Essays,
Paragraphs,
Emails,
punctuation &
Structure
2023-2024
1
‫֍ﻣالﺣﻈﺎت رسيﻌﺔ ﻋل ﻋالﻣﺎت ر‬
:‫اﻟتﻗيﻢ واﻟﻤﻘﺎل‬
‫ي‬
‫ إال اذا كﺎن بﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ‬- For/and/nor/but/or/yet/so ‫ ﻗبﻞ اﻟﺮوابﻂ‬comma ‫֍ال تﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬
ً
((FANBOYS)) ‫وه ﺗﻌﺮف اﺧﺘﺼﺎرا بـ‬
‫ ي‬- ‫كﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬
:‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬
♠Grammar is boring but necessary.
♠Grammar is boring, but it’s necessary.
♠He studied hard, so he passed the test.
♠He played well, yet he lost the game.
:‫ ﺑي اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺘي‬comma ‫֍اذا ﺟﺎءت اﻟﺮوابﻂ اﻟﺘﺎﻟيﺔ يف أول اﻟكالم – نﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬
♠♠After / Before/As soon as / If/While/When/Because/As/Since/Unless/although/though/even
though/despite/in spite of/provided that/supposing that
comma ‫ ﻓال تﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬،‫֍أﻣﺎ اذا ﺟﺎءت ﺑي ﺟﻤﻠﺘي‬
♠After he had done the homework, he went out.
♠He went out after he had done the homework.
:‫اﻟت يﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧبﺪأ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ‬
‫ بﻌﺪ بﻌﺾ اﻟﻈﺮوف ي‬comma ‫تﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬-֍
֍Interestingly,‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺜت ﻟإلﻫﺘﻤﺎم‬/ surprisingly,‫ وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺜت ﻟﻠﺪﻫﺸﺔ‬/ Luckily, /
Fortunately,‫ﻟﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺤﻆ‬/Unluckily, / Unfortunately, ‫ﻟﺴﻮء‬
‫اﻟﺤﻆ‬/Clearly,/Obviously,‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﺿﺢ‬/Personally,‫بﺼﻔﺔ ﺷﺨﺼيﺔ‬/Undoubtedly, ‫بال‬
‫ﺷﻚ‬/Technically, ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺣيﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨيﺔ‬/Theoretically,‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺣيﺔ اﻟﻨﻈريﺔ‬/Definitely,‫بﺎﻟﺘﺄكيﺪ‬
ُ ‫ ﻗبﻞ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ‬comma ‫֍تﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬
‫اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺐ يف ﻧﻬﺎيﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ – وبﻌﺪﻩ اذا ﺟﺎء يف أول اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ‬
:(‫)وﻗبﻠﮧ و بﻌﺪﻩ اذا ﺟﺎء وﺳﻂ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ‬
֍I’d rather you left now, Ahmed.
֍Ahmed, don’t make that terrible noise.
֍Would you agree, Ahmed, that this is very important?
2
‫ ﺑيﻨﻬﻢ‬and ‫ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺼﻔﺎت اذا كﺎن ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺗبﺪيﻞ اﻟﺼﻔﺎت أو اذا كﺎن ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬comma ‫֍تﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬
♠He was a kind, helpful boy. ‫ﻳﻨﻔﻊ ﺗبﺪﻟﻬﻢ‬
♠He is a famous Egyptian scientist. ‫ﻣﻴﻨﻔﻌﺶ ﻧبﺪﻟﻬﻢ‬
:‫ ﻋﻨﺪ ذﻛﺮ ﻋﺪة أﺷيﺎء يف ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ‬comma ‫نﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬-֍
♠She bought sugar, milk, tea, flour and coffee.
‫ ﺑي اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ األﺳﺎﺳيﺔ ر‬comma ‫֍نﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬
‫وأكت ﻣﻦ ﻋبﺎرة بﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺗبﺪأ بﻔﻌﻞ‬
♠She cleaned the house, cooked some food, dusted the curtains and saw a horror film.
Question Tag ‫ ﻗبﻞ اﻟﺴﺆال اﻟﻤﻀﺎف ﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ‬comma ‫֍نﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬
-Nobody has called, have they?
‫ر‬
‫ر‬
(that‫اﻟت ﺗبﺪأ بـ‬
‫ ﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﻋبﺎرة وﺻﻞ ﻋﻦ ي‬commas ‫֍نﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬
‫بﺎف اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ )ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪا ﺗﻠﻚ ي‬
-My mobile, which I bought last month, broke yesterday.
-The dress that I borrowed from my friend was too small.
full stop ‫ ﺑي ﺟﻤﻠﺘي ﻣﺮﺗبﻄي ﺑبﻌﺾ – ويﻨﻔﻊ نﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣكﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬semicolon (;) ‫֍تﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬
♠She painted the walls of her room; she still needs to paint the ceiling.
♠She painted the walls of her room. She still needs to paint the ceiling.
‫ﻋل أﺳﻤﺎء أو ﻋبﺎرات اﺳﻤيﺔ أو يف ﺗﺤﺪيﺪ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬
‫ ﻋﻨﺪ ذﻛﺮ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ تﺸﺘﻤﻞ ي‬colon (:)‫֍تﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟـ‬
♠I bought the following things: bananas, oranges, apples and tomatoes.
♠They left the building at 4:45.
(‫ – ﻫﻤﺎ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣي – ﺗﺒي اﻟﻤﻠكيﺔ – أو ﻟﺪﻣﺞ كﻠﻤﺘي ﻣﻊ بﻌﺾ )إدﻏﺎم‬apostrophe (')‫֍بﺎﻟنﺴبﺔ ﻟ ـ‬
♠Ali’s car
♠He’s rich.
-Children’s toys
S‫ﻣﻨﺘه بـ‬
‫ﻏي‬
boys’ school
‫ﺟﻤﻊ ﺷﺎذ ر‬
‫ي‬
-We’re happy.
-They’re poor.
It’s raining
‫ ﻟﺘﻜويﻦ كﻠﻤﺎت ﻣﺮﻛبﺔ ﺳﻮاء اﺳﻢ أو ﺻﻔﺔ‬hyphen (-) ‫֍تﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬
♠Self-control ‫ﺿبﻂ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬
♠oil-producing ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺒيول‬
♠remote-sensing
♠far-reaching
3
‫إﺳتﺸﻌﺎر ﻋﻦ بﻌﺪ‬
‫بﻌيﺪة اﻟﻤﺪي‬
‫ر‬
...
(‫ال‬
‫)ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻮل‬
‫ﻋﺎﻳزيﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻮ‬
‫أو‬
commas
‫ـ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ا‬
‫بﺪل‬
‫اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ‬
‫بﺎف‬
‫ي‬
‫شء ﻋﻦ ي‬
‫ ﻟﻔﺼﻞ ي‬dash (̶ ) ‫֍تﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬
‫ يف االﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬colon‫ وأﺣيﺎﻧﺎ تﺸبﮧ اﻟ ـ‬،‫ﻣﻊ األرﻗﺎم‬
♠Life ̶ as my mother used to say ̶ is full of ups and downs.
♠The Great Fire of London took place 2–6 September 1666.
♠I just want one thing ̶ a long vacation on the beach.
= I just want one thing: a long vacation on the beach.
4
‫ وﻓﻲ ﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻛﺳور‬Or ‫( وﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻋﺎدة ﺑدال ﻣن ﻛﻟﻣﺔ‬/) (slash) ‫اﻟﺷرطﺔ اﻟﻣﺎﺋﻟﺔ‬-◄
‫ ﻋﻧد اﻟﺗﻌﺑﻳر ﻋن اﻟﻣﻘﺎﻳﻳس‬per ‫ وﺑدال ﻣن ﻛﻟﻣﺔ‬،‫اإلﻋﺗﻳﺎدﻳﺔ‬
-When leaving the classroom, the teacher noticed that a student had
left his/her schoolbag.
