Management of Beneficial Insects 2(1+1) 1. Importance of beneficial Insects, Beekeeping and pollinators, bee biology, commercial methods of rearing, equipment used, seasonal management, bee enemies and disease. 2. Bee pasturage, bee foraging and communication. 3. Insect pests and diseases of honey bee. 4. Role of pollinators in cross pollinated plants. 5. Types of silkworm, voltinism and biology of silkworm. 6. Mulberry cultivation, mulberry varieties and methods of harvesting and preservation of leaves. 7. Rearing, mounting and harvesting of cocoons. 8. Pest and diseases of silkworm, management, rearing appliances of mulberry silkworm and methods of disinfection. 9. Species of lac insect, morphology, biology, host plant, lac production – seed lac, button lac, shellac, lac- products. 10. Identification of major parasitoids and predators commonly being used in biological control. 11. Insect orders bearing predators and parasitoids used in pest control and their mass multiplication techniques. 12. Important species of pollinator, weed killers and scavengers with their importance. AEZ 321 (Management of Beneficial Insects) Importance of Beneficial Insects, Beekeeping & Pollinators Ramanuj Vishwakarma Asstt. Prof. cum Jr. Scientist Department of Entomology Bihar Agricultural College, Sabour Note: Contents of the lecture have been taken from the different concerned books and web sources, that mentioned at last page of this presentation. Classification of Insects based on Economic importance Insect Economically Important Economically not Important Harmful Crops & Plants Human being Animal & Pets Beneficial Productive Helpful Honey bee Silkworm Lac insects Predators Parasitoids Pollinators Weed killers Scavengers Apiculture & Beekeeping Apiculture? Beekeeping? Same or different Apiculture – the biology, behaviour & management of eusocial & solitary bees Eusocial bees – two types viz. domesticated & wild Beekeeping – rearing of domesticated bees & their management Contd… Insects are dominant animals on this earth. They represent about 80% of the animal kingdom About 7,15,000 insect species are recorded throughout the world, while 75,000 species are reported from India Approximately 25,000 species of bees have been identified, with almost 40,000 still yet to be catalogued Out of 25,000 species, only 8-10 species are considered honey bees. They live in large family groups called colonies Development of History of Honey bee & Apiculture There was no more development in beekeeping till 16th century Proper beekeeping started only when man started giving protection to colonies found in the nature Modern beekeeping has come a long way from the traditional claypots, log-hives, bamboo-baskets and wooden-boxes to movable frame-hives introduced in the beginning of the 16th century Development of modern beekeeping has its origin between 1500 and 1851 when many attempts were made to domesticate bees in different types of hives but were not successful because bees attached their combs together as well as to the walls of hive and combs required had to be cut for honey Contd… The discovery of the principle of bee space in 1851 by Reverend Lorenzo Lorraine Langstroth in USA resulted in first truly movable frame hive. This bee space was 9.5 mm for Apis mellifera This discovery was followed by subsequent innovations like comb foundation mill, honey extractor, smoker, etc., which helped in the development of modern beekeeping what we are seeing today In India The first attempt to keep bees in movable frame hives was made in 1882 in Bengal and then in 1883-84 in Punjab Contd… In South India, Reverend Newton during 1911-1917 trained several beekeepers and devised a hive for indigenous bee Apis cerana based on principle of bee space (which was named after his name as “Newton hive”) Beekeeping was also started in the Travancore state (now Cochin) in 1917 and in Mysore in 1925 In Himachal Pradesh modern beekeeping with indigenous honey bee A. cerana started in 1934 at Kullu and in 1936 at Kangra Beekeepers of India organized themselves and formed an ‘All-India Beekeepers' Association’ in 1938-39 and published a journal named “Indian Bee Journal” Contd… ICAR - established Beekeeping Research Station at Punjab in 1945 and at Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu) in 1951 The exotic honey bee, A. mellifera was successfully introduced for the first time in India in 1962 at Nagrota Bagwan (then in Punjab & now in HP), because this bee has potentials to produce more honey & highly resistance against a number of biotic stresses In 1962 - Central Bee Research and Training Institute situated at Pune was established by KVIC In 1980 - the ICAR conceived and formulated an All-India Coordinated Research Project on Honeybee Research and Training Benefits from Beekeeping Direct Benefits § § § § § § Honey Pollen Propolis Bee wax Royal jelly Bee venom In-direct Benefits § § Provides employment Increase in crop yield through cross pollination Honey It is a natural sweet substance collected by honeybees in the form of nectar, convert it into honey and store in wax comb to ripen Consumption of one kg of honey gives 3500 calories energy, which equivalent to Composition of honey (approx. 180 elements) § Carbohydrates – Fructose 36-42% Glucose 30-35% Sucrose 1-3.9% § Moisture content 16-22% § Ash 0.2% § Others 3.2% Contd… Contd… Medicinal Values of Honey § Helps in build up of haemoglobin § Ideal health drinks with tea, coffee and lemon § Used as carrier in all ayurvedic and unani medicines § Used as blood purifier, cough & cold preventer during sore throat § Used - redness of eyes § Recommended in severe cases of malnutrition with impaired digestion, stomach and intestinal ulcers § Use in treatment of wounds and burns due to antimicrobial properties Bee Pollen It is a dust like structure collected by honeybees from male part of the flowers Composition of Dry Pollen § Water – 11% § Crude Protein – 21% § Carbohydrates – 32% § Fat – 5% § Ash – 3% § Undetermined – 29% Worker bee collecting pollen Contd… Contd… Uses § Supplementary food § Useful in anemia § Lowering BP & improves appetite Yield and Value § 4 kg / colony / year (Apis mellifera) § More than Rs. 1000 / kg Collected pollen Royal jelly Composition of Royal jelly § Water – 57-70% § Proteins – 17-45% § Sugars – 18-52% § Lipids – 3.5% § Minerals – 2-3% § Vitamins – Rich in vita. Larva dipped in Royal jelly Contd… Contd… Uses § Use to increase vigour and vitality § Use to prevent obesity § Use to improves appetite § Use to normalize metabolism § Use for other medicinal purposes Yield and Value § 200 mg / queen cell (Apis mellifera) § More than Rs. 2000 / 100 g Bee Propolis Composition of bee propolis § Resins & balsams – 45-55% § Waxes & fatty acids – 25-30% § Essential oils – 10% § Pollen, protein & amino acids - 5% § Minerals – 5% Propolis Contd… Contd… Uses § Use to increase antimicrobial activity § Use to prepare ointments § Use in preparation of cosmetics § Use in treatment of cuts & wounds Yield and Value § 200-300 g / colony/ year (Apis mellifera) § More than Rs. 2000 / kg Bee Wax Composition of bee wax § Esters & fatty acids 70-75% § Free acids – 15% § Saturated carbons – 12-15% Uses § Used as constituent of cosmetics § Use to prepare medicines (Ointments, capsules, etc.) § Use to prepare paints-Varnishes Yield and Value § 1 kg / colony/ year (Apis mellifera) § More than Rs. 500 / kg Contd… Bee Venom Composition of bee venom § Enzymes – 11-13% § Proteins & peptides – 50-74% Melittin -50% § Amines – 1.2-4% § Sugars – 2% § Phospholipids – 5% § Mineral matters – 4-8% § Saturated carbons – 12-15% Stinging of honeybee Contd… Contd… Uses § Use to cure rheumatism, endoarthiritis, neuralogia, necrosis § Use as constituent of cosmetics § Use for apitheropy Yield and Value § 1 g / 25 colony / year (Apis mellifera) § More than Rs. 10000 / g Present Status of Honey Production 18,900 MT – UP (NHB, 2018) 18,60,712 MT – 116 countries (FAO, 2017-18) 1,05,000MT – 25 states 51,547.32 MT export - 62 countries Worth Rs. 65,357.58 lakh (APEDA, 2017-18) Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour AEZ 321 (Management of Beneficial Insects) Colony Organization & Species of Honey Bees Ramanuj Vishwakarma Asstt. Prof. cum Jr. Scientist Department of Entomology Bihar Agricultural College, Sabour Note: Contents of the lecture have been taken from the different concerned books and web sources, that mentioned at last page of this presentation. Colony Organization of Honey bees Honey bees are social insects and live in colonies with a highly organized system Queen : One Worker : 10,000 - 30,000 (Indian honey bee) 30,000 - 50,000 (Italian honey bee) Drone : Few hundreds Worker Drone Queen Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Differences Among Different Castes Description Worker Queen drone Reproduce Fertilized eggs Fertilized eggs Unfertilized eggs Type of sex Sterile female Fertile female Male Head size Large Small Large Body length Small Large Medium Wax gland Present Absent Absent Reproductive system Undeveloped Well developed Well developed Sting apparatus Well developed Absent Absent Pollen brush & basket Present Absent Absent Type of cell Hexagonal (Flattened) Circular Hexagonal (Convex) Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Characteristics of Different Castes of Honey bee Queen Perfect female or mother of colony or egg laying machine Largest