Chemistry data booklet
For use during the course and in the examinations
First assessment 2025
Version 1.1
Diploma Programme
Chemistry data booklet
Published February 2023
Updated February 2024
Published by the International Baccalaureate Organization, a not-for-profit educational
foundation of Rue du Pré-de-la-Bichette 1, 1202 Genève, Switzerland.
Website: ibo.org
© International Baccalaureate Organization 2023
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ii
Contents
Introduction.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1. Some relevant equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Physical constants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Metric (SI) multipliers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Unit conversions and standard conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5. The electromagnetic spectrum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
6. Names of the elements.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
7. The periodic table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
8. Melting points and boiling points of the elements at 101.325 kPa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
9. First ionization energy, electron affinity and electronegativity of the elements. . . . . . 10
10. Atomic and ionic radii of the elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
11. Covalent or average covalent bond lengths. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
12. Bond enthalpies or average bond enthalpies at 298.15 K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
13. Thermodynamic data (selected compounds).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
14. Enthalpies of combustion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
15. Colour wheel with wavelengths of the visible spectrum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
16. Lattice enthalpies at 298.15 K (experimental values). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
17. Triangular bonding diagram (van Arkel–Ketelaar triangle). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
18. Acid–base indicators.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
19. Standard reduction potentials at 298.15 K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
20. Infrared data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
21. 1H NMR data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
22. Mass spectral fragments lost. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
23. Uncertainties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
24. References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Updates to the publication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Chemistry data booklet
iii
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iv
Chemistry data booklet
Introduction
This Diploma Programme (DP) Chemistry data booklet accompanies the DP Chemistry guide and
DP Chemistry teacher support material. It contains chemical and physical equations and constants,
chemical symbols, the periodic table, and other chemical data relevant to the course.
Students must have access to a copy of this booklet for the duration of the course, so that they
can become familiar with its contents. Direct reference is made to relevant equations in the
