MIDTERM LESSONS
WHY IS THE NORTH RICHER AND THE
SOUTH POORER?
A WORLD OF REGIONS
GLOBAL DIVIDES: THE NORTH AND THE
The north had already been more
SOUTH
industrialized than the south at the start of
ACCORDING TO RUBIN (2018)
the war.
The North-South or Rich-Poor Divide
is the socio-economic and political division
that exists between the wealthy developed
There was a movement from being an
agricultural country to an industrial one.
While
the
agricultural,
slave-based
countries, known collectively as “the North,”
southern economy was devastated by the
and the poorer developing countries, known
war.
collectively as “the South.”
Northerners
HOW “NORTH” AND “SOUTH” DIVIDE
CAME INTO BEING.

The Civil War ended in 1865

Reconstruction
was the
national
nation without slavery.

legislation.
important skills for the new economy.
Telegraph lines, initially justified by the
need for swift military communications.
The northern government had funded its
The war left the Southern economy
military by raising taxes and borrowing
devastated.
money.
Millions of newly emancipated slaves
The value of this money fluctuated during
also had to be integrated into society
the war, causing some economic instability.
as free people.

wartime
states for technical colleges that would teach
South so they could function as one

from
Morrill act, which granted land to the
effort to reintegrate the North and the

benefited
The fight for racial equality during
During Reconstruction, the South
reconstruction changed northern society as
saw a temporary period of military
well as the south.
government and tremendous social
National equal rights league.
upheaval.
Civil rights, particularly voting rights, and
However, the period after the Civil
War also brought significant changes
educational opportunities for freed slaves.
African American citizens, had been
to the North.
guaranteed equal economic privileges and

Wartime economic growth.
equal status under the law by the civil rights

The beginnings of the Civil Rights
act of 1866, but these rights were slow to
Movement
materialize.
Education was another important issue
(1960s).
The
Brandt
Line
is
a
visual
representation of
Fifteenth amendment, which allowed
the North-South divide between various
American men to vote regardless of their
economies, based on GDP per capita as
'race,
proposed by Willy Brandt in the 1980s.
color,
or
previous
condition
of
servitude.'
Brandt’s
Only seven northern states allowed black
people to vote before it was passed.
(1980)
thesis
on
international
development issues provided a foundation to
Migration after the war also changed
the study of the drastic differences in the
northern communities.
economic development for both the North
MID-20TH CENTURY HAS POSITIONED
and South hemispheres of the world.
COUNTRIES IN TWO DISTINCT GROUPS

THE GLOBAL NORTH: (1ST WORLD
The North and the South
Nation-states
were
primarily
COUNTRIES)
classified
The First World was the allied powers of
according to their alliance with the Russian
western
East and the American West
including of course, their allies.

(East)
Second
World
Countries:
Soviet Union and China.

(West) First World Countries: United
(Poor
Countries)
and
North
America,
Global North is comprised of countries
which have developed economies.
States and its allies.

Europe
These countries are the reasons why
there are over 90% manufacturing industries
Third
World
Countries
in the world.
Consist of only one-quarter of the total
global population, they control 80% of the
This labelling was later on abandoned
total income earned around the world.
after the Second World countries joined the
Group of Eight (also known as the G8)
First World countries.
New
criteria
were
The
established
to
G8
or
the
eight
highly
industrialized nations came from the North
categorize
namely, France, Germany, Italy, the United
countries, which was named the North-South
Kingdom,
Divide:
Russia, with the exception of Japan;
First World Countries: NORTH
Permanent Five, Big Five or P5
Third World Countries: SOUTH
the
United
States,
Canada,
The permanent members of the United
Nations Security Council are the five states
which the UN Charter of 1945 grants a
They are the rich, developed nations,
permanent seat in the UN Security Council
which would include the richest and most
include: China (formerly the Republic of
powerful nations from both sides of the Cold
China), France, Russia (formerly the Soviet
War conflict.
Union), the United Kingdom, and the United
States.
North have enough basic needs and have
Global North also includes the Four
Asian
95% of the population in countries in The
Tigers
namely:
Hong
Kong,
access to functioning education systems
(World Bank, 2017).
Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan, as well
THE GLOBAL SOUTH: (3RD WORLD
as Australia and New Zealand (as mentioned
COUNTRIES)
previously. Mostly, it covers the West, along
with much of the Second World.
‘Third World’ was originally a political
term not aligned with either the capitalist or
The term ‘First World’ was formerly
communist powers of the Cold War.
based on strictly geographical location but as
Defined as all those states that did not
nations become economically developed,
involve themselves in the Cold War conflict
countries
of ideologies (McMahon, 2003).
become
part
of
the
‘North”
depending on the degree of industrialization
This loose conglomeration of countries
or development in the country, regardless of
included most of Africa, almost all of Central
geographical location,
and South America, most of the Baltic States
Dictionary of Human Geography defines
and the Middle East, most of the southern
development as “processes of social change
Asian countries from Afghanistan to Thailand
or [a change] to class and state projects to
as well as most of the island nations between
transform national economies (2016).
