Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
The Palgrave Handbook
of Gendered Islamophobia
Edited by
Amina Easat-Daas · Irene Zempi
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
We Don’t reply in this website, you need to contact by email for all chapters
Instant download. Just send email and get all chapters download.
Get all Chapters For E-books Instant Download by email at
etutorsource@gmail.com
You can also order by WhatsApp
https://api.whatsapp.com/send/?phone=%2B447507735190&text&type=ph
one_number&app_absent=0
Send email or WhatsApp with complete Book title, Edition Number and
Author Name.
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
The Palgrave Handbook of Gendered Islamophobia
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
Amina Easat-Daas • Irene Zempi
Editors
The Palgrave
Handbook of
Gendered
Islamophobia
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
For Lina
(AED)
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
Foreword
Gendering Islamophobia
I have always known that the experience of “Muslimness” is a gendered phenomenon. Having lived as a visibly Muslim woman who wore hijab for almost
two decades, I regularly had to reckon with what my body, faith, and sartorial
choices signified to others. Yet I struggled to find a way to articulate the way
Muslim women lived, experienced, and became subject to Islamophobia differently. I needed a language and framework to make sense of what Muslim
women like me were experiencing long before the Twin Towers fell on
September 11, 2001. But it was after 9/11, during the heightened climate of
anti-Muslim animus that I felt the urgency to be able to name and frame our
oppression as Muslim women living in the West. I defined the term “gendered
Islamophobia” to denote a specific form of ethno-religious and racialized discrimination leveled at Muslim women based on historically contextualized
negative stereotypes that inform individual and systemic forms of oppression
(see Zine, 2006). I understood Islamophobia and its gendered formation as
being a multidimensional phenomenon. I envisioned an iceberg where there
were manifest dimensions of oppression above the water and hidden below
the water were Islamophobia’s ideological underpinning and the systemic
practices informed by these discourses, invisibly propping up the system.
The individual acts of gendered Islamophobia are the tip of the Islamophobia
iceberg. It is what we as Muslims see, feel, and experience. These range from
microaggressions to hate crimes and violence. Daily microaggressions are
common for visibly marked Muslim women. For instance, when I was an
undergraduate student in Toronto in the late 1990s, I remember challenging
a white, male professor about his unqualified use of the term “jihad.” He
vii
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
viii
Foreword
responded by saying in front of the entire class that he was surprised I spoke
out because he expected me to be “very shy and demure.” I knew then that
there were alien meanings being attached to my body as a racialized Muslim
woman that I had no control over since I was trapped within other people’s
biased political and cultural prisms. I felt this professor’s response was more
confusion and cognitive dissonance (“how peculiar to see a veiled Muslim
woman with a bold, forthright manner”) than it was a malicious retort. After
all, decades of Islamophobia had already set the stage for this encounter.
Below the surface of the of the Islamophobia iceberg, ideologies and discourses do the work of justifying and legitimating individual acts of
Islamophobia and they filter into public policies and practices. These are
Islamophobia’s hidden manifestations that inform the way others see us as
Muslims and how we are perceived and treated. For instance, ongoing
Orientalist tropes shape the discursive terrain through which Muslim women’s lives come to be known and in effect “knowable” (Said, 1979). The
imprint of colonial representations and racist logics of backward, oppressed
women who are subservient to religious patriarchy or the fetishized imagery
of exotic, seductive, mysterious women enticing imperial fantasies, curiosities,
and desires are the contradictory narratives through which Muslim women
came to be known in the colonial imaginary (Lewis, 1996; Yenenoglu, 1998;
Kahf, 1999). These narratives constitute some of the foundational discourses
of gendered Islamophobia in the modern period.
Muslim women continue to be the subject of neo-Orientalist pity, fear, and
fascination (Taylor & Zine, 2014). New tropes added to gendered Islamophobia’s
discursive “play list” include the “ISIS brides” viewed as either “monstrous” or”
vulnerable” women duped by maniacal Muslim men (Jackson, 2021), and
“terrorist incubators” where Muslim women’s wombs render them as bio-political threats within racist, demographic replacement conspiracy theories (Bracke
& Aguilar, 2020). Muslim women’s veiled bodies have also been constructed as
harbingers of civilizational danger threatening to undermine Western nations
and the values of democracy, freedom, and women’s autonomy and rendering
them as “anti-citizens” (Zine, 2009, 2012, 2022b).
Less attention has been paid to how Muslim men are both produced and
impacted by gendered forms of Islamophobia, yet the tropes surrounding
Muslim men are as well known, tired, and cliched as those about Muslim
women. Whether it is the stock character of the Muslim terrorist, jihadist, or
radical extremist (Razack, 2008, Zine, 2022a), violent patriarchal misogynist
males (Pratt Ewing, 2008), or new conspiracies and scare stories about Muslim
men involved in “grooming gangs” entrapping young white girls sexual exploitation rings (Tufail & Poynting, 2016), the Islamophobic constructions of
Muslim masculinities tend to be perpetually pathological and vilifying.
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
We Don’t reply in this website, you need to contact by email for all chapters
Instant download. Just send email and get all chapters download.
Get all Chapters For E-books Instant Download by email at
etutorsource@gmail.com
You can also order by WhatsApp
https://api.whatsapp.com/send/?phone=%2B447507735190&text&type=ph
one_number&app_absent=0
Send email or WhatsApp with complete Book title, Edition Number and
Author Name.
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
Foreword
ix
When these gendered tropes are taken together, they depict a world where
“imperilled Muslim women” are oppressed and controlled by “dangerous
Muslim men” (Razack, 2008). This leads to Spivak’s (1988) formulation
whereby the West, including Western feminists, are engaging in imperial
forms of rescue by “Saving Brown women from Brown men.” This phenomenon is also reflected in Sara Farris’ (2017) notion of “femonationalism” where
right-wing nationalists, neoliberals, as well as some feminists and women’s
organizations, all invoke women’s rights to stigmatize Muslim men and
advance their own political agendas. Continually reinscribing this static gendered binary ensures that these Islamophobic tropes of passive Muslim women
in need of saving from violent Muslim men are mutually reinforcing and
sustaining archetypes.
Systemic practices, the third pillar of Islamophobia’s iceberg model, are
informed by these ubiquitous Islamophobic tropes and ideas which then
become expressed in public policies and laws. Institutional forms of
Islamophobia influence governmental processes in ways that reproduce and
reinforce anti-Muslim racism and discrimination. These policies and practices
range from “countering violent extremism” measures, including the racial
profiling of Brown men as potential terror suspects at borders (i.e., “flying
while Muslim”) to laws purporting to safeguard secularism by banning religious attire like hijabs and niqabs (face veils) in the public sphere. These policies of “coerced unveiling” cast visibly Muslim women as anti-feminist outlaws
in need of state disciplining and regulation (Zine, 2022a). This systemic
dimension of the Islamophobia iceberg operates below the surface of governmental practices, sheltered from public scrutiny and accountability. By the
time these anti-Muslim laws and policies are enacted, pre-existing Islamophobic
stereotypes and biases prevalent in the wider public provide them with political cover and justification.
