Cambridge IGCSE™
* 0 0 1 4 4 7 4 2 7 5 *
BIOLOGY
0610/41
Paper 4 Theory (Extended)
May/June 2024
1 hour 15 minutes
You must answer on the question paper.
No additional materials are needed.
INSTRUCTIONS
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Answer all questions.
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Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
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Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
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Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
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Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
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Do not write on any bar codes.
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You may use a calculator.
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You should show all your working and use appropriate units.
INFORMATION
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The total mark for this paper is 80.
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The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
This document has 20 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.
DC (PB/SG) 330335/3
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1
(a) Fig. 1.1 is a photograph of a fish. Fig. 1.2 is a photograph of an amphibian.
Fig. 1.1
Fig. 1.2
State two visible features that distinguish the fish in Fig. 1.1 from the amphibian in Fig. 1.2.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) Fish, amphibians and mammals are all vertebrate groups.
State the name of one other vertebrate group.
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(c) Fig. 1.3 shows the circulatory system of a fish.
Fig. 1.4 shows the circulatory system of an amphibian.
gill capillaries
heart
lung and skin capillaries
heart
ventricle
atrium
body capillaries
body capillaries
Fig. 1.3
Fig. 1.4
Describe the similarities and the differences between the circulatory systems of the fish and
the amphibian in Fig. 1.3 and Fig. 1.4.
They both dont have septum that separates the left side from the right
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They both oxygenate the blood
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Amphibians has 4 heart chambers
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Amphibians have double circulation, fish has1
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(d) Explain the advantages of the type of circulatory system in mammals compared with the type
of circulatory system in fish.
double circulation prevents deoxygenated blood from mixing with oxygenated
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blood
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prevents backflow of blood
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blood flows through the heart twice
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(e) Explain how the structure of arteries and veins relates to the difference in the pressure of the
blood transported by these vessels.
arteries, like aorta, have thick muscles to push blood away from the heart
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...................................................................................................................................................
veins,
like vena cava, have thin muscles as they bring blood with low pressure to
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the heart so vessels wont burst
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(f)
Table 1.1 shows the names of some organs and the name of the main artery that brings blood
to the organ.
Complete Table 1.1.
Table 1.1
name of the organ
name of the artery that brings blood to the organ
lung
renal artery
liver
[3]
[Total: 17]
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2
(a) Fig. 2.1 shows the internal body temperature of a human and the external environmental
temperature during six hours in one day.
40
38
36
34
temperature
/ °C
32
30
28
26
0
1
2
3
4
time / hours
key:
internal body temperature
external environmental temperature
Fig. 2.1
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6
7
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(i)
The internal body temperature range is from 36.4 °C to 37.0 °C.
State the range of the external environmental temperature shown in Fig. 2.1.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii)
Explain the results for the internal body temperature shown in Fig. 2.1.
As temperature increases, internal body temperature stays constant for 1
...........................................................................................................................................
hours before increasing slightly
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Temperature continues increasing reaching its maximum at 39*C and body
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internal temperature fluctuates but remains normal
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..................................................................................................................................... [6]
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(b) Fig. 2.2 shows a cross‑section through human skin.
A
F
E
B
D
C
Fig. 2.2
Table 2.1 shows the names of some parts of the skin, the letter identifying the part in Fig. 2.2
and its role in maintaining internal body temperature.
Complete Table 2.1.
Table 2.1
name of the part
letter in Fig. 2.2
role in maintaining internal body temperature
insulation
E
detect temperature changes
[3]
[Total: 10]
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3
(a) Fig. 3.1 shows a drawing of a root hair cell and Fig. 3.2 shows a drawing of a palisade cell.
chloroplast
mitochondrion
mitochondria
Fig. 3.1
Fig. 3.2
Explain the reasons for the difference in the numbers of mitochondria and chloroplasts
between the root hair cell and the palisade cell, shown in Fig. 3.1 and Fig. 3.2.
root hair cells have more mitochondria for more energy in respiration
mitochondria .............................................................................................................................
active transport
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root is the source so ore chloroplasts are needed for photosynthesis
chloroplasts ..............................................................................................................................
to produce sugars for the plant
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[5]
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(b) Fig. 3.3 is a photomicrograph of a cross‑section of part of a xerophyte leaf.