Australia and southern Asia.
This
refers
to
advancements
in
‘Third World’ is almost exclusively used
technology, improvement in living standards,
to refer to countries with lots of poverty and
life expectancy, levels of education, poverty
very
rate, employment rate, and a transition from
development.
an agricultural economy to an industrial one
(IMF, 2016).
(MEDCs).
economic
or
industrial
The Global South is described as the
poorer part of the world.
The North is also coined as the More
Economically
little
Developed
Countries
Another common characteristic of the
countries in the South is the very high
population rate that lack of basic amenities.
As little as 5% of the population is able to
4.)
The
Global
North
have
good
access basic needs such as food and
infrastructure and a better environment in
shelter,
terms of health and safety, which are absent
The poor countries making up the South,
in the Global South. The Global North have
which are mainly drawn from South America,
good infrastructure and a better environment
Africa and Southern Asia are (by both
in terms of health and safety, which are
definitions), are Third World.
absent in the Global South.
The only Asian countries not from the
South are Japan and South Korea.
5.) The first world countries generate
revenue from the industrial sector while the
The Global South comprises the 3/4 of
third world countries generate revenue from
the world populations that has access to only
the service sector.
1/5 of the world income.
6.) In developed countries, the standard of
Some examples of these countries
include
Somalia,
Botswana,
Sumatra,
Sudan, Vietnam, Haiti and India.
living of people is high, which is moderate in
developing countries.
7.) Resources are effectively and efficiently
utilized in the North. On the other hand,
KEY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE
GLOBAL DIVIDES:
proper utilization of resources is not done in
the South.
The following are the major differences
8.) In the North, the birth rate and death rate
between the global north and the global
are low, whereas in developing countries
south:
both the rates are high.
1.) The countries which are independent and
THE ORIGINAL SECOND WORLD
prosperous are known as Global North
COUNTRIES
(Developed Countries). The countries which
In the past, there existed an incredibly
are facing the beginning of industrialization
large and quite powerful nation called the
are called (Developing Countries).
Soviet Union (USSR).
2.) The Global North have a high per capita
It consisted of what is now Russia as its
income and GDP as compared to the
core member, with the capital of the Soviet
countries in the Global South.
Union being Moscow, Russia.
3.) Countries in the North have literacy rate
The rest of the Soviet Union included
that is high. Conversely, illiteracy rate is high
member states that are now independent
in the South.
countries
called:
Armenia,
Azerbaijan,
Belarus,
Estonia,
Georgia,
Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan,
Latvia,
Lithuania,
Tajikistan,
Turkmenistan,
Moldova,
Ukraine
and
Uzbekistan.
world are unified into a single society and
function together.
Other communist nations at the time
were:
A process by which the people of the
Poland,
REGIONALISM
Albania,
Yugoslavia,
Is a theory or practice of regional
Romania,
Bulgaria,
rather than central systems of administration
Czechoslovakia,
Hungary, East Germany, Angola, Benin,
of economic cultural or political affiliation.
Congo? Brazzaville, Ethiopia, Mozambique,
REGIONALIZATION
Somalia, Afghanistan, Cambodia, Mongolia,
The division of a nation into states or
North Vietnam, South Yemen, China, North
provinces.
Korea, Vietnam, Laos, and Cuba.
Why countries form regional organization?
All but the last 5 nations are no longer
They form regional organizations as a way of
communist, having dissolved or overthrown
coping with the challenges of globalization.
their communist regimes right around the
Asian regionalism
time the Soviet Union, their main benefactor
A product of economic interaction between
(or oppressor), collapsed as well.
Asian Countries.
Second World country is no longer any
specific
nation
or
group
of
nations
whatsoever.
strengthened ties among them, as have the
REGIONALISM
rise of the China and India and the region’s
A political ideology that favors a specific
region over a greater area.
usually
richer, but also closer together.
New technological trends have further
ASIAN REGIONALISM
It
Asian economies have grown not only
results
growing weight in the global economy.
The 1997/1998 financial crisis delt a
political
severe setback too much of the region,
separations, religion, geography, cultural
highlighting Asia’s shared interests and
boundaries,
common vulnerabilities and providing a n
linguistic
due
to
regions
and
managerial divisions.
REGIONALIZATION
A process of dividing an area into
impetus for regional cooperation.
In the early stages Asia’s economic
takeoff,
regional
integration
proceeded
smaller segments called regions.
slowly. Early Asian economies focused on
vs GLOBALIZATION
exporting to developed country markets.
The Japanese economist Akamatsu
(1962) famously compared this pattern of
development to flying geese. In the model,
but, a regionalized system does not get
economies moved formation not because
involved in the affairs of other areas.
they were directly linked to each other, but
because they followed similar paths.
As
to
technological
advances,
globalization has driven great advances in
Now, Asian economies are becoming
closely intertwined.
technology, but advanced technology is
rarely available in one country or region.