To have an informed and robust understanding about the multidimensional and intersectional nature of anti-Muslim racism, we need to take stock
of Islamophobia’s complexities. This scholarly collection lays out for its readers the critical nuances, geographic and historical connections, as well as the
particularities of how Islamophobia is gendered. The authors in this collection
allow us to better understand the variegated terrain of gendered forms of
Islamophobia that exist across time, space, and nation-state. They provide
novel theoretical insights as well as grounded empirical research that capture
the various dimensions of the iceberg model of Islamophobia I describe above,
through unpacking the lived experiences, ideological constructions, and systemic practices that shape Muslim lives. They challenge us to think beyond
Orientalist tropes to view Muslim experiences outside these narrow
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
x
Foreword
ideological frames. They offer us a variety of vantage points that instruct us in
the ways that Islamophobia is gendered and experienced differently according
to the political contexts and diverse ethno-racial backgrounds of Muslims
globally.
Undoing the way Islamophobia has constructed Muslims as a monolith
requires some heavy lifting. Collectively the authors in this volume perform
this epistemic labor by providing both nation-specific and transnational case
studies, as well as empirical research and comparative approaches to unpacking gendered Islamophobia as a global phenomenon. By stretching the boundaries through which Muslims’ gendered lives and realities have become so
narrowly construed, this handbook offers important diverse horizons for
understanding Muslim experiences and the complicated and complex nature
of Islamophobia as a planetary phenomenon.
Wilfrid Laurier University
Waterloo, ON, Canada
Jasmin Zine
References
Bracke, S. & Aguilar, L. M. H. (2020). ‘They Love Death as We Love Life’: The
‘Muslim Question’ and the Biopolitics of Replacement. British Journal of
Sociology: 1–22.
Farris, S. (2017). In the Name of Women’s Rights: The Rise of Femonationalism. Duke
University Press.
Jackson, L. B. (2021). Framing British ‘Jihadi Brides’: Metaphor and the Social
Construction of I.S. Women. Terrorism and Political Violence, 33(8): 1733–1751.
Kahf, M. (1999). Western Representations of the Muslim Woman: From Termagant to
Odalisque. University of Texas Press.
Lewis, R. (1996). Gendering Orientalism: Race, Femininity and Representation.
Routledge Press.
Pratt Ewing, K. (2008). Stolen Honor: Stigmatizing Muslim Men in Berlin. Stanford
University Press.
Razack, S. (2008). Casting Out: The Eviction of Muslims from Western Law and Politics.
University of Toronto Press.
Said, E. (1979). Orientalism. Vintage Books.
Spivak, G. (1988). Can the Subaltern Speak? Die Philosphin, 14(27): 42–58.
Taylor, L. K., & Zine, J. (2014). Introduction: The Contested Imaginaries of Reading
Muslim Women and Muslim Women Reading Back. In L. K. Taylor & J. Zine
(Eds.), Muslim Women Transnational Feminist Reading Practices, Pedagogy and
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
Foreword
xi
Ethical Concerns: Contested Imaginaries in Post 9/11 Cultural Practice.
Routledge Press.
Tufail, W., & Poynting, S. (2016). Muslim and Dangerous: ‘Grooming’ and the
Politics of Racialisation. In D. Pratt & R. Woodlock (Eds.), Fear of Muslims?.
Boundaries of Religious Freedom: Regulating Religion in Diverse Societies. Springer.
Yegenoglu, M. (1998). Colonial Fantasies: Toward a Feminist Reading of Orientalism.
Cambridge University Press.
Zine, J. (2022a). Under Siege: Islamophobia and the 9/11 Generation. McGill-Queens
University Press.
Zine, J. (2022b). The Canadian Islamophobia Industry: Mapping Islamophobia’s
Ecosystem in the Great White North. The Islamophobia Studies Center &
Islamophobia Research and Documentation Project, University of California.
Zine, J. (ed.). (2012). Islam in the Hinterlands: Muslim Cultural Politics in Canada.
University of British Columbia Press.
Zine, J. (2009). Unsettling the Nation: Gender, Race and Muslim Cultural Politics
in Canada. Special Feature Article, Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism,
9(1): 146–163.
Zine, J. (2006). Unveiled Sentiments: Gendered Islamophobia and Experiences of
Veiling among Muslim Girls in a Canadian Islamic School. Equity and Excellence
in Education. Special Issue: Ethno-Religious Oppression in Schools, 39(3): 239–252.
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
Contents
1 Introduction 1
Amina Easat-Daas and Irene Zempi
2 Islamophobia
as Intersectional Phenomenon 11
Saima N. Ansari and Tina G. Patel
3 Political,
Colonial, and Libidinal Economies of Gendered
Islamophobia 29
Ben Whitham
4 Gendered
Islamophobic Securitisation and the Headscarf
Conundrum in France and the Netherlands 55
Flavie Curinier, Richard McNeil-Willson, Seran de Leede, and
Tahir Abbas
5 On
White, Male Desires and Projections: Islamophobia and
Patriarchy 71
Farid Hafez
6 From
Silent Majority to Safeguarding: Mapping the
Representation of Muslim Women in UK Counterterrorism
Policies 89
Naaz Rashid
xv
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
xvi
Contents
7
Muslim
Women, English Language, and Countering Violent
Extremism109
Madiha Neelam and Kamran Khan
8
Beyond
the Bakwaas: Securitising Muslim Male Identities125
Isobel Ingham-Barrow
9
From
Terrorists to Paedophiles: Investigating the Experience
and Encounter of Islamophobia on Muslim Men in
Contemporary Britain147
Chris Allen
10
British
Muslim Men, Stigma and Clothing Choices163
Fatima Rajina
11
Removal
of the Niqab in Court: A Structural Barrier
to Equality183
Jeremy Robson
12 #
HandsOffMyHijab: Muslim Women Writers Challenge
Contemporary Islamophobia201
Ramisha Rafique and Jenni Ramone
13
Islamophobic
Hate Crime Towards Non-­Muslim Men221
Imran Awan and Irene Zempi
14
Spatialising
Islamophobia: Responding to and Resisting
Anti-­Muslim Racism in Scotland239
Robin Finlay and Peter Hopkins
15
In the Name of Muslim Women’s Right to Learn? A Case
Study of Moroccan Migrant Mothers in the Belgian
‘Citizenisation’ Context255
Amal Miri
16
The
Left, Liberalism and Gendered Islamophobia in France,
and Belgium271
Amina Easat-Daas
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
We Don’t reply in this website, you need to contact by email for all chapters
Instant download. Just send email and get all chapters download.
Get all Chapters For E-books Instant Download by email at
etutorsource@gmail.com
You can also order by WhatsApp
https://api.whatsapp.com/send/?phone=%2B447507735190&text&type=ph
one_number&app_absent=0
Send email or WhatsApp with complete Book title, Edition Number and
Author Name.