“Understandings” sections of the guide. This helps to maintain the emphasis on interpretation and
application rather than memorization of symbols, constants and equations.
Each student must have access to a clean copy of the Chemistry data booklet during examinations.
It is the responsibility of the school to download a copy of this booklet from IBIS or the Programme
Resource Centre and to ensure that there are sufficient copies available for all students.
Chemistry data booklet
1
1. Some relevant equations
Equation
c f
E =hf
n=
m
M
n CV
PV = nRT
PV
PV
1 1
= 2 2
T1
T2
Q mc T
% atom economy molar mass of desired product
100
molar mass of all reactants
∆HÖ = ∑(∆HfÖproducts) − ∑(∆HfÖreactants)
∆HÖ = ∑(∆HcÖreactants) − ∑(∆HcÖproducts)
∆GÖ = ∆HÖ − T∆SÖ
∆G = ∆GÖ + RT ln Q
∆GÖ = −RT ln K
∆GÖ = −nFEÖ
k
ln k
Ea
Ae RT
Ea
RT
ln A
pH = −log10 [H3O+]
or
pH = −log10 [H+]
Kw = [H+] [OH−]
pOH = −log10 [OH−]
2
Chemistry data booklet
2. Physical constants
Quantity
Symbol
Approximate value
Elementary charge
e
1.602177 × 10−19 C
Electron rest mass
me
9.109384 × 10−31 kg
Proton rest mass
mp
1.672622 × 10−27 kg
Neutron rest mass
mn
1.674927 × 10−27 kg
Speed of light in vacuum
c
3.00 × 108 m s−1
Planck constant
h
6.63 × 10−34 J s
Avogadro constant
NA
6.02 × 1023 mol−1
Gas constant
R
8.31 J K−1 mol−1
Molar volume of an ideal gas
at STP
Vm
2.27 × 10−2 m3 mol−1 = 22.7 dm3 mol−1
Specific heat capacity of water
cw
4.18 kJ kg−1 K−1 = 4.18 J g−1 K−1
Ionic product constant for
water at 298.15 K
Kw
1.00 × 10−14 mol2 dm−6
Faraday constant
F
9.65 × 104 C mol−1
Chemistry data booklet
3
3. Metric (SI) multipliers
4
Prefix
Abbreviation
Value
peta
P
1015
tera
T
1012
giga
G
109
mega
M
106
kilo
k
103
hecto
h
102
deca
da
101
deci
d
10−1
centi
c
10−2
milli
m
10−3
micro
μ
10−6
nano
n
10−9
pico
p
10−12
femto
f
10−15
Chemistry data booklet
4. Unit conversions and standard conditions
Temperature (K) = temperature (°C) + 273.15
1dm3 = 1 litre = 1 × 10−3 m3 = 1 × 103 cm3
STP conditions: 273.15 K and 100 kPa
SATP conditions: 298.15 K and 100 kPa
5. The electromagnetic spectrum
increasing energy
10 −16 10 −14 10 −12 10 −10 10 −8 10 −6 10 −4 10 −2 100
-rays
X-rays
UV
microwaves
IR
102
10 4 106
108 wavelength / m
radio waves
V I B G Y O R
400
Chemistry data booklet
wavelength / nm
700
5
6
Chemistry data booklet
Symbol
Ac
Al
Am
Sb
Ar
As
At
Ba
Bk
Be
Bi
Bh
B
Br
Cd
Cs
Ca
Cf
C
Ce
Cl
Cr
Co
Cn
Cu
Cm
Ds
Db
Element
actinium
aluminium
americium
antimony
argon
arsenic
astatine
barium
berkelium
beryllium
bismuth
bohrium
boron
bromine
cadmium
caesium
calcium
californium
carbon
cerium
chlorine
chromium
cobalt
copernicium
copper
curium
darmstadtium
dubnium
6. Names of the elements
89
13
95
51
18
33
85
56
97
4
83
107
5
35
48
55
20
98
6
58
17
24
27
112
29
96
110
105
Atomic number
dysprosium
einsteinium
erbium
europium
fermium
flerovium
fluorine
francium
gadolinium
gallium
germanium
gold
hafnium
hassium
helium
holmium
hydrogen
indium
iodine
iridium
iron
krypton
lanthanum
lawrencium
lead
lithium
livermorium
lutetium
Element
Fe
Kr
La
Lr
Pb
Li
Lv
Lu
I
Ir
Dy
Es
Er
Eu
Fm
Fl
F
Fr
Gd
Ga
Ge
Au
Hf
Hs
He
Ho
H
In
Symbol
66
99
68
63
100
114
9
87
64
31
32
79
72
108
2
67
1
49
53
77
26
36
57
103
82
3
116
71
Atomic number
Chemistry data booklet
7
magnesium
manganese
meitnerium
mendelevium
mercury
molybdenum
moscovium
neodymium
neon
neptunium
nickel
nihonium
niobium