Interdependence is deepening because
REGIONALISM IN ASIA
Asia’s economies have grown large and
The center of gravity of the global
prosperous enough to become important to
economy is shifting to Asia (Jayantha
each other, because their patterns of
Kumaran, et. Al. 2008).
production increasingly depend on networks
In fact, the World Development Indicators
that span several Asian economies and
describe Asia’s economy as already similar
involve wide ranging exchanges of parts and
in size to those of Europe and North America,
components among them.
and its world impact continues to increase
REGIONALIZATION VS GLOBALIZATION
(2008).
The Japanese economist Akamatsu
As to nature, globalization promotes the
integration
borders
of
all
economics
around
the
across
state
(1962) famously compared this pattern of
world
but,
development to flying geese.
In this model,
regionalization is precisely the opposite
economies were
because it is driving an area into smaller
described to have moved in formation not
segments.
because they were directly linked to each
As to market, globalization allows many
companies to trade on international level, so
other, but because they followed similar
paths.
Asia
it allows free market but in regionalized
system, monopolies are likely to develop.
is
at
the
center
of
the
development of such production networks
As to cultural and societal relations,
because it has efficient transport and
globalization accelerate to multiculturalism
communication links, as well as policies
by free and inexpensive movement of people
geared to supporting trade.
but, regionalization does not support this.
The region is home to over half the world’s
As to aid, globalization international
population, producing 3/10 of global output
community is also more willing to come to the
(in
terms
of
purchasing
aid of a country stricken by a natural disaster
consistently records the world’s highest
economic growth rates.
power),
and
The Asian “miracle” (World Bank
may be relatively small in size, but Japan
1993) did not end with the 1997-1998
remains one of the three largest economies
financial crisis — for some countries, it even
in the world, with one of the best-educated
marked Asia’s Renaissance Period or the
and healthiest populations.
beginning
of
its
renewed
acceleration
focused on finding new and flexible forms of
Its law-abiding citizenry facilitate one
of the lowest crime rates in the world.
cooperation that reflect the region’s diversity
and simplicity.
that has chosen not to have nuclear
Asia’s economies are increasingly
connected
The only major country in the globe
through
trade,
weapons.
financial
Has the moral authority to take a
transactions, direct investment, technology,
leading position in the fight against nuclear
labor and tourist flows, and other economic
proliferation.
relationships.
China, driven by an unpredictable
Its strength derives from many factors
economic growth and a massive population,
such as openness, diversity, and dynamism
has begun to play a central role in boosting
of its interconnected economies.
the region’s economy.
China, Japan, India, South Korea and
Indonesia
are
currently
the
top
five
economies in Asia (ADB, 2017).
Its
produced
people
new
have
ideas
continuously
and
developed
extraordinarily quick.
In fact, it is now common knowledge
It is producing large numbers of
that India and the People's Republic of China
young minds capable of taking a role in
(PRC) are the fastest growing economies in
strengthening
Asia.
organizations.
The most distinct characteristic of
China,
regional
driven
by
an
and
global
unpredictable
Asian economies is making good use of what
economic growth and a massive population,
some of the individual countries have to
has begun to play a central role in boosting
contribute.
the region’s economy.
THE LEADING COUNTRIES WITH THEIR
Its people have continuously produced
STRONG POINTS THAT PROMOTE THE
new ideas and developed extraordinarily
ASIAN REGION (ADOPTED FROM VOGEL,
quick.
2010):
It is producing large numbers of young
Japan, as we know it, has been the
pioneer in bringing modernization to Asia. It
minds
capable
of
taking
a
role
in
strengthening
regional
and
global
to minimize the effects of global and
organizations.
regional shocks and to facilitate the
South Korea, along with Singapore, is the
most multicultural country in East Asia, and
resolution of global imbalances;
-
pool the region’s foreign exchange
continues to send many students to countries
reserves to make more resources
throughout the world.
available
Australia has played a special role, not
only as the region’s key supplier of many raw
for
investment
and
development;
-
exercise leadership in global decision
materials, but also as the one sizeable
making to sustain the open global
Caucasian country that is in effect in Asia.
trade and financial systems that have
Accordingly, Australia continues to play a
supported
key role in maintaining security within the
Asia-Pacific.
a
half
century
of
unparalleled economic development;
-
build connected infrastructure and
HOW, THEN, DOES REGIONALISM
collaborate on inclusive development
BENEFIT THE ASIAN REGION?
to reduce inequalities within and
POSITIVE IMPACTS OF REGIONALISM TO
across
THE ASIAN REGION
strengthen support for pro-growth
Asian
Regional
cooperation,
effectively
structured and implemented, has been a
economies
and
thus
to
policies;
-
and create regional mechanisms to
powerful tool in addressing global challenges
manage cross-border health, safety,
in the region and provide stronger foundation
and environmental issues better.
for its global role. An integrated region can:
HOW CAN ASIAN REGIONALISM
-
link the competitive strengths of its
diverse economies in order to boost
their productivity and sustain the
-
-
BENEFIT THE WORLD?