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
Contents
xvii
17 “Men
Come, and Men Go, But God Is and Remains”: Finnish
Female Converts to Islam and Agency291
Linda Hyökki
18 ‘How
can you be Muslim? You look like you’re Greek!’:
Investigating Muslim Women’s Experiences of
Islamophobia in Greece307
Christina Verousi
19 “I
Don’t Dress Like You”: Islamophobia Between the
(In)Visible Violence Against Muslim Women in Italy, and
Resilience Strategies329
Raffaella Monia Calia and Roberto Flauto
20 Hindutva
and the Muslim Problem: An Exploration of
Gendered Islamophobia in India353
Tania Saeed
21 Hindutva,
Muslim Women and Islamophobic Governance
in India377
Nitasha Kaul and Annapurna Menon
22 “Expect
It and Accept It: Coping with Islamophobia in
The Canadian Medical Field”397
Katherine Bullock
23 An
Unanticipated Methodological Crisis: (Forced)
Adaptations to Online Qualitative Methodological
Encounters, Disruptions and Challenges During the
COVID-19 Pandemic for Researching Marginalized
Individuals on Gendered Islamophobia in Canada423
Arshia U. Zaidi
24 Two
Different Countries, a Common Phenomenon:
Comparative Study of Islamophobia in Turkey and Germany439
Turgay Yerlikaya and Yasemin Güney
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
xviii
Contents
25
Why
Being a Woman Matters When Countering
Islamophobia in Australia461
Susan Carland
26
Dangerous
Muslim Wombs and the Fear of Replacement:
Experiences from Australia and Aotearoa/New Zealand485
Shakira Hussein, Liz Allen, and Scott Poynting
Index505
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
Notes on Contributors
Tahir Abbas is Professor of Radicalisation Studies at the Institute of Security
and Global Affairs at Leiden University and a Honorary Professor at the
Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies at the University of Exeter. Abbas conducts interdisciplinary studies into ‘radicalisation’, critically exploring the
concept based on primary social research across western Europe. His forthcoming books are Global Counter-Terrorism: A Decolonial Approach,
Manchester: Manchester University Press (eds., with S. Dutta and S. I. Bergh,
2024, forthcoming) and Ethnicity, Religion, and Education in the UK (eds.,
with K. Iqbal, Routledge, 2024, forthcoming). He is a Fellow of the Academy
of Social Sciences.
Chris Allen is Associate Professor of Hate Studies at the University of
Leicester. For more than two decades, he has been at the forefront of research
into Islamophobia in both the public and political spaces.
Liz Allen is a demographer and senior lecturer at The Australian National
University (ANU) Centre for Social Research and Methods, where she
researches population dynamics and teaches research methods. She has written extensively dispelling immigration and population myths. Liz was named
among the Australian Broadcasting Corporation Top 5 Humanities and Social
Sciences academics in 2018, and a woman to watch by the Australian Financial
Review in 2023. Her book, The Future of Us (2020), is a call to action to
build a stronger Australia through fairness and equality.
Saima N. Ansari is a research associate who works as part of the Genderbased Violence team at Manchester Metropolitan University, United
Kingdom. Saima completed her PhD titled ‘Identity, Religion, and Clothing:
xix
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
xx
Notes on Contributors
The Lives of British Muslim Women’ in 2021. The thesis examined the choices
and negotiations Muslim women make regarding their clothing, utilizing
concepts from Black feminism and Intersectionality to understand their selfidentity, experiences, and responses to anti-Muslim hate and the
#MosqueMeToo movement. This research highlights the importance of
broader discussions beyond traditional Islamic dress codes. Currently, Saima
is involved in an international project that explores the understanding of sexual violence among minoritized students in higher education institutions.
Imran Awan is Professor of Criminology at Birmingham City University,
specializing in understanding hate crimes, tackling extremism, and
Islamophobia. He has written extensively on Islamophobia and is author and
editor of a number of books in the field, including the first- ever international
handbook on the subject, the Routledge International Handbook of
Islamophobia (Routledge, 2019, with Irene Zempi). He is currently project
lead for a large Economic and Social Research Council research grant looking
into Muslims in Birmingham and COVID-19. He is an independent advisor
to the United Kingdom government on Islamophobia and also a member of
the SAGE (Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies) sub-panel group
advising the government on behavioral aspects in relation to COVID-19 and
its impacts on local communities. His impact goes beyond academia as he
works with communities and politicians to raise awareness of Islamophobic
hate crimes. Awan regularly contributes to media debates around issues
impacting Muslims, and his research has featured in leading stories for The
New York Times, the BBC’s Panorama series, Channel 4 News, The
Independent and Time magazine.
Katherine Bullock is a lecturer in Islamic politics in the Department of
Political Science, University of Toronto at Mississauga. She is a TV host for
Sound Vision Foundation’s Muslim News Canada. Her research focuses on
Muslims in Canada, their history, contemporary lived experiences, political
and civic engagement, debates on the veil, media representations of Islam and
Muslims, and Muslim perspectives on zakat and Basic Income. Her own
books include Muslim Women Activists in North America: Speaking for Ourselves,
and Rethinking Muslim Women and the Veil: Challenging Historical and Modern
Stereotypes, which has been translated into Arabic, Chinese, French, Malayalam,
Tamil, and Turkish. Originally from Australia, she embraced Islam in 1994.
Raffaella Monia Calia Sociologist, is a Postdoc researcher and Adjunct
Professor at University of Foggia. She cooperates with University of Naples
“Federico II” where she graduated and received her PhD in Sociology and
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
Notes on Contributors
xxi
Social Research. Her main research interests are cultural, communicative processes and fashion, migrations and refugees, development of inner areas, street
art, and youth culture. She has published, on these themes and others, in four
books, and a number of peer-reviewed articles and essays. She is Coordinator
and President of YOUTHINK, association of inclusion and integration of
asylum seekers and expert in EU funds.
Susan Carland is a Discovery Early Career Researcher Award (DECRA)
Fellow and Churchill Fellow in the Faculty of Arts at Monash University,
researching the intersection between faith, gender, discrimination, and social
cohesion. Her first book, “Fighting Hislam: women, faith and sexism”, was
published by Melbourne University Publishing, and she has also published
books with Oxford University Press and Brill. Susan hosts the multi-awardwinning podcast What Happens Next, has spoken about her research to the
UN in Geneva and the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, and numerous times on television, radio, print media, and podcasts.
Flavie Curinier is currently an intelligence analyst intern at the
Counterterrorism Group. Previously, she was a research intern for the DRIVE
Project at Leiden University, where she completed her BA in International
Studies and an MSc in Crisis and Security Management. Her main research
focuses on understanding the structural and psychological factors that lead to
violent extremism, particularly in the context of the French intersections of
Islamophobia and extremism. Her research also critically analyses the international relations of the Middle East and Africa. Born and raised in France,
Flavie is fluent in French, English, and Spanish, as well as a beginner in Arabic.
Seran de Leede an independent researcher, focuses on women, gender, and
political violence. Her interests encompass women’s involvement in extremist
groups, understanding gender’s role in countering violent extremism, and
analyzing the motivations behind far-right extremist women. Recent publications delve into women’s motivations for joining such groups, lessons from
German exit programs for them, and adopting a gender perspective to countering violent extremism. Her work also explores western women’s support for
ISIS, women’s roles in historical jihadist groups. She has co-edited a special
issue on gender’s impact on Central Asian extremism and co-authored a toolkit for professionals assisting radicalized women and girls.
Amina Easat-Daas is Senior Lecturer in Politics at De Montfort University,
UK. Easat-Daas’ recent publications include her monograph ‘Muslim Women’s
Political Participation in France and Belgium’ (Palgrave) and the co-edited collection ‘Countering Islamophobia in Europe’ (Palgrave). Her wider research
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
We Don’t reply in this website, you need to contact by email for all chapters
Instant download. Just send email and get all chapters download.