nitrogen
nobelium
oganesson
osmium
oxygen
palladium
phosphorus
platinum
plutonium
polonium
potassium
praseodymium
promethium
protactinium
radium
radon
rhenium
rhodium
Element
Mg
Mn
Mt
Md
Hg
Mo
Mc
Nd
Ne
Np
Ni
Nh
Nb
N
No
Og
Os
O
Pd
P
Pt
Pu
Po
K
Pr
Pm
Pa
Ra
Rn
Re
Rh
Symbol
12
25
109
101
80
42
115
60
10
93
28
113
41
7
102
118
76
8
46
15
78
94
84
19
59
61
91
88
86
75
45
Atomic number
roentgenium
rubidium
ruthenium
rutherfordium
samarium
scandium
seaborgium
selenium
silicon
silver
sodium
strontium
sulfur
tantalum
technetium
tellurium
tennessine
terbium
thallium
thorium
thulium
tin
titanium
tungsten
uranium
vanadium
xenon
ytterbium
yttrium
zinc
zirconium
Element
Rg
Rb
Ru
Rf
Sm
Sc
Sg
Se
Si
Ag
Na
Sr
S
Ta
Tc
Te
Ts
Tb
Tl
Th
Tm
Sn
Ti
W
U
V
Xe
Yb
Y
Zn
Zr
Symbol
111
37
44
104
62
21
106
34
14
47
11
38
16
73
43
52
117
65
81
90
69
50
22
74
92
23
54
70
39
30
40
Atomic number
8
Chemistry data booklet
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
20
89
(226)
(223)
‡
†
(227)
Ac ‡
88
Ra
Fr
87
138.91
137.33
132.91
La †
57
88.91
Ba
56
55
Cs
87.62
85.47
Y
39
38
Sr
44.96
21
Sc
3
40.08
Rb
37
39.10
Ca
19
K
24.31
12
Mg
9.01
4
Be
2
22.99
Na
11
6.94
Li
3
1.01
H
1
1
91
232.04
231.04
Pa
90
Th
140.91
59
Pr
(268)
Db
105
180.95
Ta
73
92.91
41
Nb
50.94
V
23
5
140.12
58
Ce
(267)
Rf
104
178.49
Hf
72
91.22
40
Zr
47.87
Ti
22
4
7. The periodic table
238.03
U
92
144.24
60
Nd
(269)
Sg
106
183.84
W
74
95.96
42
Mo
52.00
24
Cr
6
8
(237)
93
Np
(145)
61
Pm
(270)
Bh
107
186.21
Re
75
(98)
43
Tc
54.94
25
Mn
(244)
94
Pu
150.36
62
Sm
(269)
Hs
108
190.23
Os
76
101.07
44
Ru
55.85
26
Fe
Relative atomic
mass
Element
Atomic number
7
(243)
95
Am
151.96
63
Eu
(278)
Mt
109
192.22
Ir
77
102.91
45
Rh
58.93
27
Co
9
(247)
96
Cm
157.25
64
Gd
(281)
Ds
110
195.08
Pt
78
106.42
46
Pd
58.69
28
Ni
10
(247)
97
Bk
158.93
65
Tb
(281)
Rg
111
196.97
Au
79
107.87
47
Ag
63.55
29
Cu
11
(251)
98
Cf
162.50
66
Dy
(285)
Cn
112
200.59
Hg
80
112.41
48
Cd
65.38
30
Zn
12
(252)
99
Es
164.93
67
Ho
(286)
Nh
113
204.38
Tll
81
114.82
49
In
69.72
31
Ga
26.98
13
All
10.81
5
B
13
(257)
100
Fm
167.26
68
Er
(289)
(258)
101
Md
168.93
69
Tm
(288)
Mc
115
114
Fl
208.98
Bi
83
121.76
51
Sb
74.92
33
As
30.97
P
15
14.01
7
N
15
207.20
Pb
82
118.71
50
Sn
72.63
32
Ge
28.09
14
Si
12.01
6
C
14
(259)
No
102
173.05
70
Yb
(293)
Lv
116
(209)
Po
84
127.60
52
Te
78.96
34
Se
32.07
S
16
16.00
8
O
16
Lr
(262)
103
174.97
71
Lu
(294)
Ts
117
(210)
At
85
126.90
Og
(294)
118
(222)
86
Rn
131.29
Xe
54
I
83.80
53
36
Kr
39.95
18
Ar
20.18
10
Ne
4.00
2
He
18
79.90
35
Br
35.45
17
Cll
19.00
9
F
17
Chemistry data booklet
9
650.0
1090
842.0
1484
768.8
1377
725.0
1845
699.8
1140
97.79
882.9
63.38
758.8
39.30
687.8
28.44
670.8
27.00
676.8
Fr
Cs
Rb
K
Na
Ra
Ba
Sr
Ca
Mg
2468
1342
Li
1287
180.5
‡
†
3200
1050
Ac ‡
3464
La †
920.0
3345
Y
1522
2836
Sc
1541
1572
(4000)
1750
4788
Pa
3510
3433
Th
935
Pr
5455
Ta
3017
4741
Nb
2477
3407
V
1910
795
Ce
4600
Hf
2233
4406
Zr
1854
3287
Ti
1670
3818
U
1135
3074
Nd
1024
5555
W
3414
4639
Mo
2622
2671
Cr
1907
(3900)
Np
637
(2730)
Pm
1042
5900
Re
3453
4262
Tc
2157
2061
Mn
1246
3230
Pu
640
1791
Sm
1072
5008
Os
3033
4147
Ru
2333
2861
Fe
1538
Boiling point / °C
Element
−252.9
Be
Melting point / °C
H
−259.2
(2067)
Am
1176
1596
Eu
826
4428
Ir
2446
3695
Rh
1963
2927
Co
1495
3110
Cm
1340
3273
Gd
1313
3825
Pt
1768
2963
Pd
1555
2913
Ni
1455
(2623)
Bk
986
3230
Tb
1360
2836
Au
1064
2162
Ag