An integrated Asia can:
generate productivity gains, new
region’s exceptional growth;
ideas, and competition that boost contribute
connect the region’s capital markets
to the efficiency and stability of global
to
financial markets by making Asian capital
enhance
finanpcial
stability,
reduce the cost of capital, and
markets
improve opportunities for sharing
maximizing the productive use of Asian
risks;
savings; economic growth and raise incomes
cooperate in setting exchange rate
across the world;
and macroeconomic policies in order
stronger
and
safer,
and
by
contribute to the efficiency and
and envisages the formation of a
stability of global financial markets by making
Asian capital markets stronger and safer,
and by maximizing the productive use of
human rights body.
ASEAN + 3
-
Asian savings;
ASEAN Plus Three is the name given
to
the
regional
framework
for
diversify sources of global demand,
dialogue between the ten ASEAN
helping to stabilize the world economy and
member states and the three East
diminish
Asian powers China, Japan and
the
risks
posed
by
global
imbalances and downturns in other major
economies;
South Korea.
-
ASEAN Plus Three has also given
provide leadership to help sustain
rise to a number of agreements such
open global trade and financial systems; and
as the free trade agreements of the
create regional mechanisms to manage
ASEAN with China, Japan and South
health, safety, and environmental issues
Korea.
better, and thus contribute to more effective
global solutions of these problems.
EAST ASIA SUMMIT (EAS)
-
ASIAN REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
16 Heads of State and Government
of the 10 ASEAN states as well as of
ASSOCIATION OF SOUTH EAST ASIAN
China,
Japan,
South
Korea,
NATIONS (ASEAN)
Australia, New Zealand and India
-
Founded in 1967
have been meeting in the framework
-
ASEAN now has ten member states
of the East Asia Summit since 2005
(Brunei
-
Darussalam,
Cambodia,
-
The EAS, a forum in which security
Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar,
policy issues and soft issues are
the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand
discussed, is becoming increasingly
and Viet Nam).
important.
The Charter provides a foundation for
the
further
ASEAN
development
community
and
of
the
the
ASEAN
-
gives
ASEAN a legal personality. It also
records
ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF)
ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) was
founded in 1994
-
ARF deals with security issues and is
states’
the only institutionalized security-
commitment to the rule of law,
policy discussion forum in the Asia-
democracy and good governance
Pacific region.
SOUTH
ASIAN
ASSOCIATION
FOR
several summits recently and in the
REGIONAL COOPERATION (SAARC)
-
-
SAARC was founded in 1985 by
-
The current administration under
Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives,
President Rodrigo Duterte aims to
Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.
preserve the incessant cooperation
Afghanistan has been the eighth
between
member since 2007.
organization as he finds various
SAARC concentrates on economic
means to foster peaceful and open
and trade issues. The agreement to
ties with China.
create the South Asian Free Trade
Area (SAFTA), which entered into
force in 2006.
ASIA-PACIFIC
ECONOMIC
COOPERATION (APEC)
-
past.
APEC was founded in 1989 on the
initiative of Japan and Australia and
the
members
of
the
FACTORS LEADING TO A
GREATER INTEGRATION IN
ASIA
The indicators of which include: an intense
intraregional trade, tourism, trade policy
cooperation, foreign direct investment, equity
markets and macroeconomic links.
aims to strengthen economic growth
in the Asia-Pacific region, not least by
dismantling tariffs and other barriers
to trade.
-
APEC currently has 21 “member
economies”:
Australia,
Brunei,
Canada, Chile, China, Hong Kong,
Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico,
New Zealand, Papua New Guinea,
Peru, the Philippines, the Russian
Federation, Singapore, South Korea,
Taiwan, Thailand, the United States
and Viet Nam.
-
The Philippines remains to be an
active
and
important
founding
member of the ASEAN having hosted
Given the problems that arose from the asian
financial crisis, the following are the policy
recommendations used to speed resolution
FOR THE CREATION OF AN EAST ASIAN
and minimize impact.
ECONOMIC COMMUNITY
Asia’s growing interdependence presents a
compelling case for regional cooperation —
to deliver regional public goods, manage
regional externalities, and help coordinate
policies within the region, as well as acting
together to ensure an open global economic
environment.
THE FOLLOWING RECOMMENDATIONS
OF THE EAST ASIA STUDY GROUP (2001)
TV, radio, and newspapers, to social media
A WORLD OF IDEAS
GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURES
like Youtube, Twitter, and Facebook. Thanks
Where do you usually get your news?
to satellites and the internet, even the most
How do you acquire goods and services?
regional news can be found and accessed
How does technology affect your daily life?
across the entire world.
Whether we like it or not, whether we are
Most globalization theorists believe
ready for it or not, the phenomenon of
that media has played an important role in
globalization is more actual than ever.
acceleration of globalization.
What is certain is that, globalization is
With the increase in the importance of
intimately connected to sharing information,
economic,
media (especially new media) often being
integration between countries, it has a great
regarded as the main vehicle for its rapid
impact on our society’s personal lives.
expansion.