-½
-80 miles/hour = 80 miles per hour
2
1 Nouns :
‫االﺳﻣﺎء‬
:‫✹اإلﺳم ﻛﻟﻣﺔ ﺗﺷﻳر اﻟﻲ ﺷﺧص أو ﺷﻲء أو ﻣﻛﺎن أو ﺣﺗﻲ ﻓﻛرة‬
‫✹ﻫﻧﺎك أﻧواع ﻣﺧﺗﻟﻔﺔ ﻣن اإلﺳم‬
:‫ وﻳﺷﻳر اﻟﻲ ﺷﻲء أو ﺷﺧص أو ﻣﻛﺎن ﺑﺻﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﺛل‬common noun ‫✹اإلﺳم اﻟﻌﺎم‬
A chair / a country / a player / a teacher
‫ وﻳﺷﻳر اﻟﻲ ﺷﻲء أو ﺷﺧص أو ﻣﻛﺎن ﻣﺣدد وﻳﺑدأ ﺑﺣرف‬proper noun ‫✹اإلﺳم اﻟﺧﺎص‬
Capital
-England / Nora / Friday
Abstract noun ‫✹اإلﺳم اﻟﻣﻌﻧوي‬
-freedom/sadness/happiness/progress
concrete noun :‫✹اإلﺳم اﻟﻣﺎدي أو اﻟﻣﺣﺳوس‬
-water / money / room / house / ball
countable noun ‫✹اإلﺳم اﻟﻣﻌدود‬
-table → tables
-dog → dogs
-job → jobs
uncountable noun ‫✹اإلﺳم ﻏﻳر اﻟﻣﻌدود‬
5
-oil/salt/evidence/equipment
collective noun ‫✹اإلﺳم اﻟﺟﻣﻌﻲ أو اﺳم اﻟﻛﺛرة‬
-family / team / cattle / staff
compound noun ‫✹اإلﺳم اﻟﻣرﻛب‬
-bedroom/motorcycle/washing
machine/rainfall/haircut/grandmother/courtroom
2 Pronouns:
‫اﻟﺿﻣﺎﺋر‬
:‫ وﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻟﻌدم ﺗﻛرار اإلﺳم‬،‫✹اﻟﺿﻣﻳر ﻫو ﻛﻟﻣﺔ ﺗﺣل ﻣﺣل اإلﺳم‬
‫✹أﻧواع اﻟﺿﻣﺎﺋر‬
6
3 Verbs:
-Action Verbs
‫االﻓﻌﺎل‬
‫أﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﺣرﮐﺔ‬
:‫✹✹وھﻲ ﺗﻌﺑر ﻋن ﻣﺎ ﻳﻣﮐن أداؤه أو اﻟﻘﻳﺎم ﺑﻪ وﻣن أﻣﺛﻟﺗﻬﺎ‬
Run/walk/play/write/read/die/meet
:‫وأﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﺣرﻛﺔ ﻧوﻋﺎن‬
✹✹Transitive verbs
(‫أﻓﻌﺎل ﻣﺗﻌدﻳﺔ )ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻔﻌول‬
Send/discuss/borrow/take/give/pay/offer
✹✹Intransitive verbs
(‫أﻓﻌﺎل الزﻣﺔ )ﺑدون ﻣﻔﻌول‬
-live/die/escape/break down/collapse/fall
✹✹State Verbs
‫أﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ أو األﻓﻌﺎل ﻏﻳر اﻟﺣرﻛﻳﺔ‬
‫✹✹وﻫذا اﻟﻧوع ﻣن األﻓﻌﺎل ال ﻳﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻲ األزﻣﻧﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣرة‬
◄ agree, believe, doubt, guess, imagine, know, mean, recognise, reme
mber, suspect, think, understand
◄dislike, hate, like, love, prefer, want, wish
◄appear, be, feel, hear, look, see, seem, smell, taste
7
‫‪◄belong, have, measure, own, possess, weigh.‬‬
‫‪Linking Verbs:‬‬
‫✹✹وھﻲ ﺗرﺑط ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌدھﺎ ﺑﻔﺎﻋل اﻟﺟﻣﻟﺔ – وأھﻣﻬﺎ ‪be/become/seem‬‬
‫✹وھﻧﺎك أﻳﺿﺎ ً أﻓﻌﺎل أﺧري ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﺑﻬذه اﻟطرﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺛل أﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﺣواس‬
‫‪-feel/look/smell/taste/sound‬‬
‫‪-Main verbs / -Helping verbs‬‬
‫✹✹اﻟﻔﻌل األﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﻣﻟﺔ ھو اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟذي ﻟﻪ ﻣﻌﻧﻲ ﺑذاﺗﻪ وﻳﻌﺑر ﻋن ﺣدث أو ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻋﮐس اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋد – وﻳﻣﮐن أن ﻳﮐون ﻣﻌﻪ ﻓﻌل ﻣﺳﺎﻋد ﻟﻳﮐون زﻣن ﻣﻌﻳن‬
‫‪-He is driving to the beach.‬‬
‫‪Helping verb Main verb‬‬
‫‪-Modal Verbs‬‬
‫✹األﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻧﺎﻗﺻﺔ – وھﻲ اﻟﺗﻲ ال ﺗُﻌطﻲ ﻣﻌﻧﻲ ﺑذاﺗﻬﺎ وﻳﻟزم اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻓﻌل اﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﺗﻌطﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻧﻲ‬
‫‪-You mustn’t smoke here.‬‬
‫اﻟﺻﻔﺎت‬
‫‪-I can do the job.‬‬
‫‪4 Adjectives:‬‬
‫◄اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﺎت اﻟﺻﻔﺔ ‪Adjective‬‬
‫‪-1‬ﻗﺑل اإلﺳم‬
‫‪Dr. Ahmed Zewail is an influential person in the field of‬‬
‫‪science.‬‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫ﺑﻌد أﻓﻌﺎل ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﻣﺛل‬-2
✹To be / seem / look / appear / become / make /feel / sound/ taste /
smell/stay/remain/keep
✹stay healthy / remain calm / appear (to be) ill/make someone happy
‫ ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ھذه األﻓﻌﺎل ﺑﻣﻌﻧﻲ‬grow /turn/get/go/fall/come/run ‫ﺑﻌد األﻓﻌﺎل‬-3
Become
✹Grow tall /go mad / fall ill / come true / run low
:‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﺻﻔﺎت ﺑﻌد اﻟﻛﻟﻣﺎت اآلﺗﻳﺔ وﻟﻳس ﻗﺑﻟﻬﺎ‬-4
✹Something/nothing/someone/somebody/somewhere, etc.
✹somewhere safe / something wrong / somebody important
:‫ﺑﻌض اﻟﺻﻔﺎت ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻗﺑل اإلﺳم أو ﺑﻌده ﻣﻊ اﺧﺗالف اﻟﻣﻌﻧﻲ‬-5
✹Here is a list of the people present. ‫اﻟﺣﺎﺿرون‬
✹The gravity of the present situation.. ‫اﻟﺣﺎﻟﻲ‬
✹The people concerned (people who have something to do with the
matter)
✹A concerned father = worried, anxious
:‫ﺑﻌض اﻟﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻘﻟﻳﻟﺔ ﻳﻣﻛن أن ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌد االﺳم‬-6
Court martial ‫ﻣﺣﻛﻣﺔ ﻋﺳﻛرﻳﺔ‬
The President elect ‫اﻟرﺋﻳس اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺧب‬
Secretary General ‫اﻟﺳﻛرﺗﻳر اﻟﻌﺎم‬
9
5 Adverbs:
‫اﻟظرف‬
Adverb ‫◄اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﺎت اﻟﺣﺎل‬
:‫ﻋﺎدة ﻳﺄﺗﻲ اﻟﺣﺎل ﺑﻌد اﻟﻔﻌل ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋدم وﺟود ﻣﻔﻌول‬-1
✹He ran quickly.
✹She spoke slowly. ✹He drove carefully.
:‫وﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ وﺟود ﻣﻔﻌول ﻳﺄﺗﻲ اﻟﺣﺎل ﺑﻌده وأﺣﻳﺎﻧﺎ ً ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﻗﺑل اﻟﻔﻌل‬-2
✹I slowly opened the door. = I opened the door slowly.
✹I have carefully considered all of the possibilities.
= I have considered all of the possibilities carefully.
‫ﺑﺻﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﺣﺎل ﻳﺻف ﻓﻌل أو ﺻﻔﺔ أو ﺣﺎل‬-3
✹She sings beautifully. (Verb + Adverb)
✹ The campaign aims to provide children with hygienically prepared
meals.
(Adverb + Adjective)
✹He ran very quickly. (Adverb + Adverb)
exact = precise/exactly the same ‫ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم أﺣﻳﺎﻧﺎ ﻛﺻﻔﺔ ﺑﻣﻌﻧﻲ‬very ‫الﺣظ أن‬-4
✹Those were his very words.
✹ He chose the very night that we were attacking the castle.
:‫ أﻳﺿﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌض اﻟﺻﻔﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺗﻔﺿﻳل ﻟﻟﺗﺄﻛﻳد‬very ‫وﺗﺳﺗﺧدم‬-5
✹The very best music of Mozart…
10
‫ ﻳﻣﻛن أن ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻓﻲ‬Often/ usually / sometimes / occasionally ‫ظروف اﻟﺗﻛرار‬-6
TO BE ‫أول اﻟﺟﻣﻟﺔ أو ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺗﻬﺎ أو ﻗﺑل األﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻌﺎدﻳﺔ – وﺑﻌد‬
✹I sometimes read a book before bed. = Correct
✹Sometimes I read a book before bed. = Correct
✹I read a book before bed sometimes. = OK, but informal
:‫أﺣﻳﺎﻧﺎ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ اﻟﺣﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺑداﻳﺔ اﻟﺟﻣﻟﺔ – وذﻟك ﻣﻊ ظروف ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ أﺷﻬرﻫﺎ‬-7
Interestingly, Fortunately, Unfortunately, Luckily, Unluckily, Suddenly,
Maybe, Surprisingly, Honestly, Undoubtedly, Obviously, Personally,
Unbelievably, Theoretically, Technically, Apparently, Surely, Obviously,
Actually
:‫ ﺗﺎﺗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺟﻣﻟﺔ‬well/hard/fast/late ‫الﺣظ أن األﺣوال‬-8
✹He speaks French well.
✹He’s working hard. ✹She ran fast.
‫اﻟظروف اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻟﻲ اﻟﻣﻛﺎن ﻣﺛل‬-9
upstairs/downstairs/towards/outside/nearby/backwards/everywhere
/there /south/southward…
:‫اﻣﺎ أن ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌد اﻟﻔﻌل أو ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺟﻣﻟﺔ‬
✹The children are playing outside.
✹The glass shattered and the pieces flew everywhere.
✹They drove south/southward on the highway.
✹He walked towards the police station.
:‫ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ اﻟﺣﺎل اﻣﺎ ﻗﺑل اﻟﺗﺻرﻳف اﻟﺛﺎﻟث أو ﺑﻌده‬،‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻟﻣﺟﻬول‬-10
He was brutally murdered.
He was murdered brutally.
11
6 Prepositions:
‫ﺣروف اﻟﺟر‬
‫ وﺗدل ﻋﻟﻲ اإلﺗﺟﺎه أو اﻟوﻗت أو‬،‫ﺣروف اﻟﺟر ﻫﻲ ﻛﻟﻣﺎت ﺗُﺳﺗﺧدم ﻟﻟرﺑط ﺑﻳن أﺟزاء اﻟﺟﻣﻟﺔ‬.‫اﻟﻣﻛﺎن أو ﺗرﺗﺑط ﺑﻛﻟﻣﺎت ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ وال ﺗوﺟد ﻟﻬﺎ ﻗواﻋد ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ واألﻓﺿل ﺣﻔظﻬﺎ‬
✹She drove to the store.
✹He will be in Toronto for 3 weeks
✹He reads in the evening.
✹She was waiting at the
corner.
✹There is hard wood beneath the carpet. ✹She will find him at the
library.
✹Walk toward the garage and then turn left. ✹The children smiled at her.
7 Conjunctions: :
‫اﻟرواﺑط‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻛﻟﻣﺎت ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻟرﺑط اﻟﻌﺑﺎرات واﻟﺟﻣل‬Although/before/but/and/both .. and/neither .. nor / because / after,
etc.
