1. Re
a dW
d-C
c
EVERY HUMAN SOCIETY i an en e i e f
ld-b ilding. Religi n cc ie
a di inc i e lace in hi en e i e. O main
e he e i
make
me gene al a emen ab
he ela i n hi be een h man eligi n and
h man
ld-b ilding. Bef e hi can be d ne in elligibl , h e e , he
ab e a emen ab
he
ld-b ilding efficac
f cie m
be
e lica ed. F hi e lica i n i ill be im
an
nde and cie in
dialec ic e m (1).
S cie i a dialec ic hen men n in ha i i a h man
d c , and
n hing b a h man
d c , ha e c n in
l ac back
n i
d ce . S cie i a
d c f man. I ha n
he being e ce ha
hich i be
ed
n i b h man ac i i and c n ci ne . The e can
be n
cial eali a a f m man. Ye i ma al be a ed ha man i a
d c f cie . E e indi id al bi g a h i an e i de i hin he
hi
f cie , hich b h ecede and
i e i . S cie
a he e
bef e he indi id al a b n and i ill be he e af e he ha died. Wha i
m e, i i
i hin cie , and a a e l f cial
ce e , ha he
indi id al bec me a e n, ha he a ain and h ld n an iden i , and
ha he ca ie
he a i
jec ha c n i e hi life. Man cann
e i a a f m cie . The
a emen , ha
cie i he
d c f
man and ha man i he
d c f cie , a e n c n adic
. The
a he eflec he inhe en l dialec ic cha ac e f he cie al hen men n.
Onl if hi cha ac e i ec gni ed ill cie be nde
d in e m ha
a e ade a e i em i ical eali (2).
The f ndamen al dialec ic
ce
f
cie
c ni
f h ee
m men ,
e . The e a e e e nali a i n, bjec i a i n, and
in e nali a i n. Onl if he e h ee m men a e nde
d ge he can an
em i icall ade a e ie
f cie be main ained. E e nali a i n i he
ng ing
ing f h man being in he
ld, b h in he h ical and
he men al ac i i
f men. Objec i a i n i he a ainmen b he
d c
f hi ac i i (again b h h ical and men al) f a eali ha c nf n
i
iginal
d ce a a fac ici e e nal
and he han hem el e .
In e nali a i n i he ea
ia i n b men f hi
ame eali ,
an f ming i nce again f m
c e f he bjec i e
ld in
c e f he bjec i e c n ci ne . I i h gh e e nali a i n ha
cie i a h man
d c . I i h gh bjec i a i n ha cie bec me
a eali sui generis. I i h gh in e nali a i n ha man i a
d c f
cie (3).
E e nali a i n i an an h
l gical nece i . Man, a e kn
him
em i icall , cann be c ncei ed f a a f m he c n in
ing f
him elf in he
ld in hich he find him elf. H man being cann be
nde
d a
meh
e ing i hin i elf, in me cl ed he e f
in e i i , and then e ing
e e i elf in he
nding
ld.
H man being i e e nali ing in i e ence and f m he beginning (4).
Thi an h
l gical
fac i e
babl g nded in he bi l gical
c n i i n f man (5). Homo sapiens cc ie a ec lia
i i n in he
animal kingd m. Thi ec lia i manife i elf in man ela i n hi b h
hi
n b d and
he
ld. Unlike he he highe mammal , h
a e b n i h an e en iall c m le ed
gani m, man i c i l
nfini hed a bi h (6). E en ial e in he
ce
f fini hing man
de el men , hich ha e al ead aken lace in he f e al e i d f
he
he highe mammal , cc in he fi
ea af e bi h in he ca e f man.
Tha i , he bi l gical
ce
f bec ming man cc
a a ime hen
he h man infan i in in e ac i n i h an e a- gani mic en i nmen ,
hich incl de b h he h ical and he h man
ld f he infan . The e
i h a bi l gical f nda i n
he
ce
f bec ming man in he
en e f de el ing e nali and a
ia ing c l e. The la e
de el men a e n
meh
e im ed a alien m a i n
n he
bi l gical de el men f man, b he a e g nded in i .
The nfini hed cha ac e f he h man gani m a bi h i cl el
ela ed
he ela i el n eciali ed cha ac e f i in inc al
c e.
The n n-h man animal en e he
ld i h highl
eciali ed and fi ml
di ec ed d i e . A a e l , i li e in a
ld ha i m e
le
c m le el de e mined b i in inc al
c e. Thi
ld i cl ed in
em f i
ibili ie ,
g ammed, a i e e, b he animal
n
c n i i n. C n e en l , each animal li e in an en i nmen ha i
ecific
i
a ic la
ecie . The e i a m eld, a d gld, a
h eld, and f h. B c n a , man in inc al
c e a bi h i
b h
nde eciali ed and
ndi ec ed
ad a
ecie - ecific
en i nmen . The e i n manld in he ab e en e. Man
ld i
im e fec l
g ammed b hi
n c n i i n. I i an en
ld. Tha
i,i i a
ld ha m
be fa hi ned b man
n ac i i . C m a ed
i h he he highe mammal , man h ha a d ble ela i n hi
he
ld. Like he he mammal , man i in a
ld ha an eda e hi
a ea ance. B
nlike he he mammal , hi
ld i n im l gi en,
efab ica ed f him. Man m
make a
ld f him elf. The
ldb ilding ac i i
f man, he ef e, i n a bi l gicall e ane
hen men n, b he di ec c n e ence f man bi l gical c n i i n.
The c ndi i n f he h man
gani m in he
ld i h
cha ac e i ed b a b il -in in abili . Man d e n ha e a gi en
ela i n hi
he
ld. He m
ng ingl e abli h a ela i n hi i h i .
The ame in abili ma k man ela i n hi
hi
n b d (7). In a
c i
a , man i
f balance
i h him elf. He cann e
i hin
him elf, b m
c n in
l c me
e m i h him elf b e e ing
him elf in ac i i . H man e i ence i an ng ing balancing ac be een
man and hi b d , man and hi
ld. One ma
hi diffe en l b
a ing ha man i c n an l in he
ce
f ca ching
i h him elf.
I i in hi
ce
ha man
d ce a
ld. Onl in ch a
ld
d ced b him elf can he l ca e him elf and eali e hi life. B he ame
ce ha b ild hi
ld al
fini he hi
n being. In he
d,
man n
nl
d ce a
ld, b he al
d ce him elf. M e
eci el , he
d ce him elf in a
ld.
In he
ce
f
ld-b ilding, man, b hi
n ac i i , eciali e
hi d i e and
ide
abili f him elf. Bi l gicall de i ed f a
manld, he c n c a h man
ld. Thi
ld, f c
e, i c l e.
I f ndamen al
ei
ide he fi m
c e f h man life ha
a e lacking bi l gicall . I f ll
ha he e h manl
d ced
c e
can ne e ha e he abili ha ma k he
c e f he animal
ld.