This
The
lesson
technological
visible
effect
of
globalization is wide spread communication.
importance of media for the core argument of
The introduction of newspapers, magazine,
globalization’s far pervading effects. With the
internet and TV has immensely helped to
expansion and extension, the debates of
spread information and has helped people to
impacts,
of
come together from all over the world.
globalization inevitably divide the world into
IMPACTS OF MEDIA
and
the
most
and
overall
effects
highlights
cultural
influences
centers and peripheries
One can see that the process of
MEDIA AND ITS IMPACTS
globalization has led to opening up of
MEDIA - refers to the different means of
people’s mind not just within their boundaries
communication like radio, television, internet,
but also be aware of what is happening
direct mail, etc. It plays a very important role
around the world.
in shaping human mind - in the uncovering,
Ever since mass media came into
promotion, education, and dissemination of
existence, societies have used it as a means
information.
to communicate to let a large number of
MASS MEDIA - is a section of the media
people aware about their products.
determined to reach a greater audience or
With the years passing by and the
the general public. GLOBAL MEDIA - refers
increasing globalization, there have been a
to forms of mass communication that reach
sophisticated development in advertising
across the world. Today that includes
methods
everything from traditional media, such as
techniques.
and
advancement
in
the
Aside
from
providing
people
While there is some debate about the
opportunities to do things with more ease,
specifics of this, it is clear that global media
the roles of the internet, television, the radio
was involved in these pro-democracy and
and other forms of media have transformed
pro-human rights protest in at least one of
the consumer behavior in today’s fast paced
three ways:
world.
1) Global media helped spread the
In the political field, media serve as a
message
of
human
rights
and
medium to connect to the viewers. Given the
democracy. In a way, it planted the
situation that many people are unable to go
seed that an alternative to living
through the newspapers every day because
under a dictatorship was not only
of a very busy schedule, they still get to read,
possible but also successful in other
watch or listen about political issues through
countries;
the internet, television or the radio.
2) Global
media,
especially
social
In terms of economical aspect, media
media, may have helped incite or
has also allowed people to start shifting from
sustain the Arab Spring as it may
the conventional ways of doing things to a
have been used as a way to
more modern, much easier and hustle-free
coordinate protest activities;
method of trading, banking, and many
others.
3) Global media helped spread the
message about such protests to
Another important aspect of media
neighboring countries and those
has also impacted the cultural and traditional
across the world. The initial success
aspects of the human life, shaping people’s
of one protest blasted in the media
cultural identity. The free flow of information,
may have helped foment the start of
the variety of choices that have changed the
a protest in a neighboring country as
tastes of individual and societies, the inter-
a result.
mix and exchange of ideas and thoughts
The takeaway is that global mass media
between countries have led to a stronger
can be used to alter social values and
integration between people and countries
awareness around the world but that does
alike, as various issues of the society and
not mean that the receiving nation and its
politics are depicted in media and as
people (or the government in charge) will be
exchange of these cultural and traditional
pleased
aspects leads to a consolidation of culture.
successfully.
by
it
or
use
its
message
Clearly, there should be a responsible
relationship with Jesus. “Some Muslims say
use of media for it to successfully serve its
"Islam is not a religion - it is a way of life. “
purpose to us, to our country, and to the
RELIGION
global world.
Aside from the definitions given
As the process of globalization becomes
more
prominent,
advertisement
increases
and
the
role
of
consumerism
considerably.
earlier, religion is also explained as “the
media,
belief in and worship of a superhuman
also
controlling power, especially a personal God
Therefore,
or gods. “
globalization is not just integrating trade,
It is “a set of beliefs concerning the
investment, consumer and financial markets,
cause, nature, and purpose of the universe,
but also integrating tradition and culture—all
especially when considered as the creation
of which have allowed globalization –
of a superhuman agency or agencies,
especially globalized media to take hold.
usually
involving
devotional
and
ritual
The media industry is, in many ways,
observances, and often containing a moral
perfect for globalization. The low marginal
code governing the conduct of human affairs.
costs of media mean that reaching a wider
“
market creates much larger profit margins for
media companies.
THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
Ole Preben Riis
In "Methodology in the Sociology of
Religion" (2011) defines religion as "a world
Religion, then, “consists of beliefs,
actions, and institutions which assume the
existence
of
supernatural
entities
with
powers of action, or impersonal powers or
processes possessed of moral purpose.”
Religions are shared collections of
view, an ideology, an organization, an
transcendental
beliefs
that
have
been
attitude, a set of values, as moods and
passed on from believers to converts, that
motivations, or as an ethical disposition. “
are held by adherents to be actively
The Penguin Dictionary of Religions
meaningful and serious and either based on
says religion is "a general term used
(1) formally documented doctrine (organized
in most modern European languages to
religion) or (2) established cultural practices
designate all concepts concerning belief in
(folk religion).
God(s) and Goddess(es) as well as other
HOW DID RELIGION CROSSED THE
spiritual beings or transcendental ultimate
BORDER?
concerns. “Some Christians declare that
Well, globalization began 3000 years
Christianity as "not a religion, but a
ago as the Silk Road facilitated trade and
cultural exchange (i.e. textiles, spices and
different civilizations, meaning they will not
even religions were all exchanged along the
be gone soon.
Silk Road).