B
A
Fig. 3.3
(i)
Explain why the part labelled A in Fig. 3.3 is a tissue.
because its a group of cells working together to perform a specific function
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(ii)
Describe two ways the structure labelled B in Fig. 3.3 is adapted for its function.
reduce water loss from plant
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
gaseous exchange
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
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(iii)
Describe one way the leaves of xerophytes are adapted to their environment.
trap moist air to reduce transpiration
rolled leaves
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..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv)
Describe one way the roots of xerophytes are adapted to their environment.
deep roots
reach for underground water
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..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 11]
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4
(a) A student investigated the effect of lactase on three different liquids:
•
•
•
milk
lactose‑free milk
sucrose solution.
The student used an indicator to test for the presence of glucose. A sample of each liquid was
tested before and after treatment with lactase.
The indicator turned brown in the presence of glucose. The indicator remained blue in the
absence of glucose.
Table 4.1 shows the results of the tests.
Table 4.1
liquid
colour before treatment
with lactase
colour after treatment
with lactase
milk
blue
brown
lactose‑free milk
brown
brown
sucrose solution
blue
blue
(i)
Explain the results for the three liquids shown in Table 4.1.
lactase breaks down milk to give fatty acid and glucose so it is brown after
...........................................................................................................................................
treatment
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lactose-free milk already has glucose to it is brown before and after
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treatment
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sucrose solution has no glucose so it remains blue before and after
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(ii)
The student kept the solutions at a temperature that was close to the optimum during the
investigation.
Using your knowledge of the effect of temperature on enzyme activity, explain why this
was important.
enzyme activity increases
as temperature increases
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the lactase speeds up the rate of reaction as it works best at optimum
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temperature
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(b) As part of a balanced diet, some governments recommend that children drink milk that has
vitamin D added to it.
(i)
Suggest the dietary reasons for this advice.
to strengthen the bones and prevent vitamin D defiance such as rickets
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(ii)
Describe what is meant by a balanced diet.
a diet that consists of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and vitamin C to
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maintain a healthy lifestyle and metabolism
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[Total: 11]
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5
Fig. 5.1 is a graph showing the effect of temperature on the rate of transpiration from the upper
and lower surfaces of a leaf that is provided with a constant supply of water.
X
Y
lower surface
upper surface
rate of
transpiration
temperature
Fig. 5.1
(a) Describe the results shown in Fig. 5.1.
As
temperature increases, the rate of transpiration increases more at the lower
...................................................................................................................................................
surface than upper surface
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rate of transpiration becomes constant as wind has become the limiting factors
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(b) Explain reasons for the shape of the graph for the upper surface of the leaf at X and at Y in
Fig. 5.1.
at X ...........................................................................................................................................
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at Y ...........................................................................................................................................
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[4]
(c) Suggest how the structure of the lower surface differs from the upper surface of the leaf used
in this investigation.
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............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 8]
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6
(a) Polio is a viral disease that can cause nerve damage in humans.
In one area, polio vaccination began in 1957.
Fig. 6.1 shows the number of cases of polio in this area between 1950 and 1970.
600
500
number of
cases of
polio
400
300
200
100
0
1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970
year
Fig. 6.1
(i)
Calculate the percentage change in the number of cases of polio between 1950 and
1952 in Fig. 6.1.
Give your answer to two significant figures.
Space for working.
.............................................................%
[3]
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(ii)
Explain how vaccination causes the results shown between 1958 and 1970 in Fig. 6.1.
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(iii)
Explain why the polio vaccine does not protect you from other diseases.
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(b) Blood clotting helps to prevent some infections.
Outline how a blood clot is formed and how it can prevent infections.
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(c) State the name of the component of blood responsible for transporting blood cells.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 14]
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7
Fig. 7.1 is a flowchart showing the stages of eutrophication.
(a) Complete Fig. 7.1.
fertilisers enter a lake
decomposition increases
the concentration of
the growth of
.........................................
increases
..........................................
on the surface of the
lake increases
underwater producers die
because they are unable to
blocking
.........................................
bacterial decomposers use
oxygen for
.........................................
.........................................
.............................. from
entering the water
in the lake
resulting in the death of
organisms requiring
............................ oxygen
Fig. 7.1
[6]
(b) A scientist obtained a sample of the bacterial decomposers and grew them in a flask. The
resources available for bacterial growth in the flask became limiting.
The size of the bacterial population was estimated during the investigation and these data
were plotted on a graph.
(i)
State the name of the expected shape of the population growth curve that would be
drawn on the graph.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii)
State the name of the initial phase of bacterial growth.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii)
State one factor, other than a lack of resources, that would cause bacteria to die during
the death phase.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 9]
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