C l e, al h gh i bec me f man a ec nd na e, emain
me hing
i e diffe en f m na e eci el beca e i i he
d c f man
n
ac i i . C l e m be c n in
l
d ced and e d ced b man. I
c e a e, he ef e, inhe en l
eca i
and ede ined
change.
The c l al im e a i e f abili and he inhe en cha ac e f c l e a
n able ge he
i he f ndamen al
blem f man
ld-b ilding
ac i i . I fa - eaching im lica i n ill cc
in c n ide able de ail a
li le f he n. F he m men , ffice i
a ha , hile i i nece a
ha
ld be b il , i i
i e diffic l
kee hem g ing.
C l ec n i
f he ali
f man
d c (8). S me f he e a e
ma e ial, he a e n . Man
d ce
l f e e c ncei able kind, b
mean f hich he m difie hi h ical en i nmen and bend na e
hi ill. Man al
d ce lang age and, n i f nda i n and b mean
fi,a
e ing edifice f mb l ha e mea e e e a ec f hi life.
The e i g d ea n f
hinking ha he
d c i n f n n-ma e ial
c l e ha al a g ne hand in hand i h man ac i i
f h icall
m dif ing hi en i nmen (9). Be hi a i ma , cie i , f c
e,
n hing b
a and a cel f n n-ma e ial c l e. S cie i ha a ec f
he la e ha
c e man
ng ing ela i n i h hi fell men (10).
A b an elemen f c l e, cie f ll ha e in he la e cha ac e a
a h man
d c . S cie i c n i ed and main ained b ac ing h man
being . I ha n being, n eali , a a f m hi ac i i . I
a en,
al a
ela i e in ime and ace, a e n gi en in na e, n can he be
ded ced in an
ecific manne f m he na e f man. If ne an
e ch a e m a de igna ing m e han ce ain bi l gical c n an , ne
can nl a ha i i he na e f man
d ce a
ld. Wha a ea
a an a ic la hi ical m men a h man na e i i elf a
d c f
man
ld-b ilding ac i i (11).
H e e , hile cie a ea a b an a ec f c l e, i cc ie
a i ileged
i i n am ng man c l al f ma i n . Thi i d e
e
an he ba ic an h
l gical fac , namel he e en ial ciali
f man
(12). Homo sapiens i he cial animal. Thi mean e m ch m e han
he
face fac ha man al a li e in c llec i i ie and, indeed, l e hi
h mani
hen he i h
in i la i n f m he men. M ch m e
im
an l , he
ld-b ilding ac i i
f man i al a and ine i abl a
c llec i e en e i e. While i ma be
ible, e ha
f he i ic
e,
anal e man ela i n hi
hi
ld in
el indi id al
e m , he em i ical eali
f h man
ld-b ilding i al a a cial ne.
Men together ha e
l , in en lang age , adhe e
al e , de i e
in i i n , and
n. N
nl i he indi id al a ici a i n in a c l e
c n ingen
n a cial
ce (namel , he
ce called ciali a i n),
b hi c n in ing c l al e i ence de end
n he main enance f
ecific cial a angemen . S cie , he ef e, i n
nl an
c me f
c l e, b
a nece a
c ndi i n f he la e . S cie
c e,
di ib e , and c - dina e he
ld-b ilding ac i i ie f men. And nl
in cie can he
d c f h e ac i i ie e i
e ime.
The nde anding f cie a
ed in man e e nali a i n, ha
i,a a
d c f h man ac i i , i a ic la l im
an in ie
f he
fac ha
cie a ea
c mm n en e a
me hing i e diffe en , a
inde enden f h man ac i i and a ha ing in he ine gi enne
f
na e. We hall n in a m men
he
ce
f bjec i a i n ha make
hi a ea ance
ible. S ffice i
a he e ha ne f he m
im
an gain f a ci l gical e ec i e i i ei e a ed ed c i n f
he h
a i ed en i ie ha make
cie in he imagina i n f he man
in he ee
he h man ac i i
f hich he e en i ie a e
d c and
ih
hich he ha e n
a
in eali . The
ff
f hich
cie and all i f ma i n a e made i h man meaning e e nali ed in
h man ac i i . The g ea
cie al h
a e ( ch a
he famil ,
he
ec n m , he a e, and f h) a e e again ed ced b
ci l gical
anal i
he h man ac i i ha i hei nl nde l ing b ance. F
hi ea n i i e
nhel f l if he ci l gi , e ce f he i ic
e , deal i h ch cial hen mena a if he
e e, in ac al fac ,
h
a e inde enden f he h man en e i e ha
iginall
d ced
hem and kee
n
d cing hem. The e i n hing
ng, in i elf, i h
he ci l gi
eaking f in i i n ,
c e , f nc i n , a e n , and
n. The ha m c me nl
hen he hink f he e, like he man in he
ee , a en i ie e i ing in and f hem el e , de ached f m h man
ac i i and
d c i n. One f he me i f he c nce
f e e nali a i n,
a a lied
cie , i he e en i n f hi
f a ic, h
a i ing
hinking. An he
a
f
ing hi i
a
ha
ci l gical
nde anding gh al a
be h mani ing, ha i , gh
efe back
he im ing c nfig a i n f cial
c e
he li ing h man being
h ha e c ea ed hem (13).
S cie , hen, i a
d c f man,
ed in he hen men n f
e e nali a i n, hich in n i g nded in he e bi l gical c n i i n
f man. A
n a ne eak f e e nali ed
d c , h e e , ne i
im l ing ha he la e a ain a deg ee f di inc i ene a again hei
d ce . Thi an f ma i n f man
d c in a
ld ha n
nl
de i e f m man, b ha c me
c nf n him a a fac ici
ide f
him elf, i in ended in he c nce
f bjec i a i n. The h manl
d ced
ld bec me
me hing
he e. I c n i
f bjec , b h ma e ial
and n n-ma e ial, ha a e ca able f e i ing he de i e f hei
d ce .
Once
d ced, hi
ld cann
im l be i hed a a . Al h gh all
c l e igina e and i
ed in he bjec i e c n ci ne
f h man
being , nce f med i cann be eab bed in c n ci ne a ill. I
and
ide he bjec i i
f he indi id al a , indeed, a
ld. In he
d , he h manl
d ced
ld a ain he cha ac e f bjec i e
eali .
Thi ac i ed bjec i i
f man c l al
d c
e ain b h
he ma e ial and he n n-ma e ial ne . I can eadil be nde
d in he
ca e f he f me . Man man fac e a
l and b ha ac i n en iche he
ali
f h ical bjec
e en in he
ld. Once
d ced, he
l ha
a being f i
n ha cann be eadil changed b h e h em l i .
