Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com Caribbean Discourses Stylistic and Critical Discourse Approaches to Language Use in the Caribbean Edited by Ryan Durgasingh · Nicha Selvon-Ramkissoon Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com We Don’t reply in this website, you need to contact by email for all chapters Instant download. Just send email and get all chapters download. Get all Chapters For E-books Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com You can also order by WhatsApp https://api.whatsapp.com/send/?phone=%2B447507735190&text&type=ph one_number&app_absent=0 Send email or WhatsApp with complete Book title, Edition Number and Author Name. Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com Caribbean Discourses Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com Ryan Durgasingh Nicha Selvon-Ramkissoon Editors Caribbean Discourses Stylistic and Critical Discourse Approaches to Language Use in the Caribbean Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com To Barbara Lalla and Valerie Youssef, who showed us the way. Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com Contents 1 Introduction 1 Ryan Durgasingh and Nicha Selvon-Ramkissoon Part I Tracing the Development of Discourses in the Caribbean 17 2 Styles and Stylistic Change in Creole Languages: Formal Language in the Eastern Maroon Creole 19 Bettina Migge 3 Towards a Discursive History of the Caribbean as a History of Genres 49 Susanne Mühleisen Part II Discourse and Public Policy in the Caribbean 77 4 Critical Discourse Studies and Curriculum Development in Trinidad and Tobago: Exploring Discursive Practices in Education Policy 79 Nicha Selvon-Ramkissoon xi Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com xii Contents Part III Discursive Constructions of the Caribbean Prime Minister 107 5 Taking Responsibility: Conceptual Metaphor and the Accession Stage of Leadership in Eric Williams’ Inward Hunger: The Making of a Prime Minister109 Karen Sanderson Cole 6 Masking the Critic: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Newspaper Editorials131 Rajendra Shepherd 7 “The Most Honourable Brogad”: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Jamaica’s Prime Minister as Hero, Sex Symbol and Villain on Social Media177 Kadian Walters Part IV Stylistic Appraisals of Caribbean Literary Discourse 213 8 “He Was Oppressed by a Sense of Loss”: Stylistic Constructions of the Tragic in A House for Mr Biswas215 Ryan Durgasingh 9 Selvon’s Stylistics: Self-Conscious Language Production in An Island Is a World237 Karen Mah-Chamberlain 10 Storifying Caribbean Cricket: Voice and Perspective in Paul Keens-Douglas’s “Tanti at de Oval”259 Geraldine Skeete Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com We Don’t reply in this website, you need to contact by email for all chapters Instant download. Just send email and get all chapters download. Get all Chapters For E-books Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com You can also order by WhatsApp https://api.whatsapp.com/send/?phone=%2B447507735190&text&type=ph one_number&app_absent=0 Send email or WhatsApp with complete Book title, Edition Number and Author Name. Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com Contents xiii Part V Gender, Media, and Discourse in the Caribbean 285 11 Digital Discourses on Gender-Based Violence in Trinidad and Tobago287 Eleonora Esposito, Nicha Selvon-Ramkissoon, and Ryan Durgasingh 12 Media Representation of Gender-Based Violence in Two Cases and Related Examples: A Multimodal Discursive Study323 Godfrey A. Steele Index361 Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com Notes on Contributors Ryan Durgasingh is a Research Fellow at Ruhr University, Bochum, and PhD candidate at the University of Münster, Germany, where his work focuses on morphosyntactic variation in Caribbean Englishes. His research interests include stylistics, Critical Discourse Studies, variationist sociolinguistics, and corpus-­ based approaches to linguistic analysis. His MPhil thesis, undertaken at the University of the West Indies, St Augustine, was a stylistic comparative analysis of Ernest Hemingway’s and V.S. Naipaul’s protagonists and narrators. Eleonora Esposito is a researcher at the Institute for Culture and Society (ICS) of the University of Navarra (Spain) and a Seconded National Expert to the Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology (DG CNECT) of the European Commission. A Marie SkÅ‚odowska-Curie Alumna (2019–2021), Eleonora has been investigating complex intersections between language, identity, and the digitalised society in a number of global contexts, encompassing the EU, the Anglophone Caribbean, and the Middle East. Karen Mah-Chamberlain originally from Colorado in the United States, has also studied and taught in Hong Kong, Tajikistan, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkmenistan, Liberia, and remotely to the United Arab Emirates. In 2017, she received her PhD in Literature from the University of the West Indies, St