Get all Chapters For E-books Instant Download by email at
etutorsource@gmail.com
You can also order by WhatsApp
https://api.whatsapp.com/send/?phone=%2B447507735190&text&type=ph
one_number&app_absent=0
Send email or WhatsApp with complete Book title, Edition Number and
Author Name.
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
xxii
Notes on Contributors
interests include the study of Islam and Muslimness in France and Belgium,
gendered Islamophobia, and the use of the arts in countering Islamophobia
in Europe.
Robin Finlay is Lecturer in Human Geography at the Department of
Geography at the University of Durham. His research interests include everyday urban multiculture, racism and Islamophobia; migration, asylum, and
refuge; geographies of marginalized youth; and diaspora and its intersections
with the urban. His research has been funded by ESRC and Humanities in
the European Research Area and his work has been published in journals such
as Urban Studies, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, and Social
and Cultural Geography.
Roberto Flauto PhD student in Social Sciences and Statistics, was a contract
professor of Sociology of Art and Literature at the Penitentiary University
Centre, University of Naples “Federico II”. Cultural and Communicative
processes are his main research area, in particular poetry. He is the author of
the book Il verso dell’uomo (Guida 2018), an essay on the Sociology of Poetics.
He is also interested in cinema, art, comics, TV series, literature and music,
topics on which he has written several essays, articles, and scientific contributions. Some of his writings have been awarded in literary competitions.
Yasemin Güney completed her MA at the University of Sussex with a thesis
titled “Contemporary Terrorist Propaganda through Social Media” with the
case of PKK and YouTube. She is currently continuing her PhD and works as
a lecturer at Gümüşhane University Faculty of Communication.
Communication studies, cinema, social media, and Islamophobia are her
main research interests, and she continues her academic studies on these
subjects.
Farid Hafez is currently the Class of 1955 Distinguished Visiting Professor
of International Studies at Williams College. Since 2017, he has also been a
non-resident Researcher at Georgetown University’s The Bridge Initiative.
Since 2010, Hafez has been the founding editor of the Islamophobia Studies
Yearbook, and since 2015 co-editor of the annual European Islamophobia
Report. He has published more than 150 books and academic articles. His
latest publications include The rise of global Islamophobia in the War on Terror.
Coloniality, race, and Islam, (co-edited with Naved Bakali, Manchester
University Press, 2022) and Politicizing Islam in Austria. The Far-Right Impact
in the Twenty-First Century (co-authored with Reinhard Heinisch, Rutgers
University Press, 2024).
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
Notes on Contributors
xxiii
Peter Hopkins is Professor of Social Geography at Newcastle University. His
current research interests include Islamophobia, refugee experiences, and
intersectionality. He has published widely about Muslim identities, gender
relations, and religious discrimination. He has led projects funded by AHRC,
ESRC, Humanities in the European Research Area and co-edited Muslims in
Britain, Scotland’s Muslims (both Edinburgh), Geographies of Muslim Identities
(Ashgate) as well as the Routledge Handbook of Gender and Feminist Geographies.
Linda Hyökki has a PhD in Civilization Studies from the Ibn Haldun
University in Istanbul with an award-winning thesis on Finnish female
Muslim converts’ experiences with anti-Muslim racism, racialization, and
misrecognition. She works as a freelance researcher and consultant on antiMuslim racism, anti-discrimination, and public policy. She is also a frequent
commentator in the media on issues related to Muslims and Islam in Europe.
Isobel Ingham-Barrow is CEO and founder of Community Policy Forum,
an independent think tank specializing in the structural inequalities facing
Muslim communities in the UK. Prior to this, she spent ten years working
with grassroots Muslim organizations across the UK. Her PhD research
focusses on the impact of Islamophobia on Muslim men and their conceptions of masculinity.
Nitasha Kaul is a multidisciplinary academic, novelist, economist, poet, and
public intellectual. She holds a Chair in Politics, International Relations, and
Critical Interdisciplinary Studies and is the Director of Centre for the Study
of Democracy (CSD), University of Westminster, London. Her work, over
the last two and a half decades, has been on identity, democracy, political
economy, technology/AI, Hindu nationalism in India and the diaspora, rise
of the global right, feminist and postcolonial critiques, the role of small states
in international relations, Himalayan geopolitics, Kashmir, Kerala, and
Bhutan. For details of her work, see https://westminster.academia.edu/
NitashaKaul/CurriculumVitae. She is on Twitter @NitashaKaul
Kamran Khan is the director of the MOSAIC research group on multilingualism and an associate professor of language, social justice, and education at
the University of Birmingham. He has previously been a Marie CurieSklodowska Fellow. He is the author of ‘Becoming a Citizen: linguistic trials
and negotiations’ (Bloomsbury, 2019). His research interests include citizenship, security in relation to race and language.
Richard McNeil-Willson is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Institute
of Security and Global Affairs, Leiden University, and Visiting Scholar at the
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
xxiv
Notes on Contributors
University of Cambridge. His research explores critical approaches to extremism and counter-extremism. He is a former Max Weber Fellow at the Robert
Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute,
Florence, and obtained an ESRC-funded PhD from the Institute of Arab and
Islamic Studies at the University of Exeter in 2019. He has worked on several
European Commission projects and is the lead editor of the Routledge
Handbook of Violent Extremism and Resilience (2023, with Anna
Triandafyllidou).
Annapurna Menon is a Teaching Associate at the Department of Politics
and International Relations at the University of Sheffield. Her research focuses
on the coloniality of postcolonial nation-states, specifically studying the
Indian nation-state’s exercise of power in Indian-administered Jammu &
Kashmir. She has also published on topics relating to Hindutva, right-wing
politics, militarization, gender, and activism.
Amal Miri holds a PhD in Gender & Diversity from Ghent University. In
this ethnographic research at the intersection of marriage migration, motherhood, and integration she conducted participatory research with Muslim
women in Flanders. As part of this research, she has published in several international peer-reviewed journals such as the Journal of Ethnic and Migration
Studies. In the past she worked as a community organizer and project researcher
at ELLA, a non-profit organization promoting the empowerment of minoritized women in Brussels and Flanders. Today she coordinates the participatory and co-creative ReIncluGen project on social and cultural empowerment
and inclusion at the University of Antwerp. Additionally, she is chair of FMV,
a Flemish socio-cultural umbrella organization supporting and strengthening
migrant-led civil society organizations.
Madiha Neelam is a lecturer at the Department of Humanities, Social
Sciences and Modern Languages, University of Engineering and Technology,
Pakistan. She has earned her PhD in Linguistics from Macquarie University
Australia. She has extensive experience as an ESL teacher. Her research interests include applied linguistics, sociolinguistics, second language learning and
testing in the migration context, language ideologies, multilingualism, social
justice, and Islamophobia.
Tina G. Patel is a senior lecturer in Criminology at the University of Salford,
United Kingdom. Tina is author of a number of books, including: ‘Race,
Crime and Resistance’ (2011, co-authored with David Tyrer) and ‘Race,
Ethnicity and Society’ (2023). These examined the patterns of processed of
continued racism in what is often referred to as a post-race society. Tina has
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
Notes on Contributors
xxv
widely presented and published papers on the subjects of ‘race’/ethnicity, hate
crime, the experiences of minoritized ethnic groups with the criminal justice
system, post-race racism, identity, and crime.