7 Interjections:
‫اﻟرواﺑط‬
...‫اﻟﺣزن‬/‫اﻟﻐﺿب‬/‫اﻟﻣﻔﺎﺟﺄة‬/‫ﻛﻟﻣﺔ أو ﻋﺑﺎرة ﺗﺷﻳر اﻟﻲ ﺷﻌور ﻣﻔﺎﺟﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻔرﺣﺔ‬
✹Well done! / ✹Wow! / ✹Oops! I spilled the coffee.
✹Oh! I didn't expect to see you here.
Paragraph Writing:
Parts of a paragraph:
1.The topic or introduction sentence contains the main idea.
‫ﺟﻣﻟﺔ اﻟﻣﻘدﻣﺔ أو اﻟﻣوﺿوع وﺗﺣﺗوي ﻋﻟﻲ اﻟﻔﻛرة اﻟرﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ – وﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ً ﺗﻛون ﺟﻣﻟﺔ اﻟﻣوﺿوع‬‫ﻫﻲ اﻟﺟﻣﻟﺔ األوﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘرة‬
2. Several supporting sentences (body sentences) contain
details that support and are related to the topic sentence.
12
‫اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟداﻋﻣﺔ‪ ،‬أو ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻳل ﺗدﻋم ﺟﻣﻟﺔ اﻟﻣوﺿوع وﻣرﺗﺑطﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﺗﻌرض ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ أو أﻣﺛﻟﺔ‬‫‪3. The concluding sentence makes a statement about the main idea of the paragraph.‬‬
‫ﻋل اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋيﺴيﺔ‪ ،‬أو ُيﻌيﺪ اﻟكﺎﺗﺐ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺻيﺎﻏﺔ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺿوع‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺨﺘﺎﻣيﺔ ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ي‬‫ﻋل ﻓﻘﺮة‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬
‫ﻋﻤل ي‬
‫ي‬
‫‪13‬‬
‫وﺻﻔﻳﺔ‬
‫إﻗﻧﺎﻋﻳﺔ‬
‫رواﺋﻳﺔ ‪-Narrative paragraphs‬‬
‫ﺗﻔﺳﻳرﻳﺔ ‪-Expository paragraphs‬‬
‫‪-Descriptive paragraphs‬‬
‫‪-Persuasive paragraphs‬‬
‫بﺎﻟنﺴبﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎل – وبإﺧﺘﺼﺎر‬
‫◄ﻳبﺪأ بﺎﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪Introduction‬‬
‫◄ودي ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ايﮧ؟‬
‫ُ‬
‫ً‬
‫وف اﻟﻤﻘﺎل يﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻴﻬﺎ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺗﺠﺬب اﻫﺘﻤﺎم‬
‫◄ﺣﺎﺟﺔ اﺳﻤﻬﺎ ‪ Hook‬ودي أﺻال ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺧﻄﺎف أو ﺻﻨﺎرة‪ ،‬ي‬
‫ً‬
‫اﻟﻘﺎريء – اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ دي ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻗﺘبﺎس أو ﻗﻮل ﻣﺄﺛﻮر‪ ،‬زي ايﮧ ﻣﺜال؟‬
‫”‪“Ask not what your country can do for you – ask what you can do for your country.‬‬
‫يﻌت اﺷﺎرة ﻣﺜال ﻟﻨﻈريﺔ ﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻋالﻗﺔ‬
‫◄بﻌﺪ ﻛﺪە ﺑﻨﻘﺪم ﺧﻠﻔيﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺿوع ‪ background information‬ي‬
‫بﺎﻟﻤﻮﺿوع أو بﺤﺚ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪،‬‬
‫ر‬
‫اﻟت ﺳيﺘﻢ‬
‫◄وبﻌﺪ ﻛﺪە – ﺟﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺿوع ‪ thesis statement‬ودي ﺑﺘﻌﺮض اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﺮﺋيﺴيﺔ ي‬
‫ﺗﻨﺎوﻟﻬﺎ بﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼيﻞ ف اﻟﻔﻘﺮات اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ بﺠﺴﻢ اﻟﻤﻘﺎل‪ .‬ودي ر‬
‫ﺑتبق ﺟﻤﻠﺔ أو اﺗﻨي‬
‫ي‬
‫ي‬
‫◄ﺧﻠﺼﺖ ﻛﺪە اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪...‬ﺗبﺪأ بﻌﺪﻫﺎ ‪ 3‬ﻓﻘﺮات )أو ر‬
‫أكي( ﺑنﺴﻤﻴﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫◄ ‪body paragraphs‬ودي اﻟﻔﻘﺮات اﻟت ر‬
‫تشح ﻣﻮﺿوع اﻟﻤﻘﺎل‬
‫ي‬
‫ر‬
‫ر‬
‫ﺗبق‬
‫◄كﻞ ﻓﻘﺮة ﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ رﺋيﺴيﺔ ﺑنﺴﻤﻴﻬﺎ ‪ topic sentence‬ودي ﺟﻤﻠﺔ واﺣﺪة ﻓﻘﻂ ي‬
‫وبﺎف ﺟﻤﻞ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ي‬
‫‪Supporting sentences‬‬
‫ﻳبق ﻋﻨﺪك ‪4 topic sentences‬‬
‫◄ ي‬
‫يﻌت ﻟﻮ ﻫﺎﻧﻜﺘﺐ أربــﻊ ﻓﻘﺮات يف اﻟﻤﻘﺎل ‪ ،‬ي‬
‫◄وﻋﺎدة اﻟ ـ‪ topic sentence‬ﺑﺘﻜﻮن أول ﺟﻤﻠﺔ يف اﻟﻔﻘﺮة – وبﺘﺪي اﻟﻘﺎريء ﻓﻜﺮة ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة دي‪..‬‬
‫ﺑﺘﻌي ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺿوع اﻟﻤﻘﺎل بﺎﻟكﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬و ‪ 3‬أو أربﻌﺔ )ﻣﺜال(‬
‫◄اذن اﻟﻤﻘﺎل ﻓيﮧ ‪ thesis‬واﺣﺪة ر‬
‫‪topic sentences‬‬
‫◄ﻛﺪە ﻋﺮﻓﻨﺎ اﻟﻔﺮق رﺑي اﻟـ ‪ thesis‬واﻟـ ‪topic sentence‬‬
‫‪14‬‬
‫األﺧية يف اﻟﻤﻘﺎل‪Conclusion◄ :‬‬
‫يﻔﻀﻞ ايﮧ؟ اﻟﺨﺎﺗﻤﺔ ودي اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
‫ر‬
‫ﺗﺎن بﺲ‬
‫يﻌت ﺑﻨﺬﻛﺮﻫﺎ ي‬
‫◄ودي ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ايﮧ؟ ‪ -‬إﻋﺎدة ﺻيﺎﻏﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻮﺿوع اﻟﻤﻘﺎل اﻟﺮﺋيﺴيﺔ ‪ THESIS -‬ي‬
‫بﺄﺳﻠﻮب ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪ – ...‬وبﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﻠﺨيﺺ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﺎط األﺳﺎﺳيﺔ‬
‫ر‬
‫بشء ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﺜال يف اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘبﻞ‬
‫بﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ وﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮك ‪ ،‬أو اﻗتاح ي‬
‫اﻟﻤﻔﺮوض اﻟﻤﻘﺎل اﻟﺠيﺪ يﺤﻘﻖ اﻟشوط دي ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄق‬
‫◄اﻟيابﻂ أو اﻟتﺴﻠﺴﻞ‬
‫ي‬
‫يﻌت يﻜﻮن ‪logically organized‬‬
‫‪ coherence‬ي‬
‫وه اﻟ ـ‪thesis‬‬
‫ﻛي ‪Focus‬‬
‫◄اﻟي ر‬
‫بﻤﻌت اﻧﮧ ﻳﺮﻛﺰ ي‬
‫ي‬
‫ﻋل ﻓﻜﺮة واﺣﺪة رﺋيﺴيﺔ أال ي‬
‫يﻌت كﻞ ﻓﻘﺮة يف اﻟﻤﻘﺎل ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺮﺗبﻄﺔ ‪related to‬بﺎﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋيﺴيﺔ‬
‫◄اﻟﻮﺣﺪة ‪ unity‬ي‬
‫◄يﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺟﻤﻞ ﺻﺤيﺤﺔ كﺎﻣﻠﺔ وﻟﻐﺔ رﺳﻤيﺔ‬
‫)‪correctness of sentences and formal language (style‬‬
‫يﻌت كﻞ ﻓﻘﺮة ﺑﺘﻀيﻒ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋيﺴيﺔ يف اﻟﻤﻘﺎل‬
‫◄ ر‬
‫أﺧي – ﺣﺎﺟﺔ اﺳﻤﻬﺎ ‪ ) development‬ي‬
‫وﺗﻔﻀﻞ ﺗﺘﻄﻮر ﻟﻐﺎيﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻮﺻﻞ ﻟﻠﺨﺎﺗﻤﺔ(‬
‫◄ﻓيﮧ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ أﻧﻮاع رﺋيﺴيﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻘﺎل ‪..‬‬
‫‪◄ A descriptive essay gives a detailed description of the topic and paints a picture‬‬
‫يﻌط وﺻﻒ ﻣﻔﺼﻞ ﻟﻤﻮﺿوع ويﺮﺳﻢ ﺻﻮرة بﺎﻟكﻠﻤﺎت يف ذﻫﻦ اﻟﻘﺎريء ‪with words in the reader's mind.‬‬
‫ي‬
‫يﺤك ﻗﺼﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪◄A narrative essay often tells a story from the writer's perspective.‬‬
‫ي‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮر اﻟكﺎﺗﺐ‬
‫‪◄An expository essay explains something to the reader and includes things like‬‬
‫ر‬
‫ﻋل أﻣﺜﻠﺔ وﺟﺪاول ‪examples, graphs, charts, and statistics‬‬
‫يشح ﻣﻮﺿوع ﻟﻠﻘﺎريء ويﺸﺘﻤﻞ ي‬
‫ورﺳﻮم ﺑيﺎﻧيﺔ واﺣﺼﺎﺋيﺎت‬
‫‪15‬‬
◄A persuasive essay persuades the reader to adopt a specific point of view. It is
mostly based on opinions and emotions. ‫ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬- ‫ﺑتﺒت وﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ اﻟكﺎﺗﺐ‬
‫يﺤﺎول اﻗﻨﺎع اﻟﻘﺎري ي‬
‫ﻋل اﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﺔ واآلراء اﻟﺸﺨﺼيﺔ‬
‫ي‬
◄An argumentative essay tries to convince the readers to accept the writer’s
ُ
idea as true by using statistics, facts and figures. ‫ال ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ‬
‫ﻋل اﻟﺤﺠﺔ ويﺴتﻨﺪ ي‬
‫ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪ ي‬
֍֍Transition words֍֍ : ‫◄ يف اﻟﻤﻘﺎل ﺑنﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻋبﺎرات أو كﻠﻤﺎت ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑنﺴﻤﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫◄ودي وﻇيﻔﺘﻬﺎ اﻟربﻂ رﺑي ﻓﻜﺮة وأﺧﺮي – أو االﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻣﻦ ﻓﻜﺮة ألﺧﺮي – ودە اﻟﺴبﺐ ان اﺳﻤﻬﺎ كﻠﻤﺎت اﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟيﺔ‬
‫إﻋﻄﺎء‬/‫ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ‬/‫اﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬/‫ﻧتيﺠﺔ‬/‫ه ﺳبﺒيﺔ‬
‫ﻋل اﻟﻌالﻗﺔ رﺑي‬
‫ر‬
‫◄واﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ي‬
‫ ﻫﻞ ي‬:‫اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺘي‬
‫زﻣت‬
‫ﺗﺮﺗيﺐ ي‬/‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬
LOGICAL
RELATIONSHIP
TRANSITIONAL EXPRESSIONS
‫اﻟﺗﻌﺑﻳرات اإلﻧﺗﻘﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌالﻗﺔ اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﻳﺔ‬
Similarity ‫ﺗﺷﺎﺑﻪ‬
also, in the same way, likewise, similarly ‫ﺑﻧﻔس اﻟطرﻳﻘﺔ‬/‫ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺛل‬
Exception/Contrast
‫ﺗﻧﺎﻗض‬/‫اﺳﺗﺛﻧﺎء‬
but, however/ in spite of/ on the one hand … on the other
hand/‫ﻣن ﻧﺎﺣﻳﺔ أﺧري‬...‫ ﻣن ﻧﺎﺣﻳﺔ‬nevertheless = nonetheless ‫وﺑﺎﻟرﻏم‬
‫ ﻣن ھذا‬/in contrast= on the contrary‫ﻋﻟﻲ اﻟﻧﻘﻳض ﻣن ذﻟك‬, still = but,
yet = but‫وﻣﻊ ذﻟك‬, whereas = while ...‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﻳن أن‬
Sequence/Order‫ﺗﺳﻟﺳل‬
first, second, third, … next, then, finally
Chronology
‫ﺗرﺗﻳب زﻣﻧﻲ‬
after, afterwards‫ﺑﻌد ذﻟك‬, at last, before, during, meanwhile ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫أﺛﻧﺎء ذﻟك‬, now, recently, then
Examples ‫أﻣﺛﻟﺔ‬
for example = for instance, namely, specifically ‫ﻋﻟﻲ وﺟﻪ اﻟﺗﺣدﻳد‬
, to illustrate ‫ﻟﮐﻲ ﻧوﺿﺢ ذﻟك‬
Emphasis ‫ﺗﺄﻛﻳد‬
indeed, in fact, of course, truly‫ﻓﻲ اﻟواﻗﻊ‬/ً‫ﺣﻘﺎ‬
Cause and Effect ‫ﺳﺑب‬
‫وﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ‬
Accordingly ‫وﺑﻧﺎء ﻋﻟﻲ ذﻟك‬, consequently‫وﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬, hence ‫وﻣن ﺛم‬, so,
therefore ‫ﻟذﻟك‬, thus ‫وھﮐذا‬
16
‫‪Additionally = in addition,/ also, / besides (= besides that),‬‬
‫وﻋالوة ﻋﻟﻲ ذﻟك ‪equally important, furthermore, , moreover‬‬
‫اﺿﺎﻓﺔ ‪Addition‬‬
‫‪in a word, in brief, briefly, in conclusion, in the end, in the‬‬
‫‪ /to conclude, to summarize, to sum‬وﻓﻲ اﻟﺧﺗﺎم ‪final analysis,‬‬
‫وﺑﺈﻳﺟﺎز ‪up,‬‬
‫ﺧﺎﺗﻣﺔ ‪Conclusion‬‬
‫‪✹✹Capitalization‬‬
‫✹✹ﻣﺘﻲ ﻧﺒﺪأ ﺑﺤﺮف ‪CAPITAL‬‬
‫‪-1‬اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ الأوﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ أي ﺟﻤﻠﺔ أو ﺳﺆال أو أﻣﺮ ﺗﺒﺪأ داﺋﻤﺎ ﺑﺤﺮف ‪CAPITAL‬‬
‫‪-2‬اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ ‪ I‬ﻓﻲ أي ﻣﻜﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻳﻜﻮن ‪CAPITAL‬‬
‫‪-3‬أﺳﻤﺎء الأﺷﺨﺎص‪ ،‬وأﺳﻤﺎء الأﻣﺎﻛﻦ‪ ،‬وأﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﺪن واﻟﺪول واﻟﻘﺎرات واﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺎت‬
‫واﻟﻠﻐﺎت وأﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺎت والأﻧﻬﺎر واﻟﺒﺤﺎر و اﻟﺠﺒﺎل وﺳلاﺳﻞ اﻟﺠﺒﺎل و اﻟﺼﺤﺎري‬
‫واﻟﺒﺮاﻛﻴﻦ وﻋﻨﺎوﻳﻦ اﻟﺼﺤﻒ و اﻟﻜﺘﺐ واﻟﻤﺠلات وأﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻘﺼﺎﺋﺪ وﺑﺮاﻣﺞ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻠﻴﻔﺰﻳﻮن والأﻓلام وأﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻜﺒﺎري واﻟﺸﻮارع والأﻧﻔﺎق وأﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت‬
‫واﻟﻤﺪارس واﻟشرﻛﺎت واﻟﻤﺎرﻛﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ وأﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻌﺼﻮر اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ واﻟﻜﺘﺐ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﺪﺳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪✹✹Examples:‬‬
‫‪✹Mohammed Salah / The Eiffel Tower /‬‬
‫‪Cairo/Havana/Italy/Europe/American/Spanish/the Atlantic/the Nile/the‬‬
‫‪Mediterranean/ the Amazon / the Himalayas / the Telegraph/the‬‬
‫‪Golden Gate Bridge/Oxford Street/Harvard/ the Middle Ages/the‬‬
‫‪Quran / the Bible‬‬
‫‪-4‬اﻟﺼﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ أﺳﻤﺎء الأﻣﺎﻛﻦ واﻟﺪول‪:‬‬
‫‪✹Egyptian, Canadian, Californian, etc.‬‬
‫‪-5‬اﻟﺼﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ الأدﻳﺎن‪:‬‬
‫‪✹Islamic, Christian, etc.‬‬
‫‪-6‬ﻛﻠﻤﺔ هللا داﺋﻤﺎ ﺗﺒﺪأ ﺑﺤﺮف ‪CAPITAL‬‬
‫‪17‬‬
:‫اﻟﺤﺮف الأول ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﺪأ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﺎشر‬-7
✹ The waiter said, "My manager will be here shortly."
: ‫أﻟﻘﺎب الأﺷﺨﺎص‬-8
✹President Sadat / Prince William / Duke Michael
CAPITAL ‫الأﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﺨﺘصرة ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﺑﺤﺮوف‬-9
-NASA
‫وﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﺳﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﻀﺎء‬
-OPEC
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺪول اﻟﻤﺼﺪرة ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول‬
-WHO
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‬
-FIFA
‫الإﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ ﻟﻜﺮة اﻟﻘﺪم‬
‫أﺳﻤﺎء الأﻳﺎم واﻟﺸﻬﻮر والأﻋﻴﺎد‬-10
✹Monday/Friday/April/May/Ramadan/ Eid ul-Adha/Christmas
:‫ ﻓﻲ أﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﺼﻮل‬CAPITAL ‫لاﺣﻆ ﻋﺪم اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺣﺮف‬-11
✹summer/winter/fall/autumn/spring
‫ ﻓﻲ الأﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎلإﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎت‬CAPITAL ‫لا ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺣﺮف‬-12
✹west/east/north/south
:‫أﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬-13
✹The Middle East / The Far East /The Near East / The North and South Poles
CAPITAL ‫اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت الآﺗﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﺪأ ﺑﺤﺮف‬-14
✹The Net / the Internet/the World Wide Web
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Formal & Informal E-mails
19
‫ﻧﻣوذج إلﻳﻣﻳل رﺳﻣﻲ‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫ﻧﻣوذج إلﻳﻣﻳل ﻏﻳر رﺳﻣﻲ‬
:‫ﻳﺗﻛون اإلﻳﻣﻳل ﻣن‬
(‫اﻟﻣوﺿوع )ﺑﺈﺧﺗﺻﺎر‬
1-subject:
-Arrangements for next meeting/Discussing new plans
(specific ‫ ﻣﺣدد‬/ brief ‫ ﻣﺧﺗﺻر‬/ concise ‫)ﻣوﺟز‬
2-Salutation: ‫اﻟﺗﺣﻳﺔ‬
Dear Mr. /Dear Mrs./Dear Sir/Madam/
Dear Ms.-->
‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم اذا ﻛﻧﺎ ال ﻧﻌﻟم اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اإلﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻳﺔ ﻟﺳﻳدة‬
To Whom It May Concern ‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم اذا ﻛﻧﺎ ال ﻧﻌرف ﻣن اﻟذي ﻳُﻔﺗرض أن ﻳﺗﻟﻘﻲ اﻟرﺳﺎﻟﺔ‬
3-Body: ‫ﻧص اإلﻳﻣﻳل‬
-I am a student at Cairo University. I am interested in applying for the
English language course that has been advertised on your website.
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:‫ﻳﻣﻛن أن ﻳﺗﻛون ﻧص اإلﻳﻣﻳل ﻣن‬-Introduction
‫ﻣﻘدﻣﺔ ﺗﺑﻳن ﻓﻳﻬﺎ اﻟﻐرض ﻣن ﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ اإلﻳﻣﻳل‬
-Thank you for your email about ….