Indeed, he
l ( a , an ag ic l al im lemen ) ma e en enf ce he l gic
f i being
ni
e , me ime in a a ha ma n be a ic la l
ag eeable
hem. F in ance, a l , h gh b i l a h man
d c,
i an e e nal bjec n
nl in he en e ha i
e ma fall e i and
h
hem el e a a e l , j
a he ma b falling e a ck
a
m
an
he na al bjec . M e in e e ingl , he l ma c m el
i
e
a ange hei ag ic l al ac i i , and e ha al
he a ec
f hei li e , in a a ha c nf m
its
n l gic and ha ma ha e
been nei he in ended n f e een b h e h
iginall de i ed i . The
ame bjec i i , h e e , cha ac e i e he n n-ma e ial elemen
f
c l e a
ell. Man in en a lang age and hen find ha b h hi
eaking and hi hinking a e d mina ed b i g amma . Man
d ce
al e and di c e ha he feel g il hen he c n a ene hem. Man
c nc c in i i n , hich c me c nf n him a
e f ll c n lling
and e en menacing c n ella i n f he e e nal
ld. The ela i n hi
be een man and c l e i h a l ill a ed b he ale f he ce e
a en ice. The migh b cke , magicall called
f n hingne b
h man fiat, a e e in m i n. F m ha
in n he g ab
d a ing
a e in acc dance i h an inhe en l gic f hei
n being ha , a he
e lea , i le han c m le el c n lled b hei c ea . I i
ible,
a ha en in ha
, ha man ma find an addi i nal magic ha ill
b ing back nde hi c n l he a f ce he ha nlea hed
n eali .
Thi
e , h gh, i n iden ical i h he ne ha fi
e he e f ce in
m i n. And, f c
e, i can al ha en ha man d
n in he fl d
ha he him elf ha
d ced.
If c l e i c edi ed i h he a
f bjec i i , he e i a d ble
meaning
hi a ella i n. C l e i bjec i e in ha i c nf n man a
an a emblage f bjec in he eal
ld e i ing
ide hi
n
c n ci ne . C l e i there. B c l e i al
bjec i e in ha i ma
be e e ienced and a ehended, a i e e, in c m an . C l e i there
for e er bod . Thi mean ha he bjec
f c l e (again, b h he
ma e ial and n n-ma e ial ne ) ma be ha ed
ih
he . Thi
di ing i he hem ha l f m an c n
ci n
f he
bjec i e
c n ci ne
f he
li a
indi id al. Thi i
b i
hen ne
c m ae a
l ha bel ng
he echn l g f a a ic la c l e i h
me en il, h e e in e e ing, ha f m
a
f a d eam. The
bjec i i
f c l e a ha ed fac ici , h gh, i e en m e im
an
nde and i h efe ence
i n n-ma e ial c n i en . The indi id al
ma d eam
an n mbe f, a , in i i nal a angemen ha migh
ell be m e in e e ing, e ha e en m e f nc i nal, han he in i i n
ac all ec gni ed in hi c l e. A l ng a he e ci l gical d eam ,
eak, a e c nfined
he indi id al
n c n ci ne and a e n
ec gni ed b
he a a lea em i ical
ibili ie , he
ill e i nl
a had like han a ma a. B c n a , he in i i n f he indi id al
cie , h e e m ch he ma di like hem, ill be real. In he
d,
he c l al
ld i n
nl c llec i el
d ced, b i emain eal b
i e f c llec i e ec gni i n. T be in c l e mean
ha e in a
a ic la
ld f bjec i i ie i h he (14).
The ame c ndi i n , f c
e, a l
ha egmen f c l e e
call cie . I i n en gh, he ef e,
a ha
cie i
ed in
h man ac i i . One m
al
a ha
cie i objecti ated h man
ac i i , ha i , cie i a
d c f h man ac i i ha ha a ained he
a
f bjec i e eali . The cial f ma i n a e e e ienced b man a
elemen
f an bjec i e
ld. S cie c nf n man a e e nal,
bjec i el
a e and c e ci e fac ici
(15). Indeed,
cie
i
c mm nl a ehended b man a i all e i alen
he h ical
ni e e in i
bjec i e e ence a ec nd na e, indeed. S cie i
e e ienced a gi en
he e, e ane
bjec i e c n ci ne
and n c n llable b he la e . The e e en a i n f li a fan a
ffe
ela i el li le e i ance
he indi id al
li i n. The
e e en a i n f cie a e immen el m e e i an . The indi id al can
d eam f diffe en cie ie and imagine him elf in a i
c n e . Unle
he e i in li i ic madne , he ill kn
he diffe ence be een he e
fan a ie and he realit f hi ac al life in cie , hich e c ibe a
c mm nl ec gni ed c n e f him and im e i
n him ega dle
f hi
i he . Since cie i enc n e ed b he indi id al a a eali
e e nal him elf, i ma f en ha en ha i
king emain a e
hi nde anding. He cann di c e he meaning f a cial hen men n
b in
ec i n. He m , f hi
e, g
ide him elf and engage
in he ba icall ame kind f em i ical in i ha i nece a if he i
nde and an hing l ca ed
ide hi
n mind. Ab e all, cie
manife i elf b i c e ci e
e . The final e f i bjec i e eali
i i ca aci
im e i elf
n he el c ance f indi id al . S cie
di ec , anc i n , c n l , and ni he indi id al c nd c . In i m
e f l a he e (n a l el ch en e m, a
e hall ee la e ),
cie ma e en de
he indi id al.
The c e ci e bjec i i
f cie can, f c
e, be een m
eadil
in i
ced e f cial c n l, ha i , in h e
ced e ha a e
ecificall de igned
b ing back in line ecalci an indi id al
g
. P li ical and legal in i i n ma e e a b i
ill a i n f
hi . I i im
an
nde and, h e e , ha he ame c e ci e
bjec i i cha ac e i e
cie as a hole and i
e en in all cial
in i i n , incl ding h e in i i n ha e e f nded n c n en .
Thi (m
em ha icall ) d e not mean ha all cie ie a e a ia i n f
ann . I does mean ha n h man c n c i n can be acc a el called a
cial hen men n nle i ha achie ed ha mea e f bjec i i ha
c m el he indi id al
ec gni e i a eal. In he
d , he
f ndamen al c e ci ene
f cie lie n in i machine ie f cial
c n l, b in i
e
c n i e and
im e i elf a eali . The
a adigma ic ca e f hi i lang age. Ha dl an ne, h e e fa em ed
f m ci l gical hinking, i likel
den ha lang age i a h man
d c . An a ic la lang age i he e l f a l ng hi
f h man
in en i ene , imagina i n and e en ca ice. While man
cal gan
im e ce ain h i l gical limi a i n n hi ling i ic fanc , he e a e n
la
f na e ha can be called
n e lain he de el men f, a ,
he Engli h lang age. N d e he la e ha e an
a
in he na e f
hing
he han i
a
a a h man
d c i n. The Engli h lang age
igina ed in ecific h man e en , a de el ed h gh
i hi
b h man ac i i , and i e i
nl in fa and a l ng a h man being
c n in e
e and nde and i . Ne e hele , he Engli h lang age
e en i elf
he indi id al a an bjec i e eali , hich he m
ec gni e a
ch
ffe he c n e ence . I
le a e bjec i el gi en.