Augustine. xv Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com xvi Notes on Contributors Bettina Migge is Professor of Linguistics at University College Dublin, Ireland, and attached to CNRS-SeDyL, France. She received her MA and PhD from the Ohio State University, USA, in 1998 and studied at Universität Hamburg, Germany; Université de Yaoundé, Cameroon; and Freie Universität Berlin, Germany. Her publications treat topics such as sociolinguistics, language contact, language and migration, the lived experiences of migration, language documentation, language and education, multilingualism, postcolonial studies, and computer-­medicated communication. Empirically, her research focuses on Suriname, French Guiana, and Ireland. Susanne Mühleisen is Professor of English Linguistics and a member of the Excellence Cluster Africa Multiple at the University of Bayreuth, Germany. Her work focuses on sociolinguistic and pragmatic issues in English and contact varieties in Africa and the Caribbean with publications such as Creole Discourse. Exploring Prestige Formation and Change across English-lexicon Creoles (2002) and Politeness and Face in Caribbean Creoles (ed. with Bettina Migge, 2005). Recent research also includes explorations of Text Type and Genre in World Englishes: Case Studies from the Caribbean (2022) as well as of the speech activity of advice in African multilingual contexts. Karen Sanderson Cole is a Lecturer in the Department of Modern Languages and Linguistics at the University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago. Her research emphases include the Caribbean political autobiography, improving the post-graduate university experience, as well as teaching and learning at the tertiary level. Nicha Selvon-Ramkissoon is an Assistant Professor and General Administrator at the Centre for Education Programmes, University of Trinidad and Tobago, Trinidad and Tobago, where she teaches courses in Linguistics, English Literature and Education. Her main areas of research are in Language Arts curriculum development, second dialect pedagogy, Critical Discourse Studies, and translanguaging pedagogy for migrant children. Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com Notes on Contributors xvii Rajendra Shepherd is a journalist, academic, and writer. He lectures communication courses at The University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago. His PhD dissertation examined the Trinidad & Tobago newspaper editorial for the relationships between the writer, media, genre, and coverage. Geraldine Skeete lectures in the Faculty of Humanities and Education at The University of the West Indies (UWI), St Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago, where she obtained a BA and PhD in Literatures in English. Among her journal publications are those in Short Fiction in Theory & Practice and The Year’s Work in English Studies. She is the coeditor of The Child and the Caribbean Imagination (2012) and Tout Moun: Caribbean Journal of Cultural Studies. Skeete teaches literary linguistics and literature courses, including one on the Caribbean short story. She is currently working on a monograph about the written works of Paul Keens-Douglas. Godfrey A. Steele A UWI Premium Teaching Awardee (2000), he wrote Health Communication in the Caribbean and Beyond: A Reader (2011); 60+ refereed journal articles, chapters, books, papers, and technical reports; 80+ conference papers; Health Communication: Principles and Practices (2019); Communication, Culture, and Conflict (2021); and Human Communication Studies: Caribbean Research Knowledge and Stories (2022) and produced the three-part documentary film, Communication Connects (2022) featuring thematic interviews with communication graduates and experienced academic researchers. Kadian Walters lectures discourse studies in the Department of Language, Linguistics, and Philosophy at the University of the West Indies, Mona. Her research interests include language rights, linguistic discrimination, forensic linguistics, discourse analysis, and computermediated communication. Her dissertation examined the phenomenon of linguistic discrimination in Jamaica’s government agencies and how service representatives treat callers who used both Jamaican Creole and English. Walters is an advocate for an expansion of the functional allocation of Jamaican Creole in public formal domains and official government business. She has devoted her research to improving the status of her first language, Jamaican Creole. Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com List of Figures Fig. 6.1 Fig. 6.2 Fig. 6.3 Fig. 7.1 Fig. 7.2 Fig. 7.3 Fig. 7.4 Fig. 11.1 Fig. 12.1 Fig. 12.2 Fig. 12.3 Fig. 12.4 Fairclough’s model of domains essential to CDA (2002, p. 59) 137 Pivoting illustrated 164 The ideological circle model 165 Holness changed his name to Brogad on Twitter 186 Holness addresses his social media followers 187 Holness depicted as saviour 200 Holness depicted as villain 201 Ashanti Riley’s picture shared by newspaper articles covering her femicide case 300 Protest actions against gender-based violence 339 Online image accompanying printed news report (Braxton-­Benjamin 2021) 341 The Bystander Moment343 Public advocacy and protest 345 xix Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com We Don’t reply in this website, you need to contact by email for all chapters Instant download. Just send email and get all chapters download. Get all Chapters For E-books Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com You can also order by WhatsApp https://api.whatsapp.com/send/?phone=%2B447507735190&text&type=ph one_number&app_absent=0 Send email or WhatsApp with complete Book title, Edition Number and Author Name. Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com List of Tables Table 6.1 Table 6.2 Table 6.3a Table 6.3b Table 6.3c Table 6.4 Table 6.5 Table 6.6 Table 7.1 Table 7.2 Table 7.3 Table 7.4 Table 7.5 Table 7.6 Table 12.1 Table 12.2 Methodological approach Areas of analysis Representations of the PM across the data field Representations of Dr. Rowley across the data field E6 ‘the arch critic,’ The Express newspaper’s first editorial on the matter, written a few days after the firing Dualism cases occurred throughout the data field—both softening and hardening criticism G5—Headline: “PM must explain Rowley dismissal” Operation of the ideological circle Five discursive strategies Distribution of Holness’s social media followers in comparison to his opposition counterparts Holness as hero theme Holness as sex symbol Holness as villain, performance over popularity Holness as hero, sex symbol and villain Summary list of stories Categories of stories 140 141 147 148 148 155 159 166 183 187 191 196 198 206 334 336 xxi Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com 1 Introduction Ryan Durgasingh and Nicha Selvon-Ramkissoon Although the Anglophone Caribbean has had a large output in varied and localised discourse/text-types in the post-independence era, there has been little linguistic scrutiny of them. This has been the case even though more recent linguistic work done on English in the Caribbean has clearly shown a tendency towards endonormativity and more local forms within several countries’ developing standards (Schneider 2009; Deuber 2014; Hackert 2016). Language varieties which have histories of being minoritised or peripheral in many spheres of public life have also gained R. Durgasingh (*) Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany Graduate School Empirical and Applied Linguistics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany e-mail: durgasin@uni-muenster.de N. Selvon-Ramkissoon Centre for Education Programmes, University of Trinidad and Tobago, Pt. Lisas, Couva, Trinidad and Tobago e-mail: nicha.s-ramkissoon@utt.edu.tt 1 Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com 2 R. Durgasingh and N. Selvon-Ramkissoon increasing acceptability—particularly the region’s Creoles (cf. Mühleisen 2002; Youssef 2011). This edited collection recognises the specific, unique, and complex nature of the evolving Caribbean language milieu, and the need for more rigorous descriptions of discourse types arising out of this space. Based on work presented at the University of Trinidad and Tobago’s “Stylistics, Critical Discourse Analysis and Language Use in the Caribbean” 2021 conference, the present volume draws together papers from established Caribbeanists seeking to address the lacunae of research focused on the region’s unique uses of linguistic structures in important aspects of socio-political/cultural life. Much like Esposito (2021), we see this book as bridging “an existing theoretical and analytical gap between the more macro aspects of socio-political investigation and the more micro aspects of linguistic analysis that has the potential to open up new prospects in Caribbean Studies” (p. 175). Historically, such Caribbean-based work has focused primarily on literary discourse/stylistic analyses, with the book-length Lalla et al. (2014) being a notable edited collection. The socio-political implications of an indigenous literature using local linguistic forms in the colonial/postcolonial nation-building project have been documented for the Caribbean (cf. Mühleisen 2002; Lalla 2014a, b) and have continued to be the focus of many discursive analyses in the region. This, however, argues Esposito et al. (2019), has been to the detriment of other important social discourses such as media, political, and other forms of institutional discourse (p. 13). While we agree that the rich Caribbean literary canon continues to constitute an important site of linguistic variation appropriate to discursive study (cf. this book’s Part IV), we believe that broadening the scope of discourse analysis beyond the literary in the Caribbean is past due. Indeed, some attention to other discourse types has begun to come since the turn of the century: there are works which have made discourse analysis a part of their overall analyses within larger frames, such as