member of the colony Mate once in a life in air – called as Nuptial Flight Fertilized eggs produced workers or queens Unfertilized eggs produced drones Italian honeybee queen lays 1500-1800 eggs / day Indian honeybee queen lays 500-800 eggs / day Total life span of a queen is 2-3 years Feed only royal jelly in her life span Can’t produce wax & royal jelly Can’t sting Contd… Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Open queen cell Sealed queen cell Queen honey bee Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Drone Produces from unfertilized eggs Do not collect pollen, nectar, water & propolis Only one sole function - mate with queen A drone feeds equivalent to 3-6 worker bees feed Its life span is about 8 weeks Can’t produce wax & royal jelly Can’t sting Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Sealed brood cell Open drone cell Emerging adult (drone) Drone honey bee Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Worker Produces from fertilized eggs Can’t mate - undeveloped reproductive system Total life span is about 6 weeks Duties in 1st half of her life − Secretion of royal jelly & beeswax − Feeding broods & queen − Building combs & raising queen cells − Cleaning of colony, fanning & heating − Guarding/ defense of colony from enemies Duties in 2nd half of her life − Marking & identification of colonies & members − Searching & gathering of pollen, nectar, water & propolis Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… open cell Packed brood cell Worker honey bee Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Life Stages of Honey bees Pupa Larva Adult Egg Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Developmental Periods of Honey bees Caste Egg (days) Larva (days) (days) Pupa (days) Total days A B A B A B A B Queen 3 3 5 5 7-8 8 15-16 16 Worker 3 3 4-5 5 11-12 12-13 18-20 21 Drone 3 3 7 7 14 24 14 24 A – Apis cerana B – Apis mellifera Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Classification of Honey bees Kingdom Subkingdom Phylum Subphylum Class Order Suborder Family Subfamily - Animalia Metazoa Arthropoda Uniramia Insect/Hexapoda Hymenoptera Apocrita Apidae Euglossinae (Orchid bee) Bombinae (Bumble bee) Meliponinae (Stingless bee) Apinae (Honey bee) Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Species of Honey bees Little honey bee (Apis florea) Found in plains up to 300 m above MSL Make small colony in bushes & branches of trees in vertical situation Make their colony in natural light Absconding tendency is very high & can’t be kept in hive 200-250 g honey / colony / year High sugar conc. in honey & high medicinal value Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Rock/Gaint honey bee (Apis dorsata) Distributed across country & in hilly areas and up to 1600 m above MSL Make single comb under the tree-branches or roofs or rocks Make their colony in natural light More ferocious, aggressive & crucious than all other spp. Absconding tendency is very high & can’t be kept in hive due to migratory habit During summer they migrate to avoid high temp. Larger in size than all other spp. Honey yield – up to 50 kg / colony / year Efficient pollinators of agri-horti. crops Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Himalayan bee (Apis laboriosa ) Distributed is limited to Himalayas 2500 to 3000 m above MSL Built very large combs on vertical cliffs Occurs in Bhutan, Yaman, India & Nepal High altitude red honey fetches very high price Honey yield – up to 60 kg / colony / year Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Indian honey bee (Apis cerana) Distributed all over India up to 2500 m above MSL Make colony in cavities of tree trunk, hollows of rock, poles and other covered places Make colony opposite sunlight Can be easily domesticated Swarming tendency is very high Susceptible to wax moth & absconding is common 12-15 kg honey / colony / year Foraging range between 0.8 - 1 km Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Italian honey bee (Apis mellifera) Originated from Italy Distributed all over world Make colony opposite to sun light Can be easily domesticated Swarming tendency is very less Resistance against diseases Larger than other domesticated sp. & wider pollinating efficiency 30-50 kg honey / colony / year Foraging range between 2 - 3 km Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Stingless/Dammer bee (Trigona iridipennis & Melipona sp.) Originated from Italy Much smaller than the true honey bees Build irregular combs in crevices of walls & hollow tree trunks Comb is made up of a dark material called ‘cerumen’ which is a mixture of wax & earth or resin Important pollinator of various food crops Can be domesticated Honey yield – 100 g / hive / year Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Sources for content Mishra RC and Garg R 2003. Perspectives in Indian Apiculture. Agrobios, Jodhpur, India Singh D and Singh DP 2012. A Handbook of Beekeeping. Agrobios, Jodhpur, India Singh S 1975. Beekeeping in India. ICAR, New Delhi, India Aruga H 1994. Principles of Sericulture. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi Ganga G 2003. Comprehensive Sericulture. Vol. II. Silkworm Rearing and Silk Reeling. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi Partiban S & David BV 2007. Management of Household Pests and Public Health Pests. Namratha Publ., Chennai David, BV 2002. Elements of Economic Entomology, Popular Book Deopt, Chennai Ghorai N 1995. Lac-culture in India. International Books & Periodicals Supply Service Sathe, T V & A D Jadhav. 2001. Sericulture and Pest Management. Daya Books, p. 197. Some content have taken from the different web sources AEZ 321 (Management of Beneficial Insects) Morphology & Anatomy of Honey Bee Ramanuj Vishwakarma Asstt. Prof. cum Jr. Scientist Department of Entomology Bihar Agricultural College, Sabour Note: Contents of the lecture have been taken from the different concerned books and web sources, that mentioned at last page of this presentation. Morphology of Honey bee Adult honey bee has a hard exoskeleton, which protects its soft organs inside. Like generalized insects, its body divided into 3 distinct regions head, thorax and abdomen. Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Morphology of Honey bee The Head The head of a honeybee is triangular when seen from the front. Important organs on or inside the head are antennae, eyes and mouthparts. Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd.. Antenna(e) The antenna is geniculate with a large scape, a small pedicel and 10 flagella in females (queen and worker) and 11 in the males (drone). Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd.. Eye (s) Honeybees have two large compound eyes and three ocelli Each compound eye is composed of individual cells i.e. ommatidia Number of ommatidia in an eye is about 4000 in the queen, 5000 in the worker and 8000 in the drone They can distinguish only yellow, blue, blue-green and ultraviolet and cannot see black, red or grey colours Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd.. Mouthparts Honey bees have combined mouthparts - chewing and lapping type It consists of a pair of mandibles for grasping, feeding pollen, moulding wax during comb building and for defence, mainly in the worker-bees The proboscis or tongue is a modification of glossa, and is a sheath-like structure, covered by labium, two lateral maxillae and two paraglossae unite together to form food canal Honeybee is used the food canal for drawing nectar from flower Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd.. Thorax The thorax is the second body region and carries organ of locomotion (legs and wings). It consists of three segments viz. prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd.. Legs: There are three pairs of legs and situated on each segment: On the fore legs of the honeybee are antenna cleaners. This is present in all the three castes; queen, worker and drone. The middle leg has brushes for cleaning the thorax. The hind legs differ from the other legs - larger size and broad flattened form. In worker-bees, these are modifying for collection of pollen and propolis. The smooth outer surface of the tibia is fringed with long curved hairs forming the pollen brush or Scopa and the space thus enclosed is known as pollen basket or Corbicula Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd.. Wings There are two sets of wings one on each side of the thorax. Fore wings are larger than the hind wings and the both are synchronizing in the flight with a row of wing hooks or humuli on the hind wing that would hitch into a fold on the rear edge of the fore wing Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd.. Abdomen The abdomen in adult-worker & queen appears to be six segmented; segments 8-10 are vestigial and the first segment is fused with thorax, and abdomen bears sting, wax, scent glands and genitalia Four pairs of wax glands are present in the ventral aspect of the abdominal segments 4th to 7th Ovipositor is well developed and is useful for laying eggs in queen and modified as a stinging organ in the worker; well developed in drone Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Anatomy of Honey bee Digestive system Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Digestive tract of HB consists of mouth, pharynx, oesophagus and has expanded honey-stomach. Honey-stomach is a specialized organ meant for storage of nectar, later on, which is transformed into honey. From honey-stomach, food goes to ventriculus (mid gut) through X shaped opening known as proventriculus, regulating passage of food to ventriculus. At the junction of the ventriculus with the ileum there are about 100 malpighian tubules. Rectum is quite expandable just like the crop, and both are exodermal structures, and are lined with a chitin layer. Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd.. Reproductive system Male Female Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd.. Well dev. in queen & drone; greatly reduced in worker In drone- reproductive organs are a pair of yellowish small flat triangular testes, coiled vasa deferentia and enlarged seminal vesicles. In worker- organs for laying eggs are modified as sting apparatus In queen- reproductive body organs are ovaries (eggs develop for fertilization). Mating takes place in air termed as nuptial flight. A queen may be mated twice, thrice or four or even five times during successive flight. Sperms are stored in spermatheca (sac like structure) Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Respiratory system It consists of 10 breathing pores (spiracles) present on the lateral sides on different segments of body. Three are located on the thorax, and seven on the abdomen. In bees, oxygen is taken to all the organs of the body by means of tracheal tubes. Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Circulatory system HBs have open circulatory system formed by heart and aorta Heart - five pairs of ostia, which are oblique slits in the abdominal segments 2 - 6 Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd.. Nervous and sensory system HB – have very developed nerve and sensory system. HB uses the hairs on its body to determine touch or external pressure. HB has no known olfactory organs. However, the antennae hairs allow the bee to smell or taste. Eyes are the best sensory organ of the HB. CNS of the honeybee consists of a brain in the head above the pharynx, and a ventral nerve cord extending from head to end of abdomen. Excretory system ES is of generalized type having malpighian tubules extended in the body cavity. Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Sources for content Mishra RC and Garg R 2003. Perspectives in Indian Apiculture. Agrobios, Jodhpur, India Singh D and Singh DP 2012. A Handbook of Beekeeping. Agrobios, Jodhpur, India Singh S 1975. Beekeeping in India. ICAR, New Delhi, India Aruga H 1994. Principles of Sericulture. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi Ganga G 2003. Comprehensive Sericulture. Vol. II. Silkworm Rearing and Silk Reeling. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi Partiban S & David BV 2007. Management of Household Pests and Public Health Pests. Namratha Publ., Chennai David, BV 2002. Elements of Economic Entomology, Popular Book Deopt, Chennai Ghorai N 1995. Lac-culture in India. International Books & Periodicals Supply Service Sathe, T V & A D Jadhav. 2001. Sericulture and Pest Management. Daya Books, p. 197. Some content have taken from the different web sources AEZ 321 (Management of Beneficial Insects) Seasonal Management of Honey bee Colonies Ramanuj Vishwakarma Asstt. Prof. cum Jr. Scientist Department of Entomology Bihar Agricultural College, Sabour Seasonal Management Management during spring (February to Mid April) Management during summer (Mid April to June) Management during monsoon (End June to September) Management during Autumn & Winter January) (October to Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Management during spring (February to Mid April) During this season, the bees are found to be more active because of plenty of floral sources. Nectar flow started in February and ended in mid April. Thus, the additional availability of nectar and pollen acted as stimulant for brood rearing activity. However, the various management practices/ operations can be followed during spring season: Inspection of colonies for brood rearing activities, laying queen and the bee strength during April month Uniting of weak colonies & removal of the old/ exhausted queen Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Maintenance of cell starter/ cell builder colonies for queen rearing Start queen rearing/grafting work from selected breeder colonies Timely extraction of honey from super frames Maintenance of colonies during flow season Regular inspection of colonies for supersedure queen cell, if any, to check the swarming chances Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Management during summer (Mid April to June) During summer season, the activity of bees are normal due to simultaneous increase in temperature. Therefore, the underlying special cares should be taken to maintain the working tempo of the colonies so as to exploit the main honey flow: Provide fresh water & moistened gunny bag, if requires Colonies should be shifted under shady places along with proper spacing for their management Adequate space should be made available in the colony for brood rearing and later on for storing nectar & honey Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Timely extraction of honey from super frames Weak colonies should be united with the strong one Colony inspection for brood rearing activities, laying queen and the bee strength during warm weather Cleaning of bottom board may reduce the incidence of pests and disease attack Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Management during monsoon (End June to September) This season is virtually unfavourable for honeybees. During this period, attack of different pests (wax moth, ants, wasps and bee mites) and diseases (protozoan, bacteria & virus) may result in declining colony strength. Besides these, the food sources during this season are also scanty. Starving colonies may even abscond. Thus, to overcome these adverse conditions the following management practices should be taken during this season: Providing fresh water, well shading and proper space for their movement Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Cleaning of bottom board without disturbing the colony Remove old black combs or infested combs with wax moth Regular inspection on attack of wasps & ants Regular inspection to check the incidence of diseases, if any Artificial feeding of sugar syrup in 1 : 2 ratio of sugar (50g) : water (100ml) at 3-4 days intervals For pollen substitute, prepare synthetic pollen (soybean flour-25 g + pollen – 15 g + Yeast powder – 10 g + Milk powder – 5 g + honey/sugar -43 g + glycerin – 2 g) Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Management during (October to January) autumn & winter The critical brood rearing starts in autumn and winter seasons. Because of congenial climatic conditions and the availability of bee flora the bees remain busy to continue their hive as well as in field activities. As the winter advances, the conditions become little adverse and foraging activity is also curtailed. The underlying management practices are followed during this season: Inspection for building up of worker population in colony vis-avis performance of queen Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Shifting of bee hives in the sun light area Maintenance of colonies with least disturbance to maintain winter cluster Used of gunny bag for the protection from chilly winds Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur AEZ 321 (Management of Beneficial Insects) Essential Equipments for Beekeeping Ramanuj Vishwakarma Asstt. Prof. cum Jr. Scientist Department of Entomology Bihar Agricultural College, Sabour Note: Contents of the lecture have been taken from the different concerned books and web sources, that mentioned at last page of this presentation. Beekeeping Equipments Bee Hive L.L. Langstroth discovered principle of bee space in 1851 in the U.S.A. This space permits free passage for worker bees The bee space measures 9.52 mm for A. mellifera and this was modified for A. cerana to be between 7 & 9 mm Hive is composed of bottom board, brood-chamber, frames, super-chamber, inner cover & top cover There are different types of hives used for different species & races of bees Apis cerana is largely kept in modem movable frame-hive, but even at present, especially in tribal areas, species are still kept in log- and pot-hives, while, A. mellifera is always kept in movable frame-hives, and only Langstroth hive is in use for this species. Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Langstroth Hive...... Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Bottom board: It is floor of the hive having an entrance for bees. On this board brood chamber rests Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Brood chamber: This chamber is used for rearing of brood. Frames are placed in the chamber on which bees raise combs. The dimensions and number of frames vary with the type of hive Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Frame: Each frame consists of a top bar, two sides and a bottom bar. Inner aspect of the top bar has a groove for fixing comb foundation sheet. Side bar has four holes for wiring the frame. The frame holds a comb Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Queen excluder: Perforated zinc sheets or round wires assembled in such a way that workers can pass through them and queen cannot (perforation size is 4.20mm for A. mellifera whereas worker thorax size varies from 3.33 to 3.50mm). It is used during honey flow season to restrict queen to brood chamber and thereby preventing egg laying in the super. It is also used in maintaining multiple queen system in a colony Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Super chamber: Dimensions may be same as that of brood chamber or half of it (depending on type of beehive). This is the chamber where bees store surplus honey. Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Inner cover: A board, which acts as a partition between brood/super chamber and the roof. Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Top cover: A type of lid acting as roof placed over inner cover. Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Dimensions of movable frames used in India Dimension Types of bee Brood frame Super frame hive Inner length Inner height Inner length Inner height (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) Langstroth 440 228 440 228 Newton 252.5 132.5 252.5 62.5 Villager or 190.0 or 300.0 190.0 300.0 Jeolikot 103.0 Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Nucleus hive: Small beehive for keeping 4-5 frames. These are used for mating of queens and division of colonies. Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Comb foundation mill: Used to print natural cell size of desired comb foundation sheet for A. mellifera & A. cerana Smoker: To provide smoke for facilitating easy handling of agitated bees Bee veil: To protect facial portion from beestings during handling of bee-colony Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Swarm catcher: To collect honeybee swarms from different natural sources Hand glove: To protect hands from bee-stings during handling Uncapping knife: To remove sealed layer of comb during extraction of honey Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Bee stand: Made up of bamboo, wood or iron to give support to beehive Honey extractor: To facilitate extracting honey Queen Cage: Used to introduce a queen to new colony and to transport the queen Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Feeders: Different types of feeders are used for feeding sugar syrup in the bee colonies. These can be (i) slow feeder (friction top pail feeders) in which holes are made in the lid and the feeder is placed inverted inside the hive (ii) fast feeder (division board feeder) which is of the size of a regular frame and the trough contains a wooden float inside the cavity Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Wax melter: Double walled chamber for melting of bees wax for making comb foundation sheets Bee brush: To brush the bees from frames Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Pollen trap: For trapping corbicular pollen of returning bee foragers: For A. mellifera pollen trapping screen has holes of 4.7 to 5mm and for A. cerana 3.5 to 3.7mm. Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Sources for contents Mishra RC and Garg R 2003. Perspectives in Indian Apiculture. Agrobios, Jodhpur, India Singh D and Singh DP 2012. A Handbook of Beekeeping. Agrobios, Jodhpur, India Singh S 1975. Beekeeping in India. ICAR, New Delhi, India Aruga H 1994. Principles of Sericulture. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi Ganga G 2003. Comprehensive Sericulture. Vol. II. Silkworm Rearing and Silk Reeling. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi Partiban S & David BV 2007. Management of Household Pests and Public Health Pests. Namratha Publ., Chennai David, BV 2002. Elements of Economic Entomology, Popular Book Deopt, Chennai Ghorai N 1995. Lac-culture in India. International Books & Periodicals Supply Service Sathe, T V & A D Jadhav. 2001. Sericulture and Pest Management. Daya Books, p. 197. Some content have taken from the different web sources AEZ 321 (Management of Beneficial Insects) Bee Pasturage & Foraging Behaviour Ramanuj Vishwakarma Asstt. Prof. cum Jr. Scientist Department of Entomology Bihar Agricultural College, Sabour Note: Contents of the lecture have been taken from the different concerned books and web sources, that mentioned at last page of this presentation. Bee Pasturage & Foraging Behaviour Honey bees collect nectar & pollen from a variety of plants, which termed as bee flora or bee forage or bee pasture. Nectar is source of honey, meeting the carbohydrate requirements of honeybees, where as pollen is source of protein The period when a good number of plants have nectar is called as Honey Flow Season or On Season The period when there is no honey flow is called as Dearth period or Off Season or Lean Period Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Honey bees usually forage about 100 m distance from the hive but they can go up to 1.5 km The bees are most active in foraging within a temp. range of 25ºC to 27ºC The worker bees make about 6000 trips/day to collect 500 to 1000 mg of pollen A worker bees makes about 19000 trips/day for collection of nectar In addition to P & N, bees also collect propolis Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Foraging Behaviour Plant-pollinator interaction is known since the evolution of angiosperms Co-evolution is a natural phenomenon in which both plants and pollinators survive Bees are good pollinators of many of our crosspollinated crops Honeybees show a great degree of relationship towards flowers as they both get P & N Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Bees restrict their foraging to small areas, and it is possible with the help of landmarks The foraging area is determined by the intensity of flora and the amount of nectar and pollen source Bees need to increase foraging area, if there is tough competition from the same species or different species Foraging range for A. cerana extends from 0.8-1km, and it is 2-3km for A. mellifera, depending upon the intensity of the flora Foraging speed depends upon the biotic and abiotic factors such as nectar and pollen contents, floral phenology, climate & resource competition Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Bee Flora or Bee Forage Plants Common name Agricultural Crops Botanical name Flowering period Source Sunflower Helianthus annuus L. January-May N&P Mustard Brassica spp. November-March N&P Safflower Carthamus tinctorious January-February N&P Bean Dolicus lablab September-October N Chickpea Cicer arietinum L. November-January N&P Berseem Trifolium alexandru Linn. May-June N Black gram Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper February-October N&P Field pea Pisum sativum L. ssp. arvense February-March N&P Green gram Vigna radiata (L.) Wilez January-February N&P Pigeon pea Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. October-December N&P Sun hemp Crotolaria juncea Linn. September-October N&P Linseed Linum usitatissimum January-February P Sesame Sesamum indicum L. July-September N Maize mays L. Bihar Agricultural University, July-August RamanujZea Vishwakarma, Sabour, BhagalpurP Contd… Vegetable Crops Onion Amaranthus Carrot Broccoli Cauliflower Radish Cabbage Ash gourd Bitter gourd Bottle gourd Cucumber Muskmelon Allium cepa L. May-June Amaranthus spinulosus L. June-July Daucus carrota Linn. February-April Brassica oleracea var. italica November-March Brassica oleracea var. botrytis November-March Raphanus sativus L. February-March Brassica oleracea var. capitata March-April Benincasa hispid June-August Momordica charabtia L. September-April Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) October-November Cucumis sativus L. July-September Cucumis melo L. March-May N&P N&P N N&P N&P N&P N&P N&P N&P N&P N&P N&P Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Vegetable Crops Pointed gourd Pumpkin Ridge gourd Sponge gourd Torai Watermelon Cowpea French bean Okra Drum stick Pea (Garden) Brinjal Tomato Trichosanthes diocia Roxb. July-November Cucurbita maxima L. April-June Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. June-September Luffa aegyptiaca Mill. September-April Luffa spp. June-September Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) March-May Vigna sinensis June-July Phaseolus vulgaris July-September Abelmoschas esculantus L. July-September Moringa oleifera Lamk. December-January Pisum sativum L. ssp. hortense March-May Solanum melongena L. Most of the year Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. March-October N&P N&P N&P N&P N&P N&P N&P N&P N&P N&P N&P N&P N&P Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Fruit Crops Mango Datepalm Papaya Aonla Jackfruit Banana Guava Jamun Pomegranate Ber Bael Lemon Litchi Mangifera indica L. March-April Phoenix sp. Feruary-March Carica papaya December-January Emblica officinalis March-May Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk. February-March Musa paradisiaca L. October-December Psidium guajava L. April-September Syzygium cumini L. March-May Punica sp. April-May Ziziphus mauritiana L. June-September Aegle marmelos L. June-October Citrus lemon (L.) Burm. April-December Litchi chinensis Gaerth. February-April N&P N&P N&P N&P N&P N&P N&P N&P N&P N&P N&P N&P N&P Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Ornamental Plants Chrysanthemum Dahlia Marigold Zinnia Pink balsam Lily Pride of India Hollyhock Show flower Gulmohar Portulaca Larkspur Rose Chrysanthemum segetum Dahlia sp. Tagetus spp. Zinnia elegans Impatiens balsamina L. Allium sp. Legerostromia indica Althaea resea Cav. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Delonix regia Ref. Portulaca grandiflora Hook Delphinium roylei Rosa spp. May-June July-November July-September July-September July-September December-February April-May July-August Most of the year May-June May-August March-May September-December N&P P N&P N&P N&P N&P N&P N&P P N&P P N&P P Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Medicinal Plants Rauvolfia/ Sarpagandha Indian fig Karanj Pudina Tulsi Waterlily Opium poppy Datura Rauvolfia serpentina Bth. August-December N Opuntia elator Mill. Pongamia pinnata Mentha spicata Ocimum sanctum Nymphaca lotus Papaver sp. Datura sp. August-March April-May July-October September-October August-September May-July July-September N&P N N N N&P P P Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Plantation & Miscellaneous Crops Cashew Coriander/ Dhania Arecanut Coconut Tamarind Fenugreek (Methi) Black pepper Lemon grass Tea Anacardium occidentale L. Coriandrum sativum L. Areca catechu L. Cocos nucifera L. Tamarindus indica L. Trigonella foenum Piper nigrum L. Cymbopogon flexuosus Cammelia sinensis January-February March-June December-August Most of the year April-May July-September August January-December September-October N&P N&P N&P N&P N&P N P P N&P Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Weed Crops Chakwat Congress grass Motha grass Pivla-dhotra Duranta Chenopodium sp. Parthenium hysterophorus Cyperus rotendus Linn. Argemome mexicana Linn. Duranta plumieri Jacq. December-January June-July June-July December-January May-August N&P P P P N Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Forest Crops Custard apple Jarul Champaful Neem Acacia or babul Sirish Bottle brush Safeda Annona squamosa April-May Lagerstroemia microcarpa Wall. March-May Michelia champaca April-May Azadirachta indica A. Juss. March-May Acacia Arabica December-April Albizzia lebbeck Benth. April-May Callistemon lanceolatus March-April Eucalyptus tereticornis February-March & October-November Gum trees Eucalyptus spp. April-May Shisham Dalbergia sisso Roxb. March-April Bamboo Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) October-November Banah/Nishinda Vitex negundo L. December-January N&P N&P N&P N&P N&P N&P N N&P N&P N P N&P Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Sources for contents Mishra RC and Garg R 2003. Perspectives in Indian Apiculture. Agrobios, Jodhpur, India Singh D and Singh DP 2012. A Handbook of Beekeeping. Agrobios, Jodhpur, India Singh S 1975. Beekeeping in India. ICAR, New Delhi, India Aruga H 1994. Principles of Sericulture. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi Ganga G 2003. Comprehensive Sericulture. Vol. II. Silkworm Rearing and Silk Reeling. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi Partiban S & David BV 2007. Management of Household Pests and Public Health Pests. Namratha Publ., Chennai David, BV 2002. Elements of Economic Entomology, Popular Book Deopt, Chennai Ghorai N 1995. Lac-culture in India. International Books & Periodicals Supply Service Sathe, T V & A D Jadhav. 2001. Sericulture and Pest Management. Daya Books, p. 197. Some content have taken from the different web sources AEZ 321 (Management of Beneficial Insects) Social Behaviour of Honey bees Ramanuj Vishwakarma Asstt. Prof. cum Jr. Scientist Department of Entomology Bihar Agricultural College, Sabour Social Behaviour of Honey bees Honey bees - fully social insects having many overlapping generations in same colony Colony is a well-organized social group having division of labour in terms of laying of eggs, nursing, comb building, guarding, food collection and its storage They have well developed communication system through different types of dances as well as trophallaxis Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Trophallaxis – transmission/exchange of food between workers and from workers to queen and drones. It is a type of communication regarding availability of food & water and a medium for transfer of pheromone Dances of Honey bees Karl von Frisch got noble prize in 1973 (under physiology & medicine, who shared it with two other animal behaviourists) based on his work published in 1946 on honey bee dances Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Scout/Searcher bees communicate distance, direction & quality of flowers by means of different dances, which are as follows: 1. Round dance 2. Wag-tail dance 3. Intermediate or sickle dance Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Round dance It shows availability of food source is nearby within 100m in case of A. mellifera & 10m in A. cerana The performing bee takes quick short steps and runs around in narrow circles on the comb; once to right and then left and then repeating for several seconds No indication of direction of food and the foragers search within 100 metres in all direction using floral odour Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Wag-tail dance It shows the distance of food source is more than 100m away from the hive In this dance, bees express a semi-circle to one direction, goes straight at starting point & completes other semi-circle in opposite direction from where it again runs a straight line No. of wagtail runs per unit of time indicate distance of source Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Wag-tail dance Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Intermediate or Sickle Dance It is intermediate dance between round and wagtail, which shows distance to the forage is somewhere in between Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Pheromones associated with Honey bees Alarm pheromone It is released worker bees when a bee stings another animal, and attract other bees to locate & cause the other bees to behave defensively, i.e. Sting Brood recognition pheromone Both larvae and pupae emit a "brood recognition" pheromone, to prevent worker bees from bearing offspring Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Drone pheromone Drones produce a pheromone that attracts other flying drones to promote drone aggregations at sites suitable for mating with virgin queens Nasonov pheromone It is emitted by the worker bees and used for orientation Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Queen mandibular pheromone It is emitted by the queen, that affects social behaviour, maintenance of the hive, swarming and mating behaviour The following compounds found in QMP (E)-9-Oxodec-2-enoic acid (9-ODA) (R,E)-(−)-9-Hydroxy-2-enoic acid (9-HDA) (S,E)-(+)-9-HDA Methylparaben (HOB) 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxy phenylethanol (HVA) Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur AEZ 321 (Management of Beneficial Insects) Pests and Diseases of Honey bees Ramanuj Vishwakarma Asstt. Prof. cum Jr. Scientist Department of Entomology Bihar Agricultural College, Sabour Pests of Honey bees HBs colonies attacked by wax-moth, wasps, beetles, ants, cockroaches, mites, birds, lizards, snake, etc. Wax moth Greater wax moth - Galleria mellonella Lesser wax moth - Achroia grisella Identification- GWM is brownish grey, 10-18 mm in length; its wing expanses 25- 40 mm; and female is larger than male Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Life history of Galleria mellonella Males & females mate within a day of their emergence. Mated females enter hive usually at night when colony is strong & seldom in day time. Female starts egg laying in clusters in one or two days after mating, and lays 300-600 eggs in 5-10 days hatches within a week. Caterpillars cast off their skin 4 to 6 times, having 5-6 instars. Total life-cycle may be completed between 6' weeks to 6 months. Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Nature of damage Most destructive & economically important pest of combs & hive products Caterpillars feed on combs, pollen, larval exuviae & other proteinaceous matter both in storage as well as in live honey bee colonies Caterpillars eat away combs or damage them by making tunnels in midrib of combs & webbing Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Management Proper sanitation measures are keeping bee-hive without cracks and crevices, protecting colony from wax-moths attack. Mechanical devices such as cut-and-burry infested portion of comb save colonies from destruction. Bee-boxes should be treated with sulphur-smoke & be kept in a stake during lean period. Sulphur dusting at 2 g/hive over top bar also protects colony from infestation. Use of Bt formulation var. karstaki at 5 g/hive. Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Wasps Vespa magnifica, V. sincta, V. auraria, V. orientalis & V. basalis are found in plains and hills of India These are social insects & make nests in tree cavities, walls or hang down from tree-trunks. V. magnifica forms burrowing-type nesting in soil. V. orientalis is predominant in sub-tropical region. It is predacious by nature & catches its prey from flowers & bees from hive entrance. Wasps crush bees & feed their young-ones by making paste-like material. Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… V. orientalis V. sincta Vespa magnifica Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Management Killing fecundated females during spring and destroyed future wasp colony Beating practice that killed females partially reduced the intensity of wasp attack Physical exclusion device by covering hive during summer with nylon- net having 1 cm mesh size in which bees may go out & get into, prevents wasp entry & gives effective control Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Other Pests The hives can be protected from various ant infestations by placing hive over bamboo or wooden or iron made stand with their legs on the earthen pots containing water. Sometimes wrapping legs of stand with impregnated kerosinized cloth also protects hive from ants. Other enemies such as beetles, cockroaches, and lizards can be controlled through proper management of bee-hive. Birds can be driven away by mechanical means. Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Bee mites Honeybees are infested by endo & ectoparasitic mites. In severe infestation, bee mortality becomes very high. Acarapis woodi: Endoparasitic mite of adult-bee. It infest tracheae of the first thoracic spiracle where they suck haemolymph. Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Diagnostic symptoms & effects of A. woodi infestation are: Bee crawlers are found in front of the hive; bees are unable to fly and wings are held disjointed Infested bees are hindered in intake of O2 & are short-lived. Management: Treatment with formic acid (85%) @ 5 ml is found effective against mites, and the colonies are free of infestation in a fortnight. Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Varroa jacobsoni (Ectoparasitic mite): This mite is a serious concern in Europe but not in India, while Apis cerana is original host of this mite. Varroa destructor (Ectoparasitic mite): Apis mellifera is original host of this mite & it is present all over world. Nature of Damage: Feeds haemolymph of bee larva & pupa. Infested colonies get weakened. Brood fails to develop into adults or malformed adults are formed. Drone brood is more prone to attack. Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Management Do not mixed equipments that used in infested colonies Deequeening & requeening at fornightly While drone are more prone, so, its migration should be restricted from one to other colonies. Use of cling paper and should destroy that Treatment with formic acid (85%) @ 5ml/hive in pad Treatment with Synecar, a mixture of sugar powder + Chloropropylate or Bromopropylate at 50 to 100 mg per colony by dusting between frames give control Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Tropilaelaps clareae (Ectoparasitic mite) It is serious on Apis mellifera bee & mortality goes up to 80% of brood in late larval and pupal stages. Infested colonies have irregular brood pattern, dead & malformed larvae & pupae in brood combs. Malformed adults with missing or poorly formed wings and shrunken abdomens can be observed crawling around hives Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Management Sulphur dusting @ 200 mg / colony on the top bar of frames is very effective. Fumigation of Formic acid (85%) @ 5 ml / colony reduces T. clareae population. Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Diseases of Honey Bees Bacterial Diseases Diagnosis American foul brood General Brood irregular, open and appearance of punctures cells, much dead brood brood in capped cells European foul brood Brood irregular, dead brood mostly in open cells Dead stage Coiled stage, occasionally late larval stage Late larval and early pupal stages, rarely coiled stage Colour of dead From dull white to dark brown or almost black brood From dull white to yellowish white, often dark brown Kind of brood Mostly worker, occasionally affected drone, rarely queen Occurrence in No in case of A. mellifera India Worker, drone and queen Yes in both domesticated spp. Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Bacterial Disease Diagnosis Odour American foul brood European foul brood Distinct odour at early stages No specific odour, sour odour at partly decayed Causal organism Bacillus larvae Melissococcus pluton Spread of disease Through hive parts, combs, honey Drifting nurse-bees Management Sterilization of bee hive & combs with formaldehyde and acetic acid Feeding Oxytetracycline (Teramycin) @ 0.1 g/litre sugar syrup Feeding Streptomycin in sugar syrup @ 0.05 to 0.15 g/litre Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Protozoan Disease Nosema disease Among the diseases of adult honey bee (Apis mellifera), nosema becomes most serious disease caused by Nosema apis. It is quite common in tropics, where weather is warm & humid Young bees are infected due to ingestion of protozoan parasite present in water or in food. Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Symptoms: Can be diagnosed on the basis of the external & internal symptoms: (i) infected bees have disjoined wings & are found crawling in front of the hive (ii) affected bees will try to fly & shop around for only short distances (iii) infected bees are found on the bottom board & in front of the hive & faecal matter on the bottom board Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Management: Treatment with Entakon-M @ 45.5 ppm (1 tab/litre of sugar solution) at weekly interval gives effective control. Fumigation treatment is also found effective. Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Viral Disease Thai sac brood virus Symptoms: Late larval & early pupal stage occurred died. Sac like appearance of dead brood. Dead brood is odourless and can not be stretched into a rope. Brood colour changes from white to yellow –greyish and finally black. Management: Isolation of healthy colonies from infected one. Destruction of infected colonies. Make strong colonies. Avoid hiving outside swarm. Oxytetracycline in sugar syrup @ 0.5-1.0 g/colony in 500 ml conc. Sugar syrup. Selecting virus resistant. Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Introduction & Importance Plants reproduce - asexual & sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction – Pollination not required Sexual reproduction- Pollination required Pollination - transfer of pollen from anther to stigma Pollinator – an agent that pollinates Visitor – one that makes formal visits Pollenizer – a plant that is a source of pollen Pollination takes two forms: Self & Cross pollination Self Pollination - occurs in same flowers Cross pollination – occurs in diff. flowers Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Pollination may be biotic or abiotic types Biotic Pollination - mediated with the involvement of living organisms’ viz. Bats, birds, insects, etc. Abiotic Pollination - mediated with non-living things viz., wind, water, gravity, rain Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Abiotic Pollination About 20% of angiosperms rely on abiotic pollination, 98% is mediated by wind. (Source: Ackerman, 2000) Anemophily – mediated by winds (grasses, conifers, anola, cashew nut, papaya, etc.) Hydrophily – mediated by water (aquatic plants) (Source: Friedman & Barrett, 2009) Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Biotic Pollination Global proportion of animal pollinated angiosperms is about 3,08,006, that pollinated by > 200,000 species of animals Majority of animal pollinators is insects, but about 1,500 species of birds & bats visit flowers and may transfer pollen between them Besides birds and bats, monkeys, lemurs, squirrels & rodents - observed as frequent visitors (Source: Ollerton et al., 2011) Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Biotic Pollination Zoophily – mediated by rats, bats etc. Ornithophily – mediated by birds (banana, pineapple, etc.) Chiropterophily – mediated by bats (mango, banana, guava) Entomophily – mediated by insects (fruits, vegetables, oilseeds, pulses, etc.) (Source: Ollerton et al., 2011) Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Entomophily (Insect Pollination) Psychophily – mediated by butter flies Phaleophily – mediated by small moths Sphingophily – mediated by hawk moths Cantharophily – mediated by beetles Myophily – mediated by syrphid & bombylid flies Saprophily - mediated by carrion flies Mellitophily – mediated by bees (Source: Labandiera et al., 2007) Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… As per an estimates - cross pollination occur 95% whether self pollination only 5% In cross pollination, 85% crops pollinated by insects and 15% by others Out of insect pollinated crops, 80% by bees & rest by others Bees are considered as an effective pollinators of many of our cultivated or wild crop-plants FAO (1995) estimated that >100 crop species provide 90% of food supply for 146 countries, 71 are bee-pollinated (mainly by wild bees), and several others are pollinated by other insects Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Requirement of Bees Colonies for Pollination Crop Alfalfa Almond Apple Berseem Carrot Cauliflower Citrus Cotton Cucumbers Guava Colonies/ha 10-12 2-4 2-3 3-4 6 2 2.5 1 – 2.5 6-20 Crop Mango Melon Onion Pears Pumpkins Rapeseed Sunflower Watermelon Coconut Colonies/ha 2-3 2.5 8-10 4-6 0.2 4 2.5 2.5 2-3 2-3 Safflower 2 (Source: Mishra & Garg, 2003) Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Increase in Yield Due to Bee Pollination Horticultural Crops Increase in Yield over SP (%) Apple- various varieties 180 - 6950 Pear 240 - 6014 Cherries 56 - 1000 Strawberry 17.4 - 91.9 Litchi 4538 - 10246 Orange 47 - 900 Citrus 7 - 33.3 Guava 70 - 140 Papaya 5 - 10 This increase in yield was in addition to the value of honey (Source: Mishra & Garg, 