The m be lea ned b he indi id al, he he a hi fi
a a f eign
lang age, and he cann change hem a ill. The e a e bjec i e anda d
f c ec and inc ec Engli h, and al h gh he e ma be diffe ence f
ini n ab
min
de ail , he e i ence f
ch anda d i a
ec ndi i n f
he e f he lang age in he fi
lace. The e a e, f
c
e, enal ie f
ffending again he e anda d , f m failing in
ch l
cial emba a men in la e life, b he bjec i e eali
f he
Engli h lang age i n
ima il c n i ed b he e enal ie . Ra he , he
Engli h lang age i eal bjec i el b i e f he im le fac ha i i
there, a ead -made and c llec i el ec gni ed ni e e f di c
e
i hin hich indi id al ma nde and each he and hem el e (16).
S cie , a bjec i e eali ,
ide a
ld f man inhabi . Thi
ld enc m a e he bi g a h f he indi id al, hich nf ld a a
e ie f e en
ithin ha
ld. Indeed, he indi id al
n bi g a h i
bjec i el eal nl in fa a i ma be c m ehended i hin he
ignifican
c e f he cial
ld. T be
e, he indi id al ma
ha e an n mbe f highl
bjec i e elf-in e e a i n , hich ill ike
he a bi a e
a d n igh inc m ehen ible. Wha e e he e elfin e e a i n ma be, he e ill emain he bjec i e in e e a i n f he
indi id al bi g a h ha l ca e he la e in a c llec i el ec gni ed
f ame f efe ence. The bjec i e fac f hi bi g a h ma be minimall
a ce ained b c n l ing he ele an e nal d c men . Name, legal
de cen , ci i en hi , ci il a , cc a i n he e a e b
me f he
fficial in e e a i n f indi id al e i ence, bjec i el alid n
nl
b f ce f la b b he f ndamen al eali -be
ing
enc
f
cie . Wha i m e, he indi id al him elf, nle again he encl e
him elf in a li i ic
ld f i hd a al f m he c mm n eali , ill
eek
alida e hi elf-in e e a i n b c m a ing hem i h he
bjec i el a ailable c dina e f hi bi g a h . In he
d , he
indi id al
n life a ea a bjec i el eal,
him elf a
ell a
he , nl a i i l ca ed i hin a cial
ld ha i elf ha he cha ac e
f bjec i e eali (17).
The bjec i i
f cie e end
all i c n i en elemen .
In i i n , le , and iden i ie e i a bjec i el eal hen mena in he
cial
ld, h gh he and hi
ld a e a he ame ime n hing b
h man
d c i n . F e am le, he famil a he in i i nali a i n f
h man e ali in a a ic la
cie i e e ienced and a ehended a
n bjec i e eali . The in i i n i there, e e nal and c e ci e, im ing
i
edefined a e n
n he indi id al in hi a ic la a ea f hi life.
The ame bjec i i bel ng
he le ha he indi id al i e ec ed
la in he in i i nal c n e in e i n, e en if i h ld ha en ha he
d e n
a ic la l enj
he e f mance. The le f, f in ance,
h band, fa he
ncle a e bjec i el defined and a ailable a m del f
indi id al c nd c . B
la ing he e le , he indi id al c me
e e en he in i i nal bjec i i ie in a a ha i a ehended, b
him elf and b
he , a de ached f m he me e acciden
f hi
indi id al e i ence (18). He can
n he le, a a c l al bjec , in a
manne anal g
he
ing n f a h ical bjec f cl hing
ad nmen . He can f he e ain a c n ci ne
f him elf a di inc f m
he le, hich hen ela e
ha he a ehend a hi eal elf a ma k
ac . Th he can e en a ha he d e n like
e f m hi
ha
de ail f he le, b m
d
again hi
ill beca e he bjec i e
de c i i n f he le dic a e . F he m e, cie n
nl c n ain an
bjec i el a ailable a emblage f in i i n and le , b a e e i e f
iden i ie end ed i h he ame a
f bjec i e eali . S cie a ign
he indi id al n
nl a e f le b a de igna ed iden i . In he
d , he indi id al i n
nl e ec ed
e f m a h band, fa he ,
ncle, b
be a h band, a fa he , an ncle and, e en m e ba icall ,
be a man, in e m f ha e e being hi im lie in he cie in
e i n. Th , in he final e , he bjec i a i n f h man ac i i
mean ha man bec me ca able f bjec i a ing a a f him elf i hin
hi
n c n ci ne , c nf n ing him elf i hin him elf in fig e ha
a e gene all a ailable a bjec i e elemen
f he cial
ld. F
e am le, he indi id al qua
eal elf can ca
n an in e nal
c n e a i n i h him elf qua a chbi h . Ac all , i i nl b mean f
ch in e nal dial g e i h he bjec i a i n f ne elf ha ciali a i n i
ible in he fi
lace (19).
The
ld f
cial bjec i a i n ,
d ced b e e nali ing
c n ci ne , c nf n c n ci ne a an e e nal fac ici . I i
a ehended a
ch. Thi a ehen i n, h e e , cann a
e be
de c ibed a in e nali a i n, an m e han can he a ehen i n f he
ld f na e. In e nali a i n i a he he eab
i n in c n ci ne
f he bjec i a ed
ld in ch a a ha he
c e f hi
ld
c me de e mine he bjec i e
c e f c n ci ne i elf. Tha i ,
cie n f nc i n a he f ma i e agenc f indi id al c n ci ne .
In fa a in e nali a i n ha aken lace, he indi id al n
a ehend
ai
elemen
f he bjec i a ed
ld a hen mena in e nal
hi
c n ci ne a he ame ime a he a ehend hem a hen mena f
e e nal eali .
E e
cie ha c n in e in ime face he
blem f an mi ing
i bjec i a ed meaning f m ne gene a i n
he ne . Thi
blem i
a acked b mean f he
ce e f ciali a i n, ha i , he
ce e b
hich a ne gene a i n i a gh
li e in acc dance i h he in i i nal
g am
f he
cie . S ciali a i n can, f c
e, be de c ibed
ch l gicall a a lea ning
ce . The ne gene a i n i ini ia ed in
he meaning f he c l e, lea n
a ici a e in i e abli hed a k and
acce he le a ell a he iden i ie ha make
i
cial
c e.
S ciali a i n, h e e , ha a c cial dimen i n ha i n ade a el
g a ed b
eaking f a lea ning
ce . The indi id al n
nl lea n
he bjec i a ed meaning b iden ifie
i h and i ha ed b hem. He
da
hem in him elf and make hem his meaning . He bec me n
nl
ne h
e e he e meaning , b
ne h e e en and
e e e hem.
