UPLINK NMAT REVIEW :
PHYSICS
System of Units:
SI System : MKS (m,kg,s) and CGS (cm, g, s)
English: (ft, slugs,s)
International System (SI) – also known as the metric system; system of
units used by scientists and engineers around the world.
Fundamental Quantities and Their Units
length
mass
time
electric current
temperature
amount of substance
luminous intensity
meter
kilogram
second
Ampere
Kelvin
mole
Candela
m
kg
s
A
K
mol
cd
• Used to denote very large or very small
numbers by powers of 10.
b
a x 10
where a is can be any real number
and b is an integer
-9
10
10-6
10-3
10-2
103
106
109
nanomicromillicentikilomegagiga-
n

m
c
k
M
G
A = 5.0 m, 30°
Ax = 4.3m
• Quantity having a
magnitude only
• Distance, time,
temperature
y
Ay
• a quantity having both
magnitude and direction
• Displacement, velocity,
acceleration
Ax = 5.0 cos30°
Ay = 5 sin30°
Ay = 2.5m

x
Ax
- at rest
pos’n
pos’n
constant velocity (+)
t
t
pos’n
pos’n
t
increasing velocity (+)
t
constant velocity (-)
constant (+) acceleration
constant velocity : zero acceleration
v
v
t
t
constant (-) acceleration
v
increasing acceleration
v
t
t
20
18
16
Position (m)
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (s)
- at 2s the particle moved 4m from its original position
- from 4s to 5s the particle is stationary
- the particle is faster in the 9-10s interval than 0-4s interval
18
16
14
Velocity (m/s)
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time (s)
14
16
18
20
22
the object accelerated at 0-4s interval with a magnitude of
𝒎
𝒎
𝒗𝒇 − 𝒗𝒊 𝟒 𝒔 − 𝟐 𝒔
𝒎
𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 =
=
= 𝟎. 𝟓 𝟐
∆𝒕
𝟒𝒔
𝒔
the object decelerates at 10s
24
graph
slope
Area under the curve
Position vs. time
velocity
-----
Velocity vs. time
acceleration
displacement
Acceleration vs. time
-----
Change in velocity
Uniformly Accelerated Rectilinear Motion (UARM)
motion with non-zero acceleration!
The 4 kinematical equations (UARM)
Equation 1
v = v0+at
Equation 2
Δx = ½ (v+v0) * t
Equation 3
v2 = v02 + 2aΔx
Equation 4
Δx = v0t + ½ at2
is the motion of a falling body under the influence
of the earth’s gravity
acceleration due to gravity – the constant acceleration of a
freely falling body
g = 9.81 m/s2
• Equation 1
v=v0-gt
• Equation 2
Δy = ½ (v+v0) * t
• Equation 3
v2=v02 -2gΔy
• Equation 4
Δy = v0t - ½ gt2
motion of an object following a circular path while moving at a constant speed
𝑣2
𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∶ 𝑎𝑐 =
𝑟
• velocity is constant in magnitude but changes direction
• acceleration is constant in magnitude but changes direction
■ Elementary Definition:
– A force is simply a push or a
pull.
• Fundamental Definition
#1 (1st Law):
– A force is any external
influence that causes a
change in the state of
motion of a particle or
systems of particles
• Fundamental Definition #2
Force is a vector.
• The magnitude of the force is the
product of the mass of the object
and the magnitude of its
acceleration
• The direction of the force is the
direction of the acceleration it
causes if it is the only force acting
on the body.
Fundamental Definition #3
Force, is used to describe the
interaction between two objects.
That is, when two objects
interact, they exert forces on one
another.
■ These are forces that are
applied to systems by
force loads, and can't be
classified as other types
of forces
■ This is the force due to
gravity exerted by a
heavenly object on a small
object in its field.
■ Classification can not be
carried out since
simplicity is maintained
■ It is always directed
downwards (or towards
the center of the heavenly
object
■ Can be a push or pull
■ Symbol and Formula:
■ Symbol: Fapp
■ w = mg
■ arises from pulling using
strings.
■ always directed
perpendicular to the surface
of contact.
■ It is always directed away
from the object being
pulled.
■ Symbol: η (Greek Letter ETA)
■ Symbol: T
■ always directed parallel to
the surface of contact.
■ Opposes the motion
■ Mechanical work is the amount of ENERGY transferred by a FORCE.
The work W done by a constant force F whose point of application moves
through a distance x is defined to be
𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐤 = 𝐅 ∙ ∆𝐱 ∙ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉
Where θ is the angle between F and the x axis, and Δx is the
displacement caused by the force.
True or False?
1. Only the net force acting on an object can do work
2. No work is done on a particle that remains at rest
3. A force that is always perpendicular to the velocity of a particle
never does work on the particle
4. An object moves in a circle at constant speed. The force that
accounts for its acceleration does work in it!
is the sum of kinetic and potential energy in an object
that is used to do work. In other words, it is energy in an
object due to its motion or position, or both.