-With regard to your advertisement ….
-I would like to request information about …
-Body
‫ﺟﺳم اﻟرﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﻣﻛن أن ﻳﺗﻛون ﻣن ﻓﻘرة أو أﻛﺛر وﻳُراﻋﻲ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ اإلﻟﺗزام ﺑﻘواﻋد اﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ‬
-Conclusion (‫ﺧﺎﺗﻣﺔ )ﺗوﺿﺢ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ رد اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟذي ﺗطﻟﺑﻪ ﻣن اﻟﻣﺗﻟﻘﻲ‬
-I look forward to hearing from you soon.
-Your quick response is highly appreciated.
-I hope to hear from you at your earliest convenience.
4-Closing:
-Best regards / Thank you/ yours sincerely/ Yours faithfully
5-Signature:
‫اﻟﺗوﻗﻳﻊ‬
Ali Ahmed
3 Nile Street, Cairo, Egypt
01000000001
aliahmed@aol.com
:‫ﺑﻌض اإلﺧﺗﺻﺎرات اﻟﻬﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻲ اﻟرﺳﺎﺋل اﻟرﺳﻣﻳﺔ‬-ASAP = As soon as possible ‫ﺑﺄﺳرع ﻣﺎ ﻳﻣﻛن‬
-Enc. = enclosed/enclosure
(‫ﻣرﻓﻖ )ﺑﺎإلﻳﻣﻳل‬
-Ps = postscript
‫ﻣﻟﺣوظﺔ‬
-RSVP = please, reply
‫ﻣن ﻓﺿﻟك واﻓﻳﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﻟرد‬
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Choose the correct answer:
Parts of speech & Punctuation:
1-Which of the following is correctly punctuated?
a)Lets eat Grandma!
b)Let’s eat Grandma
c)Let’s, eat Grandma
d)Let’s eat, Grandma!
2- Which of the following is correctly punctuated?
a)I love this book. It’s cover is so beautiful
b)I love this book. Its cover is so beautiful.
c)I love this book. Its so beautiful
d)I love this book. Do you know who wrote its?
3- Which of the following is correctly punctuated?
a)Even after all there disagreements, they’re still best friends.
b)Even after all their disagreements, there still best friends.
c)Even after all their disagreements, they’re still best friends.
d)Even after all they’re disagreements, there still best friends.
4- Which of the following sentences has the correct punctuation?
a) Omar, and Ali who have always been friends, no longer talk to each other.
b) Omar and Ali who have always been friends no longer talk to each other.
c) Omar and Ali, who have always been friends, no longer talk to each other.
d) Omar and Ali, who have always been friends, no longer, talk to each other.
5- Which sentence has the correct ending punctuation mark?
a) When you arrive home, call me? b) When you arrive home, call me.
c) When you arrive home, call me! d) When you arrive home, call me:
6- Which of the following sentences has the correct punctuation?
a) My daughter loves mobile games, my son likes football.
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b) My daughter loves mobile games; my son likes football.
c) My daughter loves mobile games my son likes football.
d) My daughter loves mobile games: my son likes football.
7- Which of the following sentences has the correct punctuation?
a) This is what I ate for breakfast; an egg and a cheese sandwich.
b) This is what I ate for breakfast: egg and a cheese sandwich.
c) This is what I ate for breakfast an egg and a cheese sandwich.
d) This is what I ate for breakfast, egg and a cheese sandwich.
8- Which of the following sentences has the correct punctuation?
a) He knocked several times: no one came to the door.
b) He knocked several times no one came to the door
c) He knocked several times, no one came to the door.
d) He knocked several times; no one came to the door.
9- Which of the following sentences has the correct punctuation?
a) Here is what you need to get at the market beans, eggs, cheese and bread.
b) Here is what you need to get at the market: beans eggs cheese and bread.
c) Here is what you need to get at the market; beans, eggs, cheese and bread.
d) Here is what you need to get at the market: beans, eggs, cheese and bread.
10- Which of the following sentences has the correct punctuation?
a) The window was open I looked out over the green landscape.
b) The window was open, I looked out over the green landscape.
c) The window was open: I looked out over the green landscape.
d) The window was open; I looked out over the green landscape.
11- Which of the following sentences has the correct punctuation?
a) The school trip has three supervisors Mr. Ali, Mr. Mohamed and Mr. Ahmed.
b) The school trip has three supervisors: Mr. Ali, Mr. Mohamed and Mr. Ahmed.
c) The school trip has three supervisors, Mr. Ali, Mr. Mohamed and Mr. Ahmed.
d) The school trip has three supervisors; Mr. Ali, Mr. Mohamed and Mr. Ahmed.
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12- Which of the following sentences has the correct punctuation?
a) The airport announcer said: "The 8:30 p.m. flight to Dubai is now boarding."
b) The airport announcer said, “The 8:30 p.m. flight to Dubai is now boarding."
c) The airport announcer said, “The 8, 30-p.m. flight to Dubai is now boarding."
d) The airport announcer said; “The 8:30 p.m. flight to Dubai is now boarding."
13-Choose the sentence that is correctly punctuated:
a)We plan to stay for another year, But Peter is leaving now.
b)We plan to stay for another year but Peter is leaving now.
c)We plan to stay for another year, but Peter is leaving now?
d)We plan to stay for another year, but Peter is leaving now.
14-Choose the sentence that is correctly punctuated:
a)We were told we would be discussing the new schedule during the meeting.
However, our boss never brought it up once.
b)We were told we would be discussing the new schedule during the meeting:
however, our boss never brought it up once.
c)We were told we would be discussing the new schedule during the meeting.
However our boss never brought it up once.
d)We were told we would be discussing the new schedule during the meeting!
However, our boss never brought it up once.
15- Which of the following sentences is correctly punctuated?
a)A two-year-old child was killed in a car accident yesterday.
b)A two year old child was killed in a car accident yesterday.
c)A two-year old child was killed in a car accident yesterday.
d)A two-year-old child, was killed in a car accident yesterday.
16-Which of the following sentences is correctly punctuated?
a)What a foolish girl?
b)What a foolish girl!
c)What a foolish girl;
d)What a foolish girl.
25
17-Which of the following sentences is correctly punctuated?
a)This job takes a lot of time to do.
b)This job takes a lot of time to do?
c)This job takes a lot of time to do,
d)This job takes a lot of time to do
18-Which of the following sentences is correctly punctuated?
a)We know its been a hot summer b)We know it’s been a hot summer
c)We know it’s been a hot summer. d)We know it’s been a hot summer:
19-Which of the following sentences is correctly punctuated?
a)The cat caught its tail, in the door
b)The cat caught it’s tail in the door
c)The cat caught its’ tail in the door
d)The cat caught its tail in the door.
20-Which of the following sentences is correctly punctuated?
a)He promised to study harder that night. a few minutes later, he went to bed.
b)He promised to study harder that night; A few minutes later, he went to bed.
c)He promised to study harder that night; a few minutes later, he went to bed.
d)He promised to study harder that night! a few minutes later, he went to bed.
21Which of the following sentences is correctly punctuated?
a)The course is divided into 3 parts: beginner, intermediate and advanced.
b)The course is divided into 3 parts:- beginner, intermediate and advanced.
c)The course is divided into 3 parts, beginner, intermediate and advanced.
d)The course is divided into 3 parts! beginner, intermediate and advanced.
22-Which of the following sentences is correctly punctuated?
a)At 4:15 p.m. the doors will be opened to the public.
b)At 4-15 p.m. the doors will be opened to the public.
c)At 4,15 p.m. the doors will be opened to the public.
d)At 4;15 p.m. the doors will be opened to the public.
23-Which of the following sentences is correctly punctuated?
26
a)I ordered the following things! sugar, oil, flour and coffee.
b) I ordered the following things; sugar, oil, flour and coffee.
c) I ordered the following things: sugar, oil, flour and coffee.
d) I ordered the following things. sugar, oil, flour and coffee.
24-‘Telephone’, ‘banana’ and ‘chair’ are ---------------.
a)singular, abstract nouns
b)uncountable, plural nouns
c)singular, concrete nouns
d)comparative adjectives
25-Which part of speech is the underlined word in the following sentence?
‘Traders generally travel safely through the border.’
a)a singular noun
b)an adjective
c)a conjunction
d) a preposition
26-Which part of speech is the underlined word in the following sentence?
Aha! I knew you were trying to trick me!
a)an interjection
b)an adjective
c)a conjunction
d) a preposition
27-Which part of speech is the underlined word in the following sentence?
Nabil ran off as fast as his legs could carry him
a)an interjection
b)an adjective
c)an adverb
d) a noun
28-Which part of speech is the underlined word in the following sentence?
Can you have someone proofread your essay before turning it in?
a)an adjective
b)a verb
c)an adverb
Vocabulary & Structure
29-Which of the following sentences is structurally correct?
27
d) a noun
a)The average global temperature has aroused by more than 1C in the last 140 years.
b)The average global temperature has been risen by more than 1C in the last 140 years.
c)The average global temperature has risen by more than 1°C in the last 140 years.
d)The average global temperature has been raised by more than 1C in the last 140 years.
30-Which of the following sentences is structurally correct?
a)Mona, in where house we had a party last year, died in a plane crash.
b)Mona, in what house we had a party last year, died in a plane crash.
c)Mona, in whom house we had a party last year, died in a plane crash.
d)Mona, in whose house we had a party last year, died in a plane crash.
31- If the new safety system had been in use, the accident would never
have happened.
This sentence means that ---------------.
a)The new safety system was not in use, so the accident happened.
b)The accident happened because the new safest system was in use.
c) But for the new safety system, the accident would have happened.
d) There is a new safety system in use, so accidents never happen.
32-She works for a/an _________ national company. It has offices in over 30
countries.
a) infra-
b) multi-
c) post-
d) pre-
33- The prefix CO - means "together," so when you COOPERATE, you
a) work separately
b) argue with someone
c) work with someone else
d) operate something
34-Which of the following is the prefix that can be used to give the opposite of
‘Polite’?
a) im-
b) dis-
c) in28
d) il-
35-The prefix re- in ‘rewrite’ means _________
a) again
b) not
c) full
d) before
c)probation
d)population
36-Publish is a verb. What is the noun?
a)preparation
b)publication
37-‘I’d better not leave my bag there. Someone might steal it.’ This sentence
means:
a)I left my bag there and someone stole it.
b)Someone found my lost bag and brought it to me.
c)I should not leave my bag there as someone might steal it.
d)It’s safe to leave my bag there.
