rH( α 「 · " 4/1 ·‘- * _4 ___ 0. Our third point is pollution. 57 · …. . ．1 · ．’ 띰。． . ． =결！。 Present your House PAIRWORK in Units 1, 2, and 3 we learned how to construct a house or a debate case. In this unit we have already learned how to present the finished house. Now, it is time to practice both constructing and presenting a debate case. Find a partner. Decide who will be PARTNER A, and who will be PARTNER B. O. . 戚因n Think of a resolution. If you can't think of a good resolution, look at page 123. 戚因E Think of reasons and supports to 暳皿 hold up the roof of your house. PARTNER A completes construction of the upper house on the next page by writing the resolution on the roof, the reasons on the pillars, and the supports on the foundation. PARTNER B uses the lower house to do the same. Thank you, Ladies and Gentlemen. Today, we are debating the resolution ... / 力 갇 1 · ／〃 1 i 枋 Fl 1 IdI PARTNER A presents first. Use the Macro and Micro structures we have learned in this unit. Be sure to use the Introduction and Conclusion formats we have studied. 58 戚切 PARTNER B listens to A's case and fills in the roof, pillars and supports of A's house. Then, B presents while A listens and fills in B's house. 驪솟 .．．【O 춈'9。＝．一． 떱 · y。'．· P O Î B Construct A Case Listen And Fill In · 0. Partner ^ ■．■ … Partner B Construct A Case Listen And Fill In O 8 （甕 O O 。O『O 。 0 2 色｀ 오 59 ㄷ．．．一 춈 O 떱 ’ 。i。 .g ． y ． '．。 P Oi.i 궂 ． Letter to the Editor Newspapers don't just give the news! The letters to the editor section allows readers to exchange opinions. Read Naomi Park's letter to the editor and answer the questions below. 1.What is Naomi's opinion? 2. How many reasons does StopThe Highway Naomi have? 3. What are her signposts? 4. What are her suDoorts? Dear Editor, 5. Do you ever read lette to the editor? 6. Have you ever written a letter to the editor? On what topic? - Sincerejy , Noni' Pk Write a letter to the editor giving your opinion on the topic of your choice. Use the organization we have studied in this unit. 60 」nm氓 죠仕「祗b뻐 [겹 ll，』 r· 계I 「;T궈 」艤 미，曄，더 HJ e ” 門e U U IJ U 건니．凹H釧嘴。。。『。。。踐 n 『j ■ f. 椧 I 근 rc . :it.c. 」 근 h . ·』■ 【이 卜JZ l獗鰍．1 1 〔겹 C r i ·L· T了．F _ ` yr '` '_ 』 쵸 '1_. There are two sides to every story. For every opinion, there is an opposite opinion. For every reason to believe in an opinion, there is also a reason not to believe in it. To really understand an opinion or an issue, it is not enough to see it from ust one point of view. True 」 understanding of an issue means to think about the opinion and reasons from both points of view. Let's try that. Below are the cat team's reasons why cats make better pets than dogs. Can you find an opposing reason from the next page? 引니 l芻 5 ．씨l驪 톄 27 , z ^2: 이ㅓ 걍청윅 ＾〔： 츤큰 TT쓰= 呵．떱 님 P。－。．．。．．1 5 ㄷ．【＊ . 5 ".*.*1 Refuting Opinions )0 Cats are ,Z smarter 「‘，ㄱ than dogs. - Q Cats are cheaper than dogs. A cat ，끄〔 costs $200 dollars; a dog costs $400. S25/month S27/month 目d。 o. n 紵F Cats are cheaper to feed than dogs. A cat costs $25 dollars a month, a 우 치 dog costs $27 a month. 伊／ n: 0 Cats are cuter than dogs. l dogs are very dirty. ㅑ /X '· ` 祗r 。 l. 錟！ 멤' 욘 녹／/ 勿 낸勺 ,\`ㅡ b 납，～心御 7O Cats are clean; 0 0 Cats were the TThst popular pet in ancient Egypt. 口『D 노 甲出 ''｀瓣 m 叭 62 J 一 I 윅｀戮 J ㅁ 1: 驪「 ㄷ．．】5.". .* ． .1 떱겨 딥。 ’ －．。 ■0． That is not a significant 0 difference! Two dollars a 午Y 瞭 month is not a significant $27 - $25 = $2 of money! iii , am ㅁ닒 Who Cares? 《砥격 G 」（스尺 That's not always true! some aog5 sucn as cocker spaniels, are very cute, while some cats are 1I닙 ；籬 That's easy to solve. 0 Give your dog a bath! That's not relevant! 0 Ancient Egyptian 니H낟 맥澍 111―식 l ' Ll f ` '' l a a] .. lr e 令o That's not true. Dogs are smarter cats. They can tricks. 灘 ㅆ慨 ofl history is not relevant for choosing a pet today! 져꺼 昨慽：璵．騙 mean and ugly. J蝦 안ㅌ M尸1臼 necessarily o That is not flecess fri P! ,/^,_ _ 경 견 puppies for free! 口［姻】헴mr끄『【lmn口n口臼 Stating why something is not so is called a refutation. The dog team refuted the cat team in six different ways. What kinds of refutations did they use? The answer is on the next page. 63 ■ ㄷ．．】 .5 O= S ".. *. n 떱 i님 P E 。－．。＊ Refuting an Opinion Refutation, which means to negate or deny something, is used in debate to tel- why the opposing team's point is either not true or not important. More specifically, a point can be refuted by saying that it is not true, or that it is not always true, which means that there are some important exceptions. Or we can say it is not necessarily true, which means that there is some doubt about the supporting evidence. If a point is not important, it may be 뺀 40% True True 6ut NotImportant 鞠 Read the following affirmative reasons and the negative's line of thought. Check the boxes that best complete the refutation. 聊皿미 Cats are better pets than dogs. 楹硼·뎡·獻 C 略 pets than. dogs, because a cat costs 功 1uu wnlle a aog costs 恭 IU 〕 · 巾 So this is: So this is: . 略 Not Important Negative thinks 댜 吟’ than dogs because cats have 0 pets lives. Not True So this is: Negative thinks You can easily give your dog a bath. Not True Not Important □ □ pets than dogs because dogs are very dirty. So this is: □ □ Cats are better Not True Not Important Negat ive thinks Egyptian history has nothing to do with choosing a pet. - 驪똴 』빼 some cats are mean and ugly. □ □ 쮜崙 O cu뉵댜 Cats were the □ Not True □ Not Important □ pets than dogs because cats are ost popular pet in ancient Egypt ([ cats. 以 D og Negative thinks Dogs are smarter than cats. can learn to do tricks, cats can't.t. Negat ive thinks Some dogs are very cute while Cats are better * Not True □ · than dogs because cats are 0 pets smarter than dogs. than dogs. money. Not Important Cats are better ㅇ So this is: □ Negat ■ve thinks $5 is a very small amount of Cats are better There is no proof that cats have nine lives. So this is: Not True □ Not Important 64 ㄷ．．. 一5 ".* .．． .떱 ·x ' E 。－．。＊ unimportant because it has nothing to do with the resolution and is thus not relevant, or it ㅣ may be a very smal numerical difference and is thus not significant, or finally, it may be a problem that has a simple solution and is thus easy to solve. Not True Not Always True 麟’ Not Necessari 盼 True Not Relevant 痲侖 ■0.5 Not S ig미 ficant Z Easy to Solve 巾略巾 Not Truc □ not relevant □ not always true □ not significant □ not necessari true □ easy to solve 汁 Negat uve says This is □ Not True □ not always true Negative says This is This is not significant □ not always true □ not necessarily true □ Not True □ not relevant □ not always true □ not significant □ Not True □ not relevant □ not necessarily true Negative says not relevant □ □ □ □ □ 略 □ □ Not True easy to solve not relevant not significant easy to solve □ not necessarily true □ easy to solve Negative says This is □ not always true □ not significant □ easy to solve □ Not True □ not relevant □ not significant □ not necessarily true Negative says This is because $5 is a very small amount of money. □ ―巾巾 Negative says This is □ not always true □ not necessarily true □ easy to solve because dogs are smarter than cats. Dogs can learn to do tricks, cats can't. because some dogs, such as cocker spaniels, are very cute while some cats are mean and ugly. because Egyptian history has nothing to do with choosing a pet. because you can easily give your dog a bath. because there is no proof that cats have nine lives. 65 ■ ㄷ．．【.5 .5 ＊。 ” f. ？ . .i 닙 P 。－＝0。 ∼ Types of Ref utat Ions First, study the two language files below for making refutations based on Not True and Not Important. (Note that the file on Not Important contains three smaller files: Not Significant, ― Not Relevant, and Easy to Solve.) Then, study the pattern for stating a refutation on page 67, paying careful attention to the example. Finally, use the steps to make a refutation of your own. ly rue. Not Tr eTh t's n ot tru .That's untru .That' s fals .Th t's no alwa ys tru .Th t's not nec ssari 걋 kI.4 c:...:g:......%e '｀닐 ’ ‘ ■닝 ”"' ｀니 ’ ' That's not important because the difference is not significant. That's not important because there is so little difference between... That's not important because the difference doesn't matter. That's not important_because the difference is too small. <．。：,．■…－ ..,..-. ，…． ,Not Relevant 『 I I ,―■―--.'-.---:.--- ．솥．…：:[l:-＝뜨ㅍ긔 · 미∼ · -I . N_____________________________ 」_－」 Easy ，。 Solve ,｀… …“"；■，，■－ .-' - 66 ㄷ．．【 .5 " Stat ■ nga Ref utat Ion On the previous page you studied what to say. Now, let's study how to say it. There are five steps in stating a refutation for an opinion. They are as follows: ` ．．수 ． 떱 흙 ’ 님 ’ 。。－．。 흙．5 . SIGNPOST Their first point was... They talked about... They mentioned... 2 . REPH 묘ASE They said that... The other team said... Our worthy opponents claimed... Their 쵸 rst point s care. 江媤 They said that cats require less care. 3. NEGATION This is not true! That point is totally untrue! Even if that were true, it is not important! That is not important! That point is clearly unimportant! 4. WHY It can't be true that... It is not always true that... It is not necessarily true that... The whole point about... is not relevant... This whole point is not significant. Everything they said about this point can be easily solved. That is not important! The whole point about care is not relevant to owning a pet. (Note: The Negation and Why sentences are often combined into one sentence. h T Their example is not relevant to the point. The statistic they gave is not significant. e statistic they gave is not necessarily true. e problem mentioned by their expert is easily solved. e explanation they gave was not relevant. ln TT h 5. RATIONALE Sometimes it is also true that... There is no connection between... The difference is too small to be important. For example: That is not important because the whole point about care is not relevant to owning a pet.) The reason that we have a pet is to enjoy takin g care of it! To solve it, do X instead of Y! The reason that... Just because X is true does not necessarily mean liiit Y ;c l 」 cr, triir 67 r·른「【荇히 L-' ' ` I ■ ■ · , ' -■ '「’l‘ l ■■ ■J-;r7 · . `r.i■ ■낟，므 ". 『 Point → Ref utat ion ”驪．． . 떱님 1 딥 。．－．。。．． 51 ㄷ．．】. 5 Your teacher wi ∥ give you either an opinion POINT CARD or a REFUTATION CARD from the back of this book. As shown on the next page, students with P이 NT CARDS move around the room and read their cards to the students with REFUTATION CARDS. If the cards form not have a clear an opinion POINT-REFUTATION relationship, say Match! If the cards do many matching opinion POINT-REFUTATION relationship, say No match! Keep track of how cards you find. Continue unti- you talk to everyone. How many matches could you find? One? Two? None? Look at the following two examples. cards form a POINT-REFUTATION relationship. 긔 o These '!?[ W1 two POINT CARD 漣 That's not always uILi.t.?_1:__I true. Many gun owners People should he allowed to have guns. If people have guns, they can protect themselves. cards do not form don't know how to use guns, so they often have accidents. 재 ey don't protect themselves, they shoot themselves! 。 POINT-REFUTATION relationship. 긔 o These two P이 NT CARD That's not true. Human rights Nuclear weapons should be include things like freedom of speech. abolished. They are very expensive. Human rights don't include the right to have guns! 68 ㄷ．．【 .5 rOINr-KpfLirk-r:oN " . .． * * ． 님 떱 P 1 。．－ nNP ri-1p nprLIT-AT-ipN 心자Kp ITtAr rD「MS ITt鱗 6pSTee= MAll心 Lt WITTt T-frtp OFtNIpN Fp!N 「心 AKm 닙7 ∼ 이曲 미 Qk bude-, B！。 h . Match , h h 4긴 나 나 C Q Q h h :.T 무 !'! n.ri I 「’텬 ■ 『『Tr「 태，뗀 L , ' , . 1 ■ ■ . . . ■ ' 『‘ . ■ ■ . 1 ` ■ ■ ` '- 」 With a partner, read these four affirmative points and write a refutation. The resolution is: "There should be no school on Saturdays." If you need help, the people below can give you hints. 10.5 ．닙 떱 P 。－．．。． ㄷ．．【 .5 ".*..1 Making Refutat ions 0 Our first point is family. If students don't have school, they will spend more time with their families. 巾 OOur seco nd poi nt is cost. If 略 schools are c losed on Saturday, the schools w 11 save much money -/,,. on heating, electricity, and teachers' salaries. ㅇ Our third point is free time. If there is no school on Saturday, students will have more free time to enjoy their hobbies and interests. ㅇ Our fourth point is lesson 夕 re 夕 aration. If teachers don't have to teach on Saturday, they 巾略 will use the time to study or prepare lessons or make tests, etc. students do other How much money does it cost to heat a school oii 台 \ 0 Saturday? 00 than spend time with their families? , sH ow do s spend their t fu rd ee ent time now? r Whatcould 喚《醯 Listen and Write "．．．． . 떱 수 · 님 딥 。 E ．－。。寒 5 ．臘棘eeCL/, ㄷ．】＊ . 5 A～ f艸 fi … ～r' 一？확郵＝郵＝＝ㅉ 尋零戮郵 ⑦ Listen and take notes on the affirmative speech, "It is better to be married than single." Write your refutation for each point in the space on the right. ef tat jon ;, 地恤做，－ㅊ 「“m楸伽心i使· - _ / ` ,/,,,// _-- - · __ _/,,-,/,,.--,, 71 1 ㄷ． .．내 Tennis Debate We have studied both the affirmative and the negative sides and are now ready to have our first debate! This is a very simple debate game called Tennis Debate. ■ 0.5 ".*.． .1떱 님 P。 E －＝。． Make teams of 2 or 3 people. Half of the teams will be Affirmative Teams and half of the teams will be Negative Teams. IJk /!U瀜7 「觸1. A resolution* is given to the Affirmative team. The Affirmative team has 3 and make reasons and supports in favor of the resolution. The Affirmative team writes their reasons and supports, then passes them to the Negative team. The Negative team has 3 minutes to think about possible refutations to the Affirmative minutes to brain 돈 team's points. 「貂mr■ The Tenl Tennis Debate begins. The teams face each other. The Affirmative team serves by reading its first reason and support. The Negative team volleys by giving its refutation. The Affirmative team must then respond to the Negative team's refutation. The debate continues back and forth until one side can not respond. The last team to give a response is the winner. In this round, the negative team is challenged to think on its feet. First, the Affirmative team brainstorms reasons and supports in favor of the resolution and writes them down, but does t1 ni ，〃〃β， its first reason and not pass them to the Negative team. Then, the Affirmative support. The Negative team listens, and without prior preparation must quickly volley back a refutation. Again, the last team to respond wins. `71獅耐괴 In this round, both teams must think on their feet. First, the Affirmative team receives a resolution and, without preparation, must immediatel y serve a reason to the negative. The negative must return a refutation. The last team to answer wins. *The resolutions for this game may be provided by your teacher, or as an easy warm up you might use the resolutions you have already brainstormed on page 29, or you might book. choose from the resolutions listed on pages 123 and 124 in the back of this 72 U．【． . 5".*. Tennis Debate Res 이 ution: ∥ Cats 。 re better pets than dogs. 〃 1 noisy, especially at night. 1 구 Z一 1 》 are quiet. That's not true. Cats are 1 Cats are better than dogs because cats ．．떱 · ．님 P．。－＝。．。 벽．5 Negat .ve Team Affirmative Team ∼씽 ㅁ That is easily solved. You can teach dogs to be quiet, but cats are difficult to teach. > That's not always true. Some cats may be noisy but almost all dogs are noisy. U U / Naomi Park's letter about Highway 26 got printed in a magazine! However, someone disagrees with her opinion. Why? Read the ref utations written next to the letter. 2. Not Significant. The total government transportation budget is over $500 million. $31 million is not a lot of money for 1. Not Necessarily True. Road repairs cost nearly $40 million dollars a year. Where the government. did she get these numbers? 1///V,`* `' ．驢 ■0 i) and the environment. seen, r '4 repairs? ' 始 rn more expensive than this. 戟 ·O] Our roads are in 十L l.rt n I'm writing about the government's plan for the new Highway Number 26. 1 have two reasons to oppose this plan for a new highway. My reasons are the cost good condition. Why It depends on the h StoD The Hiahwa 3. Not Relevant. do we need extra 4. Not Necessari 盼 True. ！