trauma and postcolonial theory, for instance (cf. Morgan & Youssef 2006), while other edited collections on discourse analysis have incorporated Caribbean sections (Esposito et al. (2019), as one prominent example, splits its focus between both Latin America and the Caribbean). To date, however, there have been no edited collections which deal solely with sustained discourse analyses within the Caribbean. Full Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com 1 Introduction 3 monograph-­length works, such as Esposito (2021), an exploration of political discourse in Trinidad and Tobago, are rarer still. Perhaps unsurprisingly, given the dominance of discourse analyses of literature and the Caribbean’s socio-history, most other linguistic interest in the region has focused largely on describing and advocating for Creoles varieties. In the Anglophone Caribbean, the (post)colonial supremacy of standards of English (often defined and reinforced via antipathy towards Creoles) have had a long-lasting impact on the social structure of the region, particularly as it pertains to educational concerns (cf. Robertson 1996; Craig 1999; Carpenter & Devonish 2013; Simmons-McDonald 2001; Migge et al. 2017). As a result of this, Caribbean linguistics has for a time been almost synonymous with Creole Linguistics (Creolistics), to the exclusion of other branches. A related turn towards describing the standard varieties of the region has come within the twenty-first century, with an emphasis on language attitudes, globalisation, and various cross-­ varietal influences (cf. Mair 2002; Sand 2017; Deuber & Leung 2013; Deuber 2014; Westphal 2017; Meer & Deuber 2020; Hackert 2022). We aim here not to trivialise these incredibly important aspects of social and linguistic study, but rather to offer a complementary and complexifying take on understudied aspects of language use while concurrently highlighting how Critical Discourse Studies (CDS) approaches can be usefully applied in this context. Both strands of research inquiry above—the analytical focus on literary texts and Creole Linguistics—have had long associations with postcolonial issues of identity and power. Indeed, as a discursive mode, literature has been seen in the post-independence era as one site of political contestation and liberation, summed up succinctly by the seminal Ashcroft et al.’s (1989) title, The Empire Writes Back. The shift from colonial hegemonies has played no less of a role in the ascendance of Creolistics, with an interest in Creole linguistic forms coming out of a perceived need to challenge the power of standard Englishes as part of a wider process of decolonisation (cf. Devonish 2022). The interrogation and negotiation of power, then, is a central concern of scholarly critique in the postcolonial setting of the Caribbean, one that finds shared ground with discourse studies: “one of the most meaningful commonalities between CDS and postcolonialism is marked by a conceptualization of Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com 4 R. Durgasingh and N. Selvon-Ramkissoon critique as deeply related to an emancipatory agenda and to an idea of agency framed around narratives of dissent, opposition and resistance” (Esposito 2021, p. 18). Because discourse is inherently contextualised, that is it “addresses the way in which linguistic forms—‘text’—become part of, get integrated in, or become constitutive of larger activities in the social world” (Blommaert 2005, p. 39), its study in the as-yet-decolonising setting of the Caribbean can help to clarify and open new avenues of thinking about the hierarchies of power inside and outside of the region. As a sister discipline to pragmatics, discourse analysis is also invested in the meaning-making potential of communicative purpose—seeking to unearth the “why”, the “how”, and the “for whom” questions of interaction (cf. Schneider & Barron 2014). The linguistic outcomes of socio-­ cultural creolisation, the Caribbean’s vernacular Creoles, its standards, and the varieties in-between provide rich translanguaging resources for those capable of exploiting them. Thus, in the polyvocal, English-official Caribbean, where linguistic structures may overlap between codes but carry nuances of different meaning, “individual utterances may not only be differently understood by Creole and non Creole speakers but may even privilege plural meaning,” since “[t]he international and regional currency of … discourse rests on an antipathy to boundaries” (Lalla 2014a, p. 60). This is one significant way in which power can be constructed and mediated, for instance, in ideologically charged discourses such as campaign speeches, news editorials, state media, and advertising. Discourse analysis, with its framework of understanding linguistic forms and media within social context, can further explicate the shifting/mutable power dynamics of code choice and code representation in societies that are marked by a high degree of variation and “leaking diglossia” (Youssef 1996, p. 