Scott Poynting is Adjunct Professor in the Centre for Islamic Studies and
Civilisation at Charles Sturt University and in the School of Justice at
Queensland University of Technology. His most recent book, with Ulrike
Vieten, is Normalization of the Global Far Right (Emerald, 2022).
Ramisha Rafique is a NTU Vice Chancellor Bursary-funded PhD candidate
at Nottingham Trent University. Her creative-critical doctoral thesis explores
the ontology of the postcolonial flâneuse, considering, class, language, religion, and global technological advancements. Her research interests include
British Muslim women’s writing, flânerie, Islamophobia, and decoloniality.
Her recent published work includes articles on Suhaiymah Manzoor-Khan
for The Literary Encyclopedia, and poetry in the Journal of Postcolonial
Writing.
Fatima Rajina is a Senior Legacy in Action Research Fellow at the Stephen
Lawrence Research Centre at De Montfort University. After completing her
MA in Islamic Societies and Cultures at SOAS, she went on to do a PhD after
successfully securing a Nohoudh Scholarship with the Centre of Islamic
Studies, SOAS, University of London. Completing her PhD at SOAS, Fatima’s
work looks at British Bangladeshi Muslims and their changing identifications
and perceptions of dress and language. Her current project is looking at (un)
making race in Tower Hamlets by focusing on Bengali and Somali
communities.
Jenni Ramone is Associate Professor of Postcolonial and Global Literatures
and Director of the Postcolonial Studies Centre at Nottingham Trent
University. She developed and led the Formations public events series with
Bonington Art Gallery and is Managing Editor of the Journal of Postcolonial
Writing. Her publications include the monographs Global Literature and
Gender: Twenty-First Century Perspectives; Postcolonial Literatures in the Local
Literary Marketplace; Salman Rushdie and Translation; and Postcolonial Theories.
Her current project addresses the representation of Breastfeeding in Global
Literature and Art.
Naaz Rashid is a Senior Lecturer in Media and Cultural Studies in the
School of Media, Arts and Humanities at the University of Sussex. She is
author of Veiled Threats: Representing the Muslim Woman in Public Policy
Discourses (Policy Press 2016) and her research is focused on the intersections
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
xxvi
Notes on Contributors
of ‘race’, gender and religion. Rashid also researches the experiences of the
Bangladeshi diaspora in the UK and the US and is currently working on a
co-authored book, Situated Citizenship: From Brick Lane to Little Bangladesh
(UCL Press 2024).
Jeremy Robson is Associate Professor of Law at De Montfort University. He
practiced as a barrister between 2000 and 2009 and is an academic Tenant at
KCH Garden Square. His research explores the laws of criminal procedure
and evidence and the barriers they can create to justice. He specializes in interdisciplinary research working with psychologists, linguists, phoneticians, and
criminologists.
Tania Saeed is a Marie Skłodowska-Curie fellow at Università Ca’Foscari
Venezia, Italy. Her recent work explores transnational networks of Pakistani
and Indian political parties in the UK and US, examining questions of nationalism, identity and belonging. She is also an Associate Professor of Sociology
at the Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Pakistan, and an
Associate Fellow at the Lakshmi Mittal and Family South Asia Institute at
Harvard University. Saeed is the author of Islamophobia and Securitization.
Religion, Ethnicity, and the Female Voice (2016), and the co-author of Youth
and the National Narrative. Education, Terrorism, and the Security State in
Pakistan (2020).
Christina Verousi is a lecturer in Criminology at Northumbria University.
Her areas of interest and expertise include (gendered) Islamophobia, religiously motivated hate, hate crimes, extremism, the far-right in Greece, and
media and crime. Christina’s interdisciplinary research focuses on combating
discrimination and inequalities, giving voice to communities considered vulnerable and marginalized and providing a platform for transformative change
in terms of policy and practice. Christina has published a number of peerreviewed research outputs, focusing on Islamophobia and the far-right
in Greece.
Ben Whitham is Lecturer in International Relations at SOAS, University of
London. His research explores the role of discourses, policies, and practices of
international (in)security in the (re-)production of global political-economic
inequalities. Ben’s recent publications have focused on the centrality of
Islamophobic political discourse to UK austerity policies, the rise of a new
transnational far right, and the cultural political economy of crisis. He is the
author, with Andrew Heywood, of Global Politics (Third Edition)
(Bloomsbury, 2023).
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
We Don’t reply in this website, you need to contact by email for all chapters
Instant download. Just send email and get all chapters download.
Get all Chapters For E-books Instant Download by email at
etutorsource@gmail.com
You can also order by WhatsApp
https://api.whatsapp.com/send/?phone=%2B447507735190&text&type=ph
one_number&app_absent=0
Send email or WhatsApp with complete Book title, Edition Number and
Author Name.
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
Notes on Contributors
xxvii
Turgay Yerlikaya completed his MA at Marmara University with a thesis
titled, “Self-Orientalism in the Turkish Media,’ in 2014. Yerlikaya completed
his PhD at Marmara University Institute of Social Sciences with a thesis titled,
“The Relationship Between Social Movements and Social Media: Examples of
Gezi Park and Tahir Square Protests.” Currently an assoc. at İstanbul
University, Yerlikaya’s interests and work areas like in social movements, social
media, orientalism, Islamophobia, and freedom of press.
Arshia U. Zaidi is an Associate Professor at Ontario Tech University in
Oshawa, Ontario. She received her PhD in Sociology at Wayne State
University in Detroit, Michigan. Dr. Zaidi is a methodologist who uses qualitative and quantitative methodological approaches to better understand the
social and generational issues of the South Asian family. Her theoretical lens
of intersectionality helps her cultivate the social explanations surrounding
these critical matters. Additionally, Zaidi has received SSHRC funding to
address her research agenda and mobilize knowledge. Zaidi uses her South
Asian ethnic identity to create trust and collaboration within these communities to build knowledge forward.
Irene Zempi is an Associate Professor of Criminology at Nottingham Trent
University (NTU). Irene has published widely on issues of hate crime,
researcher positionality, and ethnography. She is the co-editor of the books
“Hate Crime in Football” (Policy Press, 2023, with Imran Awan), “Misogyny
as Hate Crime” (Routledge, 2021, with Jo Smith) and “Routledge International
Handbook of Islamophobia” (Routledge, 2019, with Imran Awan). Irene is
also the co-author of the books “Student Textbook of Islamophobia”
(Routledge, 2019, with Imran Awan), “Islamophobia: Lived Experiences of
Online and Offline Victimisation” (Policy Press, 2016, with Imran Awan) and
“Islamophobia, Victimisation and the Veil” (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014, with
Neil Chakraborti). Irene is the Lead of the NTU Hate Crime Research Group
and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy.
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
1
Introduction
Amina Easat-Daas and Irene Zempi
Introduction
Islamophobia continues to grow globally at a significant rate. Islamophobia
rests on, in part, Orientalist ideas which often frame Muslimness (and the
alleged threat posed by Muslimness) along gendered lines; the figure of the
Muslim woman is constructed as oppressed, voiceless, and submissive (Easat-­
Daas, 2020; Zempi & Chakraborti, 2014), whilst the figure of the Muslim
man is constructed as threatening, violent, and barbaric (Law et al., 2019).