楓戚r 瞬匡 a ”. 。．．＊ 떱님 뻐 p。．－。．． ㄷ＝．一. 5 Critiquing 。 n Editori 이 Netes, Some buses are 5. Not Relevant. Not very' many people ride the se b ' 쌕n v rt 1 a! t~ ht l 2 buses we have - Concerning the cost, the planned highway is just too expensive. For the same 皿上 million dollars we could renair all of the roads in the city and have enough money left tobu v 20 new buses. To use the money on just one road is a waste. kind of buses. flow; most people drive. 卜 L뀁a Naomi Park a ' Because of the cost and the environment, I urge everyone to oppose the government's plan for Highway Number 26. n .L Ò b 跡馴 a ．r凝 C」 ns ngC :dS 娜 )i eI k br l rR s O a e S ab n B nb u a eP i yg Elle eo l , A 贓一耐勳 7. Not Relevant. As for the environment, the planned highway will run through what is now a beautiful forest and some xcellent farmland. This forest is the home tothe a bird which is endangered and 兩記 s our protection. We should not destroy the environment to build an unnecessary highway. 】 resu 욘 6. Not Significant. The highway will not destroy that much forest or farmland. ` The highway will not disturb the spotted owl's life and there are other forests where it lives. Find a letter to the editor, or an editorial in an English magazine or newspaper. Find the most important points, and write possible refutations. 74 설 艤齎。『。。踐 0O 몌허몌 →몌 궉몌 n"u《”〃HU,乙’HU 〔체뻑 . 【．】．【● ”〔● ·”· 【． ·’익． …슁 〔● O · 【쉽 ·져 그： ' 0 ㅇ 00 0 Super Springo Hecilthcisizer ㅇ 0 , 0 』｀, \/- 0 0 0 ㅇ ㅇ 000 ㅇ 00000 ㅇ O 卜，杜 00000 瀝 0000 ㅇ0ㅇ 0 0000000 ㅇ ㄷ．．．【C盼 ’ 。볍 ●． 떱1．떱 Challenging Supports 릉飄匹 7/ 간∼∼ 。。鬧夕Z k0 0 0 0 수싸시C 0 번샅 。 이 이 S.PP 。’.5 견 _ ' 10 In this unit we will practice challenging supports by asking questions and testing evidence. Look at the claims this television spokesperson for the Super Springo Healthasizer company makes for the SSH health system. Check whether you believe or doubt each support he gives. No more dieting! With the SSH system you can eat anything you want, as much as you want. 0 The SSH system works. SSH improves health! n觸 C SPORn7L1 Aprilgg 새累 Soper Spring0 REVi[WFb INS,o HeaItp. 'Zo- recent studies show that there is no connection between eating and health. Experts have proven that only rhythmic wrist movement from using the SSH can build a An article in the April, 1999 Issue of Sporty Lite magazine said that SSH improves health healthy body. □ I BELIEVE THAT! 76 □ I DOUBT THAT! □ I BELIEVE THAT! □ I DOUBT THAT! .．．츱 】．C’。＝.．떱． 1 떱S.P。 P’s * Everyone loves the SSH system! ∼ o鑄 O 야 The SSH system is recommended by medical professionals as a method for reducing high blood pressure. 삑 닉쐰 。lO p p p O O ，恪 X 7,' Z - ) " Rhythmic Wrist Movement and regular cigarette smoking reduce blood pressure and improve health. (journal of Sports Medicine, May 12, 1919) □ I BELIEVE THAT! □ I DOUBT THAT! O蝦 Increase blood protein levels with the fantastic SSH system! 100% of the people asked agreed that the SSH is the greatest. □ I BELIEVE THAT! 0 더刪더 □ I DOUBT THAT! SSH works because it is the only system that uses the patented RWM method. 夕 긔 According to the famous actress Maryland Munro, the SSH builds strong bodies in twelve ways by increasing the level of protein in the blood. BELIEVE THAT! □ I DOUBT THAT! Di깁 Marcus Wellbeing, president of SSH products, has said that the SSH machine is the only way to build a healthy body because no other product uses the patented RWM method. □ I BELIEVE THAT! □ I DOUBT THAT! Did you believe all of the salesman's claims? Which ones did you doubt? In debate, it is necessary to challenge the validity or truth of every support and every piece of evidence. 77 凶皿 n' 。흽 c’ － . ． . .… s . 。 PP’5 . … .. '· Testing Supports All supports are in doubt until proven. Just because the other team offers evidence as support does not mean that the evidence is valid or that the support is necessarily true. We doubt or test the evidence given in supports by asking questions about the source of the evidence. 0 Is there a source given for the evidence? The evidence is not necessarily true if the source of the evidence is not given and we cannot test whether the evidence is valid or true. 0 Does the source explain its claims satisfactorily? The evidence is not necessarily true if the support just states that something is true or is good without explaining how or why. ㅇ Is there a date on the source? The evidence is not necessarily true if there is no date on the source or if the source is old because the information may be out of date and no longer valid or true. ㅇ If the support is a statistic, is the statistic valid? The evidence is not necessarily true if there was not enough data collected or if the collection method is in doubt. 0 Is the source of the support an expert in the field? The evidence is not necessarily true if the source of the evidence is not an expert or does not have satisfactory knowledge of the field. 0 Is the source biased? The evidence is not not necessarily true if the source is biased, meaning that the person, company, or other source of information would have a reason to make a false claim or would profit from giving false evidence. If the answer is not satisfactory then proceed to refutation of that support. 78 ㄷ＝＊【.6 C’。＝●．떱1．떱 .P S딥。 ’. 5 Asking Questions Most debates have a question and answer session between speeches where the debaters can question the other team. Here are six files for questioning supports. n gㅡ 0 If there is no source l What is the source for that information? Where did that information come from? Is there a source for that information? O If there is no explanation given What is the reason for the source's conclusion that . . . Why does the source believe this? O If there is no date given What is the date for that source? How recent is that source? 닙露沁긱 鉀 슨앍 『 글우 0 If the statistic is questionable What method was used to collect this data? Was enough data collected? 0 If the source's expertise is questionable Does the source have enough experience to be called an "expert" in this area? What is the source's experience in this area? ,.' 0 If the source might be biased Does the source benefit financially if people believe this information? Isn't that source biased? 견漱’ 79 V ㄷ．＝．】盼 C。 ’ 。＝ 뗘 ． n 녑 iS.p。 P r.s PAIRWORK Partner B looks at this page, Partner A looks at the previous page. Partner A starts by reading one of the supports against nuclear power. Partner B listens and chooses the best question for challenging the support. Partner B then reads the question while Partner A checks to see if it is correct. Continue unti- all six supports have been correctly questioned, then switch roles. Questions . What is the date for that source? Was enough data collected? How mans people did you ask? Does the source have enough knowledge about nuclear power to be called an expert? What is the reason for the source's conclusion that nuclear power is dangerous? What is the source for that information? Isn't that source biased? a. nst Abortion 0 Supports A H According to The Phizzer Drug Company, abortion should be banned because there are much better methods of birth control available. Ars Bks? I Dr. Shin, Director of the American Medical Society, wrote that "Abortion is murder...." (1997). Ans Rprison2 K According to Professor Pat Thanaton, "Abortion should be banned because a child inside the mother can feel pain. Abortion is murder." (The New Times, January 25, 1999) Ans: Expert? 「『！】 82 ournal of the American M쁘kinc an 土 Psychology So 흐壁Y, abortion is dangerous for the mother and often results in her death. L I According to Ih Ans DcrtrP Un ti6. ahll en떱i n떱 Challenges Supporis 戶麗더 PART ` A debater is provinq the resolution: "Cats are better Dets than doas." \4/ Her tirst p 이 nt is that cats are cheaper than dogs. She has six supports, but each support has a problem. Listen and match each support with its problem. The first one is done for you. 驢「涵i' 걀’】뾔『탉’ Support 1 ⑧ O Support 6 ㅇㅇ O Support 5 。 [T 성 Su딥Pors . ㄷ성 LNo Explanation Giv Support 3 Support 4 No Source Given O O Support 2 ! No Date Given e Statistic Is Question a 비 e Th e Source's Expertise Is Questionable & The Source is Biased PART 2 Now, listen again. Stop after each support and practice refuting the support. Use the five-step sequence you have learned. The first one is done for SIGNPOST Their first point was cost. RE PH RASE They claimed that the May 1999 issue of 麴血 al Weekly stated that cats are less expensive. NEGATION & WHY But this is not necessarily true! The evidence they gave was very questionable. RATIONALE They gave no explanation for why cats are cheaper! 83 ㄷ＊．．】a 轍。 ’＝。떱 ．． 1 떱S. P。 P’s * Question & Refute PAIRWORK The man below is trying to prove the resolution "Birds make better pets than cats. 〃 Partner A looks at these two pages. Partner B looks at pages 86 and 87. Partner A starts. 0 Reason Our first point is cost. Birds make better pets than cats because they are cheaper. According to Pet Lover Magazine the cost of feeding a bird is much, ' America's foremost authority on pets" Average Cost of Feeding a Pet Catfood . . . . . $1.30 much lower than Dogfood. . . . . $1.80 the cost of feeding Fishfood. 。 . . . $1.00 Bird Feed. . . , $.25 Mansfield other common pets, including ists the move is pos-"nroves the overall cats. '.1 1,l' -J fll 콥맬｀'1 1〃·맬｀ NEW YORK (AP) Heavyweight boxer Charles "Killer" Lubetsky said in a prefight interview that he hated all animals and has never had a pet in his life. But if he had a pet, he would have a bird. When asked why he would choose a bird over other pets. Lubetsky replied that "birds are safe." He said he is afraid of dogs because they bite and of cats because they scratch. "Birds are safe for adults and children," he said ∼｀ Birds are better pets than cats because they are safer. Dogs bite and cats scratch, therefore birds are safer for both adults and children according to a recent lntervlew Sta* Sou with Mr. Charles Lubetsky. ` ｀ㄱ，납．님．∼→＊∼ 」 Dr. Doj;,_ ∼〈< 靭探Ssor of_Child 以 deveJOpm J "As senior professor of child development at the University of London, I have always said that birds are the best pet for families with children under 12 months. The singing and chirping of birds help develop in children an appreciation of song and music." Dr. Dolittle's book, Child Rearinq, published J미 y 1894 84 꺼m닙嚥阮 -I 峨 :o rTL17'LTflflTflnmm 0 Reason My second point is safety. O Reason Our third point is child development. Birds are better pets than cats because they benefit young children. In his book, Child 蠟姮패， Dr. Dolittle says that birds help children develop an appreciation for song and music. ■ Read al- six reasons and supports to Partner B. - Then, Partner B wil- U． n 驪．【C’。．.＝떱in떱 .P S딥’ 。.5 － question the supports. Try to answer Partner B's questions by using the sources to the left 一rlelelll'- of the man. If you can't answer a question, say "Sorry, I don't know." - Then, Partner B wi-- try to refute your source. light of the fact th효rhse o D 0h A wc r. U. Wing, the famous expert on pets, believes that birds, such as parakeets and canaries, are smarter than dogs and cats. Moreover, birds are cheaper and better for children. 隱⑥『 V⑧凹『回郞杜 and it half of I ates (56 Last ㅇ Reason My fourth point is intelligence. Birds are better pets than cats because birds are more intelligent. Recently, experts say that birds such as parakeets and canaries are actually smarter than dogs or cats. Octoher 」 999 Zoology Today 歐旭＠＠仕⑧V 間蠟「一 t 시hani Smart Birds, Dumb Dogs 娜『⑧ V⑥U 駟尙「 O Reason Our next point is runaways. ⑥⑧흄⑧ Birds make better pets than cats because birds never run away. Cats often run away from their owners; birds do not! Birds are confined in cages; cats are 翹斷陋므 → 版펭 not. 0 Reason Our team's final point is 心ㅣ盼쿄‘튕嫩驪C (-a-I-c ave- JI 벼 avicJ have- f(eac. 코「 (-a-I-c c4z. aicI ti-ivovv up all oVe-v 1-ie- houce-. 11v-cJc aye- le-au 커 fu( afrlcJ c-(e-akl. m‘핑딩I 日 VcI딩 v-ve-v- rvaI-e a cleanliness. Birds are better pets than cats because they are cleaner. I have seen it written that cats are dirty animals that have fleas, while birds are beautiful and clean and never make a mess. 85 穢 PAIRWORK Partner B looks at these two pages. Partner A looks at pages 84 and 85. Partner A starts. -. 9. 1 S. pP’s * C 。’ －．蠟。 ㄷ．．【.6 \ Testing Supports ■ As Partner A reads the six reasons and supports, take notes below. Proposition "Birds make better pets than cats." Signpost 1 Reason Support Signpost 2 Reason Support Signpost 3 Reason Support Signpost 4 Reason Support Signpost 5 Reason Support Signpost 6 Reason Support 86 蠅 Keep questioning unti- you find a weakness in the source. 0 IS THERE A SOURCE GIVEN? □ YES (Go to number 2) 닉b,/ 0 IS THERE AN EXPLANATION GIVEN? □ YES (Go to number 3) ㅇ □ YES (Go to number 4) □ NO (Question partner) IS THE STATISTIC QUESTIONABLE? □ YES (Question partner) □ NO (Go to number 5) IS THE SOURCE'S EXPERTISE QUESTIONABLE □ YES (Question partner) 0 □ NO (Question partner) IS THERE A DATE GIVEN? ㅇ O □ NO (Question partner) □ NO (Go to number 6) IS IT POSSIBLE THAT THE SOURCE IS BIASED? □ YES (Question partner) □ NO (Give up!) [n匹「 A After you find a weakness, refute the support as follows: Signpost, Rephrase, Negation, a nd Rationale. SIGNPOST REPHRASE NEGATION & WHY RATIONALE ㄷ．．．【 츱 C。 ’－ -.． 9 .1 떱 S큉 . P o's * - Now, look at your notes and question the supports. Use the check list below. ㄷ．．驪．【 C。 ’ . ． 떱 ．． 떱 뻐 。。 Critiquing n Advertisement Don't believe everything you read! 」 ust because something is on TV or in the newspaper does not mean it is true. Advertisements are the best example. Read the ad below for the Kickhard Karate School. Do you trust the evidence? Circle doubtful data and question it. The first one is done for you. 飇0 c성c2 飇a굿 i, S. pP ’*s 즙J ● iWinner 。， the 蠅 Karate Scho이 「錢羸 ∥ of the Year Award No. 1 choice in this year's national survey 鐄 Air 녹 "TIelebest best training (（기 Master anywhere!,i" 』 ctorSuzuki,: at ISJCKflOIC chief instru ' No better place to learn Karate!" 뺘e뜨 a Re 랙， : au-srare pie oaung conesj winner ’꽈拓 _ni' ，므” ｀叉11· . ｀ · ■■ L’겻 ｀ ·’쨋r’且위 l `' I L"" 쵸， ■ L’ㅗ‘」 " ,,'' Find an advertisement in a newspaper, magazine, or pamphlet. What evidence do they give for using their product or service? How many questions can you ask about the company or the product or service? 88 죄 JI-e-I r 헛 《一 r I ㅡ 」 ·■‘ · 궈 _ .l-― J 잭 . -` ，■ ' ―《》 ’」 'I.'. Sr 쉽 〔，「겹 . C:「『 `r -r _ ` ! r '1 ，긴 11' A 쵸 ’1 . 1 ．닉 . ㄷ．O떱’。．．．ㅒ떱·1。．빽。”'.＊。＊。．．1 ② Organizing your Refutat Ion When organizing a first affirmative constructive speech you brought together reasons and supports and then presented them systematically to prove the resolution. Now, in organizing the first negative constructive speech, you will bring together the skills you learned 뺄娜ㅏ 叡 nU , ro 勿 'c 啄co(i-loii IJ ,nU 꽤ㅣ pe-opk- chouId 'e 甥颱떼 甘 젬 식 옵 real understanding ot the otner team/s n 이 nts. it is impossinie to successtullv retute them. 노 IListen tO an atnrmative speecn on tne resolution 1-Ul peopie 0 should be vegetarian." Fill in the blank spaces in the LISTEN 心 attirmatives nouse. 뺀硼幽胛叡 nU』 ! "nU一i 孀赫떼 pH〃 콘”닐 【兀勿 'c r_o!vfloii 쩨 pr.o11c choi!d 'e헌（ 7 n - U 0 醱눙 衲， ATTACK , 이시l窈 T5勿 'c Kco(ioi: 쌔ㅣ f'c.oplc choi(d Lc. v-t-ii1 Don't listen passively. You will be responsible for everything the affirmative says! Listen critically, and look for potential weaknesses in the affirmatives points and supports. Use ref utations to attack any weaknesses you find. Now, listen to the first half of a negative speech against the affirmative speech. Check (V) the refutations you hear. The negative's job is not ]ust to be critical of the affirmative. The negative must also replace the affirmative house with a negative house of superior construction. , ( , 潘 묠武 수。 시 H꿱｀ 90 People often think of debate as a speaking skill. However, the first step to good debate is to listen and understand your onoonent's nosition. Without Listen to the second half of the speech, and fill in the blanks in the negative's house. 쟈 녹7 ㄷ．．】 