MEi = MEf
■ Is the energy associated to
particles and systems that
are moving.
■ Symbol and Formula:
■ KE = ½ mv2
■ Unit : Joules
work done by a force (such as
gravitational force or spring force)
when the relative positions of particles
are changed within a physical system.
Symbol and Formula:
EPE = ½ kx2
GPE = mgh
Unit : Joules
■ The Power supplied by a force is the rate at
which the force does work.
Work
Power =
time
■ PHYSICAL PROPETIES:
■ SI unit: Watt (abbr, W)
■ 1 W = 1 J/s
is a collection of molecules that are randomly arranged and held together by weak
cohesive forces and by forces exerted by the walls of a container.
any substance that does not have definite shape and
exhibits the phenomenon of flow.
expand to fill their containers regardless of the container’s
shape
flow under the influence of gravity until they occupy the
lowest possible regions of their containers
liquid which becomes strongly polarized in the presence of magnetic
field
Intrinsic property of a substance
Ratio of a material’s mass to its
volume
SI Unit: kg/m3
1 g/cm3 = 1,000 kg/m3
Density of Water
ρw at 4oC = 1 kg/L = 1000 kg/m3 = 1 g/cc
The ratio of the density of the object to that of standard
substance is called specific gravity. It is unit-less!
Standards:
Liquid: ρwater =1 g/cc
Gas: ρair=1.29kg/m3
Floatation Criteria:
DENSITY:
SPECIFIC GRAVITY:
object’s density is >density of water, it sinks
object’s density is<density of water, it floats
If 0 < sg < 1.00 then it FLOATS
If sg > 1.00 then it SINKS
Rank the four materials in increasing densities as they are submerged in water.
Find the mass and weight of the air in a living room at 20°C with a
4.0 m X 5.0 m floor and a ceiling 3.0 m high.
Solution;
1. Calculate the volume of the living room.
- volume of a rectangular region
2. Use the equation:
ρ = m/V
Answer:
m = ρV
Force per unit area is called pressure P:
• 1 N/m2 = 1 Pa (Pascal)
1 atm = 101,325 Pa = 14.70 lb/in
 Pressure is dependent on
• As any scuba diver knows, • As any sky diver knows, the
Density and depth of the fluid.
the pressure in a lake or
pressure of the atmosphere
ocean increases with
decreases with altitude.
 P – P0 = ρgh
depth.
ρ – density
g – gravitational acceleration
h – depth
P = P0 + ρgh
 Figure below shows water in a container with different shapes.
 In what point does the pressure seem the greatest?
A
B
C
D
F
“Pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted
undiminished to every point in the fluid and to the
walls of the container.” - Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)
𝐹1 𝐹2
=
𝐴1 𝐴2
Describes the flow of a fluid
through a tube with varying
cross-sectional area.
A1 v1 = A2 v2
A is the cross-sectional area of the
tube, v is the velocity of the fluid
that is flowing
The quantity Av is called
IV (volume flow rate)
IV = Av = constant
↑ 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 ⋮ ↓ 𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲
the speed, v, of a liquid flowing under the force of gravity out of an opening
in a tank is proportional jointly to the square root of the vertical distance, h,
between the liquid surface and the centre of the opening and to the square
root of twice the acceleration caused by gravity
𝑣 =
2𝑔ℎ
the reduction in fluid pressure that results when a fluid flows through a
constricted section of pipe
an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously with a
decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy
•Measure of how HOT or COLD a body is
•Determines the direction of heat flow
•Measure of random average translational KE of molecules of the body
■ Conversions
tF = (tC*1.8) +32 (Celsius to Fahrenheit)
tC = (tF - 32)/1.8 (Fahrenheit to Celsius)
tK = tC + 273.15 (Celsius to Kelvin)
tC = tK – 273.15 (Kelvin to Celsius)
■ Heat is energy transferred from one system to another
because of a difference in temperature.
■ 1 cal = 4.186 J
1. The amount of heat energy Q needed to raise the temperature of the substance is proportional
to the temperature change and to the mass of the substance:
Q = mcΔT
;
C = mc
Where C is heat capacity, c is specific heat
2. The heat involved in the change of phase is known as LATENT HEAT . Latent means hidden.
In general,
Q = mL
Where Q is heat added or removed, m is the mass of the substance, L is the latent heat
A) fusion/liquefaction (solid <-> liquid)
B) vaporization/condensation (liquid <-> gas)
C) sublimation (solid -> gas)
■ CALORIMETRY combines method of mixtures and the law of
heat exchange.
■ Law of Heat Exchange:
Qlost = Qgained
 Open vs Closed vs Isolated
 Intensive variable vs extensive
variable
■ Zeroth Law
■ First Law of Thermodynamics
■ Second Law of Thermodynamics
■ Third Law of Thermodynamics
A
B
C
If
TB = TC
;
TA = TC
then
TA = TB
“If body A is in thermal equilibrium with body B, and B is in thermal equilibrium with C,
then A is in Thermal equilibrium with C.”