961.8
2560
Cu
1085
Cf
900
2567
Dy
1410
356.6
Hg
−38.83
766.8
Cd
321.1
907.0
Zn
419.5
Es
(860)
2694
Ho
1472
1473
Tll
303.8
2027
In
156.6
2229
Ga
29.77
2519
All
660.3
4000
B
2077
Fm
2900
Er
1529
1749
Pb
327.5
2586
Sn
231.9
2833
Ge
938.2
3265
Si
1414
4827
C
3500
827
Md
1950
Tm
1545
1564
Bi
271.4
1587
Sb
630.6
613.0
As
816.8
280.5
P
44.15
−195.8
N
−210.0
O
No
1194
Yb
824
962.0
Po
253.8
987.8
Te
449.5
684.8
Se
220.8
444.6
S
115.2
−183.0
−218.8
8. Melting points and boiling points of the elements at 101.325 kPa
Ne
Ar
Lu
Lr
3402
1663
336.8
At
301.8
184.4
Rn
−61.85
−71.15
−108.1
Xe
−111.8
I
113.7
Kr
−153.4
−157.4
−185.8
−189.3
−246.0
−248.6
58.78
Br
−7.050
−34.04
Cll
−101.5
−188.1
F
−219.7
He
−268.9
10
Chemistry data booklet
Li
K
Fr
‡
†
0.9
Ra
1.1
1.3
Th
609
Hf
1.5
Pa
568
W
1.7
U
1.7
598
1.1
Nd
605
1.3
Np
Pm
−93 533 −185 539
Ta
1.5
1.9
Re
Tc
2.1
1.9
2.2
Ru
1.3
Pu
Am
576
Ir
2.2
Cm
578
1.2
Gd
−83 593
Eu
547
2.2
Os
1.6
Zn
2.2
Pd
1.9
Ag
1.7
Cd
−54 731 −126 868
1.9
Cu
2.4
Au
Bk
598
Tb
606
Cf
1.2
Dy
566 −112 573
Pt
2.2
Es
619
1.2
Ho
< 0 581
1.9
Hg
−151 864 −205 890 −223 1007
2.3
Rh
Ni
−112 745 −119 906
1.9
−64 737
Co
−14 814 −106 865
1.2
581
Fe
1.8
−15 760
−53 710 −101 720 −110 804
Sm
545
−79 756
2.2
Mo
−31 759
1.6
1.6
Mn
−72 702
Cr
762
Electronegativity
Element
Electron affinity (EA) / kJ mol−1
(2nd EA / kJ mol−1)
−64 717
1.7
−88 684
Nb
−1 728
1.1
Pr
1.3
−63 528
Ce
534
1.1
Ac ‡
−34
1.1
Zr
V
−51 653
1.6
−8 651
First ionization
energy / kJ mol−1
−41 652
1.3
−45 659
La †
−10 499
0.9
Ba
−47 509
0.7
393
0.8
Y
Ti
1.5
−30 640
1.2
−5 600
1.4
−18 659
Sc
−2 633
−14 538
1.0
−46 503
Cs
376
0.8
Sr
1.0
Ca
−47 549
Rb
403
1.3
−48 590
0.8
419
0.9
Mg
−53 738
Na
496
1.6
Be
−60 900
1.0
520
2.2
H
1312 −73
B
All
In
Tll
Er
Fm
627
1.2
589
2.0
Ge
F
2.6
S
3.2
Cll
4.0
Ar
Ne
2.2
2.6
Se
Br
3.0
Kr
−78 941 −195 1140 −325 1351
As
1.3
Md
635
Bi
1.9
No
642
Yb
−99 603
Tm
597
1.8
Pb
Te
2.1
473
Lr
1.0
Lu
2 524
2.0
Po
−33
−91 812 −183
2.0
Sb
−35 703
2.0
Sn
−36 716
1.8
589
O
3.4
Xe
At
2.2
Rn
−270 1037
I
2.7
−29 709 −107 831 −101 869 −190 1008 −295 1170
1.8
558
1.8
P
2.2
−41 762 −119 944
Ga
579
1.9
Si
N
3.0
1314 −141 1681 −328 2081
(+753)
−42 787 −134 1012 −72 1000 −200 1251 −349 1520
(+545)
1.6
578
C
2.6
−27 1086 −122 1402
2.0
801
He
2372
9. First ionization energy, electron affinity and electronegativity of the elements
Chemistry data booklet
11
140
72 (2+)
174
100 (2+)
190
118 (2+)
206
135 (2+)
211
160
102 (1+)
200
138 (1+)
215
152 (1+)
238
167 (1+)
242
Fr
Cs
Rb
K
Na
Ra
Ba
Sr
Ca
Mg
45 (2+)
Be
76 (1+)
Li
99
130
H
32
‡
†
201
Ac ‡
103 (3+)
194
La †
90 (3+)
Y
176
75 (3+)
Sc
159
184
190
94 (4+)
104 (3+)
90 (4+)
Pa
99 (3+)
85 (4+)
101 (3+)
87 (4+)
Th
190
Pr
64 (5+)
Ta
158
72 (3+)
64 (5+)
Nb
156
79 (2+)
54 (5+)
V
144
184
Ce
71 (4+)
Hf
164
72 (4+)
Zr
164
86 (2+)
61 (4+)
Ti
148
89 (4+)
73 (6+)
U
183
98 (3+)
Nd
188
66 (4+)
60 (6+)
W
150
65 (4+)
146
Mo
62 (3+)
44 (6+)
Cr
130
101 (3+)
87 (4+)
Np
180
97 (3+)
186
Pm
63 (4+)
53 (7+)
Re
141
65 (4+)
Tc
138
83 (2+)
53 (4+)
129
Mn
100 (3+)
86 (4+)
Pu
180
96 (3+)
185
Sm
63 (4+)
55 (6+)
Os
136
68 (3+)
62 (4+)
Ru
136
61 (2+)
55 (3+)
Fe
124
Ionic radius /
10−12 m (charge)
Element
Atomic radius /
10−12 m
98 (3+)
85 (4+)
173
Am
117 (2+)
95 (3+)
Eu
183
68 (3+)
63 (4+)
Ir
132
67 (3+)
60 (4+)
Rh
134
65 (2+)
55 (3+)
Co
118
The values for atomic radii used in this table are the covalent radii of the elements.
