Reviewer: Understanding the Self and Social Theories 1. Role-Taking: Concept: Understanding others by imagining yourself in their position. Rationale: Helps to gain insight into how others feel and think, enhancing empathy. 2. Reciprocal Determinism: Concept: Interaction between behavior, thoughts, and environment. Rationale: Emphasizes that these factors influence each other mutually. 3. Observational Learning: Concept: Learning by observing others. Rationale: Focus on the steps involved, starting with paying attention. 4. Self-Efficacy: Concept: Belief in one’s ability to succeed. Rationale: Critical for motivation and perseverance in challenging tasks. 5. Self-System (Bandura): Concept: The internal process of self-regulation and control. Rationale: Reflects how you view and manage your own behavior. 6. Components of the Self-System: Concept: Includes self-observation, judgment, and self-response. Rationale: Understanding these components is key to self-regulation. 7. Self-Regulation: Concept: Managing one's own behavior to achieve goals. Rationale: Essential for personal development and goal achievement. 8. Outcome Expectations: Concept: Thinking about the consequences of actions. Rationale: Guides decision-making and behavior. 9. Example of Self-Efficacy: Concept: Confidence in handling challenging tasks. Rationale: Reflects a person’s belief in their capabilities. 10. Reciprocal Determinism Influences: Concept: Behavior is shaped by the interaction of thoughts, actions, and the environment. Rationale: Highlights the dynamic interplay between these factors. Philosophical Perspectives on the Self 11. Eudaimonia (Aristotle): Concept: Striving for personal growth and flourishing. Rationale: Focus on the holistic development of the individual. 12. Socratic Method: Concept: Critical thinking and self-reflection. Rationale: Encourages questioning and deeper understanding. 13. Carl Rogers' Congruence: Concept: Aligning real self with ideal self. Rationale: Important for psychological health and personal growth. 14. Plato’s Tripartite Soul: Concept: Conflict between different parts of the soul (reason, appetite, will). Rationale: Explains inner conflicts and decision-making. 15. Father of Western Philosophy: Concept: Socrates is often credited as the founder of Western philosophical traditions. Rationale: Socrates' methods and ideas laid the foundation for much of Western thought. 16. Socrates’ Goal of Philosophy: Concept: Self-knowledge and the pursuit of wisdom. Rationale: Philosophy as a means to understand oneself. 17. Plato’s Charioteer Analogy: Concept: The soul is likened to a charioteer controlling two horses (reason and emotion). Rationale: Illustrates the struggle between rational control and emotional impulses. 18. Aristotle on the Essence of Life: Concept: The soul as the essence of a living being. Rationale: The soul is central to Aristotle’s understanding of life and purpose. 19. Descartes’ Dualism: Concept: Separation of mind and body. Rationale: Fundamental idea in understanding the nature of self and consciousness. 20. Feral Children: Concept: Children isolated from society and its consequences. Rationale: Highlights the importance of socialization in human development. 21. Consequences of Isolation: Concept: Isolation leads to challenges in communication and socialization. Rationale: Emphasizes the need for social interaction in developing social skills. Social Theories and Identity 22. Looking-Glass Self: Concept: Self-concept shaped by how we think others perceive us. Rationale: Social feedback plays a critical role in self-esteem and self-identity. 23. Example of Looking-Glass Self: Concept: Imagining others' reactions and adjusting behavior accordingly. Rationale: Demonstrates the impact of anticipated social feedback. 24. Looking-Glass Self and Self-Esteem: Concept: Social feedback influences self-esteem. Rationale: Explains how external perceptions shape internal self-worth. 25. Looking-Glass Self on Social Media: Concept: Online interactions as modern examples of social feedback. Rationale: Shows how digital platforms influence self-concept. Case Studies: Philosophical Perspectives 26. Socrates’ Method: Concept: Self-knowledge through dialogue and inquiry. Rationale: The Socratic Method promotes critical thinking and self-examination. 