닉j for refuting explanations and challenging supports, along with the skills you learned for building the affirmative case, and present them systematically to disprove the resolution. Now, listen to a 1AC and organize your refutation to it. -．■ㅒ■． 떱 떽。'． . " ＊ f. 。＝．【 간7 -～상 f으 od industry will lose their jobs. 灣 0 훠 human rights and, if we stop fishing or raising animals, millions of people in the ·－ □ Animal rights are not as important as l 윗 ■es many important vitamins and minerals. are actually rather ugly animals. 녹 □ That is not important. Vegetables have □ It is not true that cows are cute. They 므미e。 e一一！ ― 궁 much better than salad. digest. Our bodies are made to digest both meat and vegetables. e ―e Z □ It is not true that meat is difficult to possible to raise animals and catch fish without harming the environment. □ This is not true. Hamburgers taste 驪―-7 汐 ― □ This is not necessarily true. It is ,, nIO O The negative is not just destructive. The negative doesn't simply attack the affirmative's points with refutations. The negative must be constructive and offer a counter-case to the judges as well. This is where the real debate begins. ‘■…떼이 ．… 」． .., 91 ㄷ． O 떱’ ＝。。＝． ● ． ” 。 ' 。．驪 흥 ． 떼江」臘 닉． 맣 Macro Organizat Ion for the 】 NC The negative team gives the second speech of the debate, the first negative constructive, or the 1 NC. The 1 NC has 5 parts: the Introduction, the Refutations, the Transition, the Negative Points, and the Conclusion. The Introduction introduces your opinion to the judges and audience. The Refutations attack the 1AC, the first affirmative speech. The Transition links the refutation portion with the negative case. The Negative Points are your own reasons and supports for your opinion and the Conclusion finishes your speech. ○○○○○ i.g Look at the first negative constructive speech, the iNC. on the right page. Write the letter of the portion of the speech next to the appropriate part it fills in the 1 NC flowchart below. y POINT 1 Affirmative Affirmative POINT 3 Refutation 1 Refutation 2 巾 POINT 2 巾 .巾 Affirmative Refutation 3 Negative POINT 1 Negative POINT 2 Negative POINT 3 `，뿌，·뿌·■→’ 92 ㄷ．．．一 O닉 떱 ’。．． 떱급 。1 ． 뻑 ' . " ． f. 。．＊i 0 We have talked about health, the economy, and taste, and have shown that we should not all be vegetarian. For these reasons we beg to oppose. 0 Our second point is the economy. Millions of men and women work in agriculture, fishing, and the food industry. If we stop eating meat, they will lose their jobs. This will cause hardship. Th said that animals have a right not to suffer. 0 Their second reason was animal ”·멘 ts. Tey We have two responses. First, it is not true that animals have rights. Rights come from our country's Constitution, and our Constitution says nothing about animals. Second, animal rights are not as important as human rights, and if we stop fishing or raising animals, millions of people in the food industry will lose their jobs. 0 Thank you, Ladies and Gentlemen. Today we are debating the resolution, "All people should be vegetarians." We, on the negative team, strongly oppose this resolution. First, I will refute the affirmative side; then I will give our points. 0 Our first point is health. We must eat meat and fish in order to stay healthy. Meat has a lot of protein, and fish has both protein and iodine. It is difficult to get these nutrients from vegetables. 0 Their third reason was the environment. They said that fishing and raising animals harm nature. We have two responses. First, this is not necessarily true. It is possible to raise animals and catch fish without harming the environment. Second, it is not true that animal farming hurts the environment, since animals produce the carbon dioxide that plants require. We must keep the balance of nature. 0 1 have refuted the affirmative's points. Now, I will give ours. We have three points: health the economy, and taste. OTheir first reason was health. They said that it is not healthy to eat meat since it is high in fat and difficult to digest. We have three responses. First, it is not true that meat is difficult to digest. Our bodies are made to digest both meat and vegetables. Second, it is not always true that meat is higher in fat than vegetables. Some fruits and vegetables, such as bananas and avocados, have a lot of fat. On the other hand, some kinds of meat, such as turkey, have very little fat. 0 Out third point is taste. Meat tastes good, and many countries use meat in their national dishes. Can you imagine Thai food without shrimp, Japanese food without sushi, American food without hamburgers or German food without Wiener schnitzel. Eating meat is enjoyable and an important part of our culture. 93 i'" ㄷ．．】O 닉 9 '。．． 1 썹·o빽 .r 。 ”. ＊。．。．． 1 Micro Organizat Ion for the 】 NC You have already learned that the negative speech has 4 parts; the Introduction, the Refutations, the Negative Points, and the Conclusion. Let's look closer at the Refutations. Each Refutation has 4 parts; the Signpost, the Rephrase, the Negation which often includes a reason why, and the Rationale. You learned about Signposts in Unit 3. Rephrase means to repeat the same idea with different words. Negation means to say that something is NOT. The Rationale is where you explain your reasoning for why something was NOT. 믈 Refutation I. Signpost LRefutation 2 띔 POINT 1 2. Rephrase 3. Negation 4. Rationale : 쭈 POINT 2 驪 POINT 3 뀨 CONCLUSION Look at this first refutation. We have underlined the Signpost, drawn a box around the Rephrase, double underlined the Negation and circled the Rationale for you. Their first reason was health. Fhey said that it is not healthy to eat meat because it is hiiTTn and difficult to digest.jWe have two responses. First it is not true that meat is difficult to digest. Our bodies are made to digest both meat and vegeTi5T) Second, it is not always true that meat is higher in fat than vegetables. ome vegetables, such as avocadO 石rhave a lot 否 some kinds of meat, such asTFkey,Have very little fat. Look at this refutation. Underline the Signpost, draw a box around the Rephrase, double underline the Negation and circle the Rationale. Their second reason was animal rights. They said that animals have a right not to suffer. We have two responses. First, it is not true that animals have rights. Rights come from our Country's constitution, and our Constitution says nothing about animals. Second, animal rights are not as important as human rights. If we stop raising animals and stop fishing, millions of people in the food industry would lose their jobs. 94 르＊． 닉 ．】 O떱 쨍。＝．． 뻐 썹· 。．빽 ' .R ． *. 。＝＊i The 】 NC The language used in the Negative Constructive Speeches differs slightly from the language used in the Affirmative Constructive Speeches. Read the following Introductions. Which one is from an Affirmative Constructive Speech and which one is from a Negative Constructive Speech? What are the differences? -fn α寸7 「rr i-r.i-i. L(訂江：r r!r iFV」 Thank you, Ladies and Gentlemen. Today, we are debating the resolution, "All people should be vegetarian." We, on the affirmative team strongly support this resolution. We have 3 reasons: health, animal rights, and the Thank you, Ladies and Gentlemen. Today, we are debating the resolution, "All people should be vegetarian." We on the negative team strongly oppose this resolution. First, I will refute the affirmative reasons, then I will environment. give the negative points. Introductions for Negative Constructive Speeches First, I will refute the affirmative reasons, then... Let me first refute the affirmative reasons, then... First, I will attack their case and then... I'd like to refute their points, then I will present... , ］脇「「 , ..',．∼，,，∼，.;,0-；。‘―빽 ,,- The First Negative Constructive Speech and all of the speeches after it contain a Transition. The transition is used to separate your REFUTATIONS from your POINTS. Transitions for Negative Constructive Speeches I have refuted the affirmative's points. Now I will give the negative's point points... I have refuted their points. Now, let me give ours. We have _ poi The conclusion of the Negative Constructive Speech opposes the resolution rather than proposes it. Conclusion for Negative Constructive Speeches We have talked about.... and have shown that .... For these reasons, we beg to oppose. 11 」 95 r[]I[IU ■』 [4;[{- 〔 ㄷ．＝．一 닉 O ’ 떱。．． 떱．。궂 뻑 ．。 1 ” ' . ＊。．。．＝ 1 Refutation Format ● Does your country have an army or navy? ● In your country does everyone have to serve in the army or other branch of the military or do some people volunteer to serve? ● In some countries, all people must serve some time in the army. This is called national service. ● What are some countries that have national service? ● Some countries have no military. Which ones? ● Do you think it is good to have an army? Why or why not? 刪 죤 p4 esesRT \쓰쑈 / army. Notes 96 ` Listen to the 1AC on the resolution "All people should have to serve in the Take notes below. l ．． ㄷ 】 닉． O떱 ’。 ■．． 뗘 ㅒ。 · 一． 떽 ' . R ． f. 。． 1 PART Z Below is the 1 NC to the 1AC, "All people should have to serve in the army" from the previous page. Form groups and read the speech on the next two pages. The speech has been cut into pieces and mixed up. Put the speech back into the correct order. Three have been done for yo u . ―끄 ansition 그쁘쁘쁘쓰뜨 Part2 1···········…… Rephrase 1 ． ㅏ ···…’ ’ 뺘”' Negative Signpost 1 I.. ·… Negative Point 늬 ·······…… lb Rephrase 2 그쓰쁘쁘르느「 ······…’ " Rephrase 3 그ega흐쁘坐트쯔 」 ··……’''''''' ○○ ○○ O○○○ ○○○○○ O ○○○ ○ ○○○O○ ○ ○ Intro e3 ⑧ Listen and check your answers. 97 I r ㄷ．．．一O닉 ｀따。 윱． i· n.빽。．”● ' . ＊。＊寒●． A. Rich people can always find excuses to avoid national service. During the Vietnam War, Bill Clinton avoided serving in the army by moving to England. B. It is not true that national service results in a stronger army. C. Our first point is cost. D. National service will increase the chance of wars with other countries. If we have a large army, other countries will be afraid and have to increase their armies too. In general, when two neighboring countries have very large armies, they are more likely to use them in time of conflict. E. If you serve in the army for only 2 years, you don't learn enough to be a good soldier. It's better to have a professional army, where people serve between five and twenty years and receive more training. F. Their third point was jobs. G. We have talked about cost, freedom, and war, and have shown that all people should not have to serve in the army. For these reasons, we beg to oppose. H. However, it is totally untrue that national service treats everyone eq 耐 V. I. Our second point is freedom. J. First, I will refute the affirmative's 3 points; then I will give our own. K. Second, there are easier ways for the government to solve unemployment. 1. First, this point is not necessarily true. M. Furthermore, if the young people are forced to join, and don't want to be there, they will have a poor attitude and weaken the army. 98 `' 쨍 ㄷ．．．【 O닉 썹 ’。． n 썹．궂 빽i ．。＊ t N. Their second point was equality. ㅇ． Their first point was strength. P. National service is very expensive. Every yeai one soldier costs the government over $100,000. If we multiply $100,000 by the number of young people in this country, we see that the cost is much too high. The money would better spent on hospitals and schools. 0.' ." f . Q. They said that if we have national service, our army will be stronger. We have two responses. ■O 써 트T노냐 elieve that we can reduce unemployment by putting all young people in the army. S. Thank you, Ladies and Gentlemen. Today, the resolution is, "All people should have to 'serve ines the army." We, on the negative team, strongly oppose this resolution. r It can always create jobs by building more roads and train lines. U. National service violates human rights. In a free country, people should be able to choose their own jobs. V. Our third point is war. W. France, for example, has national service, but also very high unemployment, especially among young people. X.They said if we have national service, all citizens will share the risk of dying in a war. Y. I have refuted their 3 points; now I will give the negative points. We have three points: cost, freedom, and war. 99 In Unit 4, we learned how to organize a 1AC. In this unit we learned how to organize a iNC. This mini-debate reviews organizing a 1AC and responding to it with a iNC. :[I I iiY 」 I[IIiiU Divide into groups of four. forms two debate teams of two peop each: Team A and One person from Team A gives the first affirmative constructive speech for their team. 곁ㅡ。 Each group then 蔘 ㄷ＊．．】O 닉 떱 ’。N孔 떱 I n·。빽 ．。 ' ” . ＊。．。．＝ 1 M In■ -Debate 샌 Each team chooses a resolution from 123 and 1AC to hate. Be sure to choose different resolutions. 쑹 Team B listens to the first affirmative 푸ㅡ瀝 constructive speech, takes notes, and prepares a 1NC, a first negative constructive speech. 驪 One person froii 뺏』 Team A listens and takes notes. 盼 Now switch roles. Team B gives their 1AC while Team A listens and prepares their iNC. 100 Team B gives their first negative constructive speech with refutations and the negative team's p이 nts. ㄷ ．． 닉 一．O떱 ’。．＝· ． 1 떱 。빽 ． ' ." fu ．。。．．1 Use the house above to plan your affirmative case. Use the space below to take notes. Take notes under the 1AC heading when the other team presents its 1AC. Take notes under the 1 NC when they respond to your 1AC speech. Ò纛】이 ㄷ． .．O 닉’떱。 ■． ㅒ 떱· 뻐 。． 떽 ．。。．．1 1 〈與 , Responding to an Editorial `* `' 1/7／缶｀ Read Ken Carr's letter to the editor below refuting Naomi Park's letter about Highway ＼吻 I I 11II (J Stop The Highway the4 I'm writing about the government's plan for the new lead Highway Number 26. 1 have two reasons to oppose for 灌 26. How many refutations does he make? How many points does he give in favor of Highway 26? this plan for a new highway. My reasons are the cost and the environment. Concerning the cost, the planned highway is just too ' . "*. 뻬 d然 )3Brady 縕 could repair expenstve. 쫬 r the same enoughon money money just one left 昻湍쐈팜l As for the environment, the ph through what is now 生址皿 excellent farmland. This for 綵 environment to build an 비 tue Ellen IkIss Ba:g Because of the cost and th 『Sen everyone to oppose the F rare spotte 生0쯔』 a bird whi needs our protection. We s C: tullaney. ra up ergssen Marc knarn aurdss Anne Highway Number 26. million dollars we Dear Editor, I want to respond to Naomi Park ' S letter of "Stop the Highway . She thinks the Should Stop building disagree . Highway 26 . I 工 n her letter Naomi April 1st, government Park said that the 3S too expensive . highway million we could She said that for the same $31 repair all of the roads J-n the City and buy new bu ses . where did Ms . Park these figures Further, she does not explain might need repair all of ![ Sincerely , 「 NOt1I 局 -q PROJECT Find a letter to the editor or an editorial in an English language newspaper or magazine. Write a letter in response. Remember to use what you have learned about organizing ref utations. 】 02 그 一 → Our house is better because... 존뭏 紇！괴輾。。 O 。 O No! Our house is better because... Oiir· ．· .1 … r. ●· ·I숴 ·B .J ts ". e 져 S】〔솔． ·i ·i. ．섭 … S】 " ·1. nlo 쟈村TrZT* ㄷ．．】 . 8 。．。 r ＊ 떱．. 딥 鱗 0 ． 삐 。 1． Debating an Opinion The First Affirmative Constructive Speech A (The 1AC) The Second Affirmative Constructive Speech ∼＼ (The 2AC) The Second Negative Constructive Speech Here is a typical six-speech debate. There are two debaters on the affirmative team, and two on the negative team. Which team speaks first? Which team speaks last? What is the function of each speech? Match the description of each of the speeches on the next page with the speech on this page. The first one is done for you. 104 (The 2NC) 룔 口 U．【． . 8 0．。· 驪 . 1 9 An OP· -. This is the first speech of the debate. In this speech, the affirmative's first speaker constructs the affirmative's case. This is the only speech in the debate that doesn't include refutations. 씸 구쩐．콧 欄．驟驢숟 ■ 0. 