The
cce
f
ciali a i n de end
n he e abli hmen f
mme be een he bjec i e
ld f cie and he bjec i e
ld
f he indi id al. If ne imagine a
all
ciali ed indi id al, each
meaning bjec i el a ailable in he cial
ld
ld ha e i anal g
meaning gi en bjec i el
i hin hi
n c n ci ne . S ch
al
ciali a i n i em i icall n n-e i en and he e icall im
ible, if
nl b ea n f he bi l gical a iabili
f indi id al . H e e , he e
a e deg ee f cce in ciali a i n. Highl
cce f l ciali a i n
e abli he a high deg ee f bjec i e/ bjec i e mme , hile fail e
f ciali a i n lead
ai
deg ee f a mme . If ciali a i n i n
cce f l in in e nali ing a lea he m im
an meaning f a gi en
cie , he la e bec me diffic l
main ain a a iable en e i e.
S ecificall , ch a cie
ld n be in a
ii n
e abli h a
adi i n ha
ld en e i e i ence in ime.
Man
ld-b ilding ac i i i al a a c llec i e en e i e. Man
in e nal a
ia i n f a
ld m al ake lace in a c llec i i . I ha
b n
bec me a cial- cien ific la i de
a ha i i im
ible
bec me
be h man, in an em i icall ec gni able f m ha g e
be nd bi l gical b e a i n , e ce in cie . Thi bec me le
fa
la i de if ne add ha he in e nali a i n f a
ld i de enden n
cie in he ame a , beca e ne i he eb a ing ha man i
inca able f c ncei ing f hi e e ience in a c m ehen i el meaningf l
a nle
ch a c nce i n i an mi ed
him b mean f cial
ce e . The
ce e ha in e nali e he ciall bjec i a ed
ld a e
the same
ce e ha in e nali e he ciall a igned iden i ie . The
indi id al i
ciali ed to be a de igna ed e n and
inhabit a
de igna ed
ld. S bjec i e iden i and bjec i e eali a e
d ced in
he ame dialec ic (he e, in he e m l gicall li e al en e) be een he
indi id al and h e ignifican he
h a e in cha ge f hi
ciali a i n
(20). I i
ible
m
he dialec ic f ma i n f iden i b a ing
ha he indi id al bec me ha hich he i add e ed a b
he . One
ma add ha he indi id al a
ia e he
ld in c n e a i n i h
he and, f he m e, ha b h iden i and
ld emain eal him elf
nl a l ng a he can c n in e he c n e a i n.
The la
in i e im
an , f i im lie ha
ciali a i n can
ne e be c m le ed, ha i m
be an ng ing
ce
h gh
he
life ime f he indi id al. Thi i he bjec i e ide f he al ead
ema ked- n eca i ne
f all h manl c n c ed
ld . The
diffic l
f kee ing a
ld g ing e e e i elf
ch l gicall in he
diffic l
f kee ing hi
ld bjec i el la ible. The
ld i b il
in he c n ci ne
f he indi id al b c n e a i n i h ignifican
he ( ch a a en , eache , ee ). The
ld i main ained a
bjec i e eali b he ame
f c n e a i n, be i i h he ame
i h ne ignifican he ( ch a
e , f iend ,
he a cia e ). If
ch c n e a i n i di
ed ( he
e die , he f iend di a ea ,
ne
c me
lea e ne
iginal cial milie ), he
ld begin
e,
l ei
bjec i e la ibili . In he
d , he bjec i e eali
f he
ld hang n he hin h ead f c n e a i n. The ea n h m
f
a e na a e f hi
eca i ne m
f he ime i g nded in he
c n in i
f
c n e a i n i h ignifican he . The main enance f
ch c n in i i ne f he m im
an im e a i e f cial de .
In e nali a i n, hen, im lie ha he bjec i e fac ici
f he cial
ld bec me a bjec i e fac ici a ell. The indi id al enc n e he
in i i n a data f he bjec i e
ld
ide him elf, b he a e n
data f hi
n c n ci ne a ell. The in i i nal
g am e
b
cie a e bjec i el eal a a i de , m i e and life
jec . The
eali
f he in i i n i a
ia ed b he indi id al al ng i h hi
le and hi iden i . F e am le, he indi id al a
ia e a eali he
a ic la kin hi a angemen
f hi
cie . Ipso facto, he ake n he
le a igned
him in hi c n e and a ehend hi
n iden i in
e m f he e le . Th , he n
nl la he le f ncle, b he is an
ncle. N , if ciali a i n ha been fai l
cce f l, d e he i h
be
an hing el e. Hi a i de
a d he and hi m i e f
ecific
ac i n a e endemicall a nc la . If he li e in a cie
hich ha
e abli hed ncleh d a a cen all ignifican in i i n (n
, be
e, b m
ma ilineal
cie ie ), he ill c ncei e f hi
h le
bi g a h ( a , e en , and f
e) in e m f hi ca ee as an ncle.
Indeed, he ma e en ac ifice him elf f
hi ne he
and de i e
c n la i n f m he h gh ha hi
n life ill c n in e in hem. The
ciall bjec i a ed
ld i ill a ehended a e e nal fac ici . Uncle ,
i e , ne he
e i in bjec i e eali , c m a able in fac ici
he
ecie f animal
ck . B hi bjec i e
ld i al a ehended
n
a
bjec i e meaningf lne . I ini ial a ene ( a ,
he child,
h m
lea n he l e f ncleh d) ha been c n e ed
an in e nal
an l cenc . The indi id al ma n
l k i hin him elf and, in he
de h f hi
bjec i e being, ma di c e him elf a an ncle. A hi
in , al a a ming a deg ee f cce f l ciali a i n, in
ec i n
bec me a iable me h d f he di c e
f in i i nal meaning (21).
The
ce
f in e nali a i n m
al a be nde
da b
ne
m men f he la ge dialec ic
ce ha al incl de he m men
f
e e nali a i n and bjec i a i n. If hi i n d ne he e eme ge a ic e
f mechani ic de e mini m, in hich he indi id al i
d ced b
cie
a ca e
d ce effec in na e. S ch a ic e di
he cie al
hen men n. N
nl i in e nali a i n a f he la e la ge dialec ic,
b he ciali a i n f he indi id al al
cc in a dialec ic manne (22).
The indi id al i n m lded a a a i e, ine hing. Ra he , he i f med
in he c
e fa
ac ed c n e a i n (a dialec ic, in he li e al en e f
he
d) in hich he i a participant. Tha i , he cial
ld ( i h i
a
ia e in i i n , le , and iden i ie ) i n
a i el ab bed b
he indi id al, b ac i el appropriated b him. F he m e, nce he
indi id al i f med a a e n, i h an bjec i el and bjec i el
ec gni able iden i , he m
c n in e
a ici a e in he c n e a i n
ha
ain him a a e n in hi ng ing bi g a h . Tha i , he
indi id al c n in e
be a co-producer f he cial
ld, and h
f
him elf. N ma e h
mall hi
e
change he cial defini i n f
eali ma be, he m a lea c n in e a en
h e ha f m him a
a e n. E en if he h ld den hi c - d c i n ( a , a a
i i i ic
ci l gi
ch l gi ), he emain a c - d ce f hi
ld all he
ame and, indeed, hi denial f hi en e in he dialec ic a a f ma i e
fac b h f hi
ld and f him elf. The ela i n hi f he indi id al
lang age ma , nce m e, be aken a a adigma ic f he dialec ic f
ciali a i n. Lang age c nf n he indi id al a an bjec i e fac ici .
