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Organisma living entity made up of one or more cells
Cellsmembrane-bound units
Replicationeverything an orgnism does contributes to one goall: replication
QuestionTypically based off an observation
hypothesisspecific and testable
predictionsdescribe one observable outcome
"<span style=""background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"">Null Hypothesis</span>"specifies what we should observe if the hypothesis being tested does NOT hold
"<img src=""Screenshot 2024-09-07 at 2.39.00 PM.png"">"Atomic Structure
Negative charge, outsideElectron
Positive, insideNucleus
protons and neutronsnucleus composition
Bottom number on elementAtomic number = protons
remains constant, keeps its identity alwaysatomic number, protons
top number on elementmass number=<br>protons + neutrons
isotopesforms of an element with different numbers of neutrons
Makes up 96% of matter in living organismsH,C,N,O
Outermost shell (valence shell)only electrons that can interact and form bonds with other atoms
"How many electron bonds can be formed<br><img src=""Screenshot 2024-09-07 at 2.53.57 PM.png"">"4
"How many electron bonds can be formed<br><img src=""Screenshot 2024-09-07 at 2.54.41 PM.png"">"3 (pairs dont work)
"How many electron bonds can be formed<br><img src=""Screenshot 2024-09-07 at 2.55.25 PM.png"">"2
"""full"" valence shell"8 electrons consisting of 4 pairs
Atoms are most stable when their valence shells are full (when they have no unpaired electrons)chemical bonding
most stable bondcovalent
"What kind of bond is this?&nbsp; Is it stable of not?<br>&nbsp;<img src=""Screenshot 2024-09-07 at 3.00.42 PM.png"">"Covalent bond, stable
How do elements with only one electon stablize?"They must bond with another electron so the bond stablizes.<br><img src=""Screenshot 2024-09-07 at 3.03.55 PM.png"">"
substances held together by covalent bondsmolecules
molecules in which atoms of different elemtns are held togethercompounds
"What kind of bond is this<br><img src=""Screenshot 2024-09-07 at 3.13.11 PM.png"">"Single
"What kind of bond is this?<br><img src=""Screenshot 2024-09-07 at 3.13.49 PM.png"">"double
"What kind of bond is this?<br><img src=""Screenshot 2024-09-07 at 3.14.18 PM.png"">"triple
Which elements will give you a polar bond?Nitrogen (N) and Oxygen (O)
Which elements mostly make up nonpolar covalent bondsCarbon (C) and Hydrogen (H)
What type of elemets make up ionic bonds&nbsp;Metals (like&nbsp;Na and Cl)
Why are polar bonds important?They are capable of forming hydrogen bonds
"<img src=""Screenshot 2024-09-07 at 3.34.34 PM.png"">"0, 8, 9
"<img src=""Screenshot 2024-09-07 at 3.36.32 PM.png"">"B. closer to the oxygen in the case of CO2<br><br>because Oxygen has the most electronegativity
"<img src=""Screenshot 2024-09-07 at 3.37.54 PM.png""><br><br><img src=""Screenshot 2024-09-07 at 3.38.26 PM.png""><br>"Hydrogen, Methane, Ammonia, Water
What kind of bond does O and N form?Hydrogen bonds
Which molecules dissolve in water?Polar
Which molecules do not dissolve in water?Nonpolar
"Since water is able to dissociate, which one would it be? Why?<br><img src=""Screenshot 2024-09-07 at 4.03.09 PM.png""><br><img src=""Screenshot 2024-09-07 at 4.03.29 PM.png"">"2 H2O = H3O+OH<br>Because a single Proton cant exist alone (H)
"Gives a proton (H+) during a chemical reaction<br><img src=""Screenshot 2024-09-07 at 4.14.22 PM.png""><br>H is lost from the compound and added to the H2O"Acid<br>
"gets a proton (H+) during a chemical reaction or gives up a hydroxide (OH-)<br><img src=""Screenshot 2024-09-07 at 4.17.44 PM.png""><br>An H atom is removed from H2O and addeds to NH4 which transforms H2O into OH-"Base
"Would you classify this molecule as an acid or base?<br><img src=""Screenshot 2024-09-07 at 4.20.49 PM.png"">"Base, an H+ was gained
Stored energypotential&nbsp;
energy of motionkinetic
potential energy stored in bondschemical
kinetic energy of molecular motionthermal
How randomized energy is<br><br>The more moleculas are in one placeEntropy (more energy disperal)
"<img src=""Screenshot 2024-09-07 at 4.45.42 PM.png"">"b. high specific heat is a result of having many hydrogen bonds
"<img src=""Screenshot 2024-09-07 at 4.48.34 PM.png"">"b. H+ decreases<br><br>This is because when pH goes up, H+ goes down and vice versa
"<img src=""Screenshot 2024-09-07 at 4.49.52 PM.png"">"Glucose because there are more bonds
Molecules that contains carbon bonded to other elements, linked in a chain or ringOrganic molecules
"What kind of molecule is this? What is every point?<br><img src=""Screenshot 2024-09-07 at 4.54.13 PM.png"">"Octane (Organic molecule)<br><br>Every point is a C because H doesn't do anything important
"What kind of molecule is this? What are its points?<br><img src=""Screenshot 2024-09-07 at 4.57.09 PM.png"">"Glucose (Organic)<br><br>The points are C, single H's aren't shown because they don't have any function.
What are hydroxile groups?OH-
"What functional group is this?<br><img src=""Screenshot 2024-09-07 at 5.01.12 PM.png"">"Amino
"What functional group is this?<br><img src=""Screenshot 2024-09-07 at 5.02.16 PM.png"">"Carboxyl
"What functional group is this?<br><img src=""Screenshot 2024-09-07 at 5.03.12 PM.png"">"Carbonyl
"&nbsp;What is the family and functional group of a C=O with other stuff thats at the end of a molecule and has a H<br><br><img src=""Screenshot 2024-09-07 at 5.05.22 PM.png"">"Functional group: Carbonyl<br>Family of molecules: Aldehydes<br>
"What is the functional group and family of molecules of a C=O bond and is in the middle of a molecule?<br><img src=""Screenshot 2024-09-07 at 5.14.43 PM.png"">"Functional group: Carbonyl<br>Family of molecules: Ketone
"<img src=""Screenshot 2024-09-07 at 5.18.57 PM.png"">"Hydroxyl
"<img src=""Screenshot 2024-09-07 at 5.20.33 PM.png"">"Phosphate
"<img src=""Screenshot 2024-09-07 at 5.21.11 PM.png"">"Sulfhydryl
What is the process of linking two monomers together called? Why is it called this?Condensation = dehydration<br>It is called this because a water molecule is lost.
Adding water to break a bondHydrolysis
"&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<img src=""Screenshot 2024-09-07 at 5.40.53 PM.png""><br><br><img src=""Screenshot 2024-09-07 at 5.41.25 PM.png"">"Condensation
"&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<img src=""Screenshot 2024-09-07 at 5.42.25 PM.png""><br><img src=""Screenshot 2024-09-07 at 5.42.54 PM.png"">"Hydrolysis