닙－. ． In this speech, the second negative speaker continues the attack on the affirmative case, and then supports the negative case by refuting the affirmative team's attack and by adding new supports. This is the last of the constructive speeches of the debate. After this speech, no new reasons or supports may be added. The debaters are finished constructing their cases. Next, the rebuttal speeches begin. - This is the negative team's first speech of the debate. In this speech, the negative team must first attack the affirmative's case and then build their own case. 7，튀’큐ㅗ →，콘 ，■■－．。， -7 This is the last speech of the debate. The first affirmative speaker compares the affirmative and negative cases and explains why the affirmative has won the debate. 騁－뺘 쨍”뿌－무 媤■勵多 In this speech, the second affirmative speaker begins the attack on the negative team's case. Then, this debater su pports the affirmative case by refuting the negative's attack and by a dding new supports to the case. .-,<: ＊洲’Y 줅臟묽 This is the first rebuttal speech of the debate. The rebuttal speeches analyze the debate. The speakers explain to the judges and to the audience which team has won the debate. In this speech, the first negative speaker compares the affirmative and negative points and explains why the negative team has won the debate. How many constructive speeches are there in a debate? How many rebuttal speeches are there? What is the function of the rebuttal speeches? 】 05 n·· There are many different debate formats. Sometimes one person debates against another person; other times a team debates against another team. Teams can have 2, 3, 4, or even more people. Sometimes the affirmative speaks first and last, other times the affirmative speaks first and the negative speaks last. In this textbook, we have used the American Parliamentary format. But you can choose the format that is best for your class. Have fun trying out different formats, or invent your own! Try the same topic using different formats! ■ 2AC: Second Affirmative Speaker → 8' AR: First Affirmative Speaker → 4, 】 06 Negative Constructive → 5, Negative Rebuttal → 6' ● 蝦癬팖釀I孺뺐 1AC: First Affirmative Speaker → 8' ■ Xq Affirmative Rebuttal → 4, ● Second Affirmative Constructive → 3' \/ First Affirmative Constructive → 4, I ● ㄷ＊． 여 ．】0。 .7． .. g A= 뻐 O P。．＝ 1 呱江 Debate Formats 驕” 1NC: First Negative ① 田 Speaker → 8' / 2NC: Second Negative ② , 圖 Speaker → 8' NR: First Negative Speaker → 4' ② Affirmative Rebuttal -+ 3' (Third Affirmative Speaker) ③＊ .．이 ．【。。．．驪 V . >. OP 。 i.i． Affirmative Attack -+ 3' (Second Affirmative Speaker) 珊뻐쩌F 田 Negative Points -+ 4, 園l￡團 Affirmative Points -+ 4, ① (First Affirmative Speaker) ~/- 떼癬綴l繡騙縉 Negative Attack -+ 3' (Second Negative Speaker) (First Negative Speaker) Negative Rebuttal 3' (Third Negative Speaker) . r] F7: ·긔 Lf‘·짐’r」 · ·F Present Affirmative Case: 1st Affirmative Speaker -+ 6' 노 1AC iNC 圖 I' 圄 / 2AC 2NC 團l 令令·③ ‘ Rebuild Affirmative Case: 3rd Affirmative Speaker -, 3' Present Negative Case: 2nd Negative Speaker -+ 3' ② Attack 1NC: 2nd Affirmative Speaker - 3' Attack 1AC: 1st Negative Speaker - 3' Attack 2NC: 3rd Negative Speaker -+ 3' 團 ―團 Rebuild Negative Case: 4th Negative Speaker -+ 3' NR / AR ④ Affirmative Rebuttal: 4th Affirmative Speaker -+ 3' Negative Rebuttal: 5th Negative Speaker - 3' 107 n the 2AC or the 2NC, the speaker has two jobs. First, they must attack the other team's case. We studied how to do this in Unit 5, Refuting Explanations, and Unit 6, Challenging Supports. Secondly, they must respond to attacks made on their case by the other team. We respond to attacks in 4 steps. 夔 .m因;디 1 . SIGN POST Our first point was... 2. REPH 효ASE POINT We said that... because... Our first point was cost. · 孔 · =.t 1soeb.n i따 An o딥1.10. Responding to Attacks We said that cats make better pets than dogs because cats are cheaper than dogs. 3. 묘 EPHRASE ATTACK They said that this was not true because... The other team claimed that this is not always true because... They responded that this was not necessarily true because... Our opponents stated that this was not important because... They tried to refute this by saying it was not relevant because... They answered that this is not significant because... They promised that this was easy to solve because... They tried to refute this 嫩 saying that cost was not relevant because you can get a pet for free from an animal shelter. 4. ANSWER ATTACK However, this is not true because... But this is not important because... However, their refutation misses the point because... 108 However their refutation misses the point because animals from shelters are often not healthy and difficult to train. You should always get pets from a pet store, and dogs do cost more than cats in a pet store! 뺙 The Rebuttal , summarize the debate and explain why your side has won. Example Introduction for a Rebuttal Speech Thank you, Ladies and Gentlemen. We have been debating the resolution, "Cats are better pets than dogs. 〃 We have clearly shown that this is (or is not) true. Let's look at the major points of this debate. Their only important points have been... They lose their point about... .．【＊ . 80 .1 。，．．떱 1 ＝鱗O큉1.1。． The last speeches in a debate are called the rebuttals. The purpose of a rebuttal is to ' because they never gave any reason or support. ' because we refuted that... and they never answered our refutation. ' because they never showed that it was more important than our point... · because it is not true since... ' because it is not important since... ' they never talked about it. ' they never gave any reason why it's not true or important. ' they didn't answer our response that... ' they responded... but this is not true since... ' they responded... but this is not important since... 慨 We win this debate because... ' their points have fallen, while our points still stand. · the most important point in this debate is... which we have won. 】 09 〔 ['Ti1 1[]I[I U 'i4[[- the letter of the pieces in the spaces provided. The first piece has been done for you. Introduction-Part 니 ······…… 」쁘쯔쁘－－」 ''''''''''"''''‘ 「 1 2 ○○○○○○○ Form smal- groups and read the Negative Rebuttal speech on the next page. The speech has been cut into pieces and mixed up. Put the speech back into the correct order. Write ○○○○○○○○○ ○ ⑥ ○ ○○ ○○○ ○○○○ ○○○ ○○ ○ .．． .【 o8 . 。． r ．．蠟 ·>. pO。 in l。＝ Rebuttal Speeches Form smal- groups. The Affirmative Rebuttal speech on page 131 has been cut into pieces and the pieces mixed up and handed out to the class. Put the speech back into the correct order. Write the letter of the pieces in the spaces provided. A Rebuttal 1 l··…… 1 A 」 ·········…… Transition A 】】0 1 Point 3 part 1 B. First, the affirmative team talked about cost. C. Our first point was protection. D. The affirmative team responded that cats catch mice, but this is not important. My partner explained that you can always buy mousetraps if you have a problem with mice. OPi.i ㄷ ．．. 一O.8 。V ． 띠1＝鱗。＝ '..‘· ，．·，........ '''J 겯솥··궂｀·｀-’·－·＊－·－ --,-·－--－꿸，---A. Our second point was help. E. Overall, we win our key points, and have refuted the affirmative team. Therefore, we win this debate, and ask you to choose dogs instead of cats! Thank you! F. We explained that dogs are more useful than cats. G. Thank you, Ladies and Gentlemen. We have been debating the resolution, "Cats are better pets than dogs." We, on the negative team, have clearly shown that this is not true. H. They lose this point, however, because it is not true that a dog costs more than a cat. As we said before, it is easy to get a dog for free at an animal shelter. 「 ㅣ ---- －∼난－·－ ---- －슥 herefore, we win this point, since the affirmative team has never responded to this. T he affirmative team never showed that cats have any significant use. J. Let's look again at the important points of this debate. K. We explained that a dog can protect you from thieves. L. They responded by saying that house alarms are better than dogs. We win this point, however, since the affirmative team never explained why an expensive house alarm is better than a loving dog. M. They lose this point, howevei since my partner clearly explained that it is possible to teach a dog to be quiet. 쌕’·뺘｀‘·…－`,，츨＊* ','．뻐·，','.,',,,*.．걋·’`66른，, N. The affirmative also talked about noise. They said that cats are quieter than dogs. ㅇ． On our side, we had two main points: protection and help. 111 ` Debate Chain have learned so far. Form groups of six people or less. Choose a resolution that your group is interested in. One person writes a lAG and passes it to a second Dayl person in the group. ．。． A. Opi U．】． . 8 0.7 ing This is the fina- project of this book. In this project you wi ∥ review everything that you Day Z The second person reads the lAG and writes a 1NC, and passes both the lAG and the iNC to a third person. ■0. ＿。∼，∼；』』∼＊4,,,, _/，』， __ /― 〔ㅍㅍ 』，』／,,，』』」＞ Day 3 The third person reads both speeches and writes a 2AC and passes it, and the other speeches, on to the next person. The fourth person reads all the speeches and adds a - 2NC, and passes it , and the Day4 other speeches, to the next person. 』【』』，』，'',,－→，we 긔큔 ［큔괸콥 →』）‘』 ,,',,，』』 긴＝，긴 =. - 팜Jㅍㅋ ,/, 」‘，∼』」／ Day 6 ) the speeches, writes the affirmative rebuttal and other speeches, to the teacher. passes it, and the 결긔크겯 긔 핑＝크 ∼‘= ,=/／』 ,4=,,,=, ，』」／' 결편…ㅡ－= ㅡ- - - 一一 … 」， 4-，』 - /// - ,=,＝→＝=;/ ：ㅍ뜨／,.，』／,,，〔一 →4；』』）→，一一＿」』／,, //.／』 - ,',',,,I - _ - \ -/,, ：』，』，ㅍ＝ㅍ그긴』，」』』，`'－횔4, - ,，』，/ _ee ，』＝，』 …，-=,','-,,．∼4',，→ , The last nerson reads all 긴』』』） /=,'.，』．』 /,'，。‘』」 __，。，』，』눙』 크크＂＂ㅡㅡ겯 ,,-,[EI ,,>/，』一一J一一……～《一一 114 큭큭극 기귁… ㅌ… and passes it, and the other speeches, to the last person. 一 the speeches, writes the - negative rebuttal speech - Day5秧 - - The fifth person reads all 걍 - [[E뜨es』 ㅍㅍㅍ긔 一 ㅡ ㅡ ㅡ ㅡ ㅡ Iㅍ二긔 』』」－/, ㅣ ,,,,-，』』，』，, ，」 )．』 /，』』』기 _/,''',,,,/, ＿→，.．』，『＝__ ,= /,／』‘，。，，→，4－《，=-=4 ,,,,=＝』，/,＝∼』／，∼‘，∼．_ 』／,,',,,./-,‘』．∼｀』．』－』）』 ,＞』，∼」《‘』－=4,', ;,_,/,_,,,4, ，』／ _/,// →，，∼』－,,－』／,,,,．』／,, _．。∼．'，』，』녹，』／/,,=_ 』＿』＿』」。｀，∼．．』」／ __/___ /,,, ,,／→，,',',,．∼／ , ,/.,,-=*,,,，」‘,ee=/,, _ _ _, ／』 ,：ㅍㅍ：囊」 How to Judge a Debate How to judge a debate? Often, both the affirmative and negative team have strong reasons, supports, and refutations. If you are the judge, it can be difficult to decide who wins and who loses. The first rule of judging is: relax, and follow your feelings. In a debate, the debaters are supposed to make a good impression on the judge and audience. If one team made a much stronger impression on you than the other, they probably debated better than the other team. As you judge the debate, you want to compare the two teams in three areas: matter, manner; and method. MATER Matter relates to each team's logic and reasoning. You should ask yourself questions like: Were their reasons clear and easy to understand? Did each reason have a good support? Did they refute the other team's reasons and supports clearly? Did they defend their points well from the other team's refutations? In the rebuttal, did they explain why their points stand, and the other team's points fall? MANNER Manner relates to each team's speaking style. You should ask yourself questions like: Were the speeches easy to understand? Were the speeches interesting? Did they speak clearly, with good pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary? Did they have good voice, eye 11 』 contact, gestures, and posture? Did they make a good impression on the udience? Did they use humor? METHOD Method relates to each team's organization. You should ：광 ; 7sp poil Did each team balance making their own points and refuting the other team? In the rebuttal, did they explain why they have won the debate? WEIGHT ' Different debate rules give different weights to matter, manner and method. American debate tends to emphasize matter; British debate tends to emphasize manner; Australian debate tends to emphasize method. However; all three aspects of debate are important, and you should consider all three when deciding which team has won the debate. 】 15 A very good way to improve your debating skills is to be a judge. Learning to look at a debate from the judge's point of view will give you a better idea about what persuades a judge and what doesn't. When judging a debate it is important to flow the debate, and then use your flow notes to fill in the judging form. Different debate tournaments use different forms. There is a Discover Debate Judging Form, identical to the one below, available to download from the internet at http://www.compasspub.com/debate PART I In this section, judge each speech on Matter Method, and Manner. You must give each speech a score on a scale of 1 to 10. Then, add up the scores. Usu 권 ly, but not always, the team with the highest score wins the debate. Occasionally, one team will have poor scores for Manner, but their Method and Matter persuades the judge to agree with them. Hence, they win the debate. But that is a rare case. Usually, the winner can be decided by simply adding up the scores. In the case of a tie, look at the rebuttal speeches. Which team did a better job explaining why they won the debate? PART II In this section, write comments about each speech. To help the speakers improve in the future, it is important to give honest, direct feedback. You can comment on good things the speaker should continue to do, or on bad things the speaker needs to change to become a better debater. You can 「―-－」―』 Name of Jadge: Resolution: Speeches: 1 AC 1 NC 2AC 2NC Manner: /10 /10 /10 /10 Method: /10 /10 /10 /10 Matter: /10 /10 /10 /10 Total: /30 /30 /30 /30 口園口 (crieral Comments: Give feedback mn cacti of the speeches won. Don't just say they have won 1st AC Speech: because they have a higher score. 1st NC Speech: Explain why they got a higher score. 2nd AC Speech: For example, explain why you scored the winning team high in Matter and the losing team low in Method. 2nd NC Speech Negative Rebuttal: Affirmative Rebuttal: 國園軻 Decision: In my judgment the svittner of this debate is: 0 The Affimuative Team. I believe they have won this debate hecause Judges Signature 116 0 The Negattve Team ARl∼ l 1l e o 1o s 0l30 explain which team won and why they Rate speeches on a scale of 1-10 5-6 Average: 7-8 Above Average; 9-10 Excellent) ―囚因띠 Speaker Points N1 R1 ·0 se1 l1 30 0 110 PART III In the final section, - biscover bebate Judging Form 거 1〕． "1 1-4 Fuji give comments about Matter, Method, or Nfanner. - O一Sc。'빽o. ．b 。● ＊ ㄷ．．】 .0 1`8 " Flow 。 Complete Debate ④ Town, South Africa, should Listen to a debate on the resolution, "Cape host the next Olympic Games. 〃 Take a flow of the 1AC in the space below. : After the 1AC, stop and 쫏 predict the negative's 甕 response. Prepare a iNC speech in the space below. ！⑤ iNC. and take a flow Now, listen to the in the space below. 「⑧ =n【＊ . . After the iNC. stop and predict the affirmative's response. Prepare a 2AC speech in the space below. Now, listen to the 2AC, and take a flow in the space below. OS ＾【。． '빽 .。 r o . ＊】】9 S 一。。。빽 。 I . ．，' ㄷ ．．【 .O. O 】 20 After the 2AC, stop and predict the negative's response. Prepare a 2NC speech in the space below. 。臘 · Now, listen to the 2NC, and take a flow in the space below. 魯燕 Now, listen to the NR, and take a flow in the space below. O. OI Scover OeV f e 聊 After the 2NC, stop and predict the negative rebuttal. Prepare a NR speech in the space below. 빻 121 ㄷ．．】 .0 OS 【c。빽 ●． b。。 ' ＊ After the NR, stop and predict the affirmative's last response. Prepare an AR speech in the space below. Now, listen to the AR, and take a flow in the space below. O Look over the flow for the entire debate. Which team do you think has won? Why? 122 ■ ·7쫴 ’뺐 히 ·rT7기 「n■ :■ T.T TL 눼 〔〕 · ' 1 , ^ , ■ ' 」 느 , 『걀， ' 』 ` ● IOPICS Choose from these topics. OS 。】c ． 빽 ' . 。 06 ． . .. r MEDICINE / HEALTh 。 People should 加 ye the 〃沙t to die. 鰐 팖神 \ eG0a\SS" better afl'· 』。〃 f ` salJew% an patiehitS poctors incUr2e diSe2"" Abortion should banned/allowed. 撚黴爬 G COrn O 0\d 乙出】 catiOfl should have to study ,,,,,,,,,,,,,, O Students should not have to study,eeeeeeee- d.ttetent classes . students should be in 」， … O Students 。 strong students we히（ and allowed to___________________ g Students should D e should not be allowed to_,,,,_OStudents ！