3). However, like all methodologies applied within the Caribbean context, but especially those which originate from the dominant West, some justification is necessary for CDS’s application and use (cf. Ali et al. 2023). Although CDS scholarship originated in Europe during the 1980s–1990s, its focus on critiquing power, ideology, and agency “seems to find its natural fit in the investigation of how individual, national and regional identities are discursively constructed and negotiated, in a context affected by post-and neo-colonial patterns of inequality, Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com We Don’t reply in this website, you need to contact by email for all chapters Instant download. Just send email and get all chapters download. Get all Chapters For E-books Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com You can also order by WhatsApp https://api.whatsapp.com/send/?phone=%2B447507735190&text&type=ph one_number&app_absent=0 Send email or WhatsApp with complete Book title, Edition Number and Author Name. Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com 1 Introduction 5 discrimination and power abuse” (Esposito 2021, p. 8). The Caribbean region was a major pawn in the European colonisation project from the time representatives of the Spanish crown arrived in the fifteenth century. Soon after, Dutch, French, Portuguese, and British colonists invaded the region, decimating indigenous groups and repurposing their lands for a plantation economy1 which would be sustained for centuries by the labour of enslaved Africans and indentured workers, largely from India. The effects of colonisation would permeate social institutions like the family, religion, and education, as well as political and economic systems, and also cultural markers like language and art. As a site of destruction and reconstruction, the Caribbean, through its post-and-neo colonial discourses, can (re)work ideas of power, ideology, and agency (cf. Moya Pons 2007; Campbell 2005; Brereton & Yelvington 1999). As a theoretical frame that analyses the “constructive effects of discourse” which encode ideologies, social structures, and relations of power (Fairclough 1992, p. 64; cf. Fairclough & Wodak 1997), CDS offers an entry point to Caribbean scholars interested in looking beyond literary critiques and/or formal linguistic analyses of postcolonial discourses. Indeed its “critical dimension” in viewing discursive practices “intends to reveal underlying class conflicts, power relations and ideologies through discourse analysis”, especially in the context of historical, political, and other socio-cultural impacts on discourse (Van Dijk 1985, p. 58). CDS also allows for critiques of multimodal texts, examining their handling of colour, images, designs, spatial manipulations, and other visuals. In this way, “critical discourse analysis has moved towards more explicit dialogue between social theory and practice, richer contextualization, greater interdisciplinarity and greater attention to the multimodality of discourse” (van Leeuwen 2006, p. 292). In the postcolonial context, CDS is a useful frame for problematizing colonial social constructs that reside (too) comfortably alongside discourses of deconstruction and change. Criticisms of studies in CDS centre around its interpretive and subjective nature, the implication being that CDS scholars run the risk of Creating unprecedented wealth for the new landowners and by extension exponentially propelling the development of Europe, economic and otherwise. 1 Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com 6 R. Durgasingh and N. Selvon-Ramkissoon imposing preconceived notions and deeply entrenched ideologies onto their data without any critical assessment of their own discursive practices. All of this, of course, calls into account the very rigour of CDS research (cf. Schegloff 1997; Toolan 1997; Woolfitt 2005; Widdowson 1998; Pennycook 2001; Wodak & Chilton 2005). While acknowledging these potential downfalls of CDS, Wodak (2012), Lewis-Fokum (2022), and Esposito (2021), all attest to the importance of CDS’s problem-­ oriented, transdisciplinary approach in contemporary research, with Lewis-Fokum positing that, for Caribbean researchers, “perhaps these very ‘weaknesses’ of CDA, if explored from a postcolonial lens, might actually be strengths” (p. 98). Wodak, for example, argues that the “critical” element in CDS includes “being self-reflective and self-critical. In this sense, CDA does not only mean to criticize others. It also means to criticize the ‘critical’ itself…” (p. 305). All scholars work within socio/ economic/political structures that come with their attendant ideologies and relations of power, so CDS researchers have the opportunity to unpack the effects of these on their own work, declaring any biases upfront and outlining analytic procedures for managing them. Lewis-­ Fokum notes intersections between postcolonial and CDS concerns, illustrating that they both “deconstruct knowledge and assumptions that have been taken