38-I'm sorry - I didn't ...... to disturb you.
a)hope
b)think
c)mean
d)suppose
39-It was only ten days ago ...... she started her new job.
a)then
b)since
c)after
d)that
40-The shop didn't have the shoes I wanted, but they've ...... a pair specially for me.
a)booked
b)ordered
c)commanded
d)asked
41-Have you got time to discuss your work now or are you ...... to leave?
a)thinking
b)round
c)planned
d)about
c)already
d)almost
42-She came to live here ...... a month ago.
a)quite
b)beyond
43-Once the plane is in the air, you can ...... your seat belts if you wish.
a)undress
b)unfasten
c)unlock
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d)untie
44-I'd rather you ...... to her why we can't go.
a)would explain
b)explained
c)to explain
d)will explain
45-Would you mind ...... these plates a wipe before putting them in the
cupboard?
a)making
b)doing
c)having
d)giving
46-...... how tired Melissa is when she gets home from work, she always makes
time to say goodnight to the children.
a)Not mattering
b)Not mattered
c)none mattering
d)No matter
47-Listen! I can hear someone……………..at the door.
a)knocking
b)knock
c)to knock
d)knocked
48-Choose the option that correctly conveys the meaning of the sentence given below:
‘Never can a fish survive on land.’
a)A fish can survive both on land and water.
b)A fish can survive on land.
c)A fish cannot survive on land.
d)A fish cannot survive on land nor can it survive in water.
49-Which of the following is structurally correct?
a)Having been fixed the night before, Peter could use the car.
b)After having been fixed the night before, Peter could use the car.
c)After Peter had had the car fixed the night before, he could use it.
d)After the mechanic will fix the car the night before, Peter could use it.
50-Which of the following is structurally correct?
a) None of they is of much use in practical life.
b) None of them is of much use in practical life.
c) None of them is of very use in practical life.
d) None of them are of much using in practical life.
51-Which of the following is structurally incorrect?
30
a) You should not smoke.
b) You cannot buy all that you like.
c) They cooked the dinner themself.
d) You are very nice, like your mother.
52-Which of the following is structurally correct?
a) I took my final exams five years ago and I have been working as a doctor ever
since.
b) I took my final exams five years ago and I had been working as a doctor ever since.
c) I took my final exams five years ago and I am working as a doctor ever since.
d) I took my final exams five years ago and I was working as a doctor ever since.
53-Which of the following is structurally correct?
a) How long have you been joined this company? – In 2009.
b) When did you join this company?
c) How long are you joined this company?
d) When you did join this company?
–In 2009.
– In 2009.
– In 2009..
54-Which part in the following sentence is wrong?
‘We have received no complain about the inferior quality of the goods.’
a) have received
b) no complain
c) the inferior quality
d) of the goods
55- Which of the following sentences is structurally incorrect?
a) Every student likes the teacher.
b) She’s married with a dentist.
c) I’ve been here for three months.
d) You should not smoke.
56- Which of the following sentences is structurally correct?
a) After the picnic, we had lots of bread left.
b) After the picnic we had lot of breads left.
c) After the picnic we had lot of bread left.
d) After the picnic we had lots of breads left.
57-The word ‘LOOK’ is used in four different sentences. Select the sentence in
which the word is not used properly.
a) Looks don’t matter in any terms.
b) He looked after his pen.
c) She is the one who looks fabulous.
d) He wondered about how it looked.
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58-Which of the following is structurally incorrect?
a) She seems sad.
b) He has a cellular phone.
c) These grapes are tasting sour.
d) I think you are wrong.
59-Which of the following is structurally correct?
a) She is both a dancer or a poetess.
b) She is both a dancer nor a poetess.
c) She is both a dancer and a poetess.
d) She is both a dancer as well as a poetess
60- Which of the following sentences is structurally correct?
a) He is neither right nor wrong.
b) He is neither right or wrong.
c) He is either right nor wrong.
d) He is nor right or wrong.
61- Which of the following sentences is structurally correct?
a) It is not so good a book as I expected.
b) It is not a so good book as I expected.
c) It is not a book so good as I expected.
d) It is not so a book good that I expected.
62-Which of the following sentences is structurally incorrect?
a) If he comes, tell him to finish the job.
b) If and when he comes, tell him to finish the job.
c) When he comes, tell him to finish the job.
d) Tell him to finish the job when he comes .
63-‘I wish you wouldn’t interfere in my life.’ This sentence means --------------.
a)It doesn’t matter whether you interfere in my life or not.
b)I’d rather you interfered more in my life.
c)I really don’t mind your interference in my life.
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d)You interfere in my life and this annoys me.
64- ‘Who told the newspapers about the prime minister's plans? ‘It must have
been someone close to him.’ This sentence means ------.
a)It’s certain that someone close to the prime minister told the newspaper about
his plans.
b)It’s unlikely that someone close to the prime minister told the newspaper
about his plans.
c)It’s impossible that someone close to the prime minister told the newspaper
about his plans.
d)It’s doubtful that someone close to the prime minister told the newspaper
about his plans.
65-‘You needn’t have brought all these clothes. It’s rather hot here.’ This
sentence means that--------.
a)you should have brought all these clothes but you didn’t.
b)you brought all these clothes, but it wasn’t necessary.
c)it was necessary to bring all these clothes and you did so.
d)bringing all these clothes was a must, so it was great that you did so.
66-‘Having had his car repaired, he travelled to Alexandria.’ This sentence means:
a) the car wasn’t repaired until he had travelled to Alexandria.
b)he travelled to Alexandria before he had his car repaired.
c)he had repaired his car before he travelled to Alexandria.
d)having had someone repair his car, he travelled to Alexandria.
67-‘He lived in London for 3 years.’ This sentence means that ------------.
a)he is still living there.
b)he is used to living there.
c)he doesn’t live there anymore.
d)he intends to live there for 3 years.
68- Which of the following sentences is structurally correct?
33
a)Sally has someone to paint her house every year.
b)Sally gets someone to paint her house every year.
c)Sally makes someone painting her house every year.
d)Sally allows someone paint her house every year.
69-We are going to stay at the hotel -------------- my brother recommended.
a)where
b)in which
c)that
d)what
70-The fact ------------- he was there when she was killed made the police suspect him.
a)that
b)which
c)what
d)when
71-Which of the two books would you like to read? -------- . They are both boring.
a)All
b)Each
c)Neither
d)Either
72-Which of the two books would you like to read? -------- . They are both interesting.
a)All
b)Each
c)Neither
d)Either
73-Which of the four books would you like to read? -------- . They are all boring.
a)All
b)None
c)Neither
d)Either
74- Which of the following sentences is structurally correct?
a) It’s very beautiful furniture that everyone liked it.
b)It’s so beautiful a furniture that everyone liked it.
c) It’s such a beautiful furniture that everyone liked it.
d)It’s such beautiful furniture that everyone liked it.
75-She's half French and half Italian. This sentence means that --------------.
a)her uncles are French, but her aunts are Italian
b)one of her parents is French and the other is Italian
c)both her parents lived for some time in France and Italy
d)Several members of her family live abroad
76-Which of the following sentences can be used to introduce a piece of
information that adds to, or supports the previous statement?
34
a)Moreover, we need to do more research into this phenomenon.
b)To sum up, more research is needed as the results are inconclusive.
c)However, some scientists believe that the problem is easy to solve.
d)I think that these results need to be reviewed.
Paragraphs, Essays & E-mails:
77-Which of the following sentences is correct to complete this paragraph?
I was only 4 years old when my dad was working with elephants, lions, and
tigers. ________________. When I was 14, I was already taking care of and
raising baboons and lion cubs, leopard cats and other animals. At 17, I began
working professionally with elephants. I did that for about 8 years and then gave
it up. I have been working in the construction business since then.
a) Elephants and many other animals are just like people
b) Therefore, I always had animals around me
c) You have to love them unconditionally
d)But nothing would happen to elephants
78-Which of the following sentences is correct to complete this paragraph?
The degree to which children feel more self-confident as they grow older depends
mainly on their relation with their mothers and fathers. Children always need to
be reassured by their parents. __________________. This kind of trust is essential
in reducing young children's anxiety.
a)They need to believe that their parents will love them no matter what they do
b)Anxieties are common even in the early years of childhood
c)They may begin to cry if one of the parents goes away even for a short while
d)So parents should scold their children whenever they want
79-Which of the following sentences is correct to complete this paragraph?
35
It's essential for all creatures to keep themselves clean and free from parasites.
_______. Some species are able to clean themselves. For those species that are not, it is
obviously vital to find some other animal to perform this cleaning function.
a)Nevertheless, there's no point in doing this cleaning process
b)Some fish species are known to change colour while being cleaned
c)If they do not, they will probably fall ill from infected wounds
d)Some animals depended on others to do this
80-Which of the following sentences is correct to end this paragraph?
Supermarket managers have all kinds of tricks to encourage people to spend more
money. Their aim is to make customers go more slowly through the supermarket.
They make the corridors near the cash registers narrower. In some supermarkets,
the floor is even slightly uphill for people going towards the exits. ---------------------.
a)In this way, customers decide not to buy anything more
b)In this way, customers get angry and go home
c)In this way, customers might decide to buy a few more things.
d)In this way, customers return the things they have bought and get their money back.
81-Which of the following sentences is correct to complete this paragraph?
_________________. Some people like to go for long walks in the forest, where
they won't see anyone for days. Others prefer to spend their holiday in an exciting
city. There they can visit museums, theaters, and good restaurants. Still others
enjoy the fresh air at the seashore. They can spend their days at the beach and
listen to the ocean waves at night.
a)People have many different ideas about what makes a great vacation
b)There are many similarities between a seaside holiday and camping
c)Working in a big company has many disadvantages
d)Life in a small apartment would sound as terrible to many
82-Which of the following sentences is correct to complete this paragraph?