2. The world is becoming a smaller place. As
The Silk Road presented religious
a result, interactions across the world are
communities with the most efficient way to
increasing,
spread their beliefs where Missionaries often
consciousness"
joined caravans and traders.
differences
Buddhism
was
the
first
great
which
intensify
and the
between
"civilization
awareness
civilizations
of
and
commonalities within civilizations.
missionary faith spreading from Northern
3. Due to economic modernization and social
India to Afghanistan and Bengal and finally to
change,
China, Korea, and Japan, and back to Tibet.
longstanding local identities. Instead, religion
Note that silk was extensively used in
has replaced this gap, which provides a basis
Buddhist
ceremonies
stimulating
people
are
separated
from
the
for identity and commitment that transcends
demand and facilitating trade along the Silk
national boundaries and unites civilizations.
Road enhancing globalization but Islam was
4. The growth of civilization-consciousness is
the dominant religion among Silk Road
enhanced by the dual role of the West. On
traders for most of the time.
the one hand, the West is at a peak of power.
Samuel Huntington (1992) sees a
At the same time, a return-to-the-roots
of
the
phenomenon is occurring among non-
universalists and individualists, between the
Western civilizations. A West at the peak of
West and Rest because globalization does
its power confronts non-Western countries
not lead to identical responses from all
that increasingly have the desire, the will and
religious actors (although globalization is
the resources to shape the world in non-
sometimes actively pursued by religious
Western ways.
actors)
5. Cultural characteristics and differences
Huntington offers six explanations for why
are less mutable and hence less easily
civilizations will clash:
compromised and resolved than political and
1. Differences among civilizations are too
economic ones.
basic in that civilizations are differentiated
6. Economic regionalism is increasing.
from each other by history, language, culture,
Successful
tradition, and, most importantly, religion.
reinforce
These fundamental differences are the
Economic regionalism may succeed only
product of centuries and the foundations of
when it is rooted in a common civilization
clash
civilizations
between
economic
regionalism
will
civilization-consciousness.
IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON
Religious fundamentalism is best explained
RELIGION
Religion
and
as:
globalization
have
1) a religious phenomenon; religious is very
always shared a relation of struggle and
essential
conflict.
leadership of fundamentalism are founded
As mentioned earlier, globalization
as
ideology,
ethos,
goals,
and built on religious beliefs and practices;
has diverse, even paradoxical implications
2) a reaction to and cultural changes which
for religion.
are experienced as a dramatic crisis so that
By diminishing the barriers between
it differs from traditionalism; and
different cultures, globalization lands religion
3) a defensive reaction which attempts to
in a dilemma of conflicts. The distinct norms,
preserve or restore an idealized or imagined
different cultures and different worshipping
former social order which is characterized by
ways and practices will be wiped out by
a strict patriarchal order and moralism.
globalization, which promotes homogeneity
Essentially, all religions teach these
(referred to as worldwide cultures becoming
shared principles of love, patience, peace,
similar).
justice and equality. The phenomenon of
Threat to traditions of religions,
globalization of religion has made it easier to
disintegrate traditional social norms and
transfer the all
values by the invasion of consumerism,
INTER-RELIGIOUS DIALOGUE
cyber culture, and etc.
therefore, can be a discourse between two or
Moreover,
human
rights
are
more religious organizations for better
becoming the main issue in the global world
understanding of the tenets of each religion
concerning the status of women and ritual
in order to promote peaceful coexistence
killings and human sacrifice. Globalization
among the practitioners of such religions.
may have also implied on faith in the
THE
following three possible impacts:
SECULARIZATION
1) Religion is being eroded;
2) Religion is being strengthened;
and
SPREAD
OF
RELIGION
VS.
The inner nature of religions and the
purpose to be embraced and practiced by
people all over the world prompts it to spread
3) Religion is declining but it has
developed new identities of hybridity
CONFLICTS VS. COOPERATION
throughout all the world’s geographical
spaces.
Having geographical boundaries and
frontiers blurred and dissolved, religions find
it easy to spread and reach every part of the
world. Furthermore, the media plays the
same important role in the dissemination of
Religion has always sought to spread
its message beyond frontiers.
While
globalization
with
its
religious ideas. In this respect, a lot of TV
homogenization can disturb cultures so that
channels, radio stations and print media are
some religions oppose it, some people might
founded solely for advocating religions.
seek protection from globalization impacts
Transportation
means–
as
a
and foster opposition. It is important to note
technology of globalization as well–have
that globalization does not lead necessarily
contributed considerably to the emergence,
to a homogenization of groups and the rise
revivalism and fortification of religion. In this
of a universal community, because there is
respect, Turner (2003) states that the
the desire for esteem within a culture.
“Islamic revivalism in Asia is related to the
SECULARIZATION
improvement in transportation has allowed
Each religion has secularized in its
many Muslims to travel to Mecca, and return
own distinctive way, which has resulted in its
with reformist ideas
own distinctive secular outcome.