He bjec i el a
ia e i b engaging in ling i ic in e ac i n i h
he . In he c
e f hi in e ac i n, h e e , he ine i abl m difie he
lang age, e en if ( a , a a f mali ic g amma ian) he h ld den he
alidi
f he e m difica i n . F he m e, hi c n in ing a ici a i n in
he lang age i a f he h man ac i i ha i he nl n l gical ba e
f
he lang age in e i n. The lang age e i beca e he, al ng i h
he , c n in e
em l i . In he
d , b h i h ega d lang age
and
he ciall bjec i a ed
ld a a h le, i ma be aid ha he
indi id al kee
alking back
he
ld ha f med him and he eb
c n in e
main ain he la e a eali .
I ma n
be nde andable if he
i i n i made ha he
ciall c n
c ed
ld i , ab e all, an de ing f e e ience. A
meaningf l de ,
n m , i im ed
n he di c e e e e ience and
meaning f indi id al (23). T a ha
cie i a
ld-b ilding
en e i e i
a ha i i
de ing,
n mi ing, ac i i . The
e
ii n f
hi i gi en, a ha been indica ed bef e, in he
bi l gical c n i i n f homo sapiens. Man, bi l gicall denied he
de ing mechani m
i h hich he he animal a e end ed, i
c m elled
im e hi
n de
n e e ience. Man
ciali
e
e he c llec i e cha ac e f hi
de ing ac i i . The de ing
f e e ience i endemic
an kind f cial in e ac i n. E e
cial
ac i n im lie ha indi id al meaning i di ec ed
a d he and
ng ing cial in e ac i n im lie ha he e e al meaning f he ac
a e in eg a ed in an de f c mm n meaning (24). I
ld be
ng
a me ha hi n mi ing c n e ence f cial in e ac i n m , f m he
beginning,
d ce a n m ha emb ace all he di c e e e e ience and
meaning f he a ici an indi id al . If ne can imagine a cie in i
fi
igin ( me hing, f c
e, ha i em i icall na ailable), ne ma
a me ha he ange f he c mm n n m e and a
cial in e ac i n
c me
incl de e e b ade a ea f c mm n meaning. I make n en e
imagine ha hi n m
ill e e incl de he
ali
f indi id al
meaning . J a he e can be n
all
ciali ed indi id al,
he e ill
al a be indi id al meaning ha emain
ide f
ma ginal
he
c mm n n m . Indeed, a
ill be een a li le la e , he ma ginal
e e ience
f he indi id al a e f c n ide able im
ance f an
nde anding f cial e i ence. All he ame, he e i an inhe en l gic
ha im el e e n m
e and in
ide a ea f meaning. If he
de ing ac i i
f cie ne e a ain
ali , i ma e be de c ibed
a
ali ing (25).
The
cial
ld c n i e a n m
b h bjec i el and
bjec i el . The bjec i e n m i gi en in he
ce
f bjec i a i n a
ch. The fac f lang age, e en if aken b i elf, can eadil be een a he
im i i n f de
n e e ience. Lang age n mi e b im ing
diffe en ia i n and
c e
n he ng ing fl
f e e ience. A an
i em f e e ience i named, i i ipso facto, aken
f hi fl and gi en
abili as he en i
named. Lang age f he
ide a f ndamen al
de f ela i n hi b he addi i n f n a and g amma
cab la .
I i im
ible
e lang age i h
a ici a ing in i
de . E e
em i ical lang age ma be aid
c n i e a n m in he making, ,
i h e al alidi , a he hi ical c n e ence f he n mi ing ac i i
f
gene a i n f men. The iginal n mi ing ac i
a ha an i em i this,
and h not that. A hi
iginal inc
a i n f he i em in an de
ha incl de he i em i f ll ed b ha e ling i ic de igna i n ( he
i em i male and n female, ing la and n
l al, a n n and n a e b,
and
f h), he n mi ing ac in end a c m ehen i e de f all i em
ha ma be ling i icall bjec i a ed, ha i , in end a ali ing n m .
On he f nda i n f lang age, and b mean f i , i b il
he
c gni i e and n ma i e edifice ha a e f
kn ledge in a cie . In
ha i kn
, e e
cie im e a c mm n de f in e e a i n
n e e ience ha bec me
bjec i e kn ledge b mean f he
ce
f bjec i a i n di c ed bef e. Onl a ela i el mall a
f
hi edifice i c n i ed b he ie f ne kind
an he , h gh
he e ical kn ledge i
a ic la l im
an beca e i
all
c n ain he b d
f fficial in e e a i n f eali . M
ciall
bjec i a ed kn ledge i
e he e ical. I c n i
f in e e a i e
chema , m al ma im and c llec i n f adi i nal i d m ha he man
in he ee f e en l ha e i h he he e ician . S cie ie a in he
deg ee f diffe en ia i n in hei b die f kn ledge. Wha e e he e
a ia i n , e e
cie
ide f i membe an bjec i el a ailable
b d
f kn ledge. T
a ici a e in he
cie i
ha e i
kn ledge, ha i , c inhabi i n m .
The bjec i e n m i in e nali ed in he c
e f ciali a i n. I i
h a
ia ed b he indi id al bec me hi
n bjec i e de ing
f e e ience. I i b i e f hi a
ia i n ha he indi id al can
c me
make en e f hi
n bi g a h . The di c e an elemen f hi
a life a e de ed in e m f ha he kn
bjec i el ab
hi
n
and he c ndi i n. Hi ng ing e e ience i in eg a ed in he ame
de , h gh he la e ma ha e
be m dified
all
f
hi
in eg a i n. The f
e a ain a meaningf l ha e b i e f he ame
de being
jec ed in i . In he
d , li e in he cial
ld i
li e an de ed and meaningf l life. S cie i he g a dian f de and
meaning n
nl bjec i el , in i in i i nal
c e ,b
bjec i el
a ell, in i
c ing f indi id al c n ci ne .