36
Scientists believe that the earth's climate may be warming up. This trend probably
began thousands of years ago. Many areas of the earth used to be covered with
ice that has now melted. ________________. Scientists think that part of the
reason for this may be carbon dioxide pollution from industry and automobiles.
a)The carbon dioxide mixes with other gases.
b)Therefore, violent storms cause damage and deaths all over the world
c)However, in recent years, the warming trend has speeded up
d)It's also important to keep yourself cool by wearing loose, light clothes
83-Which of the following sentences is correct to complete this paragraph?
Many studies have shown that it is better to wear your seat belt when you are
travelling in a car. Seat belts greatly reduce the risk of death or injury in an accident.
This fact is widely recognized and many governments have passed laws requiring
seat belt use. ___________________. Researchers have found several reasons for this.
Some people feel uncomfortable with the seat belt. They are afraid of being trapped
in the car in an accident.
a)On the other hand, fate will decide whether one will have an accident
b)Some cars must now be equipped with seat belts
c)In this respect, it’s unavoidable for the drivers to get injured or die
d)However, many people still do not wear seat belts
37
84-Which of the following sentences is correct to complete this paragraph?
___________________. The main cause of this is loneliness. In the past, older people
usually lived with other members of the family. They usually had responsibilities around
the home. For example, older women could help take care of the children. And older
men could help their sons at work. These days, married children often prefer to live on
their own, sometimes ^ far away from their parents.
a)In industrialized countries today, many elderly people suffer from depression
b)Some elderly people felt the world has changed too quickly
c)A great many elderly and lovely people would feel pressure on them
d)Businesses in a country must adjust to older customers
85-Which of the following sentences is correct to complete this paragraph?
When people move from one city or country to another, the spread of diseases
may result. People often bring in germs that may not have been present there
before. These new germs can spread quickly and cause previously unknown
diseases. ____________. They become ill more easily and die more often. In turn,
newcomers may catch diseases that were not present where they came from.
a)If a germ is completely new to a region, people have no natural protection against it
b)Pollution can also lead to the spread of disease
c)Such changes may result in enhancing conditions for people in big cities
d)Some bacteria are good for you
86-Which of the following sentences is correct to complete this paragraph?
Every year about two and a half million animals are used in scientific experiments
in Britain. The number has fallen in the last few years but it still provokes the
vigorous opposition of defenders of animal rights. The scientists who carry out the
experiments justify them by the argument that thousands of people owe their
lives to medicines and techniques first evaluated and made safe by animal testing;
in their opinion, the benefit for humanity outweighs the inevitable suffering
inflicted on animals. ____________________. Their contention is that animals
have feelings, like us, which ought to be respected.
38
a)Animal rights activists, on the other hand, believe that they should never be
subjected to experiments.
b)The government demanded from the scientists to obtain as much information as
possible from experiments.
c)Then, it may be a better idea to make use of the findings of similar research in other
countries.
d)However, some thoughtless people are against this because they don't care for
human life.
87-A thesis statement ----------------.
a)is often repeated in every paragraph of the essay
b)tells the reader what the essay is about
c)is not as important as supporting details
d)has nothing to do with the topic being discussed
88-What are the two paragraphs where you should put your thesis?
a)The body paragraphs and the conclusion
b)The introduction and the body paragraphs
c)The introduction and the conclusion
d)The first and the second body paragraphs
89-Typically, what should you do in your conclusion after you restate the thesis?
a)Summarize your major points
b)Ask the reader to reread the essay
c)Add another body paragraph
d)Add another thesis
90-Which of the following is NOT a transition word?
a)Furthermore
b)Consequently
c)However
91-Which of these should be avoided in a good essay?
a)using informal language
b)coherence
c)unity
d)Transition words
92-The conclusion of an essay should ---------------.
39
d)negatively
a)have a restatement of the thesis and thoughts for the future
b)include several transition words
c)ask the reader if he liked the essay
d)end with an exclamatory sentence
93-What is the first sentence of a paragraph called?
a)The introduction sentence
b)The exclusive sentence
c)The topic sentence
d)The first sentence
94-When do you use supporting details or supporting sentences?
a) Before the first sentence at the introduction
b) After the last sentence because it helps you summarize the paragraph
c) Never use these in paragraphs because they are for essays only.
d) After the topic sentence and before the closing sentence
95-Which is the topic sentence in the following paragraph?
The way a bird flies often shows what it is doing. When it is flying to warmer
places for winter, it flies straight. When it is catching insects, it moves about in
many directions.
a)When it is flying to warmer places for winter, it flies straight.
b)The way a bird flies often shows what it is doing.
c)When it is catching insects, it moves about in many directions.
96-Which is the topic sentence in the following paragraph?
Heavy rain stops many of our activities. Games, sports, picnics and other outdoor activities are
interrupted by rain. Heavy rain also prevents fishermen from going out to sea.
a)Heavy rain stops many of our activities.
b)Games, sports, picnics and other outdoor activities are interrupted by rain.
c)Heavy rain also prevents fishermen from going out to sea.
40
97-In the body of a paragraph, the writer usually develops and
supports the idea in the topic sentence by --------------------.
a)adding a different topic sentence
b)restating the topic sentence
c)giving further information and details
d)writing sentences unrelated to the main idea
98-If you start your e-mail with ‘Dear sir or Madam, which of the following should you
use as a closing greeting or an ending phrase?
a)Bye for now,
b)See you soon
c)Cheers,
d)Yours sincerely
99-If you start your e-mail with ‘Hi, Salwa’, which of the following should you use as a
closing greeting or an ending phrase?
a)Lots of love,
b)Yours sincerely,
c)Yours faithfully,
d)Best regards
100-‘Respect’ is a noun. What is the adjective that can be used in the following
sentence?
-Young children are usually very --------- towards their teachers.
a)respected
b)respecting
c)respectable
d)respectful
101-An informal way to say 'in addition', is -------------.
a)Also
b)So
c)Along
d)Ahead
102-A phrase which asks the person receiving the email to contact you, is --------.
a)don’t be late, please
b)Please get back to me with…
c)I think you don’t intend to contact me
d)I’ll be angry if you don’t contact me
41
103-Which of the following is a phrase that tells the receiver of the email what
the purpose of the email is?
a)I’m happy to write to you.
b)Yesterday was really hot!
c)I just have a few questions about…
d)I didn’t mean to disturb you.
104-A word to focus the receiver's attention on a specific part of a question, is --.
a)especially
b)hardly
c)rarely
d)Normally
105-A different way to say 'we are considering', is ------------.
a)We are thinking about …
b)We are working on …
c)We have already decided that …
d)We are looking forward to …
106-A polite but direct way to ask someone to send you something by email, is -----.
a)can you forward it to me?
c)should I wait forever to get that email?
b)send it to me right now
d)you’re too late!
107-A subject line should -----------------.
a) capture the attention of the recipient
b) be irrelevant to the body of the email
c) contain several transition words
d) use difficult and uncommon vocabulary
108-An opening line in a formal e-mail could be -----------------.
a)How are you?
b)How are things?
c) I have a few ideas on how you can boost your business.
d) I hope you enjoyed your birthday party last Monday.
109-An opening line in an informal e-mail could be -----------------.
a)how are you?
b)Allow me to introduce myself.
c)I need to ask a few questions regarding your new application.
d)I read about your company’s new product
42
110-A closing statement in a formal email could be:
a)Your friend
b)Chat soon
c)Cheers!
d)please let me know if you have any questions.
111-A closing statement in an informal email could be:
a)I can’t wait to see you!
b) please let me know if you need further information.
c) I look forward to meeting you at the conference.
d) I can’t wait to see you!
112-The opening and closing greetings in any e-mail depend on ---------------.
a)how close you are to the recipient
b)how fluent in English the recipient is
c)how much vocabulary you have leant
d)how good at typing you are
113-The first sentence (hook) in an essay MUST ---a) get readers interested
b) put the reader off
c) tell a story
d) all of these
114-What do you call the first paragraph in a formal essay?
a)Beginning
b)Grabber
c)Hook
d)Introduction
115- What do you call the last paragraph in a formal essay?
a)Resolution
b)Conclusion
c)Ending
d)Finale
43
116- What do you call the paragraphs where key ideas are developed and
explained?
a)Introductions
b)Body Paragraphs
c)Key Paragraphs
d)Conclusions
117- Begin every body paragraph with _________________.
a)a lead
b)an introduction
c)a topic sentence
d)background information
118- Which transition signals a conclusion?
a)In addition,
b)Similarly,
c)For example,
d)In short,
119- Which transition signals a contrast (difference)?
a)Furthermore
b)For instance
c)As a result
d)However
120-The paragraph in an essay which may restate the thesis statement, give an
opinion, predict the future, offer suggestions, and connect the previous
paragraphs in a coherent way.
a)Introduction
b)conclusion
c)The first body paragraph
d)The second body paragraph
121- This is a sentence or two that captures the readers' attention, so that they
are encouraged to read more.
a)hack
b)hijack
c) hook
d)block
122- This overview sentence ‫ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋيﺴيﺔ‬is usually written at the beginning
of each body paragraph.
a)Thesis statement
b)Exclamatory sentence
c)Imperative sentence
d) Topic sentence
44
123-What's the most important element you should include in your introduction
of any essay?
a)Detailed statement
b)Thesis statement
c)Implicit statement
d)Official statement
124-What are the next few paragraphs after the introduction called?
a)Body paragraphs
b)Funny paragraphs
c)Important paragraphs
d)Excellent paragraphs
125-Each body paragraph in an essay must have a topic sentence that does what?
a)relates back to the thesis
b)tells something about the following paragraph
c)refers to the conclusion
d)presents some statistics
126-Each body paragraph should have a concluding sentence that does what?
a)Gives the reader more facts about the topic sentence
b)Sums up what was discussed in the paragraph
c)Reminds the reader of what was discussed in a preceding paragraph
d)Tells a joke to make the reader laugh
127-After the body paragraphs comes the final paragraph! What is it called?
a)The preface
b)The conclusion
c)The middle
d)The closure
128- Read the following paragraph. Which sentence is the topic sentence?
I first stopped by the store to pick up a few groceries. The, I dropped off
my letters at the past office. I had a dentist appointment in the afternoon. Finally, I
attended my Brest friend’s birthday party in the evening. My day was long and
exhausting.
45
a) I first stopped by the store to pick up a few groceries.
b) Then, I dropped off my letters at the post office.
c) I had a dentist appointment in the afternoon
d) My day was long and exhausting.
