SS1 FIRST TERM DATA PROCESSING
HEXADECIMAL NUMBER
TOPIC: DATA PROCESSING (SUBJECT)
Hexadecimal numbering system uses the Base of 16 system.
Hexadecimal is used to write large binary numbers with much
fewer digits.
However, the numbering system used in one type of circuit may
be different to that of another type of circuit, for example, the
memory of a computer would use hexadecimal numbers while
the keyboard uses decimal numbers.
Hexadecimal Numbers is mainly used when dealing with
computers and memory address locations.
A 4-bits produce a hexadecimal number, a hexadecimal digit
can be thought of as half a-byte.
Hexadecimal Numbers
Data Processing is the study of the basic principles and
rudiments behind the operation and effective usage of the
computers.
Data processing entails the study of the theory, design, use and
analysis of computer devices.
It deals with knowing the computer itself, its operations, what it
can do, how it can do it and why it’s doing it.
Computer is very important because of it numerous and
widespread applications in addressing individual, organizational
and societal problems.
Significance of Data Processing
• It equips students with computer skills.
• It helps to create a technological based education at the
secondary school level.
• It encourages and stimulates the interest of the students
toward Computer Science or Computer Engineering.
• It pave way for easy application of computer knowledge
in other disciplines
• It meets the demand of our time to keep up with changing
strides in technological development
• It helps to develop the habit of effective and direct
thinking involving analytical data basic concept
• It helps to develop the habit of effective and intellectual
independence with regard to computer.
Decimal
4-bit Binary Hexadecimal
Number
Number
Number
0
0000
0
1
0001
1
2
0010
2
3
0011
3
4
0100
4
5
0101
5
6
0110
6
7
0111
7
8
1000
8
9
1001
9
10
1010
A
11
1011
B
12
1100
C
13
1101
D
14
1110
E
15
1111
F
16
0001 0000
10 (1+0)
17
0001 0001
11 (1+1)
Continuing upwards in groups of four
TOPIC: BINARY AND HEXADECIMAL NUMBERING
SYSTEM
DECIMAL NUMBER
The decimal number system (base 10) number system has ten as
it base. It uses various symbols called digit for ten distinct value
(0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9) to represent numbers.
The decimal system is a position number system. It has position
for unit, tens, hundred etc.
In order to distinguish Hexadecimal numbers from Denary
numbers, a prefix of either a “#”, (Hash) or a “$” (Dollar sign) is
used before the actual Hexadecimal Number value, #D5CF or
$D5CF.
Example 3
111010102 to hexadecimal.
Group the bits into four’s starting from the right hand side
= 1110 1010
Find the Decimal equivalent of each individual group
= 14 10 (in decimal)
Convert to Hexadecimal using the table above
= E A (in Hex)
Then, the hexadecimal equivalent of the binary number
1110 10102 is #EA16
Example 2
#3FA716 to base 10.
= 0011 1111 1010 01112
= (8192 + 4096 + 2048 + 1024 + 512 + 256 + 128 + 32 + 4 + 2
+ 1)
= 16,29510
For example:
275
= 2 x 100 +7 x 10 + 5 x 1
= 2 x 102 + 7 x 101 + 5 x 100
BINARY NUMBER
Binary numbering system has a base of 2 and uses only two
digits a “0” and a “1” to represent a binary number value.
Example 1
Binary Number: 11111111.
= (1 x 27) + (1 x 26) + (1 x 25) + (1 x 24) + (1 x 23) + (1 x22) + (1
x 21) + (1 x 20)
= (1 x 128) + (1 x 64) + (1 x 32) + (1 x 16) + (1 x 8) + (1 x 4) +
(1 x 2) + (1 x 1) = 255.
Example 2
Binary Number: 11001010
= (1 x 27) + (1 x 26) + (0 x 25) + (0 x 24) + (1 x 23) + (0 x 22) +
(1 x 21) + (0 x 20)
= (1 x 128) + (1 x 64) + (0 x 32) + (0 x 16) + (1 x 8) + (0 x 4) +
(1 x 2) + (0 x 1) = 20210
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mathematician and scientist at age 19. It is used for addition and
subtraction of up to 8 digits number.
Components: It had a system of interlocking rotating cog
wheels. Each wheel had ten segments. When one wheel
completes a rotation, the next wheel moves one segment.