97 (3+)
168
Cm
94 (3+)
Gd
182
80 (2+)
63 (4+)
Pt
130
86 (2+)
62 (4+)
Pd
130
69 (2+)
Ni
117
10. Atomic and ionic radii of the elements
96 (3+)
Bk
168
92 (3+)
76 (4+)
Tb
181
137 (1+)
85 (3+)
Au
130
115 (1+)
Ag
136
77 (1+)
73 (2+)
Cu
122
95 (3+)
Cf
168
91 (3+)
Dy
180
119 (1+)
102 (2+)
Hg
132
95 (2+)
Cd
140
74 (2+)
Zn
120
Es
165
90 (+3)
Ho
179
150 (1+)
89 (3+)
Tll
144
80 (+3)
In
142
62 (3+)
Ga
123
54 (3+)
All
124
27 (3+)
B
84
167
Fm
89 (3+)
Er
177
119 (2+)
78 (4+)
Pb
145
118 (2+)
69 (4+)
Sn
140
53 (4+)
272 (4−)
Ge
120
40 (4+)
Si
114
16 (4+)
C
75
O
64
173
Md
88 (3+)
177
Tm
103 (3+)
76 (5+)
Bi
150
76 (3+)
Sb
140
58 (3+)
46 (5+)
As
120
38 (5+)
P
109
110 (2+)
No
176
87 (3+)
Yb
178
97 (4+)
Po
142
221 (2−)
Te
137
198 (2−)
Se
118
184 (2−)
S
104
146 (3−) 140 (2−)
N
71
Lu
Lr
161
86 (3+)
174
At
148
220 (1−)
I
136
196 (1−)
Br
117
181 (1−)
Cll
100
133 (1−)
F
60
Rn
146
Xe
136
Kr
116
Ar
101
62
Ne
37
He
11. Covalent or average covalent bond lengths
Single bonds
Bond
Length /
10 −12 m
Bond
Length /
10 −12 m
Bond
Length /
10 −12 m
Bond
Length /
10 −12 m
H―H
74
N―H
101
Si ― H
148
S―H
134
H―F
92
N―N
146
Si ― Si
232
S―S
205
H ― Cl
128
N―O
136
Si ― S
215
S―F
158
H ― Br
141
N ― Si
174
Si ― F
156
S ― Cl
199
H―I
160
N―S
175
Si ― Cl
202
S ― Br
227
N―F
136
Si ― Br
216
C―H
108
N ― Cl
197
Si ― I
243
F―F
142
C―C
154
N ― Br
214
F ― Cl
163
C―N
147
C―O
143
O―H
C ― Si
185
C―P
P―H
142
F ― Br
176
97
P―P
221
F―I
191
O―O
148
P―S
210
184
O ― Si
163
P―F
154
Cl ― Cl
199
C―S
182
O―P
154
P ― Cl
203
Cl ― Br
214
C―F
138
O―S
161
P ― Br
220
Cl ― I
232
C ― Cl
177
O―F
142
P―I
247
C ― Br
194
O ― Cl
170
Br ― Br
228
C―I
214
Br ― I
247
I―I
267
Multiple bonds
12
Bond
Length /
10 −12 m
Bond
Length /
10 −12 m
Bond
Length /
10 −12 m
C|C
134
N|N
125
O|O
121
C|N
130
N|O
114
O|S
143
C|O
122
C|S
156
S|S
189
C~C
120
C~N
116
C~O
113
N~N
110
Chemistry data booklet
12. Bond enthalpies or average bond enthalpies
at 298.15 K
Single bonds
Bond
Enthalpy /
kJ mol−1
Bond
Enthalpy /
kJ mol−1
Bond
Enthalpy /
kJ mol−1
Bond
Enthalpy /
kJ mol−1
H―H
436
N―H
391
Si ― H
323
S―H
364
H―F
567
N―N
158
Si ― Si
226
S―S
266
H ― Cl
431
N―O
214
Si ― S
293
S―F
327
H ― Br
366
N―F
278
Si ― F
597
S ― Cl
271
H―I
298
N ― Cl
192
Si ― Cl
400
S ― Br
218
Si ― Br
330
Si ― I
234
F―F
159
F ― Cl
255
C―H
414
O―H
463
C―C
346
O―O
144
C―N
286
O ― Si
466
P―H
322
F ― Br
249
C―O
358
O―P
363
P―P
198
F―I
280
C ― Si
307
O―F
191
P―F
490
C―P
264
O ― Cl
206
P ― Cl
322
Cl ― Cl
242
C―S
289
O ― Br
201
P ― Br
264
Cl ― Br
219
C―F
492
O―I
201
P―I
184
Cl ― I
211
C ― Cl
324
C ― Br
285
Br ― Br
193
C―I
228
Br ― I
178
I―I
151
Multiple bonds
Bond
Enthalpy /
kJ mol−1
Bond
Enthalpy /
kJ mol−1
Bond
Enthalpy /
kJ mol−1
C|C
614
N|N
470
O|O
498
C|N
615
N|O
587
O|S
522
C|O
804
C|S
536
S|S
429
C~C
839
C~N
890
C~O
1077
Chemistry data booklet
N~N
945
13
13. Thermodynamic data (selected compounds)