for granted, and which therefore have the potential to sustain status quos that may disempower rather than empower various groups of people” (p. 98), with CDS examining these power structures through the interplay of language. She observes, too, the reconstructive potential of CDS, i.e. its researchers have the ability to describe how people continue to thrive in spite of oppressive systems and the mechanisms they create to do so. She then challenges the Caribbean CDS researcher: “Even if we adopt a decolonizing discourse, we must also create, through participatory action-research, indigenous interventions that are beneficial and sustainable for generations to come” (p. 99; cf. Ali et al. 2023). Esposito also points to connections between postcolonial and CDS work, not the least of which is the interdisciplinary foundation that undergirds them both. She demonstrates the commonalities in each of their treatments of discourse, critique, power, ideology, and agency (i.e. narratives of resistance and change), and notes that “we can identify a common aspiration between the two fields, oriented towards seeking Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com 1 Introduction 7 knowledge in the name of emancipation, in order to help reverse the domination and violence that mark past and present history” (2021, p. 18). In this collection, contributors use either the original designation Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) or the later, Critical Discourse Studies (CDS). Some pushback against the use of the traditional CDA comes from scholars in the field, including a couple of the “original group”2 of analysts. Their main contention is that CDA in itself is not a method of discourse analysis, but rather a perspective within the field of discourse studies. The use of the term CDS, therefore, is meant to refocus the attitudinal position of the researcher (i.e. to the “critical”) and redirect the methodology to its transdisciplinary nature (i.e. methods in linguistics, discourse studies, and other relevant approaches and methodologies in the humanities and social sciences). Van Dijk (2013) explains that CDA is not a method of analysis, as is often believed, but a social movement of scholars using a wide variety of (usually, but not exclusively, qualitative) methods of discourse analysis. These methods may include analysis of the lexicon, syntax, local and global meaning (semantics), speech acts, and other relations with the context (pragmatics), style, rhetoric, argumentation, narrative structures, or other conventional organization of discourse, on the one hand, and quantitative corpus analysis, ethnography, participant observation, or psychological experiments, among other methods, on the other hand. (p. 176) The contributors to the collection all outline their theories, methods, and analytical procedures in their discourse analyses. Their methodologies were often drawn from the disciplines within which they worked, for example, from educational linguistics in the humanities to media studies in the social sciences. To this end, the adoption of (a) label/s was theirs to make—the editors accepted these stylistic choices. Stylistics, defined as “the linguistic study of style in language” or “literary linguistics”, examines text meaning from a close reading of its language as well as from readers’ responses to the text and is one of the foundational approaches of this collection (Jeffries & McIntyre 2010, Teun Van Dijk, Norman Fairclough, Gunter Kress, Theo Van Leeuwen and Ruth Wodak (Wodak and Mayer 2016, p. 4) 2 Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com 8 R. Durgasingh and N. Selvon-Ramkissoon p. 1; Stockwell & Whiteley 2014, p. 1). Although the focus of stylistics has traditionally been more linguistic than political, stylistic appraisals of discourse have arguably been a precursor for critical evaluations of discourse. Fairclough (1995, p. 187) refers to “systematic and detailed textual analysis” as one of the pillars of CDA/CDS; this type of analysis is also central to stylistics. He also refers to the hybrid nature of contemporary texts, a mixing of what is considered formal and informal language use in literary, academic, political, and other traditionally formal spaces (1995, p. 142). This hybridity could not be more epitomised than in the Caribbean region given the development of its languages as Ali et al. (2023, p. 92) explain: The need for methodologies which cater to Caribbean language varieties is underscored for those Caribbean linguistic varieties which are not easily placed along an assumed developmental line, such as the metaphorical parent-daughter relationship between (West) Germanic and English, or Latin and French. Creole varieties are still the subject of heated debate as to whether or not they constitute a singular typological class, or are developments of their European lexifiers. Colloquialisms and other localised forms of Caribbean languages permeate almost all text types and have provided the basis for stylistic