Globalization technologies, therefore,
Even
if
globalization
increases
have helped religions of different forms i.e.,
secularization, it does not bring one common
fundamentalist, moderate, etc. to cross
worldview.
geographical boundaries and be present
everywhere.
led by the US closely connected to
Consequently,
industrialization,
rationalization
Great religions see the globalization
the
increase
urbanization
would
bring
about
of
and
the
decrease of religious faith.
Religion
would
secularization and therefore as threat to
themselves.
Special
in
the
world
view
is
Protestantism as it rejects hierarchy and
become
less
important
factor in human life of modern society and a
community and any intermediaries between
the individual and God in contrast to most
other religions
modern secular system would be a dominant
force as theological system was falling down.
RELIGION IN GLOBALIZATION:
Religion would eventually vanish from the
ONGOING CONFLICT OR
lives of modern secular society
COEXISTENCE?
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
MARK JUERGENSMEYER (1995) - explains
GLOBALIZATION AND RELIGION
why global religious resurgence is possible.
Nation-state provided a secure sense of
identity, accountability, and security for a
②
①
:
Trade
relation
(interests by cooperation)
stable society. However, nation states have
lost its role.
Economy
③ Society : The role of NGO (
Mediator between civilizations)
Transnational
economic
systems
undercut national structuresof authority and
In summary, Müller’s view on religion
and globalization include:
control.
1)
② New communication networks made
religion
is
one
of
important elements making different culture;
instant contact possible across the world.
③ Massive demographic shift everywhere
Different
2)
Ignorance
and
repulsion
on
different culture make conflicts; and
HARALD MÜLLER (2010) - explains the
3)
Communication
and
coexistence of civilization in terms the
understanding other culture is important for
relationship
peace. We have learned that globalization
between
globalization
and
religion. The impact of globalization, is
1)
without a doubt, a huge change in every
communication,
aspect of life. The impact to one ‘s identity,
communication,
however, poses diverse responses due to
migration;
unfamiliarity such that
provides
more
chances
of
given the
evolution
of
transportation,
and
2) also intensifies the economic
① Aggressive responses include religious
interdependence
fundamentalism and xenophobia and
people perceive the economic benefit from
② Receptive responses include attention
cooperation; and
and adaptation, coexistence.
But how, you may ask? People must
3)
among
Globalized
actors,
NGO
where
can
hold
“merciless global capital (Neo-liberalism)” in
have common perceptions in terms of
check. As a result, these networks will help
① Respect for human right and dignity and
to make common values in the globe:
② Improvement based on peace.
Humanity, Mutual Respect, and Peace.
In the process of cultural exchange
around the globe, a peaceful relationship
involves methods for mutual trust, namely:
① Government : Summit meeting,
IGOs (more communications)
GLOBAL POPULATION AND
MOBILITY
What
is
GLOBAL
POPULATION
and
GLOBAL MOBILITY?
GLOBAL POPULATION is the total number
of people/humans in the world.
GLOBAL MOBILITY is a HR (Human
Resources)
function
that
refers
to
amultinational corporation's ability to move
its people to offices in different countries
GLOBAL CITIES
WHY STUDY GLOBAL CITIES?
The onslaught of globalization has
introduced us to the concept of Global City.
For one, cities are ecosystems for business
and innovations. It is a critical site for
analyzing how an urban center’ s network of
"WORLD CITY”, meaning a city heavily
businesses take place, where the talent of its
involved in global trade and is a home of the
citizens is honed, where cultural exchanges
world’ s top stock exchanges where investors
are born, and so on and so forth
buy and sell shares in major corporations.
Highlighting the important role of
New York has the New York Stock Exchange
cities in the world economy has been
(NYSE), London has the Financial Times
deemed significant since it mainly functions
Stock Exchange (FTSE) and Tokyo has the
as the command-and-control nodes of global
Nikkei. The Value of shares traded in these
corporations, which have been termed as
markets
“global cities” (Friedmann, 1986). Cities have
Philippine Stock Exchange traded only
become medium and arenas of globalization
$231.3 billion, the Value traded in the NYSE
and in the years to come, more and more
alone is $19,300 billion.
are
staggering
—
while
the
people will experience globalization through
THREE KEY TENDENCIES SEEM TO
cities.
FOLLOW FROM THESE STRUCTURAL
DEFINING A GLOBAL CITY
FACTS ABOUT GLOBAL CITY
A GLOBAL CITY, is also called WORLD
1ST A concentration of wealth in the
CITY or sometimes ALPHA CITY or WORLD
hands of owners, partners, and professionals
CENTER. It is a city which is a primary node
associated with the high-end firms in this
in the global economic network. The term
system.
"GLOBAL CITY" , rather than "MEGA CITY"
, was popularized by sociologist Saskia
Sassen in 1991.
2ND Growing disconnection between
the city and its region.
3RD
The
growth
of
a
large
marginalized population that has a very hard
time earning a living in the market place
defined by these high-end activities.
ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBAL CITIES
(ADOPTED FROM BEAVERSTOCK, 2010)
High diversity in language, culture,
religion, and ideologies.
There is a variety of international
financial
services,
notably
real
estate,
insurance,
in
finance,
Every few years, the Globalization and World
banking,
Cities Research Network rate cities by ranks.
accountancy, and marketing.