驪즙； pr 。 or\S. otect speces. commercial endaflgr ed nmeflt should ban The gover 烱 sea \l aCa'onb' OWe shoutd take oU\' r than homogeneous ODiverse greater effort to ·Companies hire moreshould minorities." make ·Onethi should rd be reserved of all seats for wo in oufl next vacation 1n whaling. countries countries. 。塋므： ·꾑黴竇 at\e' ·l1 0neS. 】 23 ㄷ ．*.O. s 。【。빽 。．。 I 。 떽 ．， O Advanced Topics Here are some advanced topics for advanced debaters Once you have tried out the new 1 debate skills that you have learned on some easier topics, you might like to try debating a more advanced topic. Here are some resolutions taken from actual American debate tournaments. Good -uck, and enjoy debate I The state should/should not seek the death This country should be pacifist. penalty in capital cases involving persons under the aze of eighteen. ．근 The government should use force to make peace. We should study world history rather than domestic history. ·c競鰐 econolmc The gov ernment growth environment. for should the good sacrifice of The people should reject big government. The government should force integration of the sexes in professional sports. shollld Increase The go vernment ion of weapons. regulat 갰 ould have Developi' g nations si a democracy. dictat0rsh'P 】 24 rather than Fun is more important than work. 蕓 계！騙鹹 0 0 Finally, many more people work in convenience stores. If there are no cigarette sales, convenience stores will lose money and have to cut the num her of workers 0 0 cigarettes are banned. We have talked about smokers' rights, taxes, and jobs. We have shown that cigarette smoking should be allowed. We beg to propose. Cigarette taxes make much money for the government. XX X Millions of people all over the world work in the tobacco industry and will lose their jobs if 1 1: 羚 X Strip Speech for Unit 4 (page 56) 飜娥～滅柵 겯：竇痲軫獗菱轉囊蠱乂 According to the tax office, the government collected $40,000,000 dollars in cigarette taxes X X 0 00 0 Our third point is jobs. last year. Thank you, Ladies and Gentlemen. The resolution today is, "Cigarette smoking should be allowed." 0 0 0 Our first point is smokers' rights. We, on the affirmative team strongly support this resolution. We have three reasons: smokers' rights, taxes, and jobs. According to the Agricultural Ministry, at least 200,000 people work on tobacco farms. 0 0 In addition, according to the Department of Commercial Affairs, as many as 500,000 more people work for the cigarette companies. Our second point is taxes. 0 00 People should have the freedom to do what they want, as long as they don't hurt others. (Smokers' Magazine, May, 1999) 뗑12 Furthermore, those tax dollars are important. The Minister of Finance said in an interview recently, "If we lose the taxes from cigarettes, we will have to take money away from schools and hospitals." (Newshour, May 3, 1998) According to Dr. Marsha Blacktooth of California University, "Smoking cigarettes in your own home doesn't hurt anyone else. In a free country, people should be allowed to smoke." XX X X X X X X We believe that people have the right to smoke. 璘 This is not true. There are many safeguards against accidental launch of nuclear weapons! LNuclear They weapons POINT are should very CARD beexpensive.I abolished. P이 NT CARO Nuclear weapons should be banned to make the world more peaceful. If we have nuclear weapons, other countries may be afraid and attack us. If we ban nuclear weapons, other That example is not relevant! Chernobyl was a nuclear power plant, not a nuclear weapon! countries won't want to attack us. P이 NT CARD ● Nuclear weapons should be abolished This point is not true! Nuclear weapons are no more expensive than other weapons. POINT CARD ● Nuclear weapons should be abolished because they are dangerous! A country might launch a nuclear weapon by accident! This is not true. If we have nuclear weapons, other countries will be afraid to attack us! because they are dangerous! Nuclear weapons are radioactive and harm the environment. Remember Chernobyl! 127 ``, ``` 晋I , ● That is not true! Just because you have a gun, doesn't mean you can go hunting. You need a car, a hunting license, and innocent animals to kill. Z ；겨 꿸 · I L . 【． ] : 【r■1 〕。 That is not relevant! Popular opinion is often wrong. L N People guns. POINT should if you Youhave can be CARD allowed go a gun. hunting to have J POINT CARD People should be allowed to have guns. Having guns is a basic human right. 뱁셀뺄밉U빕嵋 · That's not always true. Many gun owners don't know how to use guns, so they often have accidents. They don't protect themselves, they shoot themselves! 괴 That's not true. Human rights include things like freedom of speech. Human rights don't include the right to have guns! 】 29 ` The negative team had two points: protection and help. The negative team loses because they have not listened to, understood, or answered our points. Let's look at the important points of this debate. Our first point was cost. The negative team also loses, their help point. They said that dogs help people, but my partner clearly showed that this is not always true. Thank you, Ladies and Gentlemen. 00 000 0 Please remember in the second affirmative speech, my partner said that most dogs don't help people. Only special dogs with special training do. We said that cats are easier to train than dogs. Let us look now at our points. Our third point was about noise. Our second point was care. We said that cats are cheaper than dogs. 。 X XXXXXX 0 O Instead, they showed us a book saying that you can teach a dog to be quiet. However, hooks about teaching don't always work. There are many math textbooks at the bookstore; it doesn't mean that everyone can learn math easily. Similarly, you cannot teach all dogs not to bark. So, in genera!, cats are quieter than dogs, an we win this third and final point. X They lose their protection point, because we showed that you can always buy a house alarm. They said that house alarms are more expensive than dogs, but this is not true. You don't have to feed a house alarm for years, and years, and years. 媚 In this debate, the resolution has been that cats make better pets than dogs. We, on the affirmative team, win this debate because we have clearly shown this to be true. X The negative team responded that cats make a lot of noise at night. We showed that this is easy to solve: keep your cat inside at night. The negative team never answered this. X XX X 묾 In conclusion, we have won all three of our points, and the negative has lost both of their's. And clearly, we have won this debate. Thank you. X 媚 We said that cats are quieter than dogs. 媚 000 0 00 00 0 0 Strip Speech for Unit 8 (page 1 10) They responded that you can get dogs for free from the animal shelter. Howevei my partner explained that dogs from the animal shelter are often difficult to train and are not healthy. Again the negative never answered this response. Therefore, we win this point, too. The negative team never answered the point about care at any time. Therefore, we win this point, too. x X 131 The authors would like to thank the following people: John McLaughlin for his kind support in promoting the book with us, excellent copyediting skills and crucial help in the final stages of production. Joseph Dilenschneider and Robert Weshcler for their keen eyes and superior copyediting skills that made this book even better the second and third time around. Graham Bathgate, Allan Murphy, and Jerry Winn at ELEC for piloting parts of the book. Barbara Wells at Soka University. Keith Lane for performing the Herculean task of arranging the 1999 Distinguished Lecturer Tour of Kyushu and allowing a preview of the book at six JALT Chapters. Bill Pellowe for creating the website of the Kyushu Tour. All the JALT members in Kyushu, especially Tim Allen in Nagasaki, Peg Orleans in Kitakyushu, and Joe Tomei in Kumamoto. Special thanks to the faculty of Miyazaki International University for giving us the opportunity to present to their entire freshmen class. Rieko Nagamasa, Claire Tyers, Sachiko Ikeda, Sophia and Makoto Shang, and Hisako Sokei in Kagoshima. Don Hinkleman in Hokkaido for his early support and enthusiasm for this book. Brent Jones for the invitation to Kobe to speak on debate. Special thanks to Hali Bogo of Sagami Women's University High School for her advice and support as the first draft was written and piloted. The 1998-9 Oral Communication "C" class at Sagami Women's University High School, who sat through the first testing of this book and suffered through many revisions. The staff of The English Resource, David Maher, Noriko Ogawa, Miyoko Abe, Akiko Fujita, Toyoko Nagai, Tony Dobbie, Michio Abe, Miho Amemiya, Reiko Hisatake, Kimie Tanaka, Yoko Terada, Yumiko Oki, Izumi Kato, Dana Chaffin, Mieko Yoshinaga, Raphael Bourgeois. Special thanks to Chris "Tiger" Bartlett for logistical support and enthusiasm, and to Chikako Koyama and Chidori Ando for their hard work and long hours making this book look good. Michael Lubetsky would like to thank: Professor Shigeru Matsumoto, for welcoming me to the world of academic debate in Japan, and for opening up many professional opportunities. Professor Thomas Winant of International Christian University, for his friendship and encouragement during my years coaching the ICU Parliamentary Debate Team. The dedicated and tireless students of the KUEL Parliamentary Debate Committee and the ICU Debate Society, under whose leadership parliamentary debate in Japan has reached international standards. The equally dedicated and tireless teachers of the Nagano English Club League Debate Tournament, whose pioneering efforts at the high-school level have become a model for the rest of the country. Jason Gottlieb, Sailaja Sastry, Michael Henderson, Dennis Waechter, Kathleen Hall, Kevin Tuttle, Laurie Smith, Michael and Inga Tepei Michal Cahlon, and Michael Farago, for their years of 】 33 support and friendship. Finally, to Skip Swanson, for joining me on a two year adventure of healing and growth. Charles LeBeau would like to thank: My life support system, (Bill, Michael, Yuko, Sal, Satoru, and Adam) for their unswerving loyalty, encouragement, and faith. MJ, God's gift to us, ever reminding us that the impossible is always possible--even in the fourth quarter with the clock running out. And most of all, my family (Nobuko, Ray, and Jay) with apologies for not being around many holidays or weekends during the last 3 years. David Harrington would like to thank: Mami Ushida, Kikiyo Harrington, and Tsukasa Harrington for showing him that Peace Love and Happiness is all that really matters. Just know that I love you and that you give me that peace and happiness. My sister, Rebecca, my brother, Dick, cousins, Trudy and Nancy and all of their families because family really is important. All of the friends that help me keep it together, especially Masami, Kaori, Kagetora, Jonathan, Keiko, Hiroko, Joe, Tomoko, Pat, Jeff, Pancho, David, and Tanuki master. Michael H. Lubetsky taught for four years at Sagami Women's University High School, and coached the debate society at International Christian University. As a student at Princeton, he was the top speaker at the 1993 North American Debate Championships. He has attended the World University Debate Championships six times as both a debater and judge, and sat on the Grand Final Adjudication Pane! in 1997. After four years of teaching and writing, he has embarked on a new career in Her Majesty's Canadian Foreign Service. Charles LeBeau was once an aspiring jazz musician a long time ago in a galaxy far, far away. Since landing in Japan in 1982, he has taught in both the university and corporate worlds. Currently, he is chief instructor at NIC Tokyo, conducting its two-day Power Presentation and Power Negotiation seminars. He is co-author with David Harrington of Speaking o2Speech, basic presentation skills for beginners and author of "Multimedia Presentations" in Multimedia Language Teaching. David Harrington has taught English to speakers of other languages for over 15 years. David has taught students of almost every age and circumstance from preschoolers to graduate students. He is the founder of The English Resource and the co-author of Speaking of Speech, Whats in the Cards, and Street Speak. 134 ，륩 Transc pts ．」고． Track 2-15 (p.4) 3. Man 1: Listen to the opinion. Do you agree or disagree? Run to the corner marked agree or disagree. Repeat for each opinion. Nlan 2: ' · The country is better than the city. 2. The city is better than the country. 3. Cats make better pets than dogs. 4. Cats are superior to dogs as pets. 5. Math is the most important subject. 6. English is the most important subject. 7. The government should lower taxes. 8. The government should decrease taxes. 9. Baseball is more exciting than soccer. 10.Baseball is not as exciting as soccer. 11.Eating fast food is not healthy. 12. Eating fast food is good for you. 13. Spaceships have visited Earth already. 14.UFOs have already visited Earth. Man 1: Track 16-20 (p. 회 Listen to the four conversations at the party. What are the people talking about in each conversation? Do the speakers agree or disagree? Are they talking about an opinion of fact, value or policy? Fill in the boxes. 1. Man: Would you like something to eat? I'll go get you one of those little sandwiches over there. Woman: Oh, Thank you. Can you get me one of those sandwiches on whole wheat brown bread? Man: Why? Don't you like white bread? Woman: Yeah, white bread is OK hut I think that brown bread tastes better. Man: Really? I've never liked brown bread very much Man 2: Would you mind not smoking? Woman: Excuse me? Man: I said, "Would you mind not smoking?" Woman: Are you serious? This is a party. People always smoke at parties, and I think that I have the right to smoke in here. Man: I'm sorry, but cigarette smoke makes me sick. Woman: Well, why don't you go outside on the 勵 Icony? Man: I think I have the right to be in here. Smokers should smoke outside on the balcony. I was watching sports classics on TV the other day and they had this show about Michael Jordan. Man! I believe that he is the greatest athlete of all time. I know what you mean. I think so, too. But you know, soccer fans, especially in Brazil, think Pele is the greatest athlete of all time Yeah, I've heard that. But I still think Jordan was a better athlete than Pele. Yeah me, too. Remember that last shot in game 6 of the 1998 finals against Utah when he stole the ball and... 4. Woman 1: Do you wanna go to a concert this weekend. There's a big outdoor concert in the park. Woman 2: Nah, not really. I think it's going to rain this weekend. Woman 1: No it's not... I saw the weather forecast in the paper. It's gonna be beautiful weather. Woman 2: I doubt it. It always rains when I go to an outdoor concert. 지楸V』 Track 21-27 (pp.l8, 19) Listen to the short conversations. What is each person's opinion? What reason do they give? Write the reason under each picture. The first one is done for you. 1. Archie: Ethel: Archie: Ethel: 2. Man: V 2. Guy: Look at that woman on TV. She sure does know how to do those math problems. Math is probably the most important subject in school. Really? What makes you say that? Well, because we use math everyday of our lives. Oh! Science fiction movies are so cool. Don't you think? Marilyn: Guy: Marilyn: Un huh. Oh, I love science fiction movies, too. Ya know, I'm certain that UFOs have already visited Earth. Why is that? Well, it's because many people have seen them 3. Son: Mom: Mom, I'm sure glad we live in the city. Oh, Really? Why is that, hun? 】 35 Son: Mom: Living in the city is better than living in the country because there are so many cool computer stores in the city. Ah, that's nice honey. Thank you, ladies and gentlemen. Today we are debating the resolution, "Soccer is a better sport than baseball." We on the affirmative team strongly support this resolution. We have four reasons: cost, excitement, simplicity, and color. 