Whilst the latter is further entrenched, the growing political popularity of the
securitisation narratives and state-sponsored regulation of Muslimness in this
regard, the Muslim woman can often simultaneously and paradoxically
occupy both the submissive and threatening gendered roles (Easat-Daas,
2020). In sum, the consensus indicates that Muslimness is seen as inherently
sexist, culturally ‘other’ (Law et al., 2019).
The effects of these narratives are often borne out in political discourse,
policy and legislation (Ali & Whitham, 2021) and hate crimes against perceived Muslims (Zempi & Awan, 2019). Global evidence indicates that
A. Easat-Daas (*)
De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
e-mail: amina.easat-daas@dmu.ac.uk
I. Zempi
School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
e-mail: irene.zempi@ntu.ac.uk
A. Easat-Daas, I. Zempi (eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of Gendered Islamophobia,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-52022-8_1
1
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
2
A. Easat-Daas and I. Zempi
Muslim women are disproportionately impacted by Islamophobic hate crimes
(Easat-Daas, 2020; Zempi, 2019). This continued disproportionate impact of
Islamophobic hate crimes is against a background of a rise in Islamophobia
globally preceding and amplified following the terrorist attacks of 9/11 in the
United States. As numerous commentators have argued in detail, a particular
anxiety towards Muslim ‘others’ has led to suspicion and outright hostility,
especially towards ‘visible’ Muslim women. More recently, the rhetoric surrounding Brexit, and the political ascendancy of white nationalist parties
throughout Europe have emboldened and energised white supremacist ideologies, identities, movements and practices around the world. Moreover, the
Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement and the disproportionate impact of
COVID-19 on Black, Asian and Ethnic Minority communities, have brought
the focus sharply back on racism and race inequalities. As a result, there has
been, justifiably, a renewed spotlight on issues of racism and on the wider
structural racism embedded within society over time.
From this perspective, Muslim communities are homogenised into one
group and the characteristics associated with Muslims, namely violence,
misogyny, terrorism and incompatibility with Western values, are treated as if
they are innate (Garner & Selod, 2015). Physical markers of ‘Muslimness’,
such as wearing religious clothing for Muslim women and/or having a beard
for Muslim men render them vulnerable to manifestations of Islamophobia
both in-person and online. In particular, the wearing of the Muslim dress—
including the hijab (headscarf ) and the niqab (face covering)—has become a
visual representation of ‘Muslim difference’ in the United Kingdom (UK) and
elsewhere in the West. The veil is seen as a ‘threat’ on multiple levels, including notions of gender equality, integration, national security and public safety.
The All-Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) on British Muslims (2018, p. 11)
states that “Islamophobia is rooted in racism, and is a type of racism that targets expressions of Muslimness or perceived Muslimness”. This definition suggests that: (a) Islamophobia is a form of anti-Muslim racism. Muslims are
targeted because of their minority status in terms of religion but also race. The
notion of ‘racism’ captures the structural ways in which racial inequalities
persist, whereby Muslims face particular economic and political disadvantages
both historically and in a contemporary context as ethnic minorities; (b) victims of Islamophobia can be real Muslims but also those who ‘look’ Muslim.
In other words, Islamophobia is rooted in racism and its victims are not just
Muslims but also those who are perceived to be Muslims.
The Palgrave Handbook of Gendered Islamophobia provides a comprehensive
single-volume collection of key readings in gendered Islamophobia. It captures the current state-of-the-art and cutting-edge theoretical and empirical
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
1 Introduction
3
research into gendered Islamophobia, and in particular the ways in which
Muslims and perceived Muslims in the UK, Europe and across the globe
experience Islamophobia structurally, institutionally and interpersonally.
The Palgrave Handbook of Gendered Islamophobia consists of twenty-five
chapters accessibly written by nationally and internationally acclaimed scholars, policy makers and practitioners. Although the body of Islamophobia
scholarship has grown significantly over the past decade and there is a
Handbook of Islamophobia (Zempi & Awan, 2019) and also a Textbook of
Islamophobia (Awan & Zempi, 2019), the gendered dimensions of
Islamophobia are only covered in specific chapters in these books. As it stands,
there is a lack of handbooks and even edited books on gendered Islamophobia,
nationally and internationally. Therefore, the Palgrave Handbook of Gendered
Islamophobia is an important and innovative collection that allows readers to
understand the gendered nuances of Islamophobia.
The book has four parts:
Part I entitled “Understanding gendered Islamophobia”, provides the readers with chapters that seek to understand the theoretical dimensions of gendered Islamophobia. Leading national and international authors use
philosophical, sociological, psychological and criminological theories to
explain how both the causes and consequences of gendered Islamophobia
should be understood, not just as a domestic issue but as a global phenomenon. Part II entitled “Gendered Islamophobia in UK” illustrates the dynamics
of gendered Islamophobia through the use of case examples in the UK, followed by Part III entitled “Islamophobia in Europe”, which examines gendered Islamophobia in the European context. Finally, Part IV entitled
“Gendered Islamophobia Globally” further illustrates the dynamics of gendered Islamophobia in a global context. The structuring of the book is driven
by the aim to facilitate international exploration of the topic. The structuring
speaks to the publishing host context (UK—Part II) and globally (see Parts III
and IV). This allows readers to compare and contrast the nature of gendered
Islamophobia between cases internationally. This is particularly important in
the increasingly globalised world in which we live and the simultaneously
growing globalised nature of gendered Islamophobia. The following paragraphs provide a snapshot of each chapter.
Part I
In Chap. 2, entitled “Islamophobia as Intersectional Phenomenon”, Saima
Ansari and Tina Patel emphasise how using an intersectional lens allows the
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
4
A. Easat-Daas and I. Zempi
readers to understand the experiences of Muslim women as victims of
Islamophobia. The chapter argues that beyond dress, wider aspects of racialised
and gendered identities significantly determine experiences of Islamophobia.
It is concluded that interpreting Islamophobia as an intersectional phenomenon will result in a meaningful and more accurate understanding of the lives
and identities of Muslim women. In Chap. 3, entitled “Political, Colonial,
and Libidinal Economies of Gendered Islamophobia”, Ben Whitham explores
the economies that constitute gendered Islamophobia. This chapter shows
how gendered Islamophobia serves specific racist logics that are: (a) framed by,
and promote colonial thinking on socio-economic entitlement and disentitlement, and (b) characteristic of racist libidinal investments, where the demonisation of a racially minoritised and gendered group is bound up with desire
and enjoyment. It is concluded that the three interpretive frames of political,
colonial, and libidinal economy each add a useful lens through which to better critically explain gendered Islamophobia. In Chap. 4, entitled “Gendered
Islamophobic Securitisation and the Headscarf Conundrum in France and
the Netherlands”, Flavie Curinier, Richard McNeil-Willson, Seran de Leede
and Tahir Abbas provide the readers with a theoretical and conceptual assessment of the gendered nature of Western European Islamophobia. This chapter demonstrates how Muslim women’s headscarves have been weaponised as
a political tool in the context of an increasing shift to the political right. In
Chap. 5, entitled “Islamophobia and the Patriarchic Possession” Farid Hafez
takes a psychoanalytical perspective on white male dominance. Drawing on
two cases, namely the slogan of ‘White Sharia’ in white nationalist circles and
blogpost production, and a critical analysis of an interrogation of terrorism
suspects following the largest police operation in post-war Austria called
‘Operation Luxor’, Hafez discusses the fear of white-dominant power structures vis-à-vis the imagined threatening male Muslim body.