129-What is the type of essay whose purpose is to present information to the
reader?
a)narrative
b)descriptive
c)persuasive
d)expository
130-Words or phrases that logically connect one idea to another are called -------.
a)scripts
b)subtitles
c)transitions
d)imperatives
‫ﺗﻤﻨيﺎﺗﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ بﺎﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ ان ﺷﺎء للا‬
ً
... ‫ﻗريبﺎ ﺑإذن للا أﻗﻮي ﻛﺘﺎب ﺗﺪريبﺎت ﻟﻠﺜﺎﻧويﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬
46
Model Answers
1- d)Let’s eat, Grandma!
2- b)I love this book. Its cover is so beautiful.
3- c)Even after all their
disagreements, they’re still best
friends.
4- c) Omar and Ali, who have always been
friends, no longer talk to each other.
5- b) When you arrive home, call me.
6- b) My daughter loves mobile games; my
son likes football.
7-b) This is what I ate for breakfast:
egg and a cheese sandwich.
8- d) He knocked several times; no one came
to the door.
9- d) Here is what you need to get at the
market: beans, eggs, cheese and bread.
10-d) The window was open; I looked out
over
the
green
landscape.
11-b)The school trip has three
supervisors: Mr. Ali, Mr. Mohamed
and Mr. Ahmed.
12-b)The airport announcer said, “The 8:30
p.m. flight to Dubai is now boarding."
13-d)We plan to stay for another year,
but Peter is leaving now.
14-a)We were told we would be discussing the
new schedule during the meeting.
However, our boss never brought it up once.
15-a)A two-year-old child was killed in
a car accident yesterday.
16-b)What a foolish girl!
17-a)This job takes a lot of time to do.
18-c)We know it’s been a hot summer.
19-d)The cat caught its tail in the
door.
20-c)He promised to study harder that night; a
few minutes later, he went to bed.
21-a)The course is divided into 3
parts: beginner, intermediate and
advanced.
22-a)At 4:15 p.m. the doors will be opened to
the public.
23-c)I ordered the following things:
sugar, oil, flour and coffee.
24-c)singular, concrete nouns
25-d) a preposition
26- a)an interjection
47
27-c)an adverb
28-b)a verb
29-c)The average global temperature
has risen by more than 1°C in the last
140 years.
30-d)Mona, in whose house we had a party last
year, died in a plane crash.
31-a)The new safety system was not
in use, so the accident happened.
32-b) multi-
33-c) work with someone else
34-a) im-
35-a) again
36-b)publication
37-c)I should not leave my bag there
as someone might steal it.
38-c)mean
39-d)that
40-b)ordered
41-d)about
42-d)almost
43-b)unfasten
44-b)explained
45-d)giving
46-d)No matter
47- a)knocking
48- c)A fish cannot survive on land.
49-c)After Peter had had the car fixed
the night before, he could use it.
50- b) None of them is of much use in practical
life.
51- c) They cooked the dinner
themself.
52- a) I took my final exams five years ago and I
have been working as a doctor ever since.
53-b)When
company?
54-b) no complain
did
you
join
this
55-b)She’s married with a dentist.
56-a)After the picnic, we had lots of bread left.
57-b)He looked after his pen.
58-c) These grapes are tasting sour.
59-c)She is both a dancer and a poetess.
60- a)He is neither right nor wrong.
61-a)It is not so good a book as I
expected.
62-b)If and when he comes, tell him to finish the
job.
48
63-d)You interfere in my life and this
annoys me.
64-a)It’s certain that someone close to the
prime minister told the newspaper about his
plans.
65-b)you brought all these clothes,
but it wasn’t necessary.
66-d)having had someone repair his car, he
travelled to Alexandria.
67-c)he doesn’t live there anymore.
68- b)Sally gets someone to paint her house
every year.
69-c)that
70-a)that
71-c)Neither
72-d)Either
73-b)None
74-d)It’s such beautiful furniture that everyone
liked it.
75-b)one of her parents is French and
the other is Italian
76-a)Moreover, we need to do more research
into this phenomenon.
77-b)Therefore, I always had animals
around me
78-a)They need to believe that their parents
will love them no matter what they do
79-c)If they do not, they will probably
fall ill from infected wounds.
80- c)In this way, customers might decide to
buy a few more things.
81-a)People have many different ideas
about what makes a great vacation
82-c)However, in recent years, the warming
trend has speeded up
83-d)However, many people still do
not wear seat belts.
84-a)In industrialized countries today, many
elderly people suffer from depression.
85-a)If a germ is completely new to a
region, people have no natural
protection against it
86-a)Animal rights activists, on the other hand,
believe that they should never be subjected to
experiments.
49
87-b)tells the reader what the essay is
about
88-c)The introduction and the conclusion
89-a)Summarize your major points
90-d)negatively
91-a)using informal language
92-a)have a restatement of the thesis and
thoughts for the future
93-c)The topic sentence
94-d) After the topic sentence and before the
closing sentence
95- b)The way a bird flies often shows
what it is doing.
96- a)Heavy rain stops many of our activities.
97-c)giving further information and
details
98-d)Yours sincerely
99-a)Lots of love,
100-d)respectful
101-a)Also
102- b)Please get back to me with…
103-c)I just have a few questions
about…
104-a)especially
105-a)We are thinking about …
106-a)can you forward it to me?
107- a) capture the attention of the
recipient
108- c) I have a few ideas on how you can
boost your business.
109-a)how are you?
110-d)please let me know if you have any
questions.
111-a)I can’t wait to see you!
112-a)how close you are to the recipient
113-a) get readers interested
114-d)Introduction
115-b)Conclusion
116-b)Body Paragraphs
117-c)a topic sentence
118-d)In short,
119-d)However
121-c) hook
123-b)Thesis statement
120-b)conclusion
122-d) Topic sentence
124-a)Body paragraphs
50
125-a)relates back to the thesis
126- b)sums up what was discussed
in the paragraph
127- b)The conclusion
128- d) My day was long and exhausting.
‫ﻣﺶ الزم اﻟـ‬topic sentence
‫ﺗﻜﻮن أول ﺟﻤﻠﺔ يف اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
130- c)transitions
129- d)expository
References
*Hello! Year 3 (Student’s Book & Workbook)
*Longman files
*Let’s eat Grandma! By Joanne Adams, 2017
Download:
https://www.mediafire.com/file/5z1t8kkpxgtso79/eatgrandma.pdf/file
*Get a Grip on your Grammar
https://t.me/englishbooksforall/536
*Penguin Guide to Punctuation
https://t.me/englishbooksforall/535
*https://www.thepunctuationguide.com/
*https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/punctuation/punctuation/
*https://writingcenter.unc.edu/
51
Formal & Informal E-mails
Choose the correct answer:
1-The ------------ is the main part of the email message that contains text and
messages.
a)body
b)subject
c)salutation
d)closing
2-A closing is a polite ending to a message. Which of the following is a good
example of a closing?
a)Best regards,
b)Thank you,
c)Yours sincerely
d)All of the above
3-How do you properly format an email?
a)subject/salutation/closing/body/signature
b)signature/body/salutation/closing/subject
c)subject/salutation/body/closing/signature
d)subject/body/salutation/signature/closing
4-We usually write formal emails to ---------------.
a)institutions or organizations
b)friends
c)family
d)relatives
5-What name is given to the process of sending an email you have received to
someone else?
a) sending
b) forwarding
c) repeating
d) cancelling
6-What is the most important thing you should include with every formal email?
a)A specific subject field
b)Proper grammar and punctuation
c)Proper closing including your name
d)All of the above are correct
7-What is something you should do when creating a subject for an email?
a)leave it blank
b)be brief and concise
c)Just say ‘Hi’
d)explain as much information as you can
52
8-You should --------------- your emails before sending them. Once they are sent,
you can’t get them back.
a)reply
b) return
c)review
d)cancel
9-How should the subject line be?
a)a greeting
b) long and descriptive
c)short and precise
d) long and narrative
10-What are the strategies to make email content concise and relevant?
a) Omit unnecessary words
b) Keep sentences short
c) Break long text into paragraphs
d) All of the above
11-You are submitting an email application for a job. How should you address
the recipient if you do not know his or her name?
a)To Whom it May Concern
b)Dear Thomas
c)Hey there
d)All answers are correct
12- How will you make sure you are sending clear cut, polite, and professional
emails?
a) Using spelling and grammar check
b) Proofreading ‫ ﺗدﻗﻳﻖ وﺗﺻﺣﻳﺢ‬twice
c) Using a proper subject line
d) All of the above
13-When writing a Subject Line:
a) Use something general, such as "Greetings" or "Hello."
b) Be specific, but brief.
c) Use several sentences.
d) wrong spelling doesn’t matter
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14- At the end of a formal email, you should include:
a) Only your name.
b) Only your name and company.
c) All your relevant contact information.
d) A picture of your pet python and twin tarantulas.
15-What can be sent with an email as an attachment?
a)A text file
b)images
c)A PowerPoint presentation
d)All the above
16-Writing an email is similar to -----------------.
a) creating a drawing
b) writing a letter
c) narrating a story
d)picturing an event
17-An email account includes a storage area, often called a/an -----------------.
a)attachment
b)hyperlink
c)mailbox
d)IP address
18-Which of the following is not a term pertaining to ‫ ﻳﺗﻌﻟﻖ ﺑـ‬e-mil?
a)PowerPoint
b)Inbox
c)Sender
d)Receiver
19-‘Hey’ and ‘How’s it going?’ are greetings often used in ----------------.
a) formal interviews
b) business letters
c) formal emails
d)informal emails
20-Which of the following is used as closing phrases for an informal email?
a)Sincerely, Yours Faithfully
b) Love, Take care
c) Best regards
d) Kind regards
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Answers:
1-a)body
2-d)all of the above
3-c)
subject/salutation/body/closing/signature
4- a)institutions or organizations
5- b) forwarding
6- d)All of the above are correct
7- b)be brief and concise
8- c)review
9- c)short and precise
10- d) All of the above
11- a)To Whom it May Concern
12- d) All of the above
13- b) Be specific, but brief.
14- c) All your relevant contact
information.
15- d)All the above
16- b) writing a letter
17- c)mailbox
18- a)PowerPoint
19- d)informal emails
20- b) Love, Take care
Good Luck!
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