analyses for a few Caribbean scholars (for example, see Evans et al. 2011; Durgasingh 2012; Lalla et al. 2014). The analytical frame of “Critical Stylistics” is thus a natural progression of the integration of critical linguistics, functional linguistics, and critical discourse analysis. Critical Stylistics (CS) study “combines the text analysis of stylistics with the ideological awareness of CDA” (Jeffries & McIntyre 2010, p. 194). The CS analyst is given “a clear set of analytical tools to follow in carrying out critical analysis of texts, with the aim of uncovering or discovering the underlying ideologies of the texts” (Jeffries 2010, p. 6). Analysis of literary texts has been undertaken in this way by Caribbean researchers (for example, see Figuera 2010; Rampaul 2012; Selvon-Ramkissoon 2012), and in this collection, we aim to bring more of these critiques to the fore. Incorporating a section on stylistic analyses of Caribbean literary discourse (an important and defining type within the region’s scholarly Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com 1 Introduction 9 tradition), alongside others on the development/evolution of discourse types in the region, analyses of public policy, gender and media discourse representation, and an entire section on the formative figure of the Caribbean prime minister, this book shows the importance of expanding the scope of linguistic analysis in the region beyond the post-­independence dominance of Creole Linguistics. The multi-disciplinary and multi-­ methodological nature of the discursive approaches in this collection, stemming from the interest in “social phenomena which are necessarily complex” rather than just “linguistic units per se” (Wodak & Meyer 2016, p. 2), can allow us to account for the “supersyncretic” and “polyrhythmic” nature of Caribbean societies (Benítez Rojo & Maraniss 1996).3 We hope that this volume will form part of a still-nascent broadening in the Caribbean-focused academy of research in the social sciences, media-discourses, and decolonisation practices, thereby contributing to the overall body of scholarship on language and society in postcolonial, multi-ethnic contexts. Below, we detail the structure of the book. 1Outline of the Book This volume is divided into five parts which deal with diverse and relevant topics of Caribbean interest. Part I, Tracing the Development of Discourses in the Caribbean, is a suitable commencement to the collection, the two chapters therein providing an historical context for academic examinations of Caribbean discourses. In “Styles and Stylistic Change in Creole Languages,” Migge argues for a holistic approach to style in research on Creole languages as she herself notes stylistic changes among the Eastern Maroon Creoles where speakers recognise and adapt communicative styles in various pragmatic situational contexts and as identity markers. The second chapter, “Towards a Discursive History of the Caribbean as a History of Genres,” Mühleisen considers how Caribbean peoples are able to adapt and create local versions of highly conventionalized text formats. She does so by analysing 3 We are grateful to Eleonora Esposito for guiding us to these important summative arguments. Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com We Don’t reply in this website, you need to contact by email for all chapters Instant download. Just send email and get all chapters download. Get all Chapters For E-books Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com You can also order by WhatsApp https://api.whatsapp.com/send/?phone=%2B447507735190&text&type=ph one_number&app_absent=0 Send email or WhatsApp with complete Book title, Edition Number and Author Name. Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com 10 R. Durgasingh and N. Selvon-Ramkissoon data from advice columns in the Jamaican newspaper The Star as well as corpus data from a Trinidadian diaspora internet forum. In Part II, Discourse and Public Policy in the Caribbean, Selvon-­ Ramkissoon adopts a Critical Discourse Studies approach in looking at Language Arts curriculum development for use in secondary schools in Trinidad and Tobago. She draws from Fairclough’s three-part model for analysing a communicative event or interaction (the text, the discourse practice, the socio-cultural practice), Halliday’s systemic functional linguistics, and Genette’s transtextuality model as analytical procedures. Discursive practices within the curriculum to persuade teachers of the curriculum’s efficacy, intertextual links to other educational and national documents, and institutional power dynamics which perpetuate arguments about “appropriateness” when it comes to the use of students’ first language in the classroom are all explored in this chapter. Part III, Discursive Constructions of the Caribbean Prime Minister, is an important section in its illustration of discourse and power dynamics in the political arena. Sanderson Cole’s “Taking Responsibility: Conceptual Metaphor and the Accession Stage of Leadership in