4. Chuck: Look at this, Harry! Another tax increase. Harry: Yeah, I know what you mean. The government should lower taxes. Chuck: Yeah! The government should lower taxes because lower taxes help the economy to grow. Harry: Right! 5. Wife: What are you reading? Hubby: The sports page, dear. There's an article here about soccer. Wife: Oh, I like soccer. Soccer is so much more interesting and exciting than baseball. Hubby: Mm? What makes you say that? Wife: In soccer the action never stops. In baseball, players just stand around a lot. 6. Radio: Food scientists have discovered that eating fast food is not healthy. Driver: Hmm? I wonder why they said that? It must be because fast food is high in fat. Radio: The reason, the scientists said, was because fast food is high in fat. Driver: I thought so. Radio: Stay tuned for sports next on WFAT. I『湘「 propose. Track 30 (p.52) Listen and fill in the words. Thank you ladies and gentlemen. We are debating the resolution "Soccer is a better sport than baseball." We on the affirmative team strongly support this resolution. We have 4 reasons: cost, excitement, simplicity, and color. Track 31 (p.55) Track 28 (p.35) Listen and check your answers. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Ladies and gentlemen, the government should raise taxes. The government needs more money to provide better services. First, according to the Finance Minister, important services will have to be cut if taxes are not increased. Second, it will take 15 million more dollars to complete construction on that new subway. Third, without more money the government can't provide training for people without jobs. And finally, tax increases in Sweden have improved the quality of government services for everyone in that country. Thank you for your support. LI 『訂1【l Track 29 (p.48) Listen to the speech and fill in the blanks with the numbers from the house. Some numbers may be used more than once The first one is done for you. 136 Our first point is cost. Soccer tickets are much cheaper than baseball tickets. In this city, the price of a ticket to a baseball game is about three times higher than the price of a ticket to a soccer game. Our second point is excitement. Soccer is much more exciting than baseball. In baseball, 90% of the time the players are just standing around waiting. Soccer has action all the time. Our third point is simplicity. Soccer is much easier than baseball. Baseball rules take hours to explain, and you need a bat, glove, and baseball diamond to play. Soccer rules are easy, and all you need is a soccer ball and a field. Our fourth point is color. Soccer uniforms are much more colorful than baseball uniforms. The New York Yankees, for example, have one of the most boring uniforms in the world. In conclusion, we have talked about cost, excitement, simplicity, and color. We have shown that soccer is a much better sport than baseball. For these reasons we beg to Listen and fill in the missing words. Ladies and gentlemen, we have talked about cost, excitement, simplicity, and color and have clearly shown that soccer is a better sport than baseball. For these reasons we beg to propose. Track 32 (p.5o) Part 1 Listen and check your answers. Thank you, ladies and gentlemen. Today the resolution is: "Smoking should he banned." We, on the affirmative team, strongly support this resolution. We have 3 reasons: health, hospital costs, and pollution. Our first point is "Health." Cigarettes fill your lungs with poisonous chemicals causing cancer and lung disease. According to the American Cancer Society, every cigarette you smoke shortens your life by approximately 7 minutes. Furthermore, this has directly affected my life. My grandfather died of lung cancer two years ago. It was a long illness, and it caused my family much stress and According to the Tax Office, the government collected 400 million dollars in cigarette taxes last year. sadness. Furthermore, those tax dollars are important. The Minister of Finance said in an interview recently, "If we lose the taxes from cigarettes, we will have to take money away from schools and hospitals." (NewsHour, Our second point is "hospital costs." Smokers cost the country a Jot of money. May 3, 1998) This is because smokers get cancer and other diseases more than non-smokers. Smokers miss more work and spend more time in the hospital. Our third point is "jobs." Also, according to the Ministry of Health, the average smoker requires over $200,000 in hospital costs over the course of their lives. The total bill for the country is over $50,000,000 a year. Our third point is "Pollution." Millions of people all over the world work in the tobacco industry and will lose their jobs if cigarettes are banned. According to the Agricultural Ministry, at least 200,000 people work on tobacco farms. In addition, according to the Department of Commercial Affairs, as many as 500,000 more people work for cigarette companies. Cigarettes make the air dirty. This is because when people smoke, they blow many poisonous gases into the air. Finally, many more people work in convenience stores. If there are no cigarette sales, convenience stores will lose money and have to cut the number of workers. This is a big problem on train platforms, where many people ignore the "no smoking" signs and blow smoke in your face. We should ban cigarettes to get rid of this problem. We have talked about smokers' rights, taxes, and jobs. We have shown that cigarette smoking should be allowed. We beg to propose. We have talked about health, hospital costs, and pollution. We have shown clearly that cigarettes should be banned. We beg to propose. 지 ri Track 33 中 .56) Part 2 Listen and check your answers. Thank you Ladies and Gentlemen. The resolution today is "Cigarette smoking should be allowed." We, on the affirmative team strongly support this resolution. We have 3 reasons: smokers' rights, taxes, and jobs. Our first point is "smokers' rights." We believe that people have the right to smoke. People should have the freedom to do what they want, as long as they don't hurt others. According to Dr. Marsha Blacktooth of California University, "Smoking cigarettes in your own home doesn't hurt anyone else. In a free country, people should be allowed to smoke." (Smokers' Magazine, May, 1999) Our second point is "taxes." Cigarette taxes make much money for the government. Track 34 (p.71) Listen to an affirmative speech on the resolution: "It's better to be married than single." Take notes in the left column. For each reason, think of a refutation. Write your rcfutations in the right column. Thank you, ladies and gentlemen. We are debating the resolution: "It's better to be married than single." We on the affirmative team strongly support this resolution. We have four reasons: housework, cost, love, and advice. Our first point is "housework." If you are married, your husband or wife can help you around the house. Your wife or husband can help you with the cooking or cleaning, which takes a lot of time. According to a new government survey, husbands and wives now help equally in the household. It makes your life iiuch easier. Our second point is "cost." It is much cheaper to be married than to be single. This is because you can share expenses such as food or rent. Also, married people pay lower taxes than single people. Our third point is "love." Marriage increases the amount of love in your life. It's wonderful to come home every night to someone who cares about you. It's sad to be home at night all by yourself. Our fourth point is advice. If you are married, you can talk about your problems with your husband or wife. It helps to talk to other people about your problems. 】 37 Keeping your feelings to yourself is not healthy. It has been shown that married people live longer than single people. Ladies and gentlemen, we've talked about housework, cost, love, and advice, and have clearly shown that "It's better to be married than single." For these reasons we beg to propose. affirmative team strongly support this resolution. We have three reasons: health, animal rights, and the environment. Our first point is "health." It is not healthy for people to eat meat. Meat, especially beef, is very, very high in fat. Meat is also more difficult to digest than fruits or vegetables. Vegetables have all the vitamins, minerals, and protein that we need to live. If we eat only fruits and vegetables, we will be much healthier. ［『胛활견 Track 35-4 1 (p.83) Part 1 A debater is proving the resolution: "Cats arc better pets than dogs." Her first point is that cats are cheaper than dogs. She has six supports, but each support has a problem. Listen and match each support with its problem. The first one is done for you. My first point is cost, cats are cheaper than dogs. 1. According to the May 1999 issue of Animal Weekly magazine, cats make far better pets than dogs because cats are less expensive. 2. Cats cost only $100 while, on the other hand, dogs cost $200 or more. 3. Also, according to my English teacher, cats are cheaper than dogs because cats are smaller. 4. Furthermore, in her book Cats for Me, famous pet expert Dr. Woof, claimed that keeping a cat as a pet cost less than keeping a dog because of their size differences and the amount of food they eat. 5. According to the pamphlet Ten Reasons to Buy a Cat published in 1998 by the Necko Cat Food Company, cats are the economical choice because the cost of feeding a cat is lower than the cost of feeding a dog. '. Finally, at one pet store I saw recently there was a cat on display in the front window priced at $100 while the dog on display in the very same window was priced at over $350. This statistically proves that dogs on the average are more expensive than cats, thus cats would make the cheaper pet. Our second point is "animal rights." Eating meat violates the rights of animals. It is wrong to kill an animal or take a baby animal away from its mother. We should not cause animals to feel pain and suffering. We should respect all living beings. Our third point is "the environment." Raising animals hurts the environment. We cut down rain forests to make farms for cows. We also destroy life in the sea, catching more and more fish. Vegetables need less space and grow much more quickly. They do less damage to the environment. By eating only vegetables, we help protect our planet. We have talked about "health," "animal rights," and "the environment," and have shown that all people should be vegetarian. We beg to propose. Track 43 (pp.90, 91) Now, listen to the first half of a negative speech against the affirmative speech. Check the refutations you hear. Thank you, ladies and gentlemen. Today, we are debating the resolution, "All people should be vegetarian." We on the negative team strongly oppose this resolution. First, I will refute the affirmative side, then I will give our points. Their first reason was "health." they said that it is not healthy to eat meat, since it is high in fat and difficult to digest. We have three responses. First, it is not true that meat is difficult to digest. Our bodies are made to digest both meat and vegetables. Second, it is not always true that meat is higher in fat than vegetables. Some fruits and vegetables, such as bananas and avocados, have a lot of fat. On the other hand, some kinds of meat, such as turkey, have very little fat. Their second reason was "animal rights." They said that animals have a right not to suffer. We have two responses. First, it is not true that animals have rights. Rights come from our country's constitution, and our constitution says nothing about animals. Second, animal rights are not as important as human rights, and if we stop fishing or raising animals, millions of people in the food industry will lose their jobs. Their third reason was "the environment." They said that fishing and raising animals harm nature. We have two Track 42 (pp.90, 91) Listen to an affirmative speech on the resolution "All people should be vegetarian." Fill in the blanks in the affirmative's house. Thank you, ladies and gentlemen. We are debating the resolution: "All people should he vegetarian." We on the 】 38 responses. First, this is not necessarily true. It is possible to raise animals and catch fish without harming the environment. Second, it is not true that animal farming hurts the environment, since animals produce the carbon dioxide that plants require. We must keep the balance of nature. Track 44 (pp.9O, 91 ) Track 46 (p.9?') Listen to the second half of the speech and fill in the blanks in the negative's house. Part 2 Listen and check your answers. I have refuted the affirmative points; now I will give ours. We have three points: "health," "the economy," and "taste." Our first point is "health." We must eat meat and fish in order to stay healthy. Meat has a lot of protein, and fish has both protein and iodine. It's difficult to get these nutrients from vegetables. Our second point is "the economy." Millions of men and women work in agriculture, fishing, and the food industry. If we stop eating meat, they will lose their jobs. This will cause much hardship. Our third point is "taste." Meat tastes good, and many countries use meat in their national dishes. Can you imagine Thai food without shrimp, Japanese food without sushi, American food without hamburgers, or German food without Wiener schnitzel? Eating meat is enjoyable, and an important part of our culture. We have talked about "health," "the economy," and "taste,' and have shown that we should not all be vegetarian. For these reasons, we beg to oppose... Thank you, Ladies and gentlemen. Today, the resolution is: "All people should have to serve in the army." We on the negative team strongly oppose this resolution. Track 45 (p.9 히 Part 1 First, I will refute the affirmative's three points, then I will give our own. Their first point was strength. They said that if we have national service, our army will be stronger. We have two responses. It is not true that national service results in a stronger army. If you serve in the army for only 2 years, you don't learn enough to be a good soldier. It's better to have a professional army, where people serve between five and twenty years and receive more training. Furthermore, if the young people are forced to join and don't want to be there, they will have a poor attitude and weaken the army. Listen to a first affirmative constructive speech on the resolution, "All people should have to serve in the army." Take notes. Their second point was equality. Thank you, Ladies and gentlemen. Today, the resolution They said if we have national service, 시ㅣ citizens will share the risk of dying in a war. is: "All people should have to serve in the army." We on the affirmative team strongly support this resolution. We have three reasons: strength, equality, and jobs. Our first point is strength. National service will give us a stronger army. If all people serve in the army, we will always have a large body of trained, ready-to-fight soldiers in case of an emergency. In Israel, all people serve 2 or 3 years in the army. This has made Israel, which is a very small country, one of the most powerful in the world. Our second point is equality. National service promotes greater equality and fairness in a country. In a war, many soldiers are killed, causing great sadness to their family and friends. We believe that all citizens of a country should share equally in this danger. If you have a volunteer army, many people join simply because they are poor. This means that poor people die in war, but rich people do not. Our third point is jobs. National service will lower unemployment. Because most young people will be in the army, there will be fewer people looking for jobs. This will make it easier for other people to find work. Also, soldiers receive training in things like computers, driving, leadership, and so on. This training will help them find jobs after they leave the army. We have talked about strength, equality, and jobs, and have shown that all people should have to serve in the army. We beg to propose... However, it is totally untrue that national service treats everyone equally. Rich people can always find excuses to avoid national service. During the Vietnam War, Bill Clinton avoided serving in the army by moving to England. Their third point was jobs. They believe that we can reduce unemployment by putting all young people in the army. First, this point is not necessarily true. France, for example, has national service, but also very high unemployment, especially among young people. Second, there are easier ways for the government to solve unemployment. It can always create jobs by building more roads and train lines. I have refuted their three points; now I will give the negative points. We have three points: cost, freedom, and war. 