“After the knowledge of, and obedience to,
the will of God, the next aim must be to know
something of His attributes of wisdom, power
and goodness as evidenced by His
handiwork.”
Process
∆𝑻
∆𝑸
Isochoric
∆𝑽
0
Isobaric
Isothermal
Adiabatic
0
0
0
REFRIGERATOR
HEAT ENGINE
hot reservoir
cold
hotreservoir
reservoir
𝐖
𝐄𝐅𝐅 =
𝐐
𝐖
𝐂𝐎𝐏 =
𝐐
𝐖 𝐓𝐇 − 𝐓𝐂
=
𝐐
𝐓𝐂
cold reservoir
cold reservoir
𝐖 𝐓𝐇 − 𝐓𝐂
=
𝐐
𝐓𝐇
𝑄
∆𝑆 =
𝑇
∆𝑆𝑈 = ∆𝑆𝑆 + ∆𝑆𝐸
Power
Current
Voltage
Voltage
Current
Resistance
𝐕 = 𝐈𝐑
𝐏 = 𝐈𝐕
PIVIR
each resistor has the same current
battery
𝐑𝐓 = 𝐑𝟏 + 𝐑𝟐+ 𝐑𝟑 + 𝐑𝟒
RT =
𝐑𝟏
1
1
1 −1
+ +
R1
R2
R3
𝐑 𝟏 = 𝟐𝛀
𝐑 𝟐 = 𝟒𝛀
𝐑 𝟑 = 𝟔𝛀
battery
each resistor has the same voltage
𝐑 𝐓 = ____
𝐂𝐕 = 𝐪
C : capacitance ( farad ; F )
V : voltage ( volts ; V )
q : charge ( Coulomb ; C )
DIELECTRIC
CT scanner sends X-ray beams through the body MRI scans use powerful magnetic fields and radio
as it moves through an arc taking many pictures. frequency pulses to produce detailed pictures of organs,
soft tissues, bone and other internal body structures.
𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐞𝐝
𝐟𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 =
𝐰𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡
Light passes from a material with index of refraction 1.3 into one with index of
refraction 1.2. Compared to the incident ray, the refracted ray (a) bends toward the
normal (b) bends away from the normal.
Polarized sunglasses cut through that reflective glare to increase clarity and
decrease discomfort.
Increase in frequency as wave source approaches the observer
•located behind the convex mirror
•a virtual image
•an upright image
•reduced in size (i.e., smaller than the object)
image
object
F
F
Converging
Lens
image
F
object
Converging
Lens
F
•located on the object' side of the lens
•a virtual image
•an upright image
•reduced in size)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= +
𝐟
𝐢 𝐨
𝐑
𝐟=
𝟐
f : focal length of the mirror or lens
i : distance of the image from the mirror or lens
o : distance of the object from the mirror or lens
R : radius of curvature (concave mirror)
𝐡𝐢
𝐢
𝐌=
=−
𝐡𝐨
𝐨
𝐌 ∶ 𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐧𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝐡𝐢 : 𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐞
𝐡𝐨 ∶ 𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐨𝐛𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭
How can a plane mirror, concave mirror, convex mirror, converging lens and/or diverging lens be used to
produce a real image?
The image of an object is found to be upright and reduced in size. What type of mirror and/or lens is used to
produce such an image?
𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟑
𝑻𝟏 =
= 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟑𝝉
𝝀
𝟐
𝐓 ∶ 𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐨𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐡𝐚𝐥𝐟 𝐥𝐢𝐟𝐞
𝛌 ∶ 𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐨𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐜𝐚𝐲 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭
𝛕 ∶ 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧 𝐥𝐢𝐟𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞
The half-life is independent of the physical state (solid, liquid, gas), temperature,
pressure, the chemical compound in which the nucleus finds itself, and essentially any
other outside influence. It is independent of the chemistry of the atomic surface, and
independent of the ordinary physical factors of the outside world. The only thing
which can alter the half-life is direct nuclear interaction with a particle from outside
if an alpha emitting substance is ingested in food or air
it can cause serious cell damage.
main threat is still primarily from internal emission
from ingested material
can be stopped by a thick or dense enough layer
material, with high atomic number materials
the only type of radiation that is able to turn other
materials radioactive
alpha
𝛼24
beta
𝒆−
gamma
𝜸
Penetrating
power
Ionizing
power
Mass
least
highest
Most
massive
highest
least
No mass
Can be
Can be
deflected by deflected by
electric field
magnetic
field
Examples
YES
YES
radium,
radon,
uranium,
thorium
YES
YES
strontium90, carbon14, tritium,
and sulfur35
NO
NO
iodine-131,
cesium-137,
cobalt-60
𝑬 ∶ 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚
𝒎 ∶ 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔
𝒎
𝒄 ∶ 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 = 𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎
𝒔
𝟖
anything having mass has an equivalent amount of energy and vice
versa