Substance
State
∆H fÖ / kJ mol−1
∆G fÖ / kJ mol−1
SÖ / J K−1 mol−1
methane
CH4
g
−74
−50
+186
ethane
C2 H 6
g
−84
−32
+230
propane
C3H8
C 4H10
g
−105
−24
+270
C5H12
g
−126
−17
+310
butane
pentane
14
Formula
l
C6H14
−173
hexane
l
−199
ethene
C2 H4
g
+52
+68
+220
propene
C3H 6
g
+20
+62
+267
but-1-ene
C 4H 8
g
+0.1
+71
+306
cis-but-2-ene
C 4H 8
g
−7
+66
+301
trans-but-2-ene
C 4H 8
g
−11
+63
+297
ethyne
C2 H2
g
+228
+211
+201
propyne
C3 H4
g
+185
+194
+248
buta-1,3-diene
g
+110
+151
+279
cyclohexane
C 4H 6
C6H12
l
−156
benzene
C6H 6
l
+49
+125
+173
methylbenzene
C6H5CH3
l
+12
ethylbenzene
C6H5CH2CH3
l
−12
phenylethene
C6H5CHCH2
l
+104
chloromethane
CH3Cl
g
−82
−58
+235
dichloromethane
CH2Cl2
l
−124
trichloromethane
CHCl3
l
−134
−74
+202
bromomethane
CH3Br
g
−36
−26
+246
iodomethane
CH3I
l
−14
chloroethane
C2H5Cl
g
−137
−53
bromoethane
C2H5Br
l
−90
−26
+199
chlorobenzene
C6H5Cl
l
+11
methanol
CH3OH
l
−239
−167
+127
ethanol
C2H5OH
l
−278
−175
phenol
C6H5OH
s
−165
methanal
HCHO
g
−109
−102
+219
ethanal
CH3CHO
g
−166
−133
+264
propanone
(CH3)2CO
l
−248
methanoic acid
HCOOH
l
−425
−361
+129
ethanoic acid
CH3COOH
l
−484
−390
+160
benzoic acid
C6H5COOH
s
−385
methylamine
CH3NH2
g
−23
+32
+243
water
H2O
l
−286
−237
+70
steam
H2O
g
−242
−229
+189
carbon monoxide
CO
g
−111
−137
+198
carbon dioxide
CO2
g
−394
−394
+214
hydrogen bromide
HBr
g
−36
−53
+199
hydrogen chloride
HCl
g
−92
−95
+187
hydrogen fluoride
HF
g
−273
−275
+174
hydrogen iodide
HI
g
+26
+2
+207
+178
+163
+161
+144
+200
+168
Chemistry data booklet
Chemistry data booklet
15
g
l
l
l
l
g
l
CH4
C2 H 6
C3 H8
C 4H10
C5H12
C6H14
C8H18
C6H12
C2 H4
C 4H 6
C2 H2
C6H 6
C6H5CH3
C10H8
C2H5Cl
C2H5I
CHCl3
CH3OH
methane
ethane
propane
pentane
hexane
octane
cyclohexane
ethene
buta-1,3-diene
ethyne
benzene
methylbenzene
chloroethane
iodoethane
trichloromethane
methanol
ethanol
naphthalene
C2H5OH
g
CO
carbon monoxide
butane
g
C
carbon (graphite)
l
l
l
s
l
l
g
g
g
g
g
s
s
S
sulfur
g
State
H2
Formula
hydrogen
Substance
−1367
−726
−473
−1463
−1413
−5156
−3910
−3268
−1301
−2541
−1411
−3920
−5470
−4163
−3509
−2878
−2219
−1561
−891
−283
−394
−297
−286
∆HcÖ / kJ mol−1
sucrose
glucose
urea
nitrobenzene
phenylamine
methylamine
ethanamide
ethyl ethanoate
ethanedioic acid
benzoic acid
ethanoic acid
methanoic acid
phenylethanone
pentan-3-one
propanone
benzaldehyde
ethanal
methanal
ethoxyethane
phenol
cyclohexanol
butan-1-ol
propan-1-ol
Substance
s
s
C12H22O11
s
l
l
g
s
l
s
s
l
l
l
l
l
l
g
g
l
s
s
l
l
State
CO(NH2)2
C6H12O6
C6H5NO2
C6H5NH2
CH3NH2
CH3CONH2
CH3COOC2H5
(COOH)2
C6H5COOH
CH3COOH
HCOOH
CH3COC6H5
(C2H5)2CO
(CH3)2CO
C6H5CHO
CH3CHO
HCHO
(C2H5)2O
C6H5OH
C6H11OH
C 4H9OH
C3H7OH
Formula
The values of the molar enthalpy of combustion (∆Hc Ö) in the following table refer to a temperature of 298.15 K and a pressure of 100 kPa.