I i f
hi ea n ha adical e a a i n f m he cial
ld,
an m , c n i e
ch a
e f l h ea
he indi id al (26). I i n
nl ha he indi id al l e em i nall a i f ing ie in ch ca e . He
l e hi
ien a i n in e e ience. In e eme ca e , he l e hi en e f
eali and iden i . He bec me an mic in he en e f bec ming
ldle . J
a an indi id al n m
i c n c ed and
ained in
c n e a i n i h ignifican he ,
i he indi id al l nged
ad
an m
hen ch c n e a i n i adicall in e
ed. The ci c m ance
f ch n mic di
i n ma , f c
e, a . The migh in l e la ge
c llec i e f ce , ch a he l
f a
f he en i e cial g
hich he indi id al bel ng . The migh be m e na
l bi g a hical,
ch a he l
f ignifican
he b dea h, di ce,
h ical
e a a i n. I i h
ible
eak f c llec i e a ell a f indi id al
a e f an m . In b h ca e , he f ndamen al de in e m f hich he
indi id al can make en e f hi life and ec gni e hi
n iden i
ill
be in
ce
f di in eg a i n. N
nl
ill he indi id al hen begin
l e hi m al bea ing , i h di a
ch l gical c n e ence , b he
ill bec me nce ain ab
hi c gni i e bea ing a
ell. The
ld
begin
hake in he e in an ha i
aining c n e a i n begin
fal e .
The ciall e abli hed n m ma h be nde
d, e ha in i
m
im
an a ec , a a hield again e . P diffe en l , he m
im
an f nc i n f
cie
i n mi a i n. The an h
l gical
e
i i n f hi i a h man c a ing f meaning ha a ea
ha e
he f ce f in inc . Men a e c ngeni all c m elled
im e a
meaningf l de
n eali . Thi
de , h e e , e
e he cial
en e i e f de ing
ld-c n c i n. T be e a a ed f m cie
e
e he indi id al a m l i lici
f dange
i h hich he i nable
c e b him elf, in he e eme ca e
he dange f imminen
e inc i n. Se a a i n f m cie al inflic
nbea able
ch l gical
en i n
n he indi id al, en i n ha a e g nded in he
an h
l gical fac f ciali . The l ima e dange f ch e a a i n,
h e e , i he dange f meaningle ne . Thi dange i he nigh ma e
par e cellence, in hich he indi id al i
bme ged in a
ld f di de ,
en ele ne
and madne . Reali
and iden i
a e malignan l
an f med in meaningle fig e f h
. T be in cie i
be
ane
eci el in he en e f being hielded f m he l ima e in ani
f ch an mic e . An m i nbea able
he
in
he e he
indi id al ma eek dea h in efe ence i . C n e el , e i ence i hin a
n mic
ld ma be
gh a he c
f all
f ac ifice and ffe ing
and e en a he c
f life i elf, if he indi id al belie e ha hi
l ima e ac ifice ha n mic ignificance (27).
The hel e ing ali
f cial de bec me e eciall e iden if
ne l k a he ma ginal i a i n in he life f he indi id al, ha i , a
i a i n in hich he i d i en cl e
be nd he b nda ie f he
de ha de e mine hi
ine, e e da e i ence (28). S ch ma ginal
i a i n c mm nl cc in d eam and fan a . The ma a ea n he
h i n f c n ci ne a ha n ing
ici n ha he
ld ma ha e
an he a ec han i n mal ne, ha i , ha he e i l acce ed
defini i n
f eali ma be f agile
e en f a d len (29). S ch
ici n e end
he iden i
f b h elf and he ,
i ing he
ibili
f ha e ing me am h e . When he e
ici n in ade he
cen al a ea f c n ci ne he ake n, f c
e, he c n ella i n
ha m de n
chia
ld call ne
ic
ch ic. Wha e e he
e i em l gical a
f he e c n ella i n ( all decided
n m ch
ang inel b
chia , eci el beca e i i fi ml
ed in he
e e da , fficial,
cial defini i n f eali ), hei
f nd e
f
he indi id al lie in he h ea he c n i e
hi
e i l
eai e
n m . The ma ginal i a i n par e cellence, h e e , i dea h (30).
Wi ne ing he dea h f he (n abl , f c
e, f ignifican he ) and
an ici a ing hi
n dea h, he indi id al i
ngl
elled
e i n
he ad hoc c gni i e and n ma i e e a ing
ced e f hi n mal
life in cie . Dea h e en
cie
i h a f midable
blem n
nl
beca e f i
b i
h ea
he c n in i
f h man ela i n hi , b
beca e i h ea en he ba ic a m i n f de n hich cie e .
In he
d , he ma ginal i a i n f h man e i ence e eal he
inna e eca i ne
f all cial
ld . E e
ciall defined eali
emain h ea ened b l king i eali ie . E e
ciall c n c ed
n m m face he c n an
ibili
f i c lla e in an m . Seen in
he e ec i e f cie , e e n m i an a ea f meaning ca ed
f
a a ma
f meaningle ne , a mall clea ing f l cidi in a f mle ,
da k, al a
min
j ngle. Seen in he e ec i e f he indi id al,
e e n m
e e en he b igh da ide f life, en
l held n
again he ini e had
f he nigh . In b h e ec i e , e e
n m i an edifice e ec ed in he face f he
en and alien f ce f
cha . Thi cha m
be ke a ba a all c . T en e hi , e e
cie de el
ced e ha a i i membe
emain eali ien ed ( ha i ,
emain i hin he eali a
fficiall defined) and
e n
eali
( ha i ,
e n f m he ma ginal he e f i eali
he ciall e abli hed n m ). The e
ced e ill ha e be l ked
a m e cl el a li le la e . F
he m men , ffice i
a ha he
indi id al i
ided b
cie
ih ai
me h d
a e ff he
nigh ma e
ld f an m and
a
i hin he afe b nda ie f he
e abli hed n m .
The cial
ld in end , a fa a
ible,
be aken f g an ed
(31). S ciali a i n achie e
cce
he deg ee ha hi aken-f -g an ed
ali i in e nali ed. I i n en gh ha he indi id al l k
n he ke
meaning f he cial de a
ef l, de i able,
igh . I i m ch be e
(be e , ha i , in e m f cial abili ) if he l k
n hem a
ine i able, a a and a cel f he ni e al na e f hing . If ha can
be achie ed, he indi id al h
a
e i l f m he ciall defined
g am can be c n ide ed n
nl a f l
a kna e, b a madman.
S bjec i el , hen, e i
de iance
ke n
nl m al g il b he
e
f madne . F e am le, he e al
g am f a cie i aken f
g an ed n im l a a ili a ian m all c ec a angemen , b a an
ine i able e e i n f h man na e. The -called h m e al anic
ma e e a an e cellen ill a i n f he e
nlea hed b he denial
f he
g am. Thi i n
den ha hi e
i al fed b
ac ical
a ehen i n and alm f c n cience, b i f ndamen al m
ic i
he e
f being h
in an
e da kne ha e a a e ne f m he
n mal
de f men. In he
d , in i i nal
g am a e end ed
i h an n l gical a
he in he e den hem i
den being
i elf he being f he ni e al de f hing and, c n e en l , ne
n being in hi de .