27. Plato’s Dualism: Concept: The soul transcends the physical to gain true knowledge. Rationale: Highlights the philosophical distinction between body and soul. 28. Aristotle’s Eudaimonia: Concept: Flourishing through balanced development. Rationale: Emphasizes the importance of cultivating all aspects of the self. 29. St. Augustine’s Struggle: Concept: Inner conflict between earthly desires and spiritual goals. Rationale: Reflects the human struggle between moral and material aspirations. 30. Descartes’ Cogito: Concept: Consciousness as the foundation of self. Rationale: "I think, therefore I am" underscores the centrality of thought to existence. Case Studies: Social Cognitive Theory 31. Bandura’s Reciprocal Determinism: Concept: The mutual influence of behavior, thoughts, and environment. Rationale: Reflects the complexity of human behavior and development. 32. Observational Learning: Concept: Learning through observing others. Rationale: The process involves attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. 33. Self-Efficacy in Action: Concept: Belief in one's ability to succeed despite challenges. Rationale: Critical for perseverance and goal achievement. 34. Self-Reflection (Bandura’s Self-System): Concept: Reflecting on and regulating one’s behavior. Rationale: Important for personal growth and self-improvement. 35. Goal Achievement (Bandura): Concept: Monitoring progress and evaluating performance. Rationale: Effective goal-setting involves ongoing assessment and adjustment. Case Studies: Mead’s Social Behaviorism 36. Social Interaction (Mead): Concept: Development of the self through social interaction. Rationale: Emphasizes the social nature of identity formation. 37. Symbolic Interactionism (Mead): Concept: The self emerges from interpreting symbols in social contexts. Rationale: Highlights the role of communication in shaping self-concept. 38. The “I” and the “Me” (Mead): Concept: "I" as the spontaneous aspect of self; "Me" as the socialized aspect. Rationale: Differentiates between individual impulses and social expectations. 39. Role-Taking (Mead): Concept: Adopting others' perspectives to anticipate their reactions. Rationale: Important for empathy and social understanding. 40. Role-Taking in Self-Construction: Concept: Fosters empathy and helps in developing a nuanced self-concept. Rationale: Crucial for social interactions and identity formation. Case Studies: Social Institutions and Identity 41. Role of Family: Concept: Family as a primary agent of socialization. Rationale: Instills values, beliefs, and cultural practices. 42. Impact of Education: Concept: Exposure to diverse perspectives through education. Rationale: Broadens understanding and shapes identity. 43. Religion and Identity: Concept: Religion’s influence on social interactions and values. Rationale: Provides a moral framework and sense of belonging. 44. Government and Identity: Concept: Government policies can affect citizens' sense of belonging. Rationale: Initiatives like the IPRA empower communities and shape national identity. 45. Empowerment through Government Actions: Concept: Government initiatives can preserve cultural heritage. Rationale: Promotes cultural diversity and strengthens community identity. Case Studies: Society’s Influence on Identity 46. Feral Children and Isolation: Concept: Isolation’s impact on social skills and identity formation. Rationale: Highlights the necessity of socialization for healthy development. 47. Social Media’s Role in Identity Formation: Concept: Online interactions shape self-perception. Rationale: Demonstrates the modern context of the looking-glass self. 48. Influence of Peers: Concept: Peer feedback contributes to self-concept. Rationale: Emphasizes the role of social circles in shaping identity. 49. Cultural Identity and Socialization: Concept: Culture shapes how individuals view themselves. Rationale: Understanding cultural influences is crucial for a holistic sense of self. 50. Globalization’s Impact on Identity: Concept: Exposure to diverse cultures through globalization. Rationale: Can lead to both enriched and conflicted identities. Final Tips: Key Concepts: Focus on understanding rather than memorizing. Examples: Think of real-life examples to relate concepts to everyday situations. Philosophical Insights: Reflect on how philosophical ideas apply to contemporary issues in identity formation. Social Theories: Remember the interplay between individual behavior and social structures.