2003) Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd... Agricultural Crops Increase in Yield over SP (%) Mustard 128.1 - 157.8 Rapeseed 12.8 - 139.3 Sunflower 21 - 3400 Niger 60.7 - 173 Berseem (Seed) 24.3 - 33150 Buckwheat 62.5 Egyptian cotton 16 - 24 Coffee Beans 16.7 - 39.8 Pulses (Arahar, Moong, Urd, 10 - 38.7 Masoor, Peas, Beans, etc.) This increase in yield was in addition to the value of honey (Source: Mishra & Garg, 2003) Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Contd… Annual economic value of crop pollination worldwide was about € 153 billion/ Rs.15300 crores (Gallai et al., 2009) A total of 87 world’s leading food crops depend upon animal pollination, representing 35% of global food production (Klein et al., 2007) The area covered by pollinator-dependent crops has increased by more than 300% during the past 50 years (Aizen et al., 2008; Aizen & Harder 2009) Ramanuj Vishwakarma, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur Apis dorsata on Tribulus terrestris Bumble bee collecting food sources from sunfllower Bumblebee on a thistle flower Bumblebee laying down on a cone flower Contd… Apis florea collecting pollen Apis mellifera collecting pollen inside a flower bud with pollen basket attached to its leg A. mellifera collecting pollen Bumblebee on a cone flower Contd… A. mellifera officinalis pollinating Borago A. dorsata pollinating the Flower of Eletteria cardamomum A. Cerana collecting nectar A. mellifera collecting nectar Contd… Carpenter bee collecting pollen from night-blooming cereus A European bee collecting pollen & nectar from the flower A hummingbird feeding An Andrena bee collecting pollen from the rose flower Contd… Blueberries being bumblebees pollinated A syrphid fly pollinating a Common Hawkweed by Honey bee blossom A Megachilid bee on domestic plum An Australian painted lady Contd… SERICULTURE DR. KIRAN KUMARI Department of Entomology Bihar Agricultural College, Sabour SERICULTURE The science which deals with the rearing of silkworm, extraction of silk threads from its cocoons, bleaching, dyeing and refinishing of silk thread is called sericulture. Silk – queen of textile. Central silk Board at Mysore – 1946. Sericulture Research Station at Dehradun -1948 TYPES OF SILKWORM Common Name Scientific Name Family Order Mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori Bombycidae Lepidoptera Tassar silkworm Antherea mylitta A. paphia Saturniidae Lepidoptera Eri silkworm Philosamia ricini Saturniidae Lepidoptera Munga silkworm Antherea assamensis Saturniidae Lepidoptera HOST AND DISTRIBUTION OF SILKWORM Type of Silkworm Host Plant Distribution (In India) Distribution (In Bihar) Mulberry silkworm Mulberry (Morus alba, M. indica) Karnataka, W. Bengal, J&K, Kerala, T. Nadu, Punjab, U.P., Bihar , Jharkhand Purnea, Saharsa, Kisanganj, Supaul, Madhepura, Katihar, Araria Tassar silkworm Arjun tree (Terminalia arjuna), Sal (Shorea robusta), Ber (Zizyphus jujuba & Z. Mauritiana), Fig (Ficus carica) W. Bengal, Orissa, Assam, M.P., Bihar, Jharkhand Bhagalpur, Banka, Jamui Eri silkworm Castor (Ricinus communis) W. Bengal, Orissa, Assam, U.P., Bihar , Jharkhand Begusarai, Barh, Patna and Arah Munga silkworm Som tree (Machilus bombycina), Soalu (Litsaea polyantha) Assam ,W. Bengal, Orissa --- MAJOR SILK PRODUCING COUNTRIES China leads at 146,000 metric tons of silk produced annually. Second is India at annually. 28,708 metric tons of silk produced Major silk producing countries ➢ China ➢ India ➢ Uzbekistan ➢ Brazil ➢ Japan ➢ Korea ➢ Thialand ➢ Vietnam ➢ Iran MAJOR SILK CONSUMING COUNTRIES ➢ USA ➢ Italy ➢ Japan ➢ India ➢ France ➢ China ➢ U.K. ➢ Switzerland ➢ Germany ➢ U.A.E. ➢ Korea ➢ Vietnam COMPOSITION OF SILK Mulberry Silk o Fibroin - 70-75% Sericine - 25-30% Waxy substances - 2-3% Natural Colour - 1-1.5% Mineral Matter - 0.5-1% Added impurities lubricants and softener used during weaving and oil stains. VOLTINISM Silkworm are of three kinds: i. Univoltine, ii. Bivoltine and iii. Multivoltine Some races in India are: i. Pure Mysore race- multivoltine - 411 m long thread ii. Nistari- multivoltine - 269 m long thread iii. Chhotapolu- multivoltine - 256 m long thread iv. Barapolu - univoltine - 420 m long thread v. Sarupat - multivoltine - 246 m long thread BIOLOGY OF SILKWORM Mulberry silkworm: Adult: cream in colour, about 2.5 cm long and sluggish. It lives for 2-3 days only. It lays about 300-400 brownish white seed-like eggs in mass. Incubation pd. – 8 -10 days Larval pd.- 28 - 30 days, larvae are 5cm long, yellowish white or pure white with a small anal horn. Pupal pd.- 10 -12 days, Pupation takes place inside the cocoon. TASSAR SILKWORM The moth is stout with yellowish or brown wings with an eye spot in each wing. Eggs are laid on tender leaves of the host trees and lays 200 eggs Incubation pd. – 8 -10 days larval pd is 35-70 days. The caterpillar is green with red spiracles and. The cocoons are oval white and as large as a hen’s egg with hard case hung from the terminal branches by a stiff attachment about 5 cm long. Pupal pd is 25-50 days. The moths do not mate in captivity and so the caterpillars cannot be domesticated, ERI SILKWORM The adult moth is stout and dark and the wings darkish brown and white. It lays 120-200 eggs in cluster Incubation pd. – 7 -10 days larval pd is 17-25 days. The caterpillar has a green body with a brown head and the body has small tubercles bearing short hairs. The full grown caterpillar is 8 cm long. The cocoon is not compact but loosely spun. Silk is white or brick-red in colour and not as glossy as mulberry silk. SILK GLAND In silkworm silk is produced by the labial glands, which are homologous with the salivary glands of other insects. It is situated lateral and ventral to the digestive canal and is of variable length. In mulberry silkworm it is four times the body length and is folded so as to envelop the hinder region of the gut. Each gland is enlarged anteriorly into a reservoir which is produced into a duct, the two ducts converge to open at the apex known as the spinneret. It opens on the anterior margin of the labium of the caterpillar. REARING OF MULBERRY SILKWORM Accessaries required: A bamboo rack to keep trays containing various stages of insects Many circular trays made up of split bamboo Many bamboo baskets for fetching mulberry leaves Chopping knife for cutting leaves Chandriki or Cocoonage- a circular basket with a spiral wall about 5cm width to facilitate the worms to attach their cocoons to them optimum temp. 25-300 C & humudity 70-80% REARING OF MULBERRY SILKWORM (CONTD.) Fertilized moth is covered with an inverted funnel and eggs are allowed to be laid over a card board. Egg masses are brushed with a fine brush to remove any parasites and to obtain a uniform hatch. In a bamboo tray paddy husk is spread and very tender chopped mulberry leaves are added and hatched out larvae are transferred to leaves. Leaves are changed every two or three hours during the first two or three days. From fourth day caterpillars are given clean full leaves. A net of small mesh is placed over tray and leaves are placed over this. After 1 or 2 hr. Net is taken and placed in another tray. REARING OF MULBERRY SILKWORM (CONTD.) Full grown caterpillars are spread in a regular order about 8cm apart in chandriki and are allowed to pupate. Pupae are killed 2 or 3 days before emergence of moths by exposing them to sun for 2 or 3 days , by passing steam or hot air or by fumigating with a chemical. This is known as stiffling. Stiffled cocooons are dried. Then soaked in warm water to soften gum that binds silk threads Thread from 4 or 5 cocoons are put in a spool of reeling machine and made to a single thread of sufficient thickness to form row silk Row silk is boiled, steamed, stretched, purified by acid and washed twice or thrice to remove gum and to bring lustre. Cocoons required for further rearing are kept separately and moths are allowed to emerge. DISEASES OF SILKWORM Pebrine diseases: 1. Viral pebrine: caused by Borreline bombycis , larvae suffers from this disease are killed within 8-10 days of infection Larvae become pale, translucent and shorter. Control: Apparatus should be washed with 30% acetic acid for 15 minute and then with water. 