Eric Williams’ Inward Hunger: The Making of a Prime Minister” considers the conceptual metaphor “A leader is a teacher” and its ideological influence on Trinidad and Tobago’s first prime minister. The autobiographical text provides Sanderson Cole a record of “social action” that the prime minister undertakes as he attempts to bring a newly independent Trinidad and Tobago to political and economic prosperity. The second chapter in this section, “Masking the Critic: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Newspaper Editorials” identifies “pivoting” as a discursive practice in newspaper editorials that comment on a feud between Trinidad and Tobago’s then prime minister, Patrick Manning, and a member of his cabinet, Keith Rowley. Shepherd uses Critical Discourse Analysis lenses to examine seven editorials in two daily newspapers to discuss the ideological implication of pivoting. The final chapter in this section moves the reader to another Caribbean island in “‘The Most Honourable BroGad’: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Jamaica’s Prime Minister as Hero, Sex Symbol and Villain on Social Media.” Here Walters examines texts of five hundred comments under social media posts created by, or pertaining to, Jamaica’s current Prime Minister Andrew Holness, as she seeks to answer the Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com 1 Introduction 11 question: “How does the common man, by way of social media, function as social actor to create and perpetuate the image of political representatives?” In Part IV, Stylistic Appraisals of Caribbean Literary Discourse, our contributors add to the established legacy of literary analyses rooted in linguistic criticism in the Caribbean canon. This section further establishes the connection between the region’s literary output and social critique by addressing issues of discursive form, identity, and (post)coloniality. In the first chapter, “‘He Was Oppressed by a Sense of Loss’: Stylistic Constructions of the Tragic in A House for Mr Biswas”, Durgasingh analyses perspective and agency in V.S. Naipaul’s masterwork, showing how the eponymous protagonist’s life is shaped through tragic circumstances which mirror the colonial condition. Second, Mah-Chamberlain’s “Selvon’s Stylistics: Self-Conscious Language Production in An Island Is a World” analyses the various modes of speech and thought representation in the semi-autobiographical novel, tracing how the linguistic features of psychological perspective impinge on the novel’s discursive exploration of self-consciousness. Lastly, in “Storifying Caribbean Cricket: Voice and Perspective in Paul Keens-Douglas’s ‘Tanti at de Oval,’” Skeete examines the various discourse features—many of them related to local oral traditions—which help to craft Keens-Douglas’s most famous work within the socio-political context of cricket. Finally, Part V, Gender, Media, and Discourse in the Caribbean, grapples with the issue of gender-based violence in Trinidad and Tobago from two complementary, media-focused positions. In “Digital Discourses on Gender-Based Violence in Trinidad and Tobago,” Esposito, Selvon-­ Ramkissoon, and Durgasingh analyse social media comments posted under news articles dealing with femicides. This chapter takes a three-­ pronged approach to the topic, looking at the public’s discursive construction of the victims, the state, and the suspected criminals in the emotionally loaded context of Caribbean Gender-Based Violence (GBV). The section’s second paper, “Media Representation of Gender-Based Violence,” by Steele interrogates various media portrayals of GBV in Trinidad and Tobago, first via a close look at two recent and highly publicised cases of GBV in the country, and then through other related representations in the media. The analysis here is multimodal, analysing text and pictorial portrayals of GBV. Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com 12 R. Durgasingh and N. Selvon-Ramkissoon References Ali, K., Braithwaite, B., Durgasingh, R., Jackson, S., & Selvon-Ramkissoon, N. (2023). Affirming an Endonormative Approach in Language Research Design in the Caribbean. In C. Nakhid, M. Nakhid-Chatoor, A. F. Santana, & S. Wilson-Scott (Eds.), Affirming Methodologies (pp. 90–114). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003196969-­8 Ashcroft, B., Griffiths, G., & Tiffin, H. (1989). 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Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com Part I Tracing the Development of Discourses in the Caribbean Download Complete Ebook By email at etutorsource@gmail.com We Don’t reply in this website, you need to contact by email for all chapters Instant download. Just send email and get all chapters download. Get all Chapters For E-books Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com You can also order by WhatsApp https://api.whatsapp.com/send/?phone=%2B447507735190&text&type=ph one_number&app_absent=0 Send email or WhatsApp with complete Book title, Edition Number and Author Name.