14. Enthalpies of combustion
−5640
−2803
−633
−3088
−3393
−1086
−1186
−2238
−243
−3228
−874
−255
−4149
−3100
−1790
−3525
−1167
−571
−2724
−3053
−3728
−2676
−2021
∆HcÖ / kJ mol−1
15. Colour wheel with wavelengths of the visible
spectrum
647 nm
585 nm
Orange
Red
Yellow
700 nm
575 nm
400 nm
Violet
Green
Blue
424 nm
16
491 nm
Chemistry data booklet
16. Lattice enthalpies at 298.15 K (experimental
values)
Ö
The lattice enthalpy values (∆H lattice) in the following tables relate to the endothermic process
Ma Xb (s) aMb (g) bXa (g) in which the gaseous ions of a crystal are separated to an infinite
distance from each other.
The data in these tables are experimental values obtained by means of a suitable Born–Haber cycle.
Ö
Alkali metal halides
∆H lattice / kJ mol−11
F
Cl
Br
I
Li
1049
864
820
764
Na
930
790
754
705
K
829
720
691
650
Rb
795
695
668
632
Cs
759
670
647
613
Ö
Ö
Other substances
∆H lattice / kJ mol−11
Other substances
∆H lattice / kJ mol−11
CaF2
2651
SrO
3223
BeCl2
3033
BaO
3054
MgCl2
2540
CuCl2
2824
CaCl2
2271
AgF
974
SrCl2
2170
AgCl
918
BaCl2
2069
AgBr
905
MgO
3791
AgI
892
CaO
3401
Chemistry data booklet
17
17. Triangular bonding diagram
(van Arkel–Ketelaar triangle)
Electronegativity difference:
a
b
%
covalent
%
ionic
8
92
25
75
50
50
75
25
100
0
3.0
2.5
Ionic
2.0
1.5
Polar
covalent
1.0
0.5
Covalent
Metallic
0
0.79
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
Average electronegativity:
a
18
2
b
Chemistry data booklet
18. Acid–base indicators
Colour change
Indicator
pKa
pH range
Acid
Alkali
methyl orange
3.7
3.1–4.4
red
yellow
bromophenol blue
4.2
3.0–4.6
yellow
blue
bromocresol green
4.7
4.0–5.6
yellow
blue
methyl red
5.1
4.4–6.2
red
yellow
bromothymol blue
7.0
6.0–7.6
yellow
blue
phenol red
7.9
6.4–8.0
yellow
red
phenolphthalein
9.6
8.0–10.0
colourless
pink
Chemistry data booklet
19
19. Standard reduction potentials at 298.15 K
Oxidized species
Reduced species
Li+(aq) + e−  Li(s)
−3.04
K (aq) + e
−
 K(s)
−2.93
2+
−
 Ca(s)
−2.87
Na+(aq) + e−  Na(s)
−2.71
 Mg(s)
−2.37
Al3+(aq) + 3e−  Al(s)
−1.66
Mn2+(aq) + 2e−  Mn(s)
−1.18
+
Ca (aq) + 2e
2+
Mg (aq) + 2e
H2O(l) + e
−
−

1
−
2 H2(g) + OH (aq)
−0.76
 Fe(s)
−0.45
Ni2+(aq) + 2e−  Ni(s)
−0.26
Sn2+(aq) + 2e−  Sn(s)
−0.14
 Pb(s)
−0.13
Fe (aq) + 2e
2+
Pb (aq) + 2e
−
−
H+(aq) + e− 
1
2 H2(g)
0.00
2+
−
 Cu (aq)
+0.15
+
−
 H2SO3(aq) + H2O(l)
+0.17
Cu (aq) + e
SO4 (aq) + 4H (aq) + 2e
+
Cu2+(aq) + 2e−  Cu(s)
1
−
2 O2(g) + H2O(l) + 2e
 2OH (aq)
+0.34
−
+0.40
Cu+(aq) + e−  Cu(s)
+0.52
1
−
2 2(s) + e
 I (aq)
+0.54
3+
2+
 Fe (aq)
+0.77
Ag+(aq) + e−  Ag(s)
+0.80
I
Fe (aq) + e
−
−
1
−
2 Br 2(l) + e
 Br (aq)
+1.09
1
+
−
2 O2(g) + 2H (aq) + 2e
 H2O(l)
+1.23
2−
 2Cr (aq) + 7H2O(l)
+1.36
 Cl (aq)
+1.36
+
Cr 2O7 (aq) + 14H (aq) + 6e
−
1
−
2 Cl2(g) + e
−
3+
−
MnO4−(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e−  Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)
1
−
2 F2(g) + e
20
−0.83
Zn2+(aq) + 2e−  Zn(s)
2+
2−
EÖ / V
−
 F (aq)
+1.51
+2.87
Chemistry data booklet
Chemistry data booklet
21
600–800
chloroalkanes
fluoroalkanes
alcohols, esters, ethers