Numbers 0 to 9 are there on the circumference on the top row of
eight movable of the wheel.
TOPIC: COMPUTING DEVICES
1. ABACUS
5. HERMAN HOLLERITH TABULATING MACHINE
Abacus was the first counting device developed in china, it is
used for addition and subtraction.
Components: Rectangular wooden frame with rods and beads
made of stones placed in these rods.
2. SLIDE RULE
Herman Hollerith’s punch cards and tabulating equipment are
used in the US census. It was widely regarded as the father of
modern automatic computation
Components: Automatic card-feed mechanism and hardwired
device.
6. LEIBNITZ’S CALCULATOR
Invented in 1632 by William Oughtred in England. It is used for
multiplication and division of numbers using the principle of
logarithms.
Components: wooden or ivory mechanical analog device.
In 1671, A German Gottfried Von Leibnitz, the German
philosopher and mathematician worked on Pascal machine to
develop Leibnitz’s calculator which is used for long
multiplication, division, addition and subtraction.
Components: It is made up of wheel. The machine is about 67
cm long, made of polished brass and steel, mounted in an oak
case.
7. JACQUARD’S LOOM
3. NAPIER BONE
Invented by a Scottish mathematician, John Napier in 1917, it is
used for multiplication.
Components: It consists of a set of eleven rods, with four sides.
4. PASCAL’S CALCULATOR
Jacquard’s Loom (1752-1834) was one of the first machines that
were run by a program. It initiated the storage of information on
punch cards. It is used automatically to produce textile designs
as per the program on the punched card.
The concept of storing information in the punched cards was
like a programs in the modern sense of computer programs.
Components: Electromechanical device
Pascal’s calculator (Pascaline), was the first mechanical digital
calculating machine invented in 1642 by Blaise Pascal, a French
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8. DIFFERENCE ENGINE
TOPIC: GENERATION OF COMPUTER
Generation of computer is a change in technology that a
computer used. Initially, the generation of computer was used to
distinguish between varying hardware computer technologies.
But nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software,
which together make up an entire computer system.
FIRST GENERATION: 1946-1959 (VACUUM TUBE
BASED)
First generation computers were vacuum tube/thermionic
valves-based machines. These computers used vacuum tubes
for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, on which data
and programs can be stored. Input was based on punched cards
and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts.
A difference engine, a calculating machine designed in the
1820s, was first created by Charles Babbage. Difference engines
are automatic mechanical calculators designed to tabulate
polynomial functions.
Components: It has number wheels and the sector gears
between columns.
9. BABBAGE’S ANALYTICAL ENGINE
Examples: Mark-I, EDSAC, ENIAC, EDVAC, IBM, and
UNIVAC. .
Features of First Generation
• Use vacuum tube technology
• Supported machine language only
• Very costly
• Generated lot of heat
• Consumed lot of electricity.
• Slow input and output devices
• Huge size and non-portable
SECOND GENERATION: 1959-1965 (TRANSISTOR
BASED)
In 1946, Willam Shockley invented semiconductor device called
transistors. The small size of the transistor is reliable, and it is
relatively low power consumption which made it vastly superior
to the tube.
Analytical Engine, generally considered the first computer,
designed and partly built by the English inventor Charles
Babbage in the 19th century (he worked on it until his death in
1871).
Babbage is considered by some to be "father of the computer".
Babbage is credited with inventing the first automatic
mechanical computer, the Difference Engine.
Components: The machine was designed to consist of four
components: the mill, the store, the reader, and the printer.
10. BURROUGHS’S MACHINE
Today any second generation computers cannot be found.
Examples: CDC.
Features of Second Generation
• Use transistors
• More reliable
• Smaller size
• Generated less heat
• Consumed less electricity
• Faster
• Still very costly
• Supported machine and assembly languages.
THIRD GENERATION: 1965-1971 (INTEGRATED
CIRCUIT BASED)
In second generation computers, one could recognize the circuit
components such as transistors, resistors and capacitors
distinctly. There were physically separate. Slowly scientists
William Burroughs built his first experimental model of an
adding machine with printing 1884. The machine performs
addition only, with no provision for subtraction.
Components: The distinguishing features are the high sloping
keyboard, the bevelled glass front, and the printing mechanism
out of sight at the rear of the machine.
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started integrating these components together so that they are
not separate.
