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The study of inheritance or the transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring.Genetics
Basic units of inheritance that encode for certain traits or visible characteristics.Genes
Different forms of the same gene &amp;<br>may exist for each locus of the<br>chromosome.Alleles
Structures in which DNA is tightly packaged within the nucleus.Chromosomes
specific locations on chromosomes where genes are locatedLoci
genetic makeup of an organism; an individual's collection of genes. The term also can refer to the two alleles inherited for a particular geneGenotype
expression of the genetic makeup that includes observable characteristics or traits.Phenotype
The allele expressed as a phenotype.Dominant
refers to an allele that is not expressed as a phenotype.Recessive
occurs when two heterozygous alleles are fully expressed in the phenotype of an organism.Codominance
Discovered the basic priniciples of geneticsGregor Johann Mendel
What plant did Gregor Mendel used in his observation?Pea plant
Give the 3 Laws of Inheritance by Gregor Mendel1. Law of Dominance<br>2. Law of Independent Segregation<br>3. Law of Independent Assortment
Dominant alleles will be expressed and recessive alleles will be concealed.Law of<br>Dominance
Separate traits are inherited independently.Law of Independent Assortment
Ther are two different alleles for each gene that segregate randomly during meiosis.Law of Segregation
both alleles are expressed, and their gene products are seen at the phenotypic level.Codominance
One gene is NOT dominant over the other and both alleles are expressed as phenotypes.Codominance
Most blood groups are inherited in a this manner.Codominance
States that genes for different traits are inherited separately from each other.The Law of Independent Assortment
Offspring that has the same phenotype as one of the parentsParental Type
Offspring with the dominant feature of one parent and the recessive feature of the other.Reciprocal Type
Recombinant TypeThis type of combination can also occur; these are offspring with a new combination of phenotypes.
2 Authors of the EquilibriumGodfrey Harold Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg
Used to predict gene frequency in living populationsThe Hardy – Weinberg Principle
The principle states that gene frequency tends to remain constant from generation to generation unless acted on by outside influences.The Hardy – Weinberg Principle
Formula of Hardy-Weinberg Priniciplep + q = 1
This equation is used to determine the allele frequency in a population.p + q = 1
This equation is used to determine the genotype frequency in a population.p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
An analysis of the genetic history of a family over several generations.Pedigree Analysis
Pedigree Symbol: MaleSquare
Pedigree Symbol: FemaleCircle
Pedigree Symbol: Unaffected individualOpen symbol
Pedigree Symbol: Affected individualClosed, filled-in symbol
Pedigree Symbol: MatingLine connecting male and female
Pedigree Symbol: OffspringVerticle line
Pedigree Symbol: Stillbirth or abortionSmall black circle
Pedigree Symbol: Deceased family membersLine crossed through the symbol
Pedigree Symbol: Propositus or probandIndicated by an arrow
traits that are not carried on the sex chromosomes.Autosomal
traits that are encoded by a gene generally located on either of the sex chromosome, the gene is usually found in the X chromosome, as few functional genes are present on the Y chromosome.Sex Linked
A recessive trait is carried by either parent or both parents but is not generally seen at the phenotypic level unless both parents carry the trait.Autosomal Recessive
The trait is expressed only when an individual is homozygous for the allele and inherited the recessive allele from both parents.Autosomal Recessive
Gene in question is located on one of the numbered, or non-sex, chromosomes.Autosomal
A single copy of the disease-associated mutation is enough to cause the disease.Dominant
Both sexes are capable of carrying the traitX- linked Dominant
The father always expresses the trait but never passes it on to his sonsX- linked Recessive
Made up of cells that have a defined nucleusEukaryotic Organism
Highly organized structure that contains most of the genetic materialNucleus
Single celled organism without a defined nucleusProkaryotic Organism
Thread-like structures in which DNA is tightly packaged within the nucleus.Chromosomes
Proteins that help condense DNA into Chromatin.Histones
Help ensure that DNA is replicated and distributed appropriately during cell division.Chromosomes
Packaging elements for DNA.Chromatin
The molecule that carries genetic instructions in all living thingsDNA
Made of DNA and contain the instructions for building proteins and are integral in making and maintaining the human body.Genes
The process by which somatic cells divide to create<br>identical daughter cells.Mitosis
Resting stage when the cells are not actively dividing.Interphase
The chromatin condenses to form visible chromosomes and the nuclear envelope starts to break down.Prophase
The chromosomes are lined up along the middle of the nucleus and paired with the corresponding chromosomeMetaphase
The cellular spindle apparatus is formed, and the chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell. The cell becomes pinched in the middle, and cell division starts to take placeAnaphase
The cell is pulled apart, division is complete, and the chromosomes and cytoplasm are separated into two new identical daughter cellsTelophase
The process by which gametes or sex cells are produced.Meiosis