Whene e he ciall e abli hed n m a ain he ali
f being
aken f g an ed, he e cc
a me ging f i meaning
i h ha a e
c n ide ed be he f ndamen al meaning inhe en in he ni e e. N m
and c m a ea
be c e en i e. In a chaic cie ie , n m a ea a
a mic c mic eflec i n, he
ld f men a e e ing meaning inhe en
in he ni e e a
ch. In c n em a
cie , hi a chaic c mi a i n f
he cial
ld i likel
ake he f m f cien ific
i i n ab
he na e f men a he han he na e f he ni e e (32). Wha e e he
hi ical a ia i n , he endenc i f
he meaning f he h manl
c n c ed de
be
jec ed in he ni e e a
ch (33). I ma
eadil be een h
hi
jec i n end
abili e he en
n mic
c n c i n , h gh he m de f hi
abili a i n ill ha e
be
in e iga ed f he . In an ca e, hen he n m i aken f g an ed a
a e aining
he na e f hing ,
nde
d c m l gicall or
an h
l gicall , i i end ed i h a abili de i ing f m m e
ef l
ce han he hi ical eff
f h man being . I i a hi
in ha eligi n en e ignifican l in
a g men .
Religi n i he h man en e i e b
hich a ac ed c m
i
e abli hed (34). P diffe en l , eligi n i c mi a i n in a ac ed m de.
B ac ed i mean he e a ali
fm ei
and a e me
e , he
han man and e ela ed
him, hich i belie ed
e ide in ce ain
bjec
f e e ience (35). Thi
ali ma be a ib ed
na al
a ificial bjec , animal ,
men,
he bjec i a i n f h man
c l e. The e a e ac ed ck , ac ed
l , ac ed c
. The chief ain
ma be ac ed, a ma be a a ic la c
m in i i n. S ace and ime
ma be a igned he ame ali , a in ac ed l cali ie and ac ed ea n .
The
ali ma finall be emb died in ac ed being , f m highl
l cali ed i i
he g ea c mic di ini ie . The la e , in n, ma be
an f med in
l ima e f ce
inci le
ling he c m , n l nge
c ncei ed f in e nal e m b
ill end ed i h he a
f
ac edne . The hi ical manife a i n f he ac ed a
idel , h gh
he e a e, ce ain nif mi ie
be b e ed c
-c l all (n ma e
he e he he he e a e be in e e ed a e l ing f m c l al diff i n
f m an inne l gic f man
eligi
imagina i n). The ac ed i
a ehended a
icking
f m he n mal
ine f e e da life, a
me hing e a dina and
en iall dange
, h gh i dange can
be d me ica ed and i
enc ha ne ed
he need f e e da life.
Al h gh he ac ed i a ehended a he han man, e i efe
man,
ela ing
him in a
a in
hich
he n n-h man hen mena
( ecificall , he hen mena f n n- ac ed na e) d n . The c m
i ed b eligi n h b h an cend and incl de man. The ac ed
c m i c nf n ed b man a an immen el
e f l eali
he han
him elf. Ye hi eali add e e i elf
him and l ca e hi life in an
l ima el meaningf l de .
On ne le el, he an n m
he ac ed i he
fane, be defined
im l a he ab ence f ac ed a . All hen mena a e
fane ha d
n
ick
a ac ed. The
ine f e e da life a e
fane nle ,
eak,
en he i e, in hich la e ca e he a e c ncei ed f a
being inf ed in ne a
an he i h ac ed
e (a in ac ed
k,
f in ance). E en in ch ca e , h e e , he ac ed ali a ib ed
he dina e en
f life itself e ain i e a dina cha ac e , a
cha ac e ha i
icall eaffi med h gh a a ie
f i al and he l
f hich i an am n
ec la i a i n, ha i ,
a c nce i n f he
e en in e i n a nothing but
fane. The dich mi a i n f eali
in ac ed and
fane he e , h e e ela ed, i in in ic
he eligi
en e i e. A
ch, i i b i l im
an f an anal i f he
eligi
hen men n.
On a dee e le el, h e e , he ac ed ha an he
ed ca eg ,
ha f cha (36). The ac ed c m eme ge
f cha and c n in e
c nf n he la e a i e ible c n a . Thi
i i n f c m and
cha i f e en l e e ed in a a ie
f c m g nic m h . The ac ed
c m , hich an cend and incl de man in i
de ing f eali , h
ide man
l ima e hield again he e
f an m . T be in a
igh ela i n hi
i h he ac ed c m i
be
ec ed again he
nigh ma e h ea f cha . T fall
f ch a igh ela i n hi i
be
aband ned n he edge f he ab
f meaningle ne . I i n i ele an
b e e he e ha he Engli h cha
de i e f m a G eek
d
meaning
a ning and eligi n f m a La in ne meaning
be
ca ef l. T be
e, ha he eligi
man i ca ef l ab
i ab e all
he dange
e inhe en in he manife a i n
f he ac ed
hem el e . B behind hi dange i he he , m ch m e h ible ne,
namel ha ne ma l e all c nnec i n i h he ac ed and be all ed
b cha . All he n mic c n
c i n , a e ha e een, a e de igned
kee hi e
a ba . In he ac ed c m , h e e , he e c n c i n
achie e hei l ima e c lmina i n li e all , hei a he i .
H man e i ence i e en iall and ine i abl e e nali ing ac i i . In
he c
e f e e nali a i n men
meaning in
eali . E e
h man cie i an edifice f e e nali ed and bjec i a ed meaning ,
al a in ending a meaningf l
ali . E e
cie i engaged in he
ne e c m le ed en e i e f b ilding a h manl meaningf l
ld.
C mi a i n im lie he iden ifica i n f hi h manl meaningf l
ld
i h he
ld a
ch, he f me n
being g nded in he la e ,
eflec ing i
being de i ed f m i in i f ndamen al
c e . S ch a
c m , a he l ima e g nd and alida i n f h man n m i, need n
nece a il be ac ed. Pa ic la l in m de n ime he e ha e been
h
ghl ec la a em a c mi a i n, am ng hich m de n cience i
b fa he m
im
an . I i afe
a , h e e , ha
iginall all
c mi a i n had a ac ed cha ac e . Thi emained
e h gh m
f
h man hi
, and n
nl h gh he millennia f h man e i ence n
ea h eceding ha e n
call ci ili a i n. Vie ed hi icall , m
f
man
ld ha e been ac ed
ld . Indeed, i a ea likel ha nl
b a f he ac ed a i
ible f man c ncei e f a c m in he
fi
lace (37).
I can h be aid ha eligi n ha la ed a a egic a in he h man
en e i e f
ld-b ilding. Religi n im lie he fa he each f man
elf-e e nali a i n, f hi inf i n f eali
i h hi
n meaning .
Religi n im lie ha h man de i
jec ed in he ali
f being. P
diffe en l , eligi n i he a daci
a em
ni e e a being h manl ignifican .
c ncei e
f he en i e