Part II
In Chap. 6 entitled “From Silent Majority to Safeguarding: mapping the representation of Muslim women in UK counterterrorism policies” Naaz Rashid
explores how Muslim women in the context of the UK’s counter-terrorism
regime have gone from being regarded as silent facilitators in need of empowerment to potential terrorist threats. It is argued that the discourse of the
Prevent agenda works to produce a gendered, racialised group within the
body politic of the UK, which in turn produces and legitimates gendered
Islamophobia. In Chap. 7 entitled “Muslim women, English language and
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
We Don’t reply in this website, you need to contact by email for all chapters
Instant download. Just send email and get all chapters download.
Get all Chapters For E-books Instant Download by email at
etutorsource@gmail.com
You can also order by WhatsApp
https://api.whatsapp.com/send/?phone=%2B447507735190&text&type=ph
one_number&app_absent=0
Send email or WhatsApp with complete Book title, Edition Number and
Author Name.
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
1 Introduction
5
Countering Violent Extremism” Madiha Neelam and Kamran Khan shed
light on the role of language in ‘othering’ Muslim women and perpetuating
tropes that contribute to Countering Violent Extremism (CVE). Specifically,
the chapter examines the discursive construction of Muslim women and their
perceived language proficiency in English in relation to CVE. By analysing
discourse from British politicians, this chapter demonstrates how a lack of
English, specifically among South Asian Muslim women, has been weaponised by politicians to portray these women as ‘unintegrated’. In Chap. 8
entitled “Beyond the bakwaas: securitising Muslim male identities”, Isobel
Ingham-Barrow discusses that Muslim men have come to predominantly
experience Islamophobia through the lens of securitisation. However, the
chapter also highlights an empowerment of Muslim men through the activation of a Muslim model of masculine performance that is built upon the
examples of active citizenship found within Islam itself—a model for social
change that directly undermines the demands of the War on Terror for Muslim
men to submit and conform. In Chap. 9 entitled “From Terrorists to
Paedophiles: Investigating the Experience and Encounter of Islamophobia on
Muslim Men in Contemporary Britain”, Chris Allen examines experiences of
Islamophobia amongst Muslim men. The chapter explores points of convergence and divergence between male and female victims of Islamophobia as
well as positioning the findings within the literature relating to Muslim masculinities and violence. In Chap. 10 entitled “British Muslim men, stigma and
clothing choices”, Fatima Rajina examines the changing perceptions of dress,
focusing on the lungi, funjabi and the thobe, amongst British Bangladeshi
Muslim men in East London. The chapter argues that the meanings attributed to these garments are (re)-configured using a meta-constructed stigma
guideline that the research participants in this study interpret using their
faith, Islam, and the wider dominant discourse around acceptability and
respectability. In Chap. 11 entitled “Removal of the Niqab in Court: A structural barrier to equality”, Jeremy Robson considers whether the approach of
the justice system to women who manifest their faith through the wearing of
the niqab serves to marginalise this group. This chapter argues that the niqab
does not obstruct the ability of the court to assess the credibility of the witness. Whilst judges deciding on such cases have limited discretion to interfere
with existing practices, governments do and there should be clear guidance to
ensure that religious minorities are not deterred from asserting their legal
rights in the courts. In Chap. 12 entitled “#HandsOffMyHijab: Muslim
women writers challenge contemporary Islamophobia”, Ramisha Rafique and
Jenni Ramone draw on the ‘#HandsOffMyHijab’ movement to discuss representations of Muslim women, the hijab, the niqab, and how these items of
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
6
A. Easat-Daas and I. Zempi
clothing are perceived in the West. This chapter also examines the ways in
which negative perceptions of Muslim women and the hijab are being challenged in contemporary British literature by British Muslim women writers
such as Suhaiymah Manzoor-Khan. Therefore, the chapter highlights the
efforts of British Muslim women writers to challenge institutionalised and
gendered Islamophobia through literary forms and style. In Chap. 13 entitled
“Islamophobic hate crime towards non-Muslim Men”, Imran Awan and Irene
Zempi examine the experiences of non-Muslim men who suffer Islamophobia
because they look Muslim. The findings demonstrate how these experiences
are damaging to community cohesion and have led to polarisation between
different communities in the UK. In Chap. 14 entitled “Spatialising
Islamophobia: Responding to and resisting anti-Muslim racism in Scotland”,
Robin Finlay and Peter Hopkins focus on experiences of gendered Islamophobia
in the Scottish context. The chapter considers the complex scaling of gendered Islamophobia experienced by Muslim women and men in Scotland
with specific attention to gendered, digital, neighbourhood, urban, national,
and global Islamophobia. It is argued that these diverse forms of Islamophobia
often occur simultaneously across different scales and so reinforce and
embolden each other.
Part III
Part III of the handbook deals with gendered Islamophobia across a number
of European cases. Chapter 15 by Amal Miri examines the alleged “failed
integration” of Muslim migrant women in Belgium. In particular, through
the use of qualitative interviews with Belgian Muslim migrant women it
underscores the paradoxical framing of Muslim women in the country as both
backward and Orientalised figures but also “…potential vehicles of integration” of their families and other Muslims—both voiceless and as bearing burdens of so-called integration. In Chap. 16, Amina Easat-Daas explores the
role of the left and liberalism in shaping and maintaining gendered
Islamophobia in France (particularly as experienced by French Muslim
women). Through the adoption of decolonial and feminist foci, the chapter
highlights the continuation of the ‘white saviour’ complex and complicity of
dominant white feminist thought in ongoing regulation and disciplining of
Muslim women’s bodies. The chapter also highlights the ways in which the
French context influences neighbouring francophone Belgium and arguably
sets a global barometer of acceptable gendered Islamophobia. Chapter 17 is
written by Linda Hyökki and challenges dominant stereotypes of Muslim
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
1 Introduction
7
women who convert to Islam in the Finnish context. Through the presentation of qualitative interview data, the chapter problematises assumptions that
native women in Finland are coerced to convert to Islam by their Muslim
husbands, or that they are “traitors” to their country of origin. Importantly,
the chapter illustrates the coexistence of Finnish whiteness and Muslimness,
in contrast with normative political narratives that posit otherwise, to centre
Finnish Muslim women’s agency and voice in this under-researched context.
Christina Verousi examines manifestations and experiences of gendered
Islamophobia in the Greek context in Chap. 18. She highlights the internal
complexities within Greece vis-à-vis the treatment of Greek native Muslims in
Thrace and comparatively newer migrants in the Athenian region, juxtaposed
with growing globalised gendered Islamophobic narratives and historical
Turkophobia and positioning of Muslimness as ‘other’ in the nation.
Ultimately, via foregrounding Greek Muslim women’s voices, Verousi demonstrates that in spite of contextual specificities there is an apparent convergence
in global gendered Islamophobia at the interpersonal and structural levels.
