Hypotheses 1. Hypothesis 1 (H1): o Statement: Projects that implement EVM show better cost performance than those that do not. o Rationale: EVM provides a structured method for tracking project performance against cost and schedule baselines, which should lead to better cost control and fewer overruns. o Testing Method: Compare the cost performance (CPI) of projects using EVM with those not using EVM through descriptive statistics and t-tests. 2. Hypothesis 2 (H2): o Statement: Effective risk management practices lead to fewer cost overruns in PV projects. o Rationale: Proactive identification and mitigation of risks should reduce unexpected costs and help keep the project within budget. o Testing Method: Correlate the effectiveness of risk management practices with cost performance (using Pearson correlation) and analyze the impact using regression analysis. 3. Hypothesis 3 (H3): o Statement: Implementing comprehensive cost control measures results in better cost performance in PV projects. o Rationale: Continuous monitoring and control of project costs should lead to more accurate forecasting and fewer cost overruns. o Testing Method: Assess the relationship between cost control effectiveness and cost performance through correlation and regression analysis. 4. Hypothesis 4 (H4): o Statement: An integrated approach combining EVM, risk management, and cost control results in superior cost performance compared to using these practices in isolation. o Rationale: The synergy of combining structured project management methods should provide a more robust framework for managing project costs. o Testing Method: Use multiple regression analysis to determine the combined effect of EVM, risk management, and cost control on cost performance.