They were fused into the circuits. People called it Large Scale
Integrated Circuits (LSI) which could fit hundreds of
components. Computers using such components were called
third generation computers.
Examples: Desktop, Laptop, NoteBook, UltraBook, and
ChromeBook etc.
The main features of fifth generation are:
• Use ULSI technology
• Artificial intelligence system was developed
• Deep Machine learning was use
• Development of Natural language processing
• Advancement in Parallel Processing
• Advancement in Superconductor technology
• Advancement in Computer vision
• More user friendly interfaces with multimedia features
• Availability of very powerful and compact computers at
cheaper rates.
Examples: Honeywell, and PDP (Personal Data Processor) etc.
Features of Third Generation
• Use IC
• More reliable
• Smaller size
• Generated less heat
• Faster
• Lesser maintenance
• Still costly
• Consumed lesser electricity
• Supported high-level language.
FOURTH GENERATION: 1971-1980 (VLSI
MICROPROCESSOR BASED)
By 1980, microprocessor was integrated to fit hundreds of
thousands components onto a chip called Very Large Scale
Integration (VLSI) technology was developed.
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TOPIC:
ANALOGUE, DIGITAL, AND HYBRID
COMPUTER.
ANALOGUE COMPUTERS
Analogue computer is an electronic device that accept and
process continuously changeable physical signal in form of
analog data (pressure, temperature, voltage etc.) without storing
it.
The analogue computer does not have processor and storage
system. It works on the supply of continuous electrical signals.
The display is also continuous. Its input and output is in the
form of wave which can be represented graphically.
An analogue signal is a continuous variable electromagnetic
wave. It can consume an infinite number of voltage or current
values.
Examples of Analogue Computers
• Microphone
• Speedometer
• Thermometer
• Ammeter
• Voltmeter
• Stethoscope etc.
Characteristics of Analogue Computer
• It requires physical analogue
• It functions on continuously varying quantities
• The output is usually represented in the form of graph
• The output is usually converted into electrical signals
• The accuracy of the output is very poor compare to the
digital computer
• It does not have or have any memory and processor
• It is not versatile. I.e. it has limited application
• The speed of analogue computer is low
• Not suitable for business and industry.
Examples: DEC, STAR, and CRAY-1 (Super Computer).
Features of Fourth Generation
• Used VLSI technology
• Very cheap
• Portable and reliable
• Very small size
• Pipeline processing (Parallel processing)
• Internet was introduced
• Developments of networks technology
• Semiconductor memory (A compact storage device with
chips) was developed
• Easily available.
FIFTH GENERATION: 1980-ONWARDS (ULSI
MICROPROCESSOR BASED)
Up to fourth generation, the classification was based purely on
hardware only. But fifth generation computers are classified
based on software also.
Ultra-Large Scale Integration (ULSI) increased the number of
components into millions on a single chip which helped
diminish the size and price of computers.
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•
•
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They do not occupy much space
They have excellent graphic capabilities
They work as soon as they are switched on
It is micro-processor based
The maximum word length they holds is 16-bits
Their rate of acceptance and transfer of data is 5 bytes /
second
• They are able to accept most high level languages
• They are easy to use
• They are not as complex as mini or mainframe
• They are the most popular and common of all computers.
MINI COMPUTERS
It is a midsize multi-processing system capable of supporting up
to 250 users simultaneously. It operates on a high speed.
Minicomputer is more powerful than a microcomputer.
Today, minicomputers are the popular data processing systems
in the field of business and industry.
Characteristics of Mini Computers
• Maintenance coast is also very high.
• Their consumption of electricity is very high
• Their rate of acceptance and transfer of data is a
maximum of 4 million bytes/seconds
• Their storage capacity is about 2 mega words
• Their word lengths are usually 12, 16, 24, 32 bits
• They are a general purpose machine
• They are very expensive
• They can support all high level languages
• They can support many terminals i.e., more than 20
terminals.
• They required large room space
MAINFRAME COMPUTERS
Mainframe is very large in size and is an expensive computer
capable of supporting hundreds or even thousands of users
simultaneously.
Mainframe executes many programs concurrently and supports
many simultaneous execution of programs.
Mainframes are computers in which all the processing is done
centrally, and the user terminals are called "dumb terminals".