2. Protozoan pebrine: caused by Nosema bombycis. Both larvae and adult suffer from this disease. Moths shrink and become irregular while larvae remain shorter, pale and translucent in colour and died before pupation. Control: Disinfection of rearing room and appliaces with formalin and destruction of infested moths. DISEASES OF SILKWORM (CONTD.) Grasserie: Bacterial disease and caused by Streptococcus and Bacilli, Attacked larvae swell and their body fluid become cloudy and thick. Skin brusts. Control: Larvae should not be fed with mature leaves first and tender leaves afterwards. Flacherie: The diseased larvae became thin and give out green fluid from their mouth. Larvae die and their bodies give offensive smell. This disease is caused by indigestion. Control: Over feeding should be avoided. Supply of wet and fermented leaves or dusty and muddy leaves, over crowding of larvae in tray should be avoided. DISEASES OF SILKWORM (CONTD.) Muscardine: caused by fungus, commonly found in rainy season. Suffered worms become soft and die. Control : diseased larvae should be burnt and cleanliness of room and appliances should be practiced. Enemies: 1.A tachinid parasite, Uzi fly ( Sturmia sericariae), Tachinidae: Diptera 2.Parasites like Ichneumon flies are egg parasites MULBERRY CULTIVATION Mulberry is grown in three forms i. Bush, ii. Tree and iii. High bush (intermediate form between tree and bush) Soil: Fertile deep red loam, well drained garden loam, black clayey loam and black cotton soils are suitable. Planting: Planted either in pit system or furrow system. Furrow should be 9 inch apart, cuttings are stuck into soft mud in pairs at a distance of 4 inch apart. Cutting should be 10-12 inch in length and planted as about 9 inch of length containing 2 buds above ground Planting time: March to May Manuring: Apply FYM @ 20 MT/ha/year in 2 equal split doses Apply NPK @ 350:140:140 Kg/ha/ year for V1 and 300:120:120 Kg/ha/ year for S36 in 5 equal splits V1 and S36 are the high yielding mulberry varieties HARVESTING OF MULBERRY LEAVES The collection of leaves in two ways: In first method, bush is cut close to the ground so that leaves are gathered with branches. After every such cutting, the field is either ploughed or dug between the rows and then irrigated. The bushes burst out into branches and leaves grow within 6 weeks. About 5-6 crops of leaves are taken in a year. In the middle wool waste as manure is applied @ 2 q /acre. In second method only leaves are removed and the bare braches remain and allow to grow. 10 picking can be done in irrigated condition while 6-7 picking in rainfed. Bushes are prunned once in a year. Best time for picking leaves in evening when leaves contain maximum carbohydrate and are of the highest feeding value and best method of is picking leaves instead of cutting branches alongwith leaves. INSECT PEST OF MULBERRY PLANTS Stem Girdler beetle: medium size beetle which ring or gridles the stem. Thus kill all growth above the injury. Control: cutting of affected branches. Beetle are looked for and destroy when found. Borers Presence of frass at the spot gives indication of the attack. The borers tunnel inside and causes the drying up of the branches. Control: Putting a little kerosene oil into the hole. Aphids: Suck cell sap from leaves and terminal shoots . Control: slip off leaves. LAC-CULTURE DR. KIRAN KUMARI Department of Entomology Bihar Agricultural College, Sabour LAC-CULTURE The name of lac insect was first given by J. Ker in the year 1805. Lac is the scarlet resinous secretion of a number of species of lac insects, of which the most commonly cultivated is Kerria lacca. The lac insects are sluggish and have almost sedentary life. Indian Lac Research Institute was established in the year 1925 at Namkum, Ranchi. It has changed as Indian Institute of Natural resins and gums on 20 September, 2007. Distribution: India, Pakistan, Sri lnka, Jawa, Malaya, China, Thailand, Myanmar In India: Leading producer of lac is Jharkhand,followed by Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Maharashtra. SPECIES OF LAC Indian species Main Commercial Species Laccifer lacca (Kerr) Kerria lacca Hemiptera: Lacciferidae Hemiptera: Kerriidae Two species: ➢ Kerria lacca (commercial species in India), ➢ Kerria chinensis (It is commercial in Thailand) HOST PLANTS There are two strains: Kusumi strains: ➢ Kusum (Scleichera oleosa) ➢ Ber ( Zizyphus jujuba) Rangeeni strain ➢ Palas or Dhak (Butea monosperma) ➢ Ber ( Zizyphus jujuba) ➢ Babul (Acacia arabica) ➢ Bargad (Ficus bengalensis) Composition of Stick lac: Resin : Wax : Colouring matter (Dye) : oSand, woody matter, insect bodies : o Sugar, proteins and soluble salts: 68% 4-6% 10-12% 8-12% 2-4% USES OF LAC Lac is used in making toys, bracelets, sealing wax, gramophone records, bangles etc., furniture polishes, paints and varnishes electrical goods printing inks filling material in the hollows of gold and silver ornaments Silvering of back of mirrors Dyeing of wool and silk Lac wax is used for fruit coating Lipstick Tailor’s chalk etc. MORPHOLOGY OF LAC INSECT Male Lac Insect Female Lac Insect Size 1-3 mm 4-5 mm Colour Red Pink Antenna 1 Pair 1 Pair Eyes 1 Pair Absent Mouth Part Absent Present (Sucking type) Legs 3 Pair Absent Wing May or may not be present Absent Abdomen Bears pair of caudal setae Bears pair of caudal setae LIFE CYCLE The life cycle of lac insect mainly depends on the ecological factors of the region like the temp., humidity and the host plants species. It includes four stages namely, egg, nymph instars, pupa and adult. The egg reaches the adult stage within six months. It is ovoviviparous types. The female get attached to the host plant inside the resinous mass. The male comes out of its resinous mass by pushing the operculum of the anal opening and then walks over the resinous covering of female. During walking fertilizes female. One male is capable of fertilizing many females. LIFE CYCLE LAC CULTIVATION METHOD OF LAC CULTIVATION Local Method: This is crude and unscientific method of lac cultivation in which lac is collected from trees growing in forest. Lac is left for continuous self inoculation on the same tree and every time a partial crop is taken. Modern Method This method was developed by ILRI, Ranchi and is known as coupe system. In this system a certain number of trees is couped or compartment are inoculated fully and when lac matures it is reaped and another set of trees from another coupe is taken up for subsequent inoculation. The coupe from which the crop was reaped not only got sufficient time to put forth new shoots and foliage but also get rest to regain the vigour. METHOD OF LAC CULTIVATION…CONTD To get good crop following points should keep in mind: Selection of suitable site Prunning of host plants Inoculation of brood lac Scrapping of brood lac Washing of lac Preparation of shellac METHOD OF LAC CULTIVATION…CONTD Selection of suitable site: The site should be selected on the basis of host plants, where environment conditions suitable for host trees. The excessive heat and cold should be avoided. Pruning of host plants: Pruning is essential and important operation to put forth maximum number of shoots, for successful colonization by nymph of the lac insect. Before starting lac cultivation care should be taken that trees have sufficient tender branches to enable the lac insect to establish itself. If it is not so the trees should be pruned. Pruning should always be carried out lightly, branches more than 2.5 cm in diameter should not be cut. The pruning depends upon the type of the host, e.g. in case of ber trees a large number of succulent shoots are produced after pruning while palas and kusum do not require pruning. METHOD OF LAC CULTIVATION…CONTD Inoculation of brood lac: Lac stick bearing alive mother cells which produce lac nymph are known as brood lac. The brood lac stick should be cut into convenient length of 15-30 cm and tied to succulent shoots of the host tree. The correct amount of brood lac (covered 15-20 times of its length) should be used for inoculation. The nymph after hatching will transfer themselves into succulent shoots. The brood lac used for inoculation should not be left on the tress for more than 3 weeks because keeping beyond this time, there is danger of enemies to spread. When the brood lac is removed from the trees, it is known as Phunki lac. Scrapping of brood lac: When the brood lac sticks are removed from trees and all other lac either dead or rejected as unfit for brood purposes is scrapped as early as possible METHOD OF LAC CULTIVATION…CONTD Washing of lac: The lac obtained after scrapping is washed with water and dried under shadow. The colour(lac dye) is obtained due to washing which is used for various purposes. Preparation of shellac: Autoclave method: This process have been developed by Indian Lac Research Institute, Ranchi, in which seed lac is put in the bags of iron nets and heated in special autoclave. The lac is collected in the lower surface of the autoclave. After sometimes it is removed and heated again. This melted shellac is spread into thin sheets and dried. INOCULATION OF BROOD LAC TYPE OF LAC Types of lac are found : Ari lac: This is immature lac and cutting of aril ac should be avoided. Stick lac: Mature lac harvested in the form of stick is called stick lac. Seed lac: the lac obtained after washing the scrapped sick lac and remaining is called seed lac. Dust lac: Dust lac is obtained after grinding the seed lac. Shellac: Shellac is prepared after heating the seed lac and dust lac. It is purified form of lac. Button lac: Button lac has longer shelf life than shellac flaks. So it is preferred by customers in disc form. These disc forms are called button lac. NATURAL ENEMIES OF LAC INSECT Parasites: The parasites of lac belong to the family chalcidoidea which lay their eggs inside the lac cell either in or on the body of lac insect. The grub after hatching feed on the lac insect and the adults come out by biting a hole in lac cell. 5-10 % damage is caused by these parasites: ➢ Coccophagous ischerchii ➢ Tetrastichus purpuresus ➢ Marietta Javensis ➢ Eupelmus tachardiae NATURAL ENEMIES OF LAC INSECT Predators: ➢ Two predators namely Eublema amabilis and Holocerca butverea are more important moths. The larvae of these moths feed on the lac insect as well as cell of the lac. ➢ Chrysopa sp. also attack the lac insect, larvae of which suck the body fluid of the host. ➢ The damage is caused by the predator is estimated to the tune of 40%. Non-insect pests: Some birds, monkeys and squirrels also destroy the lac and caused considerable loss.