alkenes
aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and esters
alkynes
carboxylic acids (with hydrogen bonding)
alkanes, alkenes, arenes
alcohols and phenols (with hydrogen bonding)
primary amines
C ― Cl
C―F
C―O
C|C
C|O
C~C
O―H
C―H
O―H
N―H
3300–3500
3200–3600
2850–3090
2500–3000
2100–2260
1700–1750
1620–1680
1050–1410
1000–1400
500–600
bromoalkanes
C ― Br
490–620
Wavenumber / cm−1
iodoalkanes
Types of organic molecules
C―I
Bond
strong
strong
strong
strong
strong
Intensity
medium; two bands
strong, broad
strong
strong, very broad
variable
strong
medium-weak; multiple bands
Characteristic ranges for infrared absorption due to stretching vibrations in organic molecules
20. Infrared data
21. 1H NMR data
Typical proton chemical shift values (δδ) relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS)
R represents an alkyl group, and Hal represents F, Cl, Br or I.
These values may vary for different solvents and conditions.
Type of proton
Chemical shift / ppm
CH3
0.9–1.0
CH2 R
1.3–1.4
CHR 2
1.5
O
RO
C
CH2
O
R
C
CH2
CH3
2.0–2.5
2.2–2.7
2.5–3.5
C C H
1.8–3.1
CH2 Hal
3.5–4.4
R O CH2
3.3–3.7
O
R
C
O CH2
O
R
C
O H
9.0–13.0
R O H
1.0–6.0
CH CH2
4.5–6.0
O
R
22
3.7–4.8
C
H
OH
4.0–12.0
H
6.9–9.0
9.4–10.0
Chemistry data booklet
22. Mass spectral fragments lost
Mass lost (Mr)
Possible neutral fragment lost
15
•CH3
17
•OH
18
H2O
28
CH2|CH2
CO
29
•CH2CH3
•CHO
31
•OCH3
45
•COOH
23. Uncertainties
If: y a b
If: y =
ab
c
If: y = a
n
Chemistry data booklet
then: y a b
then:
y a b c
y
a
b
c
then:
y
a
n
y
a
23
24. References
Data in sections 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21 and 22 were taken fully or in part from:
Blackman, A., Gahan, L. R., Aylward, G. H., & Findlay, T. J. V. (2014). Aylward and Findlay’s SI
Chemical Data. (7th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
National Institute of Standards and Technology. (2021). NIST Chemistry WebBook SRD 69, NIST
Standard Reference Database. U.S. Department of Commerce. http://webbook.nist.gov
Rumble, J. R. (Ed.). (2019). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. (100th ed.). CRC Press.
Data in section 17 are reproduced with permission from the author:
Leach, M. R. (2021). The Chemogenesis Web Book: Timeline of structural theory. http://www.metasynthesis.com/webbook/30_timeline/timeline.html
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Chemistry data booklet
Updates to the publication
This section outlines the updates made to this publication over the past two years. The changes are
ordered from the most recent to the oldest updates. Minor spelling and typographical corrections are
not listed.
Changes for February 2024
11. Covalent or average covalent bond lengths
The bond length for F ― I was corrected to 191 × 10−12 m.
18. Acid–base indicators
The pH ranges for bromocresol green, phenol red and phenolphthalein were updated according to
the latest published data.
23. Uncertainties
This section listing uncertainties propagation formulae was added.
Chemistry data booklet
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