Characteristics of Mainframe Computers
• They have very large storage capacity
• They operates at a very high speed
• They are the most expensive
• They are “family” or range of computers rather than a
single computer
• They have large amount of external storage
• They need specialized environment to operate
• Mainframe computers is not widely used in most sectors
of life
SUPER COMPUTERS
DIGITAL COMPUTERS
Digital computer is a programmable electronic device that
processes data according to logical rules.
It process data in binary form i.e. 0's and 1's.
It performs various computational tasks.
Example of Digital Computer
• Digital calculators
• PC computers
• Mobile phones
• Digital meters
• Digital watches/clocks
Characteristics of Digital Computer
• Accuracy is very high
• It performs/processes at a very high speed
• It is highly flexible
• It has large memory space
• It is versatile
HYBRID COMPUTERS
Hybrid computer is an electronic device that possess the
features of both analogue and digital computers.
With the hybrid computer the user can process both continuous
and discrete data. This computer accepts either digital or
analogue or both types of input and gives the results as per
requirements through special devices.
In the hybrid computers a converter is fixed to convert the
analogue data into digital data and vice versa.
Examples of Hybrid Computer
• A digital weighing machine
• A digital thermometer
• Analogue-Digital Converter (ADC)
• TV Remote Control, etc.
Characteristics of Hybrid Computer
• It processes both analogue and digital data.
• It usually returns a digital value.
TOPIC: TYPES OF COMPUTERS BASED ON CAPACITY
The various types of computer based on capacity are:
1. Micro computers
2. Mini computers
3. Mainframe computers
4. Super computers
MICRO COMPUTERS
Microcomputer is at the lowest end of the computer range in
terms of speed and storage capacity. Its processing speed is in
micro second.
Because of its small size and the use of micro-processor, this
computer is called microcomputer.
Features of Micro Computers
• They are relatively inexpensive
• They are small and portable
• They do not consume much power.
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Supercomputers are one of the fastest computers currently
available.
Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for
specialized applications that require immense amount of
mathematical calculations.
For example, weather forecasting, scientific simulations,
(animated) graphics, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy
research, electronic design, and analysis of geological data (e.g.
in petrochemical prospecting).
The super computer operations are done in parallel, rather than
sequential. GFLOPS is the unit of speed of Super Computer.
The chief difference between a super computer and a main
frame computer is that a super computer channels all its power
into executing a few programs as fast as possible. But main
frame uses its power to execute many programs concurrently.
CRAY – 3, Cyber 205, and PARAM are some well-known
super computers.
Characteristics of Super Computers
 They are the largest
 They are the fastest
 They are the most expensive computer machines
 They have the highest processing speed (between 600
million to 900 Million Instructions Per Seconds)
 They also have multi-processing technique
 They are used to carry out complex calculations in
weather forecasting and oil exploration.
Examples of general purpose computers
• Desktop Computers
• Laptop Computers
• Embedded Computers
• Palmtops.
TOPIC: DATA AND INFORMATION
DATA
Data can be defined as a representation of instructions in a
formalized manner that is send as input into a computer using
electronic device like keyboard, camera etc.
Data is usually store on the computer memory which can be
processed for any operation.
Examples of Data
• Numeric Data
• Program file
• Alphabetic/Text Data
• Alphanumeric Data
• Date Data
• Audio Data
• Visual Data
• Audio-Visual Data
• Qualitative Data
• Quantitative data
• Floating Point Representation Data.
INFORMATION
When data is presented or transfer from one computer to another
through data transmission it is called information. Usually
through the network. E.g. Website, online file.
Data transmission is the process of moving data from one
location to another. It is also the movement of data from one
entity to another.
Components of Data Transmission Systems
Communications channel are phone cables, and coaxial cables,
LAN cable, and wireless.
TYPES OF COMPUTER BASED ON PURPOSE
There two types of computer according to purpose.
1. Special purpose computer
2. General purpose computer
SPECIAL PURPOSE COMPUTERS
Special purpose computers is a types of computers that are
designed to carry out specific task and will not be applied to
other computerized activities.
The instructions needed to perform the particular task are
incorporated into the internal memory of the computer
Examples of Special Purpose Computer
• Petrol pumps
• ATM machines
• Digital watches
• Brainbox
• Calculators
GENERAL PURPOSE COMPUTERS
General purpose computers are versatile, programmable digital
computers that can solve a wide variety of problems on their
designed capabilities.
These computers are designed to solve various problems
depending on the program loaded into them.
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