Cellular Diversity
↳ All cells ( some
-
-
more
can
exception) have whole genome
info than needed
lead
to
problems if
certain
altered
genes
↳ must be proliferation
-
needs to be
↳ Cells
turnover / flow
become
can
corrupt
☆ mutation
.
phenotypes
☆ novel
☆ uncontrolled cell
growth
→
high
High Chance
turnover =
For
Cancer
Tumors
↳ Stem cells
↳ Not
-
-
gone
wild =
starting w/
(tissue
↳ Cells
Come From
=
come
a
Normal Tissues
cancer
problem
cells -1 Cell
products)
from fertilized
give rise to
cell
Effective ED 50
Dose
]
egg
types
lots of differentiations
-
Lethal
Dose
Therapeutic
Index
(
range)
LD 50
Toti potent !
Up to 8 cells
( can become whole
↓
cell
lineage
only be one type
of cell
Can only
Pluripotent :
be one
1
Terminal
i
can
Tumour
☒
-
↳ Some tumors can metastasize
-
can
spot
even be
traced back
to
primary
]
organism
Goblet cell
↳ epithelial cell
that secrete mucus
→
huge growth
adeno
=
gland
carcinomas
malignancy
epithelial
of
cells
@
epithelial cells
↳ line
openings
]
(cells AND stroma
)
are different
tissue in between
-
cells
( mostly
)
collagen
Histopathological Comparisons
↳ abnormal form / Function
↳ can't assemble
1
I
organised
less
malfunctioning
to be more
accurate
↳ Colon Cancer
-
stuff absorbed by
the
portal
Liver
-
eay
vein
and
gut goes through
goes straight
metastasizes this
to the
way !
Histological Classification
↳ mainly presumed tissue of origin
-
Benign
•
growth taking up space
local
:
Malignant
•
there's different function
Even if
,
invader /
:
damaging tissues
)
(
changing attachments
☒ basement membrane
↳ Primary Tumors :
-
-
majority
=
some →
→
benign
malignant
harmless
press on vital
can
produce
organs
hormones
"
↓
.
stuck
=
=
free
Thyroid
adenoma
ex
.
Pituitary
adenoma
^
↳ Epithelia
-
Sheet of
cells
majority
of tumor
-
lining
cavities
( likely to
and
damage
,
give covering
↑ turnover
,
↳ Carcinomas
epithelial
-
◦
o
GI
cell
malignancies
tract
Skin
,
mamary glands , pancreas , lungs , liver , ovary
)
lots of them
.
.
.
Architecture of Epithelial
Tissues
↳
Everything needs
Endoderm
-
innermost
law
a
lining !
%iHhjnEma
.
gallbladder
Mesoderm
-
middle
layer
Ectoderm
-
outer
layer
qectodermqendod2-rmlinrygo.rs
↓
mesoderm
(aʰ
↓
ectoderm
Two
Major Types of Carcinomas
squamous
-
-
→
protective flat
from
epithelial
Skin
( Keratinocytes )
cells
forming protective layers
cells
,
oral
cavity
Adenocarcinoma → gland cells
from epithelial cells
protective
•
stuff
☒ some epithelia
2x
.
lung
,
that
like
can
uterus ,
do
secrete
stuff
mucus
both @ same time
cervix
.
.
.
Non Epithelial Cancers
•
Sarcomas
-
derived
from
→
Gonna benign]
=
malignant
mesenchymal cells
↳ mesenchyme
connective tissue
=
-
-
loosely
2x
.
&ˢEE→mÉmew)
organized
undifferentiated
blood , bone, dermis
Leukemia
-
WBC
cancer
↳ move freely
Lymphomaslymphoid
cancer of
lineages
Hematopoietic
-
lymph nodes
RBCs
◦
•
•
Plasma
T 4 B
cells
( make antibodies)
lymphocytes →
B
cells
become plasma cells
Tumors that don't fit Major Classifications
m.ie?E%7ak::
melanoma
derived from
-
)
pigment cells ( melanocytes
↳ embryonic neural crest
Small
•
Cell
-
→
wander to skin / eye
um
Carcinomas
Lung
have many attributes like neuro secretory cells
( ie adrenal medulla)
-
.
-
Unclear
origin
↳ possibly
◦
-
differentiation (becoming new)
cell
type
Teratoma s
-
arise
to
-
from
test
ectopic
precursors
germ
during development
.
in fetus
→
( can become
pluripotency
-
all 3
embryonic layers ,
wild
type
-
that
fail to migrate
wrong spot
Keep
Unknown
-
cell
-
-
-
Trans
a lot
a cell
benign
Primacy
de difference cites :
no
tissue
-
specific traits
!
+211
Anaplastic Too rapid to
lineage)
→ in transition
Zones
<
-
→
from constant acid reflux