Chapter 19, by Rafaella Monia Calia and Roberto Flauto, examines gendered
Islamophobia in the Italian context. Similarly, to other authors in this volume, Calia and Flauto’s work points to the continued pertinence of Orientalist
framings of Muslim women and the intersection of misogyny, ethnic and
religious racisms in shaping Muslim women’s experiences of gendered
Islamophobia. Simultaneously, the chapter centres interviews conducted with
Muslim women in Italy to highlight the paradoxes of Muslim women being
seen as “easy targets” for Islamophobic attacks, but also the ways in which
these women navigate their experiences in the Italian context.
Part IV
Part IV of the book takes a more global focus on the nature of gendered
Islamophobia and comprises analyses of the Indian, Turkish, Canadian,
Australian and Aotearoa/New Zealand contexts. In Chap. 20, Tania Saeed
critically examines gendered Islamophobia in India. Saeed argues that colonial
legacies and partition have resulted in an attempted erasure of India’s Muslim
history and subsequent construction of Islam and Muslimness as foreign to
India. Through the specific example of “Love Jihad”—whereby Indian Muslim
men are deemed to be forcing Hindu women to convert to Islam and produce
more Muslim children, again rendering Muslim women converts to Islam to
a restrictive patriarchal framing. Or, through the examples of the recent “Sulli
deals” and “Bulli bai” to illustrate colonially informed hyper-sexualisation (as
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
8
A. Easat-Daas and I. Zempi
a tool of discipline and punishment) of Muslim women, Saeed writes;
“Muslims, and women in particular who dare to resist and defy this patriarchal logic that positions them as oppressed, are instead sexualized and harassed
through rape threats and intimidation, evident in the creation of ‘Bulli Bai’
and ‘Sulli Deals’ platforms. These cases represent the intersection between
patriarchy and Islamophobia in the Indian context: Muslim women viewed as
oppressed or hyper sexualized in the Hindu male imagination.”
Nitasha Kaul and Annapurna Menon continue our focus back to the Indian
case in Chap. 21 through their focus on Hindutva’s Islamophobia and the co-­
option of the saviour narrative in the ways in which gendered Islamophobia
plays out in the nation. Kaul and Menon showcase Indian adoption of narratives of Muslim male barbarism, Muslim women’s perceived submissiveness
and the alleged demographic threat posed by Muslimness in India particularly
in a post-global war on terror climate. The hyper-sexualisation of Indian
Muslim women is described in the chapter as “the desire amongst some Indian
Hindus to ‘possess’ Muslim women and ‘humiliate’ Muslim men”, thus showcasing the continued relevance of Orientalist tropes in manifestations of gendered Islamophobia in India.
Chapter 22 focuses on the nature of gendered Islamophobia in the Canadian
medical field. Against the backdrop of an alleged Canadian exceptionalism
and following the retracted Canadian Medical Association cover showing a
Muslim woman with the title “Don’t use an instrument of oppression as a
symbol of diversity and inclusion”, Katherine Bullock’s work uses qualitative
data to underline the realities of growing Islamophobia in the country. The
chapter also highlights the ways in which Canadian Muslim women in healthcare navigate and resist the gendered Islamophobia that they regularly encounter. In Chap. 23, Arshia Zaidi brings our attention to the methodological
implications of researching gendered Islamophobia in the Canadian context,
during the COVID-19 pandemic. The top-down drive for continued research
production during the global and the sensitivities of researching gendered
Islamophobia are critically explored through the adoption of intersectional
and reflexives frameworks in this chapter. In Chap. 24, Turgay Yerlikaya and
Yasemin Güney comparatively analyse manifestations of gendered Islamphobia
and contextual debates around Muslim spaces in Turkey and Germany.
Through the comparative method Yerlikaya and Güney highlight differences
in colonial pasts, journeys to secularisation in the case of European Germany
and Muslim-majority Turkey to illustrate that in spite of differing histories,
there is a growing similarity in the nature of explicit gendered Islamophobia
in the two countries. Chapter 25 of the book written by Susan Carland takes
the Australian case study and demonstrates the role of Australian Muslim
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
1 Introduction
9
women in countering Islamophobia. The work draws on qualitative interviews with a diverse range of Australian Muslim women active in countering
Islamophobia to underscore the importance of Muslim women’s voices and
agency in combatting the disproportionate rates of Islamophobia that they
face. Importantly, the chapter highlights how Muslim women navigate racisms, sexisms, misogyny and patriarchy from within Muslim communities
and outside of Muslim communities. In Chap. 26, Shakira Hussein, Liz Allen
and Scott Poynting focus on Australia and Aotearoa/New Zealand, drawing
particular attention to the killing of fifty-one Muslims in Christchurch, New
Zealand at the Masjid An-Nur and Linwood Islamic centre by an Australian
man. They posit that the perceived hyper-fertility of Muslim women, or “dangerous wombs” tropes, has meant that Muslim women have come to be seen
as legitimate targets of Islamophobic hate crime under globalising far-right
Islamophobic discourses. They write: “[C]hild-bearing Muslim women are
seen as enablers of this demographic battleground, while white women are
urged to perform their natalist duty in the interest of maintaining demographic supremacy.” Ultimately misogyny contained within gendered
Islamophobic narratives negatively impact women across all sections of society. Importantly, Hussain, Allen and Poynting’s chapter highlights the very
real and serious threat and consequences of gendered and broader Islamophobia.
References
Ali, N., & Whitham, B. (2021). Racial Capitalism, Islamophobia, and Austerity.
International Political Sociology, 15(2), 190–211.
APPG British Muslims. (2018). Islamophobia Defined. Retrieved December 19,
2019, from https://static1.squarespace.com/static/599c3d2febbd1a90cffdd8a9/
t/5bfd1ea3352f531a6170ceee/1543315109493/Islamophobia+Defined.pdf
[Accessed 29 September 2023].
Awan, I., & Zempi, I. (2019). Islamophobic Hate Crime: A Student Textbook.
Routledge.
Easat-Daas, A. (2020). Muslim Women’s Political Participation in France and Belgium.
Palgrave Macmillan.
Garner, S., & Selod, S. (2015). The Racialization of Muslims: Empirical Studies of
Islamophobia. Critical Sociology, 4(1), 9–19.
Law, I., Easat-Daas, A., Merali, A., & Sayyid, S. (2019). Countering Islamophobia in
Europe. Palgrave Macmillan.
Zempi, I. (2019). Veiled Muslim Women’s Responses to Experiences of Gendered
Islamophobia in the UK. International Review of Victimology, 26(1), 96–111.
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
10
A. Easat-Daas and I. Zempi
Zempi, I., & Chakraborti, N. (2014). Islamophobia, Victimisation and the Veil.
Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Zempi, I., & Awan, I. (2019). The Routledge International Handbook of Islamophobia.
Routledge International Handbooks. Routledge.
Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com
We Don’t reply in this website, you need to contact by email for all chapters
Instant download. Just send email and get all chapters download.
Get all Chapters For E-books Instant Download by email at
etutorsource@gmail.com
You can also order by WhatsApp
https://api.whatsapp.com/send/?phone=%2B447507735190&text&type=ph
one_number&app_absent=0
Send email or WhatsApp with complete Book title, Edition Number and
Author Name.