】 39 Our first point is cost. Track 49 中 p.112, 113) National service is very expensive. Every year, one soldier costs the government over $100,000. If we multiply $100,000 by the number of young people in this country, we see that the cost is much too high. The money would better spent on hospitals and schools. The 1st Negative Constructive Speech Thank you, ladies and gentlemen. Today, the affirmative team is proposing that cats are better pets than dogs. We on the negative team strongly oppose this resolution. First, I will refute the affirmative points, and then I will give our own. Our second point is freedom. National service violates human rights. In a free country, people should be able to choose their own jobs. Our third point is war National service will increase the chance of wars with other countries. If we have a large army, other countries will be afraid and have to increase their armies, too. In general, when two neighboring countries have very large armies, they are more likely to use them in time of conflict. We have talked about cost, freedom, and war, and have shown that all people should not have to serve in the army. For these reasons, we beg to oppose. 지楸［긴 Track 47 (pp.1 12, 113) Listen to the following debate on the resolution: "Cats are better pets than dogs." Finish flowing the debate. Track 48 (pp.l 12, 113) The 1st Affirmative Constructive Speech Thank you, ladies and gentlemen. Today, the resolution is: "Cats are better pets than dogs." We on the affirmative team strongly support this resolution. We have three points: cost, care, and noise. Our first point is "cost." Cats are much cheaper than dogs. According to Pet Magazine, the average cost for a cat is $50 dollars while a dog costs $75. That's 50% more than a cat! Furthermore, cats are smaller than dogs, so they eat less food. Less food means less money. Now, our second point is "care." Cats are much easier to care for than dogs. Cats, they clean themselves and walk themselves. If you have a dog, however, you must take care of it everyday. It's a large burden. Now, our third point is "noise." Cats are much quieter than dogs. Dogs bark at cats, dogs bark at people, dogs bark at other dogs, and dogs even bark at the moon! Cats, on the other hand, meow quietly and won't disturb your neighbors. Oh! Well, we have talked about cost, care, and noise, and have clearly shown that cats, urn, are better pets than dogs. We beg to propose! 】 40 The affirmative talked about "cost." They said that cats are cheaper than dogs. I have three responses. First, this is not always true. Many dogs are cheaper than cats; you can even get a dog for free from an animal shelter. Second, it's not always true that dogs eat more than cats, since many dogs are quite small. Third, the price difference between dogs and cats is not significant. Dogs tend to be only a bit more expensive. They tried to prove their point by quoting from Pet Magazine, a source that I have never heard of. Have you? The affirmative also talked about "noise." I have two responses. First, that point is not true. Cats are often very noisy, particularly at night! There are at least S cats near my house, and they often spend all night screaming at each other and waking me up. Secondly, this point is not important because it's very easy to solve. You can teach a dog to be quiet. Cat teaching, however, is impossible! Now, let me present our case. We have two points: protection, and help. Our first point is "protection." Dogs protect you and ,your home. Cats don't. Imagine that you have gone to bed and have gone to sleep. And suddenly, you hear a window smash! A thief has entered your house! If you have a dog, it harks loudly and can chase the thief away. On the other hand, if you are a cat owner with no dog, well maybe the thief will steal your things, and even steal your life! Our second point is "help." Dogs often help you around the house. For example, they can bring you the newspaper, or get your slippers. If you're blind, dogs can guide you around. Cats do none of these things. Cats just eat your food and then run off and forget all about you. We have talked about protection and help, and have shown that dogs are much better pets than cats. We must oppose. Track 50 (pp.1 12, 113) The 2nd Affirmative Constructive Speech Thank you, ladies and gentlemen. My partner and I are proving that cats are better pets than dogs. First, I will refute the negative team's points, and then I will support my partner's. The negative's first point was "protection." They said that dogs can protect your home. But this is not important because it is easily solved. A house-alarm system is cheaper and more effective than a dirty, noisy, smelly dog. Their second point was "help." They said that dogs are more useful than cats. We have two responses. First, it is not always true that dogs are helpful. Most dogs just lie around the house all day. Well of course, some dogs do help blind people, or offer special help, but they require very expensive and special training. Second, it is not true that cats are useless. Cats catch mice, which is a far, far better thing than any dog has ever done before. Well, I have refuted their two points. Now let me support my partner's points. Our first point was "cost." My partner showed that cats are cheaper than dogs, and that they cost less to feed. The negative team said that this is not always true because you can get a stray animal for free. But stray dogs are often dirty, sick, unhealthy beasts. We think you should always get a new pet from a professional breeder. This makes sure that the pet is healthy and easy to train. From a professional breeder, dogs are almost always more expensive than cats. The negative also said that the cats are just a little hit cheaper than dogs, and the difference is not significant. This is not true, Ladies and gentlemen, particularly for poor people. For poor people, even $5 a week is significant. Our second point was "care." We clearly showed that cats are much easier to keep than dogs. The negative team must have agreed because they had no answer to that p이 nt at all! Our third point was "noise." We explained that cats are quieter than dogs. The negative team said that this was not true since cats often make noise at night. But this is easy to solve: cats only make noise when they are outside with other cats. So, if you keep your cat inside, there is no problem. The negative team also said that you can teach a dog to be quiet. This is not true. Dogs almost always bark whenever a stranger walks by their home, no matter how many times, and in how many ways you teach them not to. We see that the negative team's points are all not true, not important, and not relevant, but our points are all strong, true, and relevant. We have shown very clearly again that cats make better pets than dogs. And we beg to propose. Track 51 (pp.ll2, 113) The 2,ld Negative Constructive Speech Ladies and gentlemen! Dogs are beautiful, friendly, loyal, loving animals. My partner and I strongly believe that they make much better pets than those selfish cats! Let us look at the affirmative points. They have said that cats are cheaper than dogs. But, as my partner said, this is not always true. You can get a dog for free from an animal shelter. The affirmative team doesn't want animals from the shelter. They prefer to waste lots of money on a pet from an expensive professional breeder, rather than a free animal from a shelter. Many people have adopted beautiful, healthy, and free pets from animal shelters. The affirmative also said that cats are quieter than dogs, since dogs bark at strangers. But we already explained that you can train dogs to be quiet. The book, How to Train Your Pet, by Dr. Caleb (1999), has a whole chapter on how to teach your dogs to be quiet. Let us look now at our points. Our first point was "protection." The second affirmative speaker said that this is not important because it is easily solved with an alarm system. Well, ladies and gentlemen, an alarm system is expensive, and money, ladies and gentlemen, is always important! Besides, you can't cuddle up and pet an alarm system, can you? Our second point is that dogs are more useful than cats. The affirmative team responded that cats catch mice. I have three responses. First, this is not a significant problem. Most people don't have problems with mice. Second, even if they do have problems with mice, they can easi 나 solve this problem by buying cheap mousetraps. Third, it is not always true that cats catch mice, some cats are very lazy and prefer pet food. In conclusion, we have shown that dogs protect you and that dogs help you. Therefore, ladies and gentlemen, please join us in opposing the resolution that cats are better pets than dogs. Thank you. Track 52 (pp.1 12, 113) The Negative Rebuttal Thank you ladies and gentlemen. Today's resolution is: "Cats are better pets than dogs." We on the negative team have clearly shown that this is not true. Let us look again at the important points in this debate. First, the affirmative talked about "cost." They lose this point because they have not proved cats are cheaper than dogs. Moreover, we have shown that you can get a perfectly healthy pet for free from an animal shelter. The affirmative team also talked about "noise." They said cats are quieter than dogs. They lose this point, however, since my partner gave expert evidence showing that dogs can indeed be trained to be quiet. On our side, we have two main points: "protection" and "help." Our first point was "protection." We explained that a dog can protect you from thieves. They responded by saying that house alarms are better than dogs. We win this point because they never explained why an expensive alarm system is better than a loving dog. Our second point was "help." We showed that dogs are more useful than cats. The affirmative team responded that cats catch mice. But this is not important. My partner showed that mousetraps are a cheap, easy solution. Therefore, we win this point because the affirmative team never showed that cats have any significant use. Overall, we win our key points, and we have refuted the affirmative team. Therefore, we win this debate and ask you to choose dogs instead of cats! Thank you. Track 53 (pp.1 12, 113) The Affirmative Rebuttal Thank you, ladies and gentlemen. In this debate, the resolution has been that cats make better pets than dogs. We, on the affirmative team win this debate because we have clearly shown this to be true. The negative team loses because they have not listened to, understood, or answered our points. Let's look at the important points of this debate. The negative team had two points: "protection" and "help." They lose their "protection" point because we showed that you can always buy a house alarm. They said that house alarms are more expensive than dogs, but this is not true. You don't have to feed a house alarm for 141 years and years and years. The negative team also loses their "help" point. They said that dogs help people, hut my partner clearly showed that this is not always true. Please remember in the 2d affirmative speech, my partner said that most dogs don't help people. Only special dogs, with special training, do. They never answered this refutation. So, this point falls. Let us look now at our p 이 nts. Our first p 이 nt was cost. We said that cats are cheaper than dogs. They responded that you can get dogs for free from the animal shelter. However, my partner explained that dogs from the animal shelter are often difficult to train and are not healthy. Again, the negative never answered this response. Therefore, we win this point, too. Our second point was "care." We said that cats are easier to train than dogs. The negative team never answered this point at any time during the debate! Therefore, we win this point, too. Our third point was about noise. We said that cats are quieter than dogs. The negative team responded that cats make a lot of noise at night. We showed that this is easy to solve: keep your cat inside at night. The negative team never answered this. Instead, they showed us a book saying that you can teach a dog to be quiet. However, books about teaching don't always work. There are many math textbooks at the bookstore; it doesn't mean that everyone can learn math easily. Similarly, you cannot teach all dogs not to bark. So, in general cats are quieter than dogs, and we win this third and final point. In conclusion, we have won all three of our points, and the negative has lost both of theirs. And clearly, we have won this debate. Thank you. I『汁「r칩 Track 54 (p.1 18) tend to make everyone in the country proud and help promote unity. To quote Archbishop Desmond Tutu-a winner of the Nobel Peace Prize-"Sports can be a vehicle to reconcile our Rainbow Nation. We can light a torch that will bring prosperity to our country and all the people of Africa." In conclusion, we have talked about "money," "fairness to Africa," and "national unity," and have shown that South Africa should host the next Olympic Games. For these reasons, we beg to propose. Stop here and predict the negative response Track 56 (p.1 18) The 1st Negative Constructive Speech Thank you, ladies and gentlemen. Today, we are debating the resolution, "Cape Town should host the next Olympic Games." We, on the negative team, strongly oppose this resolution. First, I will refute the affirmative points, and then I will give our own. Their first point was "money." They said that South Africa would make a lot of money from the Olympics. We have two responses. First, it is not true that the Olympics always make a profit. The 1976 games in Montreal Canada lost six hundred and thirty million dollars! The Canadian people are still paying for that even today! Second, it is probably not true that South Africa can make money off the Olympics. South Africa doesn't have enough rich people to buy tickets, or enough large companies to sponsor events. Their second point was "fairness to Africa." They said that Africa has never hosted the 이 ympics, and therefore should have a turn. This is not important. This is not relevant for two reasons. First, this is not relevant because Flowing a complete debate many places have never hosted the Olympics, such as India or China, both of which have more people than all of Track 55 (p.1 18) Africa. Second, it is not relevant because the International The 1st Affirmative: Constructive Speech Thank you, ladies and gentlemen. Today we are debating the resolution, "Cape Town, South Africa, should host the next Olympic Games." We, on the affirmative team strongly support this resolution. We have three reasons, "money," "fairness to Africa," and "national unity." Our first point is "money." South Africa can make a lot of money from the Olympic Games which can he used to build more roads, more hospitals, and more schools for its people. In recent years, the Olympics have been very profitable. The 1996 Olympic Games made millions of dollars for the city of Atlanta, as the 1992 Games did for Barcelona. Our second point is "fairness to Africa." Africa is the only continent that has never hosted the Olympic Games, and it too should have a chance. Europe has hosted the Olympics 27 times, North America, 12 times, Asia, 4 times, Australia twice, and Latin America, once. Africa, which the