As the leading institute ranking world cities,
Headquarters of several multinational
corporations.
stock
ANALYZING GLOBAL CITIES
GAWC takes into account many factors such
as economic factors that are deemed more
There exist financial headquarters, a
important than cultural or political factors
exchange,
though in the ranking. Below is a list with the
and
major
financial
institutions.
latest data from 2016 (since GAWC has not
Domination of the trade and economy
of a large surrounding area.
ALPHA++WORLD CITIES
Major manufacturing centers with
port and container facilities.
Considerable
decision-making
Centers of new ideas and innovation
in business, economics, culture, and politics.
of
media
and
communications for global networks.
great international significance.
employed
percentage
in
the
services
of
residents
sector
and
international
student
universities,
attendance
and
research facilities.
Multi-functional
KONG,
PARIS,
BEIJING, TOKYO, DUBAI, SHANGHAI
ALPHA WORLD CITIES
SYDNEY, SAO PAULO, MILAN, CHICAGO,
MEXICO
CITY,
MUMBAI,
MOSCOW,
MADRID,
WARSAW,
JOHANNESBURG,
TORONTO,
SEOUL,
AMSTERDAM, BRUSSELS, LOS ANGELES
ALPHA-WORLD CITIES
DUBLIN, MELBOURNE, WASHINGTON,
High-quality educational institutions,
renowned
HONG
ISTANBUL, KUALA LUMPUR, JAKARTA,
information sector.
including
SINGAPORE,
FRANKFURT,
Dominance of the national region with
High
LONDON, NEW YORK
ALPHA+WORLD CITIES
power on a daily basis and at a global level.
Centers
done a study in 2017 or 2018).
NEW
DELHI,
VIENNA,
BANGKOK,
TAIPEI,
STOCKHOLM,
ZURICH,
BUENOS
SAN
AIRES,
FRANCISCO,
GUANGZHOU, MANILA, BOGOTÁ, MIAMI,
infrastructure
offering some of the best legal, medical, and
entertainment facilities in the country.
LUXEMBOURGH,
RIYADH,
SANTIAGO,
BARCELONA, TEL AVIV, LISBON
ANALYZING GLOBAL CITIES
Cities are ranked based on Alpha, Beta and
Gamma but for this lesson, only the alpha
cities are shown. Alpha++world cities are
cities most integrated with the global
economy; Alpha+ world cities are highly
integrated cities, filling the advanced service
needs; Alpha world cities and Alpha- world
cities are cities that link major economic
GLOBAL CITIES OUTLOOK
states and regions to the world economy.
GLOBAL CITIES INDEX
The Global Cities Outlook, on the other hand,
The Global Cities Index evaluates the current
evaluates a city’ s potential based on the rate
performance
of
cities
based
of change across four dimensions: personal
dimensions:
business
activity,
human
well-being,
exchange,
cultural
governance. It brings a forward-looking
experience, and political engagement. It
perspective to citylevel policies and practices
provides insights into the global reach,
that
performance and level of development of the
identifying growing cities that are likely to
world’ s largest cities so that comparison and
become the world’ s most prominent cities.
capital,
information
on
five
identification of core strengths and distinctive
differences may be possible.
economics,
shape
future
innovation,
and
competitiveness,
connected to the outside world than to their
domestic economy.
CONCLUSION
City leaders have a daunting task
with an outsized role—positive or negative—
in determining how the residents of their
cities weather the anticipated economic
storm ahead. In a time of such volatility and
uncertainty, prudent decision-making is more
GLOBAL CITIES OUTLOOK
Global
cities
are,
therefore,
material
representations of globalization. Through
them, we see the best of this phenomenon:
economic opportunities, competitiveness,
higher learning and intellectual opportunities,
cultural diversity, and tremendous wealth,
and sustainable development. However,
they remain sites of great amount of
inequality, where global servants serve
global entrepreneurs.
REASONS OF INCREASE IN GLOBAL
CITIES
The increase in global cities is linked to the
globalization
of
economies
and
the
centralization of mass production within
urban centers.
Despite playing significant roles in the global
economy, global city thesis has been known
being
perspectives.
a
threat
These
to
cities
state-centric
have
The past two years of necessary—
but frequently reactive—policymaking has
shown that well-intentioned policies can lead
to painful after-effects. Simply solving the
immediate
problem
can
contribute
to
worsening existing challenges in the medium
term or creating new issues altogether.
As policymakers seek to steer their
city institutions and safeguard the well-being
of their residents, they can do so in ways that
ensure longstanding and even existential
imperatives—such
as those related to
climate change—do not take a backseat to
the urgent economic challenges some may
face. Instead, they can push for integrated
and intersectional solutions that look to
CRITICISMS OF GLOBAL CITIES
for
important than ever.
been
accused of focusing their reach to other
global cities and neglecting cities within the
national outreach. These cities are more
address the many challenges we face from a
variety of angles, and convert this moment of
potential crisis into one of resilience,
reinvestment, and regrowth.