world so often ignores, should have a turn. 142 Our third point is "national unity." The 이 ympics would bring South African people together. Right now, South Africa is divided by race, language, and wealth. Sports Olympic Committee chooses the host by deciding who will host the best Olympic games, not who hasn't had a turn yet. Their third point was "national unity." They said that the 이 ympic Games would bring South Africans together. This is clearly not true for two reasons. First, it is nor true that all South Africans will support the 이 ympics. Probably many people, particularly the poor people, will be angry when they see the government wasting money on stadiums and swimming pools instead of building much needed schools, hospitals, libraries, roads, and health programs for the poor. Second, it is not true that the 이 ympic Games will benefit all people of South Africa. It will only help people in Cape Town. People who live outside Cape lown will be very angry and feel ignored. Clearly, ladies and gentlemen, an 이 ympics hosted by South Africa will further divide the country, not unify it. I have refuted the affirmative points, now I will give ours. We have two: "cost" and "other cities." Our first point is "cost." We believe that the Olympics will cost South Africa too much money. To host the 이 ympics, the government will have to build many stadiums and swimming pools. The total cost may come to millions of dollars. South Africa is a poor country, and the money should be used to build roads, hospitals, and schools, not Olympic sized swimming pools! Our second point is "other cities." There are other cities better able to host the Olympics. For example, Toronto, Canada already has many beautiful stadiums and a lot of experience hosting sporting events. It also has many large companies able to act as sponsors. Beijing is another city that could host the 이 ympics better than Cape Town. In conclusion, we have talked about "cost," and "other cities," and have shown that Cape Town should not host the next 이 ympic Games. We must oppose! Track 57 (p.1 19) The 2nd Affirmative Constructive Speech Ladies and gentlemen, hosting the 이 ympics would have great benefits in South Africa, Africa, and the rest of the world, which is why we must support this resolution also never hosted the Games. But this is not relevant. India and China are countries, while Africa is a continent. The negative team also said that giving new countries a chance to host the Games is not important. We strongly disagree! The true Olympic spirit is about promoting international communication and understanding. Africa is an important part of the world community and should be given the chance to host this important world event. Our third point was "national unity." We explained that the 이 ympics would bring pride and unity to all South Africans. The negative responded that the Olympic Games will anger poor people, as well as people outside of Cape Town. This is totally not true! We know from experience that hosting the Olympics makes an entire country proud. Also, the Olympics will attract more tourists and more money to all of South Africa. In conclusion, we have talked about "money," "fairness to Africa," and "national unity," and have clearly shown that South Africa would benefit from hosting the Olympic Games. We strongly beg to propose. Thank you. Track 58 (p.l 20) today. The 2" Negative Constructive Speech Let me first refute the negative team's points, and then I will support my partner's. Their first point was "cost." They said that the 이 ympics would cost South Africa a lot of money. We have two responses. First, it is not true that preparing for the Olympics will be expensive for South Africa. Many people in South Africa don't have jobs, so labor is very, very cheap. This will keep costs down. Second, the problem of cost is easy to solve, since most of the money will come from sponsors all over the world. The South African people will not have to spend much money preparing for the Games. Their second point was "other cities." They said that other cities like Toronto or Beijing would be better Olympic hosts because they have more experience and money. We have two responses. First, experience is not important. Most 이 ympic cities are first time hosts, and Cape Town has experience hosting large African sporting events. Second, it is not important that Toronto has lots of money. Toronto is a very expensive city compared to Cape Town, so its money will not buy as much. I have refuted their points, now let me support our points. Our first point was "money." We showed that the Olympics could make a lot of money for the South African people. The negative team responded that the 이 ympics could lose money. This is not necessarily true. Every Olympics over the past 20 years has made a profit. We have learned from Montreal's mistakes. Also, the negative team said that South Africa doesn't have rich companies to sponsor the Games or rich people to pay for tickets. This is not important. Most Olympic sponsors are international companies, and many rich people will travel to South Ladies and gentlemen, hosting the Olympics would be a big waste of time and a bigger waste of money for the people of South Africa. We strongly oppose this resolution. First I will refute the affirmative points, then I will support my partner's. Their first point was "money." They said that no 이 ympics has lost money in the last 20 years. Well, ladies and gentlemen, in the last 20 years there have only been five Olympics! Five is not a significant number. It is a very, very small sample size of all the Olympic Games. They also said that the Olympics will have international sponsors. That is true, but again it is insignificant! The amount of international sponsorship is much, much less than the amount of money required from the host country. Their second point was "fairness to Africa." They said Africa to see the Games. Our second point was "fairness to Africa." We explained that Africa should have a chance to host the 이 ympics. The negative team responded that India and China have that Africa is a continent and China and India are countries. This is totally irrelevant! China has more people than all of Africa. Just because Africa has more space doesn't mean it should get the Olympic Games. Their third point was about "national unity." They said that the past has shown that the Olympics make a country proud. We think that South African people would be much more proud if money was used to improve education and to improve health care. My partner has explained that poor people will feel angry if the government spends lots of money on sports stadiums. They have not answered this point. I have refuted the affirmative points. Let me now give our p이 nts. Our first point was "cost." They said that in South Africa labor is cheap. This may be true, hut it is not important. Building materials are very expensive, and the government will have to borrow money at high interest rates. So, as we said before, the 이 ympic Games will be expensive for South Africa. 143 Our second point was "other cities." Everything the affirmative said about Cape Town can also be said about Beijing, plus, Beijing has more money, more sports stadiums, and more and better roads. We have shown again, ladies and gentlemen, that the South African government should not waste its money on playing sports! We must oppose! Track 5 이 p.121) The Negative Rebuttal Thank you ladies and gentlemen. We have been debating the resolution "Cape Town should hold the next Olympic Games," and we have clearly shown that this is not true. Let's look at the major points of this debate. The affirmative points were "money," "fairness to Africa," and "national unity." They lose the point about money because they never showed how Cape Town would make money from the Olympics. The examples that they gave, such as Atlanta, are not relevant. These are rich cities from rich countries with rich people and rich companies. They lose their point about fairness to Africa because they never refuted our example of China. They said that the continent of Africa has never hosted the Olympics. So what? That is totally irrelevant! Africa is a big piece of land surrounded by water. China is a big piece of land surrounded by more land and water. They lose their point about national unity because they never explained why poor people who don't have enough food to eat would enjoy new sports stadiums in their neighborhoods. Our most important p 이 nt was "cost." We win this p 이 nt because they never gave any evidence that international companies would give enough money to pay for the Olympics. Without international sponsorship, the South African government will have to borrow money at very high interest rates. This is a big cost to the country. We win this debate because the most important point was money. We have clearly won this point. Therefore, we strongly oppose today's resolution. 144 Track 60 (p.1 22) The Affirmative Rebuttal Ladies and gentlemen! Today we have been debating the resolution, "Cape Town should host the next Olympic Games," and we have clearly shown this to be true. Let's look at the major points of this debate. The negative points were "cost," and "other cities." In the negative's first point about cost, they said that South Africa has high interest rates and is expensive. Of course it will cost money to prepare for the Olympics. However, the Olympics will also bring in lots of money. The negative loses this point because they've never shown why the cost would be greater than the income. We, on the other hand, have shown that the last 5 이 ympics have made a profit. Their second point was other cities. The negative team talked a little bit about Beijing and a little bit about Toronto but didn't make a clear organized case for either city. They didn't even talk about this in their rebuttal! So, they lose this point because they did not develop it. Our main points were "money," and "fairness." As I said before, we win the point about money because we have offered evidence from the last five Olympics. The Olympics will bring in lots of money to South African people and improve their lives. We also talked about fairness to Africa. The Olympics will bring honor and respect to the entire continent. The negative has never denied this. Africa deserves greater respect and recognition. Therefore, we win this point, also. The Olympic Games will give South Africa money, jobs, and world recognition. Clearly, Cape Town should host this great event. We strongly propose! 。 Source In Unit 5, you learned the five steps for stating a refutation. Refuting a source is very similar. Read the five steps below for refuting a source. Read the example refutation on the left. Then, use the steps to make your own ref utations. ` . SIGNPOST Their first point was... Their 죠 rst point was money. 2 . ㄷ．．．】C驪 ’。볍．．떱1．떱 5. 'P 。’.5 Refuting REPHRASE They said that... because... They said that cats are cheaper than dogs because Dr. Silvercat said so. 3。 NEGATION This is not necessarily true. This is not necessarily true. 4솥 재’HY The evidence they gave is very questionable. Their evidence was not valid. 5. RATIONALE They gave no source for... They gave no date for the source on... The source for... is outdated. They didn't explain how the source reached th conclusion. They gave no explanation for why... Not enough data was collected. Their study didn't collect data properly. They didn't explain why the source is an expert in this area. Their source is not an expert in this area because... The source is biased. Their expert is biased. 80 The evidence they gave is very questionable. They didn't explain why Dr. Silvercat is an expert in this area. U．】．枋 C。 ’ · － 떱 ．．－ 떱 1 5.'。 P ｀ .5 Asking Questions Most debates have a question and answer session between speeches where the debaters can question the other team. Here are six files for questioning supports. 0 If there is no source given What is the source for that information? Where did that information come from? Is there a source for that information? 0 If there is no explanation given What is the reason for the source's conclusion that . . . Why does the source believe this? ㅇ If there is no date given What is the date for that source? How recent is that source? ㅇ If the statist ic is questionable What method was used to collect this data? Was enough data collected? O If the source's expertise is questionable Does the source have enough experience to be called an "expert" in this area? What is the source's experience in this area? ㅇ If the source might be biased Does the source benefit financially if people believe this information? Isn't that source biased? 79 ' ㄷ．．驪．【 C。 ’．.．떱n i 썹． 딥5 딥 o' s* PAIRWORK Partner B looks at this page, Partner A looks at the previous page. Partner A starts by reading one of the supports against nuclear power. Partner B listens and chooses the best question for challenging the support. Partner B then reads the question while Partner A checks to see if it is correct. Continue until al- six supports have been correctly questioned, then switch roles. Questions -1 「 …. : Was enough data collected? How many people did you ask? What is the date for that source? Jl ㄴ．…뀀 」「 about: nuclear power to be called an lexpert: ;"'― 「 What is the reason for the source's conclusion that nuclear power is dangerous? ∥ Does the source have enough knowledge -l 뺑―뱁 -L t what is the source for that intormatiori' Isn't that source biased? -l G Supports Against Abortion Abortion is bad because a child inside the H s綸1 e 1 mother is a living, breathing human being with a fully functioning heart and brain. is murder...." (1997). Arrs Bios J Four out of five women we interviewed said that they were against abortion. Ans: Reason? Ass: Dato5 IC I According to Professor PatI Thanaton, L I According to The Journal of the American Abortion is murder." (The New Times, abortion is dangerous for the mother and often results in her death. 」 cniiu 1_.l_1 i-'oor[iori Sn 우 URU DCl1 oanncu 「Cec.ause I a insiue tne morner can reei pain. January 25, 1999) 82 control available. Ans Source? Dr. Shin, Director of the American Medical Society, wrote that "Abortion According to The Phizzer Drug Company, abortion should be banned because there are much better methods of birth Ans: Expert? Ans: Data? 〔：【．m【【俚 Unf i . 6^hl el n 떱i n떱Su PPos r. Question Supports PAIRWORK Partner A looks at this page, Partner B looks at the next page. Partner A starts by reading one of the supports against nuclear power. Partner B listens and chooses the best question for challenging the support. Partner B then reads the question while Partner A checks to see if it is correct. Continue unti- al- six supports have been correctly questioned, then switch roles. 스 · Supports Against Nuclear Energy B ^ Every year millions of people die from radiation poisoning. According to the Clam Oil Company, nuclear power stations are never safe because of the possibility of computer failures. Aes: Bias? Anrn Source2 C D According to the magazine, Scin 皿 c Canadian, nuclear power plants can leak radiation and therefore are not safe. cancer. Ann Experf) Arss: Date? 갈 E Professor Chen of the ULMC Biology Department, wrote in the May 1998 issue of Natural Life that "Nuclear power is dangerous." ---1 더 F Ans: Reason? O Chef Pierre, the famous chef from the television cooking show, Cook for Me, said on his show just last week that nuclear power is bad because it causes ■■’,.....-．徹脈「，.,.... 굿 Everyone thinks nuclear power is a bad thing. According to a survey I took at a party last New Year's Eve every person I asked said that nuclear power was a bad thing because of radiation leaks. Questions 써 Does the source benefit financially if people believe this information? What method was used to collect this data? . Is there a source for that information? What is the source's experience? What subject is the source a professor of? reason for this belief? How recent is that source? 81 찢，．。

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